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Xie D, Ma H, Xie Q, Guo J, Liu G, Zhang B, Li X, Zhang Q, Cao Q, Li X, Ma F, Li Y, Guo M, Yin J. Developing active and intelligent biodegradable packaging from food waste and byproducts: A review of sources, properties, film production methods, and their application in food preservation. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13334. [PMID: 38563107 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Food waste and byproducts (FWBP) are a global issue impacting economies, resources, and health. Recycling and utilizing these wastes, due to processing and economic constraints, face various challenges. However, valuable components in food waste inspire efficient solutions like active intelligent packaging. Though research on this is booming, its material selectivity, effectiveness, and commercial viability require further analysis. This paper categorizes FWBP and explores their potential for producing packaging from both animal and plant perspectives. In addition, the preparation/fabrication methods of these films/coatings have also been summarized comprehensively, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of these methods and their commercial adaptability. Finally, the functions of these films/coatings and their ultimate performance in protecting food (meat, dairy products, fruits, and vegetables) are also reviewed systematically. FWBP provide a variety of methods for the application of edible films, including being made into coatings, films, and fibers for food preservation, or extracting active substances directly or indirectly from them (in the form of encapsulation) and adding them to packaging to endow them with functions such as barrier, antibacterial, antioxidant, and pH response. In addition, the casting method is the most commonly used method for producing edible films, but more film production methods (extrusion, electrospinning, 3D printing) need to be tried to make up for the shortcomings of the current methods. Finally, researchers need to conduct more in-depth research on various active compounds from FWBP to achieve better application effects and commercial adaptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delang Xie
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Haiyang Ma
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Qiwen Xie
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Jiajun Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Guishan Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Qingqing Cao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Fang Ma
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Mei Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Junjie Yin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
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2
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Gao S, Song H, Wang Q, Zhang X, Zhang H, Wang W, Hou H. Starch/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) blown films contained the quaternary ammonium salts with different N-alkyl chain lengths as antimicrobials. Food Chem 2024; 436:137650. [PMID: 37837685 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial biodegradable packaging is in high demand as a one-two punch against microbiological and plastic hazards. Two quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) with different N-alkyl chain lengths were used for starch/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blown antimicrobial films. Dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (D1821) contributed to a homogeneous film morphology at 5% w/w level, while micro-pores occurred with didodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (D1221). Increasing QAS content weakened hydrogen bonding interactions. D1821 promoted the formation of intercalated structure of nano-clays, and improved the strength, thermal stability, barrier, and surface hydrophobicity of the films. Conversely, adding D1221 decreased the mechanical properties, and significantly enhanced the surface hydrophilicity. The films with 3% and 5% w/w D1221 obviously inhibited the growth of both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, while those with D1821 cannot show clear zone against the Gram-negative. 5% w/w D1221-loaded film delayed the growth of microorganisms in beef, of which the total viable count was 5.75 lg CFU/g after 21-day chilling storage. Findings supported that QAS had the potential for manufacturing starch/PBAT antimicrobial packaging, but the release kinetics and cytotoxicity still need to be systematically explored before application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Haiming Song
- College of Management, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266100, China
| | - Qiantong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Xiaochi Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Wentao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China.
| | - Hanxue Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China.
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Devi LS, Jaiswal AK, Jaiswal S. Lipid incorporated biopolymer based edible films and coatings in food packaging: A review. Curr Res Food Sci 2024; 8:100720. [PMID: 38559379 PMCID: PMC10978484 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In the evolving landscape of food packaging, lipid-based edible films and coatings are emerging as a sustainable and effective solution for enhancing food quality and prolonging shelf life. This critical review aims to offer a comprehensive overview of the functional properties, roles, and fabrication techniques associated with lipid-based materials in food packaging. It explores the unique advantages of lipids, including waxes, resins, and fatty acids, in providing effective water vapor, gas, and microbial barriers. When integrated with other biopolymers, such as proteins and polysaccharides, lipid-based composite films demonstrate superior thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties. The review also covers the application of these innovative coatings in preserving a wide range of fruits and vegetables, highlighting their role in reducing moisture loss, controlling respiration rates, and maintaining firmness. Furthermore, the safety aspects of lipid-based coatings are discussed to address consumer and regulatory concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Susmita Devi
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Central Institute of Technology Kokrajhar, Kokrajhar, BTR, Assam, 783370, India
| | - Amit K. Jaiswal
- Sustainable Packaging & Bioproducts Research (SPBR) Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin - City Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman, Dublin, D07 ADY7, Ireland
- Sustainability and Health Research Hub, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin, D07 H6K8, Ireland
| | - Swarna Jaiswal
- Sustainable Packaging & Bioproducts Research (SPBR) Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin - City Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman, Dublin, D07 ADY7, Ireland
- Sustainability and Health Research Hub, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin, D07 H6K8, Ireland
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4
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Qiao S, Zhu J, Yang Y, Dai H, Fu Y, Chen H, Ma L, Zhang Y, Wang H. Effect of electrostatic repulsion on barrier properties and thermal performance of gelatin films by carboxymethyl starch, and application in food cooking. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129380. [PMID: 38244745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Carboxymethyl starch (CST) was introduced to improve gelatin films and its practical application as edible high-performance films for food packaging and cooking was also investigated. The gelatin films modified by carboxymethyl starch exhibited the transparent appearance, tensile strength, barrier properties (oxygen, water vapor and UV light), and thermal performance (TGA, thermal shrinkage and heat-sealing strength). Resulting from the effect of electrostatic interaction modes on the properties of films, electrostatic repulsion could surpass electrostatic attraction in improving the tensile strength, oxygen barrier property and thermal stability of the films probably due to extensive physical entanglement without aggregation. Analysis of FTIR, zeta potential, interfacial dilatational rheology, shear rheological properties, XRD, Raman, SEM and AFM suggested that hydrogen bonding and electrostatic repulsion contributed to the excellent performance. The packaged food could also be cooked with the prepared film for porridge; and the film slightly influenced the shear rheological properties of porridge and imposed little effect on the odors (Electronic-Nose) of porridge. Hence, the gelatin films modified by carboxymethyl starch could potentially work as the edible inner packaging or the edible quantitative packaging for food, offer convenience for consumers, reduce the packaging waste and avoid an extra burden on environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Qiao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Juncheng Zhu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Hongjie Dai
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yu Fu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Hai Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Liang Ma
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Modern "Chuan cai Yu wei" Food Industry Innovation Research Institute, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, PR China; Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Key Laboratory of Condiment Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Modern "Chuan cai Yu wei" Food Industry Innovation Research Institute, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Hongxia Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, PR China; Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Key Laboratory of Condiment Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Modern "Chuan cai Yu wei" Food Industry Innovation Research Institute, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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5
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Wang J, Cheng Y, Li S, Liu B, Yang L, Geng F, Xie S, Qi R, Zhang Y, Liu D, Xia H. Enhanced properties of gelatin films incorporated with TiO 2-loaded reduced graphene oxide aerogel microspheres for active food packaging applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129772. [PMID: 38281539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The synergistic effect of graphene sheets and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2) hybrid fillers can improve the antibacterial, mechanical, and barrier properties of gelatin (GL), making it more suitable to be used in the food packaging application. However, the uneven dispersion and aggregation of the hybrid fillers restrict its performance for further application. In order to achieve the above superior properties, reduced graphene oxide aerogel microspheres (rGOAMs) loaded with TiO2 (rGOAMs@TiO2) were successfully prepared using one-step hydrothermal process by reducing titanium sulfate into TiO2 on the framework of rGOAMs, followed by effective dispersion in the GL matrix to form nanocomposites (rGOAMs@TiO2/GL) through simultaneous ultrasonication and mechanical stirring, as well as an ultrasonic cell grinder process. Incorporating a mere 0.8 wt% of rGOAMs@TiO2 effectively improved the mechanical, antibacterial, UV light barrier, thermal stability, hydrophobicity, and water vapor barrier properties of the GL. Compared with the composites made of rGOAMs, TiO2, and GL (rGOAMs/TiO2/GL), rGOAMs@TiO2/GL composites showed stronger filler-matrix interactions, better filler dispersion, and lower TiO2 particle aggregation, suggesting superiority compared to rGOAMs/TiO2/GL composites at the same filler content. This innovative method of mixing GL with rGOAMs@TiO2 holds great promise for enhancing the suitability of GL in active food packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shijiu Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Baohua Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Li Yang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Fang Geng
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Songzhi Xie
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Rui Qi
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Dayu Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
| | - Hesheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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6
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Xu X, Wang B, Gao W, Sui J, Wang J, Cui B. Effect of different proportions of glycerol and D-mannitol as plasticizer on the properties of extruded corn starch. Front Nutr 2024; 10:1335812. [PMID: 38299182 PMCID: PMC10829104 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1335812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, thermoplastic starch (TPS) was prepared by melt extrusion process, in which glycerol and/or D-mannitol were used as plasticizers, and the effect of different glycerol/D-mannitol ratios (4:0, 3:1, 2:2, 1:3, and 0:4) on the physicochemical properties of the extruded starch samples was investigated. The short-range molecular order, crystallization, gelatinization, thermal stability, and thermal properties of the TPS samples were analyzed through attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), rapid visco analysis (RVA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the crystallinity and short-range molecular order of the TPS samples increased with increasing glycerol content. Conversely, the water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI) of the TPS samples decreased with increasing glycerol content. In addition, the TPS samples with higher glycerol content exhibited higher gel and thermal stabilities. This study provides a theoretical basis for starch extrusion and plasticization in the preparation of TPS-based materials with specific properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Sui
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianfei Wang
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bo Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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7
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Zhang W, Azizi-Lalabadi M, Jafarzadeh S, Jafari SM. Starch-gelatin blend films: A promising approach for high-performance degradable food packaging. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 320:121266. [PMID: 37659804 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Packaging plays a vital role in safeguarding food from environmental factors and contamination. However, the overuse and improper disposal of non-biodegradable plastic packaging materials have led to environmental concerns and health risks. To address these challenges, the development of degradable food packaging films is crucial. Biodegradable polymers, including natural biopolymers like starch (ST) and gelatin (GE), have emerged as promising alternatives to traditional plastics. This review focuses on the utilization of ST-GE blends as key components in composite films for food packaging applications. We discuss the limitations of pure ST-GE films and explore methods to enhance their properties through the addition of plasticizers, cross-linkers, and nanoparticles. The blending of ST-GE, facilitated by their good miscibility and cross-linking potential, is highlighted as a means to improve film performance. The review also examines the impact of various additives on the properties of ST-GE blend films and summarizes their application in food preservation. By providing a comprehensive overview of ST-GE hybrid systems, this study aims to contribute to the advancement of sustainable and effective food packaging solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Maryam Azizi-Lalabadi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shima Jafarzadeh
- School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
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Wu Y, Yu X, Ding W, Remón J, Xin M, Sun T, Wang TTY, Yu LL, Wang J. Fabrication, performance, and potential environmental impacts of polysaccharide-based food packaging materials incorporated with phytochemicals: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:125922. [PMID: 37482166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Although food packaging preserves food's quality, it unfortunately contributes to global climate change since the considerable carbon emissions associated with its entire life cycle. Polysaccharide-based packaging materials (PPMs) are promising options to preserve foods, potentially helping the food industry reduce its carbon footprint. PPMs incorporated with phytochemicals hold promise to address this critical issue, keep food fresh and prolong the shelf life. However, phytochemicals' health benefits are impacted by their distinct chemical structures thus the phytochemicals-incorporated PPMs generally exhibit differential performances. PPMs must be thoughtfully formulated to possess adequate physicochemical properties to meet commercial standards. Given this, this review first-time provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in the fabrication of phytochemicals incorporated PPMs. The application performances of phytochemicals-incorporated PPMs for preserving foods, as well as the intelligent monitoring of food quality, are thoroughly introduced. The possible associated environmental impacts and scalability challenges for the commercial application of these PPMs are also methodically assessed. This review seeks to provide comprehensive insights into exploring new avenues to achieve a greener and safer food industry via innovative food packaging materials. This is paramount to preserve not only food shelf life but also the environment, facilitating the eco-friendly development of the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbei Wu
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, PR China
| | - Xueling Yu
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, PR China
| | - Wei Ding
- China Leather and Footwear Research Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing, PR China.
| | - Javier Remón
- Thermochemical Processes Group, Aragón Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50.018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mengmeng Xin
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, PR China
| | - Tianjun Sun
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, the Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Thomas T Y Wang
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Liangli Lucy Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, PR China.
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9
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Duan J, Zhou Q, Fu M, Cao M, Jiang M, Zhang L, Duan X. Research on Properties of Edible Films Prepared from Zein, Soy Protein Isolate, Wheat Gluten Protein by Adding Beeswax. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-023-03077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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10
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Cheng Y, Zhai X, Wu Y, Li C, Zhang R, Sun C, Wang W, Hou H. Effects of natural wax types on the physicochemical properties of starch/gelatin edible films fabricated by extrusion blowing. Food Chem 2023; 401:134081. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Development and characterization of antioxidant composite films based on starch and gelatin incorporating resveratrol fabricated by extrusion compression moulding. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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12
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Zhao Y, Zhou S, Xia X, Tan M, Lv Y, Cheng Y, Tao Y, Lu J, Du J, Wang H. High-performance carboxymethyl cellulose-based hydrogel film for food packaging and preservation system. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:1126-1137. [PMID: 36395928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most traditional food packaging and preservation films suffer from limited stretchability and relatively simple functionality, which severely restricts their practical application. In this study, a highly stretchable and versatile sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/poly(ethylene imine) (PEI)/tannic acid (TA) hydrogel film was elaborately designed and demonstrated as an efficient food packaging and preservation system. The dynamic reversible non-covalent within three-dimensional (3D) network structures served as sacrificial bonds to dissipate the loaded energy and endowed the hydrogel film with excellent elongation ~400 %, which is much larger than that of conventional food packaging films (<50 %). Furthermore, the optimized CMC/PVA/PEI/TA3 hydrogel film delivers versatile performances, including self-healing, whole UV-blocking (<400 nm), strong adhesive strength (234.08 KPa), antioxidation virtues, oxygen barrier (32.64 cm3*μm/(m2*d*KPa)) and water vapor barrier (642.92 g/(m2*24 h)). Notably, the shelf life of fresh strawberries, mangoes, and cherries was prolonged by at least one week under ambient conditions when the packaging box was covered by the fabricated CMC/PVA/PEI/TA3 film. Thus, our work not only provides a highly stretchable and versatile hydrogel film but also boosts the in-depth comprehension and rational design of robust food packaging and preservation films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhao
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Siying Zhou
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
| | - Mingqian Tan
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
| | - Yanna Lv
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yehan Tao
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Jian Du
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
| | - Haisong Wang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
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13
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Nguyen D, Desse M, Jegat C. Oily phase migration control at the interface of hydrophobic/hydrophilic polymer blends. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Bio-Nanocomposite Based on Edible Gelatin Film as Active Packaging from Clarias gariepinus Fish Skin with the Addition of Cellulose Nanocrystalline and Nanopropolis. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183738. [PMID: 36145881 PMCID: PMC9506570 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study develops bio-nano composite gelatin-based edible film (NEF) by combining nanogelatin, cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), and nanopropolis (NP) fillers to improve the resulting film characteristics. The NEF was characterized in terms of thickness, swelling, pH, water content, solubility, vapor and oxygen permeability, mechanical properties, heat resistance, morphology, transparency, and color. The results showed that the thickness and swelling increased significantly, whilst the pH did not significantly differ in each treatment. The water content and the water solubility also showed no significant changes with loadings of both fillers. At the same time, vapor and oxygen permeability decreased with addition of the fillers but were not significantly affected by the loading amounts. The heat resistance properties increased with the filler addition. Tensile strength and Young’s modulus increased for the films loaded with >3% CNC. The elongation at break showed a significant difference together with transparency and color change. The greater the CNC concentration and NP loading were, the darker the resulting transparency and the color of the NEF. Overall results show a considerable improvement in the properties of the resulting NEFs with the incorporation of CNC and NP fillers.
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15
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Gupta V, Biswas D, Roy S. A Comprehensive Review of Biodegradable Polymer-Based Films and Coatings and Their Food Packaging Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15175899. [PMID: 36079280 PMCID: PMC9457097 DOI: 10.3390/ma15175899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Food sectors are facing issues as a result of food scarcity, which is exacerbated by rising populations and demand for food. Food is ordinarily wrapped and packaged using petroleum-based plastics such as polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and others. However, the excessive use of these polymers has environmental and health risks. As a result, much research is currently focused on the use of bio-based materials for food packaging. Biodegradable polymers that are compatible with food products are used to make edible packaging materials. These can be ingested with food and provide consumers with additional health benefits. Recent research has shifted its focus to multilayer coatings and films-based food packaging, which can provide a material with additional distinct features. The aim of this review article is to investigate the properties and applications of several bio-based polymers in food packaging. The several types of edible film and coating production technologies are also covered separately. Furthermore, the use of edible films and coatings in the food industry has been examined, and their advantages over traditional materials are also discussed.
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16
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Liu R, Zhang R, Zhai X, Li C, Hou H, Wang W. Effects of beeswax emulsified by octenyl succinate starch on the structure and physicochemical properties of acid-modified starchfilms. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:262-272. [PMID: 35931295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to develop a novel strategy to modulate the distribution of beeswax in acid-modified starch films via tuning octenyl succinate starch (OSS) ratios and to elucidate their structure-property relationships. The apparent viscosity and storage modulus of the film-forming solution decreased with the increase of OSS ratio. Attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy revealed that the hydrogen bond in the film-forming network was cleaved with the presence of OSS. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that OSS ratio had an obvious effect on the formation and distribution of beeswax crystal particles. Uniform distribution of beeswax effectively enhanced the hydrophobicity and water barrier properties of films and performed preferable elongation at break but at the expense of tensile strength and optical properties. The films with higher OSS ratio (>12 %) presented higher thermal stability. This study provides new information on the rational design of emulsified films to obtain desirable physicochemical properties by tuning the distribution of beeswax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing of Shandong Province, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing of Shandong Province, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Xiaosong Zhai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing of Shandong Province, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Cheng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing of Shandong Province, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Hanxue Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing of Shandong Province, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Wentao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing of Shandong Province, Tai'an, PR China.
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17
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Beer-Lech K, Skic A, Skic K, Stropek Z, Arczewska M. Effect of Psyllium Husk Addition on the Structural and Physical Properties of Biodegradable Thermoplastic Starch Film. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134459. [PMID: 35806583 PMCID: PMC9267890 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The research subject was the analysis of the microstructure, barrier properties, and mechanical resistance of the psyllium husk (PH)-modified thermoplastic starch films. The tensile tests under various static loading conditions were not performed by researchers for this type of material before and are essential for a more precise assessment of the material’s behavior under the conditions of its subsequent use. The film samples were manufactured by the casting method. PH addition improved starch gelatinization and caused a decrease in failure strain by 86% and an increase in failure stress by 48% compared to pure films. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed the formation of additional hydrogen bonds between polysaccharides in starch and PH. An increase in the number of hydrophilic groups in the modified films resulted in a faster contact angle decrease (27.4% compared to 12.8% for pure ones within the first 5 s); however, it increased the energy of water binding and surface complexity. The modified films showed the opacity at 600 nm, 43% higher than in the pure starch film, and lower transmittance, suggesting effectively improving barrier properties to UV light, a potent lipid-oxidizing agent in food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Beer-Lech
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automatic Control, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 28 Głęboka St., 20-612 Lublin, Poland; (A.S.); (Z.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Skic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automatic Control, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 28 Głęboka St., 20-612 Lublin, Poland; (A.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Kamil Skic
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 4 Doświadczalna St., 20-290 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Zbigniew Stropek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automatic Control, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 28 Głęboka St., 20-612 Lublin, Poland; (A.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Marta Arczewska
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka St., 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
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18
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Chen H, Wu C, Feng X, He M, Zhu X, Li Y, Teng F. Effects of two fatty acids on soy protein isolate/sodium alginate edible films: Structures and properties. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Starch/PBAT blown antimicrobial films based on the synergistic effects of two commercial antimicrobial peptides. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 204:457-465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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20
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Muralidharan V, Janardhanam S, Palanivel S, Madhan B. Sustainable fabrication of bio-derived hybrid films using biomolecules extracted from animal skin. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Gupta P, Toksha B, Rahaman M. A Review on Biodegradable Packaging Films from Vegetative and Food Waste. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202100326. [PMID: 35253984 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Plastics around the globe have been a matter of grave concern due to the unavoidable habits of human mankind. Taking waste statistics in India for the year 2019-20 into account, the data of 60 major cities show that the generation of plastic waste stands tall at around 26,000 tonnes/day, of which only about 60 % is recycled. A majority of the non-recycled plastic waste is petrochemical-based packaging materials that are non-biodegradable in nature. Vegetative/food waste is another global issue, evidenced by vastly populated countries such as China and India accounting for 91 and 69 tonnes of food wastage, respectively in 2019. The mitigation of plastic packaging issues has led to key scientific developments, one of which is biodegradable materials. However, there is a way that these two waste-related issues can be fronted as the analogy of "taking two shots with the same arrow". The presence of various bio-compounds such as proteins, cellulose, starch, lipids, and waxes, etc., in food and vegetative waste, creates an opportunity for the development of biodegradable packaging films. Although these flexible packaging films have limitations in terms of mechanical, permeation, and moisture absorption characteristics, they can be fine-tuned in order to convert the biobased raw material into a realizable packaging product. These strategies could work in replacing petrochemical-based non-biodegradable packaging plastics which are used in enormous quantities for various household and commercial packaging applications to combat the ever-increasing pollution in highly populated countries. This paper presents a systematic review based on modern scientific tools of the literature available with a major emphasis on the past decade and aims to serve as a standard resource for the development of biodegradable packaging films from food/vegetative waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Gupta
- MIT - Centre for Advanced Materials Research and Technology, Department of Plastic and Polymer Engineering, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad, 431010
| | - Bhagwan Toksha
- MIT - Centre for Advanced Materials Research and Technology, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad, 431010
| | - Mostafizur Rahaman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Cheng Y, Gao S, Wang W, Hou H, Lim LT. Low temperature extrusion blown ε-polylysine hydrochloride-loaded starch/gelatin edible antimicrobial films. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 278:118990. [PMID: 34973793 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Edible antimicrobial films made from starch/gelatin (S/G) incorporated with different ε-polylysine hydrochloride (ε-PL) contents were developed by low-temperature extrusion blowing process. ε-PL addition reduced the complex viscosity and storage modulus of blends, while promoted the formation of hydrogen bonding among film components. The control film had an A-type crystalline structure, while increasing the ε-PL content promoted its transformation to B-shaped structure. Without ε-PL and under the processing temperature used, the starch granules were not sufficiently gelatinized. However, ε-PL addition significantly enhanced the gelatinization degree. Increasing ε-PL content in S/G films increased film flexibility, water contact angle value, swelling degree, antimicrobial effect, and storage period of fresh bread, but decreased water vapor permeability and tensile strength. S/G film with 4 wt% ε-PL had the highest water contact angle (94°) and elongation at break (149%). This research demonstrates the plasticizing effects of ε-PL and potential of S/G films containing ε-PL for food preservation/packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing of Shandong Province, Tai'an, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Shan Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing of Shandong Province, Tai'an, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Wentao Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Hanxue Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing of Shandong Province, Tai'an, Shandong Province 271018, China.
| | - Loong-Tak Lim
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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23
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Abstract
The food packaging sector generates large volumes of plastic waste due to the high demand for packaged products with a short shelf-life. Biopolymers such as starch-based materials are a promising alternative to non-renewable resins, offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly food packaging alternative for single-use products. This article provides a chronology of the development of starch-based materials for food packaging. Particular emphasis is placed on the challenges faced in processing these materials using conventional processing techniques for thermoplastics and other emerging techniques such as electrospinning and 3D printing. The improvement of the performance of starch-based materials by blending with other biopolymers, use of micro- and nano-sized reinforcements, and chemical modification of starch is discussed. Finally, an overview of recent developments of these materials in smart food packaging is given.
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Abstract
Marine sources are gaining popularity and attention as novel materials for manufacturing biopolymers such as proteins and polysaccharides. Due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity features, these biopolymers have been claimed to be beneficial in the development of food packaging materials. Several studies have thoroughly researched the extraction, isolation, and latent use of marine biopolymers in the fabrication of environmentally acceptable packaging. Thus, a review was designed to provide an overview of (a) the chemical composition, unique properties, and extraction methods of marine biopolymers; (b) the application of marine biopolymers in film and coating development for improved shelf-life of packaged foods; (c) production flaws and proposed solutions for better isolation of marine biopolymers; (d) methods of preparation of edible films and coatings from marine biopolymers; and (e) safety aspects. According to our review, these biopolymers would make a significant component of a biodegradable food packaging system, reducing the amount of plastic packaging used and resulting in considerable environmental and economic benefits.
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25
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Punia Bangar S, Chaudhary V, Thakur N, Kajla P, Kumar M, Trif M. Natural Antimicrobials as Additives for Edible Food Packaging Applications: A Review. Foods 2021; 10:2282. [PMID: 34681331 PMCID: PMC8534497 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible packaging is a swiftly emerging art of science in which edible biopolymers like lipids, polysaccharides, proteins, resins, etc., and other consumable constituents extracted from various non-conventional sources are used alone or imbibed together. Edible packaging with antimicrobial components had led to the development of the hypothesis of active packaging which safeguards the quality of foods as well as health of consumers. Natural antimicrobial agents (NAMAs) like essential oils from spices, bioactive compounds derived from vegetables and fruits, animal and microorganism derived compounds having antimicrobial properties can be potentially used in edible films as superior replcement for synthetic compounds, thus serving the purpose of quality and heath. Most of the natural antimicrobial agents enjoy GRAS status and are safer than their synthetic counterparts. This review focuses on updated literature on the sources, properties and potential applications of NAMAs in the food industry. This review also analyzes the biodegradability and biocompatibility and edibility properties of NAMAs enriched films and it can be concluded that NAMAs are better substitutes but affect the organoleptic as well as the mechanical properties of the films. Despite many advantages, the inclusion of NAMAs into the films needs to be investigated more to quantify the inhibitory concentration without affecting the properties of films and exerting potential antimicrobial action to ensure food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh Punia Bangar
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA
| | - Vandana Chaudhary
- College of Dairy Science and Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125001, India
| | - Neha Thakur
- Department of Livestock Product Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125001, India;
| | - Priyanka Kajla
- Department of Food Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, India;
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR–Central Institute for Research on Cotton 10 Technology, Mumbai 400019, India;
| | - Monica Trif
- CENCIRA Agrofood Research and Innovation Centre, Research and Development Department, Ion Meșter, 6, 400650 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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