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Liu Z, Zhang Z, Yang L, Zhang Y, Li D, Zhang Q, Niu C, Zhang B, Zhai Y, Wang Z. Effect and mechanism of C-terminal cysteine on the properties of HEV p222 protein. Virology 2024; 595:110091. [PMID: 38718446 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Preliminary investigations have demonstrated that the cysteines located at the C-terminus of HEV ORF2 protein exhibits disulfide bonding capability during virus-like particles (VLPs) assembly. However, the effect and mechanism underlying the pairing of disulfide bonds formed by C627, C630, and C638 remains unclear. The p222 protein encompasses C-terminus and serves as a representative of HEV ORF2 to investigate the specific impacts of C627, C630, and C638. The three cysteines were subjected to site-directed mutagenesis and expressed in prokaryotes; Both the mutated proteins and p222 underwent polymerization except for p222A; Surprisingly, only p222 was observed as abundant spherical particles under transmission electron microscope (TEM); Stability and immunogenicity of the p222 exhibited higher than other mutated proteins; LC/MS/MS analysis identified four disulfide bonds in the p222. The novel findings suggest that the three cysteines contribute to structural and functional properties of ORF2 protein, highlighting the indispensability of each cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Liu
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, Henan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, Henan, China
| | - Lanping Yang
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, Henan, China
| | - Yongwen Zhang
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, Henan, China
| | - Dong Li
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, Henan, China
| | - Qingling Zhang
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, Henan, China
| | - Chao Niu
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, Henan, China
| | - Baobao Zhang
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, Henan, China
| | - Yangyang Zhai
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, Henan, China
| | - Zhenhui Wang
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, Henan, China.
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Xu L, Wang G, Zhang S, Li T, Xu X, Gong G, Zhou W, Pu Y, Jia Y, Li Y, Long L. Inhibition of high sulfur on functional microorganisms and genes in slightly contaminated soil by cadmium and chromium. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123421. [PMID: 38253166 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that sulfur can passivate the bioavailability of heavy metals in soil, but it is not clear whether high sulfur in cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) contaminated soil has negative effect on soil microbial community and ecological function. In this study, total sulfur (TS) inhibited the Chao 1, Shannon, Phylogenetic diversity (Pd) of bacterial and Pd of fungi in slightly contaminated soil by Cd and Cr around pyrite. TS, total potassium, pH, total chromium, total cadmium, total nitrogen, soil organic matter were the predominant factors for soil microbial community; the contribution of TS in shaping bacterial and fungal communities ranked at first and fifth, respectively. Compared with the low sulfur group, the abundance of sulfur sensitive microorganisms Gemmatimonas, Pseudolabrys, MND1, and Schizothecium were decreased by 68.79-97.22% (p < 0.01) at high sulfur one; the carbon fixation, nitrogen cycling, phosphorus cycling and resistance genes abundance were significantly lower (p < 0.01) at the latter. Such variations were strongly and closely correlated to the suppression of energy metabolism (M00009, M00011, M00086) and carbon fixation (M00173, M00376) functional module genes abundance in the high sulfur group. Collectively, high sulfur significantly suppressed the abundances of functional microorganisms and functional genes in slightly contaminated soil with Cd and Cr, possibly through inhibition of energy metabolism and carbon fixation of functional microorganisms. This study provided new insights into the environmental behavior of sulfur in slightly contaminated soil with Cd and Cr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Xu
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China.
| | - Guiyin Wang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Protection, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Shirong Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Protection, Wenjiang, 611130, China.
| | - Ting Li
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoxun Xu
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Protection, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Guoshu Gong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Yulin Pu
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Yongxia Jia
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Yun Li
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Lulu Long
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
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Jin L, Chen F, Chen X, Zhang S, Liang Z, Zhao L, Tan H. pH/Temperature Dual-Responsive Protein-Polymer Conjugates for Potential Therapeutic Hypothermia in Ischemic Stroke. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5105-5113. [PMID: 37903779 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke still has several limitations, such as a narrow therapeutic time window and adverse effects. Therapeutic hypothermia is a neuroprotective strategy for stroke. In this study, we developed pH/temperature dual-responsive protein-polymer conjugates (PEG-uPA-PEG-PPG-PEG) by modifying a urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-PPG-PEG, a thermosensitive polymer) via pH-sensitive imine bonds and disulfide bonds, respectively. At 37 °C and pH 7.4 (normothermia and physiological pH), PEG-uPA-PEG-PPG-PEG exhibits antiprotease hydrolysis and masked bioactivity of uPA due to the protective effect of the polymer segments wrapped around the protein surface. However, at 33 °C and pH 6.0 (hypothermia and pH at the thrombotic site), uPA loses the protective effect and recovers its bioactivity due to PEG dissociation and PEG-PPG-PEG stretching. The masked bioactivity of uPA at normothermia and physiological pH could reduce the risk of acute hemorrhage complication, and the recovery of protein activity at acidic pH and 33 °C is of great significance for thrombolytic therapy at mild hypothermia. Thus, PEG-uPA-PEG-PPG-PEG provides promising potential for therapeutic hypothermia in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Jin
- Center for Child Care and Mental Health, Shenzhen Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, Shenzhen 518026, China
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Fengjiao Chen
- Center for Child Care and Mental Health, Shenzhen Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, Shenzhen 518026, China
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xianwu Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Shun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Zhenjiang Liang
- Center for Child Care and Mental Health, Shenzhen Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, Shenzhen 518026, China
| | - Lingling Zhao
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hui Tan
- Center for Child Care and Mental Health, Shenzhen Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, Shenzhen 518026, China
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Li H, Zhu D, Yang Y, Ma Y, Chen Y, Xue P, Chen J, Qin M, Xu D, Cai C, Cheng H. Restricted tRNA methylation by intermolecular disulfide bonds in DNMT2/TRDMT1. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126310. [PMID: 37579906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Reportedly, DNMT2/TRDMT1 mainly methylates tRNAs at C38 and prevents them from the cleavage under stress. It also plays an essential role in the survival and physiological homeostasis of organisms. Nevertheless, DNMT2/TRDMT1 exhibits much weaker tRNA methylation activity in vitro than other tRNA methyltransferases, TrmD and Trm5. Here, we explored the restricted tRNA methylation mechanism by DNMT2/TRDMT1. In the current study, the optimized buffer C at 37 °C was the best condition for DNMT2/TRDMT1 activation. Of note, Dithiothreitol (DTT) was an indispensable component for this enzyme catalysis. Moreover, reductants took similar effects on the conformation change and oligomeric formation of DNMT2/TRDMT1. Ultimately, LC-MS/MS result revealed that C292-C292 and C292-C287 were predominant intermolecular disulfide bonds in recombinant DNMT2/TRDMT1. Notably, DNMT2/TRDMT1 existed primarily as dimers via intermolecular disulfide bonds C79-C24, C292-C292, and C222-C24 in HEK293T cells. GSSG stress enhanced tRNA methylation level in the early stage of stress, whereas the DNMT2/TRDMT1 activity might be unfavorable along with this enzyme accumulation in the nucleus. Excitingly, GSH stress downregulated the DNMT2/TRDMT1 expression and promoted tRNA methylation in cells, probably through breaking intermolecular disulfide bonds in this enzyme. Thus, our findings demonstrated restricted tRNA methylation by disulfide bonds in DNMT2/TRDMT1, and will provide important implications for redox stress related-diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huari Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Daiyun Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yapeng Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yunfei Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Pingfang Xue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Juan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Mian Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Hongjing Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
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Rao Y, Wang J, Yang X, Xie X, Zhan Y, Ma X, Cai D, Chen S. A novel toolbox for precise regulation of gene expression and metabolic engineering in Bacillus licheniformis. Metab Eng 2023; 78:159-170. [PMID: 37307865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite industrial bio-manufacturing progress using Bacillus licheniformis, the absence of a well-characterized toolbox allowing precise regulation of multiple genes limits its expansion for basic research and application. Here, a novel gene expression toolbox (GET) was developed for precise regulation of gene expression and high-level production of 2-phenylethanol. Firstly, we established a novel promoter core region mosaic combination model to combine, characterize and analyze different core regions. Characterization and orthogonal design of promoter ribbons allowed convenient construction of an adaptable and robust GET, gene gfp expression intensity was 0.64%-16755.77%, with a dynamic range of 2.61 × 104 times, which is the largest regulatory range of GET in Bacillus based on modification of promoter P43. Then we verified the protein and species universality of GET using different proteins expressed in B. licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis. Finally, the GET for 2-phenylethanol metabolic breeding, resulting in a plasmid-free strain producing 6.95 g/L 2-phenylethanol with a yield and productivity of 0.15 g/g glucose and 0.14 g/L/h, respectively, the highest de novo synthesis yield of 2-phenylethanol reported. Taken together, this is the first report elucidating the impact of mosaic combination and tandem of multiple core regions to initiate transcription and improve the output of proteins and metabolites, which provides strong support for gene regulation and diversified product production in Bacillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Xinyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Xinxin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Yangyang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Xin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Dongbo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China.
| | - Shouwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China.
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Huang D, Zhang L, Sun Y. Rational Design of Disulfide Bridges in BbPETase CD for Enhancing the Enzymatic Performance in PET Degradation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083528. [PMID: 37110762 PMCID: PMC10146679 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most prevalent transparent thermoplastics. It is commonly utilized due to its low cost and high durability. With the massive accumulation of waste PET, however, serious environmental pollution has become a global problem. Compared to traditional chemical degradation, biodegradation of PET catalyzed by PET hydrolase (PETase) is more environmentally friendly and energy-efficient. BbPETaseCD from the Burkholderiales bacterium is a PETase that shows favorable properties for application in the biodegradation of PET. To enhance the enzymatic performance of this enzyme, this work focuses on the rational design of disulfide bridges in BbPETaseCD. We utilized two computational algorithms to predict the probable disulfide-bridge mutations in BbPETaseCD, and five variants were acquired from the computations. Among these, the N364C/D418C variant with one additional disulfide bond showed higher expression than the wild-type enzyme (WT) and the best enzymatic performance. The melting temperature (Tm) of the N364C/D418C variant presented an increase of 14.8 °C over that of WT (56.5 °C), indicating that the additional disulfide bond significantly raised the thermodynamic stability of the enzyme. Kinetic experiments at different temperatures also demonstrated the thermal stability increase of the variant. The variant also showed significantly increased activity over WT when using bis(hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) as the substrate. More remarkably, the N364C/D418C variant exhibited approximately an 11-fold increase over the WT enzyme in the long-term (14 days) degradation of PET films. The results prove that the rationally designed disulfide bond significantly improved the enzymatic performance of the enzyme for PET degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjian Huang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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