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Ogilvie LM, Coyle-Asbil B, Brunt KR, Petrik J, Simpson JA. Therapy-naïve malignancy causes cardiovascular disease: a state-of-the-art cardio-oncology perspective. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H1515-H1537. [PMID: 38639740 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00795.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer are the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Although generally thought of as distinct diseases, the intersectional overlap between CVD and cancer is increasingly evident in both causal and mechanistic relationships. The field of cardio-oncology is largely focused on the cardiotoxic effects of cancer therapies (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation). Furthermore, the cumulative effects of cardiotoxic therapy exposure and the prevalence of CVD risk factors in patients with cancer lead to long-term morbidity and poor quality of life in this patient population, even when patients are cancer-free. Evidence from patients with cancer and animal models demonstrates that the presence of malignancy itself, independent of cardiotoxic therapy exposure or CVD risk factors, negatively impacts cardiac structure and function. As such, the primary focus of this review is the cardiac pathophysiological and molecular features of therapy-naïve cancer. We also summarize the strengths and limitations of preclinical cancer models for cardio-oncology research and discuss therapeutic strategies that have been tested experimentally for the treatment of cancer-induced cardiac atrophy and dysfunction. Finally, we explore an adjacent area of interest, called "reverse cardio-oncology," where the sequelae of heart failure augment cancer progression. Here, we emphasize the cross-disease communication between malignancy and the injured heart and discuss the importance of chronic low-grade inflammation and endocrine factors in the progression of both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie M Ogilvie
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bridget Coyle-Asbil
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keith R Brunt
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
- IMPART Investigator Team Canada, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Jim Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy A Simpson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- IMPART Investigator Team Canada, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
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Wiggs MP, Beaudry AG, Law ML. Cardiac Remodeling in Cancer-Induced Cachexia: Functional, Structural, and Metabolic Contributors. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121931. [PMID: 35741060 PMCID: PMC9221803 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a syndrome of progressive weight loss and muscle wasting occurring in many advanced cancer patients. Cachexia significantly impairs quality of life and increases mortality. Cardiac atrophy and dysfunction have been observed in patients with cachexia, which may contribute to cachexia pathophysiology. However, relative to skeletal muscle, little research has been carried out to understand the mechanisms of cardiomyopathy in cachexia. Here, we review what is known clinically about the cardiac changes occurring in cachexia, followed by further discussion of underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms contributing to cachexia-induced cardiomyopathy. Impaired cardiac contractility and relaxation may be explained by a complex interplay of significant heart muscle atrophy and metabolic remodeling, including mitochondrial dysfunction. Because cardiac muscle has fundamental differences compared to skeletal muscle, understanding cardiac-specific effects of cachexia may bring light to unique therapeutic targets and ultimately improve clinical management for patients with cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Wiggs
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (M.P.W.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Anna G. Beaudry
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (M.P.W.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Michelle L. Law
- Department of Human Sciences and Design, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(254)-710-6003
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Review of Mechanisms and Treatment of Cancer-Induced Cardiac Cachexia. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061040. [PMID: 35326491 PMCID: PMC8947347 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial, paraneoplastic syndrome that impacts roughly half of all cancer patients. It can negatively impact patient quality of life and prognosis by causing physical impairment, reducing chemotherapy tolerance, and precluding them as surgical candidates. While there is substantial research on cancer-induced skeletal muscle cachexia, there are comparatively fewer studies and therapies regarding cardiac cachexia in the setting of malignancy. A literature review was performed using the PubMed database to identify original articles pertaining to cancer-induced cardiac cachexia, including its mechanisms and potential therapeutic modalities. Seventy studies were identified by two independent reviewers based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. While there are multiple studies addressing the pathophysiology of cardiac-induced cancer cachexia, there are no studies evaluating therapeutic options in the clinical setting. Many treatment modalities including nutrition, heart failure medication, cancer drugs, exercise, and gene therapy have been explored in in vitro and mice models with varying degrees of success. While these may be beneficial in cancer patients, further prospective studies specifically focusing on the assessment and treatment of the cardiac component of cachexia are needed.
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Saha S, Singh PK, Roy P, Kakar SS. Cardiac Cachexia: Unaddressed Aspect in Cancer Patients. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060990. [PMID: 35326441 PMCID: PMC8947289 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived cachectic factors such as proinflammatory cytokines and neuromodulators not only affect skeletal muscle but also affect other organs, including the heart, in the form of cardiac muscle atrophy, fibrosis, and eventual cardiac dysfunction, resulting in poor quality of life and reduced survival. This article reviews the holistic approaches of existing diagnostic, pathophysiological, and multimodal therapeutic interventions targeting the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for cancer-induced cardiac cachexia. The major drivers of cardiac muscle wasting in cancer patients are autophagy activation by the cytokine-NFkB, TGF β-SMAD3, and angiotensin II-SOCE-STIM-Ca2+ pathways. A lack of diagnostic markers and standard treatment protocols hinder the early diagnosis of cardiac dysfunction and the initiation of preventive measures. However, some novel therapeutic strategies, including the use of Withaferin A, have shown promising results in experimental models, but Withaferin A’s effectiveness in human remains to be verified. The combined efforts of cardiologists and oncologists would help to identify cost effective and feasible solutions to restore cardiac function and to increase the survival potential of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarama Saha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh 249203, India; (S.S.); (P.K.S.)
| | - Praveen Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh 249203, India; (S.S.); (P.K.S.)
| | - Partha Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India;
| | - Sham S. Kakar
- Department of Physiology and Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(502)-852-0812
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Joshi G, Sharma M, Kalra S, Gavande NS, Singh S, Kumar R. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation of 3,5-diaryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole carbaldehydes as non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitors: Tracing the anticancer mechanism via xanthine oxidase inhibition. Bioorg Chem 2021; 107:104620. [PMID: 33454509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) has been primarily targeted for the development of anti-hyperuriciemic /anti-gout agents as it catalyzes the conversion of xanthine and hypoxanthine into uric acid. XO overexpression in various cancer is very well correlated due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and metabolic activation of carcinogenic substances during the catalysis. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a series of 3,5-diaryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole carbaldehyde derivatives (2a-2x) as xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOIs). A docking model was developed for the prediction of XO inhibitory activity of our novel compounds. Furthermore, our compounds anticancer activity results in low XO expression and XO-harboring cancer cells both in 2D and 3D-culture models are presented and discussed. Among the array of synthesized compounds, 2b and 2m emerged as potent XO inhibitors having IC50 values of 9.32 ± 0.45 µM and 10.03 ± 0.43 µM, respectively. Both compounds induced apoptosis, halted the cell cycle progression at the G1 phase, elevated ROS levels, altered mitochondrial membrane potential, and inhibited antioxidant enzymes. The levels of miRNA and expression of redox sensors in cells were also altered due to increase oxidative stress induced by our compounds. Compounds 2b and 2m hold a great promise for further development of XOIs for the treatment of XO-harboring tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Joshi
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151 001, India
| | - Manisha Sharma
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151 001, India
| | - Sourav Kalra
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151 001, India
| | - Navnath S Gavande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151 001, India.
| | - Raj Kumar
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151 001, India.
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Penna F, Ballarò R, Costelli P. The Redox Balance: A Target for Interventions Against Muscle Wasting in Cancer Cachexia? Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:542-558. [PMID: 32037856 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The management of cancer patients is frequently complicated by the occurrence of a complex syndrome known as cachexia. It is mainly characterized by muscle wasting, a condition that associates with enhanced protein breakdown and with negative energy balance. While the mechanisms underlying cachexia have been only partially elucidated, understanding the pathogenesis of muscle wasting in cancer hosts is mandatory to design new targeted therapeutic strategies. Indeed, most of cancer patients will experience cachexia during the course of their disease, and about 25% of cancer-related deaths are due to this syndrome, rather than to the tumor itself. Recent Advances: Compelling evidence suggests that an altered redox homeostasis likely contributes to cancer-induced muscle protein depletion, directly or indirectly activating the intracellular degradative pathways. In addition, oxidative stress impinges on both mitochondrial number and function; the other way round, altered mitochondria lead to enhanced redox imbalance, creating a vicious loop that eventually results in negative energy metabolism. Critical Issues: The present review focuses on the possibility that pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies able to restore a physiologic redox balance could be useful components of treatment schedules aimed at counteracting cancer-induced muscle wasting. Future Directions: Exercise and the use of exercise mimetic drugs represent the most promising approaches capable of reinforcing the muscle antioxidant defenses of cancer patients. The results from ongoing and new clinical trials are needed to validate the preclinical studies and provide effective therapies for cancer cachexia. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 33, 542-558.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ballarò
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Costelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Olaniyi KS, Olatunji LA. Oral ethinylestradiol–levonorgestrel normalizes fructose-induced hepatic lipid accumulation and glycogen depletion in female rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 97:1042-1052. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of oral ethinylestradiol–levonorgestrel (EEL) on hepatic lipid and glycogen contents during high fructose (HF) intake, and determined whether pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK-4) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity were involved in HF and (or) EEL-induced hepatic dysmetabolism. Female Wistar rats weighing 140–160 g were divided into groups. The control, EEL, HF, and EEL+HF groups received water (vehicle, p.o.), 1.0 μg ethinylestradiol plus 5.0 μg levonorgestrel (p.o.), fructose (10% w/v), and EEL plus HF, respectively, on a daily basis for 8 weeks. Results revealed that treatment with EEL or HF led to insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, increased hepatic uric acid production and triglyceride content, reduced glycogen content, and reduced production of plasma or hepatic glutathione- and G6PD-dependent antioxidants. HF but not EEL also increased fasting glucose and hepatic PDK-4. Nonetheless, these alterations were attenuated by EEL in HF-treated rats. Our results demonstrate that hepatic lipid accumulation and glycogen depletion induced by HF is accompanied by increased PDK-4 and defective G6PD activity. The findings also suggest that EEL would attenuate hepatic lipid accumulation and glycogen depletion by suppression of PDK-4 and enhancement of a G6PD-dependent antioxidant barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Samuel Olaniyi
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Lawrence Aderemi Olatunji
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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Parry TL, Hayward R. Exercise Protects against Cancer-induced Cardiac Cachexia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 50:1169-1176. [PMID: 29315166 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer has been shown to negatively stimulate autophagy, leading to a decline in cardiac function. Although exercise is cardioprotective, its influence over autophagy-mediated tumor growth and cardiac function are not well defined. PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the effect of exercise on tumor morphology and cardiac function. METHODS Fisher 344 rats (n = 28) were assigned to one of four groups: 1) sedentary non-tumor bearing (SED), 2) sedentary tumor bearing (SED + T), 3) wheel run non-tumor bearing (WR), or 4) wheel run tumor bearing (WR + T). Rats remained sedentary or exercised for 6 wk. At week 4, rats in tumor groups were inoculated with MatBIII tumor cells. At week 6, cardiac function was measured. RESULTS SED + T animals exhibited significantly lower left ventricular developed pressure when compared with SED, WR, and WR + T (P < 0.05). This coincided with a significant increase in cardiac autophagy (increased LC3-II) in SED + T animals when compared with SED, WR, and WR + T (P < 0.05). Furthermore, SED + T hearts showed a significant increase in β-myosin heavy chain expression versus nontumor groups (P < 0.05). Tumor mass was significantly larger (P < 0.001) in SED + T animals when compared with WR + T animals, which was accompanied by a significant increase in tumor LC3-II protein expression (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Nonexercised tumor-bearing rats showed severe cardiac dysfunction and excessive, maladaptive autophagy in the heart and tumors. Voluntary exercise preserved cardiac function and attenuated the autophagic response in heart and tumor tissues. This preservation may be related to the reduced tumor growth in aerobically exercised rats, to the improved regulation of autophagy by exercise, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci L Parry
- McAllister Heart Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Reid Hayward
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, and the University of Northern Colorado Cancer Rehabilitation Institute, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO
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Olaniyi KS, Olatunji LA. Oral ethinylestradiol-levonorgestrel attenuates cardiac glycogen and triglyceride accumulation in high fructose female rats by suppressing pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 392:89-101. [PMID: 30276420 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fructose (FRU) intake has increased dramatically in recent decades with a corresponding increased incidence of insulin resistance (IR), particularly in young adults. The use of oral ethinylestradiol-levonorgestrel (EEL) formulation is also common among young women worldwide. The present study aimed at determining the effect of EEL on high fructose-induced cardiac triglyceride (TG) and glycogen accumulation. The study also investigated the possible involvement of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK-4) in EEL and/or high fructose metabolic effects on the heart. Ten-week-old female Wistar rats were allotted into four groups. The control, EEL, FRU, and EEL + FRU rats received distilled water (vehicle, p.o.), 1.0 μg ethinylestradiol plus 5.0 μg levonorgestrel (p.o.), 10% fructose (w/v), and 1.0 μg ethinylestradiol plus 5.0 μg levonorgestrel and 10% fructose, respectively, daily for 8 weeks. Data showed that EEL or high fructose caused IR' impaired glucose tolerance' hyperlipidemia' increased plasma lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, PDK-4, uric acid, xanthine oxidase (XO), adenosine deaminase (ADA), malondialdehyde (MDA), cardiac uric acid, TG, TG/HDL- cholesterol, glycogen synthesis, MDA, and visceral fat content and reduced glutathione. High fructose also resulted in impaired pancreatic β-cell function, hyperglycemia, and increased cardiac PDK-4, lactate synthesis, and mass. Nonetheless, these alterations were ameliorated in EEL plus high fructose rats. This study demonstrates that high fructose-induced myocardial TG and glycogen accumulation is attributable to increased PDK-4. Besides, EEL could be a useful pharmacological utility for protection against cardiac dysmetabolism by inhibiting PDK-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Samuel Olaniyi
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, 240001, Nigeria
| | - Lawrence Aderemi Olatunji
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, 240001, Nigeria.
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Antunes J, Ferreira RM, Moreira-Gonçalves D. Exercise Training as Therapy for Cancer-Induced Cardiac Cachexia. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:709-727. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Belloum Y, Rannou-Bekono F, Favier FB. Cancer-induced cardiac cachexia: Pathogenesis and impact of physical activity (Review). Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2543-2552. [PMID: 28393216 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a wasting syndrome observed in many patients suffering from several chronic diseases including cancer. In addition to the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, cancer cachexia results in cardiac function impairment. During the severe stage of the disease, patients as well as animals bearing cancer cells display cardiac atrophy. Cardiac energy metabolism is also impeded with disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis and reduced oxidative capacity, although the available data remain equivocal. The release of inflammatory cytokines by tumor is a key mechanism in the initiation of heart failure. Oxidative stress, which results from the combination of chemotherapy, inadequate antioxidant consumption and chronic inflammation, will further foster heart failure. Protein catabolism is due to the concomitant activation of proteolytic systems and inhibition of protein synthesis, both processes being triggered by the deactivation of the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. The reduction in oxidative capacity involves AMP-activated protein kinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α dysregulation. The nuclear factor-κB transcription factor plays a prominent role in the coordination of these alterations. Physical exercise appears as an interesting non-pharmaceutical way to counteract cancer cachexia-induced-heart failure. Indeed, aerobic training has anti-inflammatory effects, increases anti-oxidant defenses, prevents atrophy and promotes oxidative metabolism. The present review points out the importance of better understanding the concurrent structural and metabolic changes within the myocardium during cancer and the protective effects of exercise against cardiac cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Françoise Rannou-Bekono
- EA 1274, Laboratoire 'Mouvement, Sport, Santé', Université de Rennes 2-ENS Rennes, Bruz 35170, France
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12
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Tokmina-Lukaszewska M, Shi Z, Tripet B, McDermott TR, Copié V, Bothner B, Wang G. Metabolic response of Agrobacterium tumefaciens 5A to arsenite. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:710-721. [PMID: 27871140 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Wide-spread abundance in soil and water, coupled with high toxicity have put arsenic at the top of the list of environmental contaminants. Early studies demonstrated that both concentration and the valence state of inorganic arsenic (arsenite, As(III) vs. arsenate As(V)) can be modulated by microbes. Using genetics, transcriptomic and proteomic techniques, microbe-arsenic detoxification, respiratory As(V) reduction and As(III) oxidation have since been examined. The effect of arsenic exposure on whole-cell intracellular microbial metabolism, however, has not been extensively studied. We combined LC-MS and 1 H NMR to quantify metabolic changes in Agrobacterium tumefaciens (strain 5A) upon exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of As(III). Metabolomics analysis reveals global differences in metabolite concentrations between control and As(III) exposure groups, with significant perturbations to intermediates shuttling into and cycling within the TCA cycle. These data are most consistent with the disruption of two key TCA cycle enzymes, pyruvate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Glycolysis also appeared altered following As(III) stress, with carbon accumulating as complex saccharides. These observations suggest that an important consequence of As(III) contamination in nature will be to alter microbial carbon metabolism at the microbial community level and thus has the potential to foundationally impact all biogeochemical cycles in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zunji Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Brian Tripet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Timothy R McDermott
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Valérie Copié
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Brian Bothner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Gejiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
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The Janus-Faced Role of Antioxidants in Cancer Cachexia: New Insights on the Established Concepts. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:9579868. [PMID: 27642498 PMCID: PMC5013212 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9579868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and excessive loss of skeletal muscle usually occur during cancer cachexia, leading to functional impairment and delaying the cure of cancer. The release of cytokines by tumor promotes the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn regulate catabolic pathways involved in muscle atrophy. ROS also exert a dual role within tumor itself, as they can either promote proliferation and vascularization or induce senescence and apoptosis. Accordingly, previous studies that used antioxidants to modulate these ROS-dependent mechanisms, in cancer and cancer cachexia, have obtained contradictory results, hence the need to gather the main findings of these studies and draw global conclusions in order to stimulate more oriented research in this field. Based on the literature reviewed in this paper, it appears that antioxidant supplementation is (1) beneficial in cancer cachectic patients with antioxidant deficiencies, (2) most likely harmful in cancer patients with adequate antioxidant status (i.e., lung, gastrointestinal, head and neck, and esophageal), and (3) not recommended when undergoing radiotherapy. At the moment, measuring the blood levels of antioxidants may help to identify patients with systemic deficiencies. This approach is simple to realize but could not be a gold standard method for cachexia, as it does not necessarily reflect the redox state in other organs, like muscle.
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Loncar G, Springer J, Anker M, Doehner W, Lainscak M. Cardiac cachexia: hic et nunc. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2016; 7:246-60. [PMID: 27386168 PMCID: PMC4929818 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac cachexia (CC) is the clinical entity at the end of the chronic natural course of heart failure (HF). Despite the efforts, even the most recent definition of cardiac cachexia has been challenged, more precisely, the addition of new criteria on top of obligatory weight loss. The pathophysiology of CC is complex and multifactorial. A better understanding of pathophysiological pathways in body wasting will contribute to establish potentially novel treatment strategies. The complex biochemical network related with CC and HF pathophysiology underlines that a single biomarker cannot reflect all of the features of the disease. Biomarkers that could pick up the changes in body composition before they convey into clinical manifestations of CC would be of great importance. The development of preventive and therapeutic strategies against cachexia, sarcopenia, and wasting disorders is perceived as an urgent need by healthcare professionals. The treatment of body wasting remains an unresolved challenge to this day. As CC is a multifactorial disorder, it is unlikely that any single agent will be completely effective in treating this condition. Among all investigated therapeutic strategies, aerobic exercise training in HF patients is the most proved to counteract skeletal muscle wasting and is recommended by treatment guidelines for HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Loncar
- Department of Cardiology Clinical Hospital Zvezdara Belgrade Serbia; School of Medicine University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
| | - Jochen Springer
- Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG) Göttingen Germany
| | - Markus Anker
- Department of Cardiology Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Germany
| | - Wolfram Doehner
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Germany
| | - Mitja Lainscak
- Department of Cardiology and Department of Research and Education General Hospital Celje Celje Slovenia; Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
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Zheng Y, Chen H, Li X, Sun Y. Pay attention to cardiac remodeling in cancer cachexia. Support Care Cancer 2016; 24:3253-9. [PMID: 27108265 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-016-3222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a complex and multifaceted disease state characterized by fatigue, weakness, and loss of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Recently, the profound negative effects of cancer cachexia on cardiac tissue draw much attention, which is likely to contribute to mortality in tumor-bearing animals. The mechanism of cardiac remodeling is not so clear and involved with a series of molecular alterations. In cancer cachexia model, progressive loss of left ventricular mass and decrease in myocardial function is observed and cardiac autonomic functions are altered. Levels of several emerging cardiovascular neurohormones are found elevating in patients with cancer, but it is still controversial whether the changes could reflect the heart injury accurately. The remedy for cardiac remodeling has been explored. It is showed that exercise can modulate signaling pathways activated by wasting cytokines and impact on the resulting outcomes on heart adaptation. Some drugs, such as bisoprolol, spironolactone, perindopril, tandospirone, and simvastatin, can mitigate adverse effects of the tumor on the heart and prolong survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, No. 105, Jie Fang Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Chen
- Soochow University College of Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310029, China
| | - Yuping Sun
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, No. 105, Jie Fang Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, People's Republic of China.
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Cardiac cachexia: hic et nunc: "hic et nunc" - here and now. Int J Cardiol 2015; 201:e1-12. [PMID: 26545926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac cachexia (CC) is the clinical entity at the end of chronic natural course of heart failure (HF). Despite the efforts, even the most recent definition of cardiac cachexia has been challenged, more precisely the addition of new criteria on top of obligatory weight loss. The pathophysiology of CC is complex and multifactorial. Better understanding of pathophysiological pathways in body wasting will contribute to establish potentially novel treatment strategies. The complex biochemical network related with CC and HF pathophysiology underlines that a single biomarker cannot reflect all of the features of the disease. Biomarkers that could pick-up the changes in body composition before they convey into clinical manifestations of CC would be of great importance. The development of preventive and therapeutic strategies against cachexia, sarcopenia and wasting disorders is perceived as an urgent need by healthcare professionals. The treatment of body wasting remains an unresolved challenge to this day. As CC is a multifactorial disorder, it is unlikely that any single agent will be completely effective in treating this condition. Among all investigated therapeutic strategies, aerobic exercise training in HF patients is the most proved to counteract skeletal muscle wasting and is recommended by treatment guidelines for HF.
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Doehner W, Jankowska EA, Springer J, Lainscak M, Anker SD. Uric acid and xanthine oxidase in heart failure - Emerging data and therapeutic implications. Int J Cardiol 2015; 213:15-9. [PMID: 26318388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The role of hyperuricaemia as cardiovascular risk factor has exhaustingly been debated for decades. While the association of elevated uric acid (UA) levels with increased mortality risk as convincingly been shown, the question whether UA is independently predictive of just a related effect within a more complex risk factor profile (including metabolic, inflammatory and haemodynamic risk factors) is still a matter of dispute. In heart failure the independent prognostic and functional impact of elevated UA has not only been shown but also the pathophysiologic mechanism(s) and the potential of targeted therapeutic interventions have been investigated in some detail. The emerging picture suggests the increased activity of the enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO) with corresponding increased production of free oxygen radical (ROS) as a main underlying principle with the resulting increase in UA levels being mostly a marker of this up-regulated pathway. While this concept will not diminish the value of UA as a prognostic marker, it provides the basis for a novel metabolic treatment option and the means to identify those patients most eligible for this tailored therapy. This review will summarize the recent evidence on XO as a novel and promising therapeutic target in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Doehner
- Centre for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Campus Virchow, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ewa A Jankowska
- Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jochen Springer
- Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology & Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mitja Lainscak
- Division of Cardiology, University Clinic or Respiratory Diseases, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Stefan D Anker
- Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology & Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
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Konishi M, Pelgrim L, Tschirner A, Baumgarten A, von Haehling S, Palus S, Doehner W, Anker SD, Springer J. Febuxostat improves outcome in a rat model of cancer cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2015; 6:174-80. [PMID: 26136193 PMCID: PMC4458083 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activity of xanthine oxidase is induced in cancer cachexia, and its inhibition by allopurinol or oxypurinol improves survival and reduces wasting in the Yoshida hepatoma cancer cachexia model. Here, we tested the effects of the second-generation xanthine oxidase inhibitor febuxostat compared with placebo in the same model as used previously by our group. METHODS Wistar rats (~200 g) were treated daily with febuxostat at 5 mg/kg/day or placebo via gavage for a maximum of 17 days. Weight change, quality of life, and body composition were analysed. After sacrifice, proteasome activity in the gastrocnemius muscle was measured. Muscle-specific proteins involved in metabolism were analysed by western blotting. RESULTS Treatment of the tumour-bearing rats with febuxostat led to a significantly improved survival compared with placebo (hazard ratio: 0.45, 95% confidence interval: 0.22-0.93, P = 0.03). Loss of body weight was reduced (-26.3 ± 12.4 g) compared with placebo (-50.2 ± 2.1 g, P < 0.01). Wasting of lean mass was attenuated (-12.7 ± 10.8 g) vs. placebo (-31.9 ± 2.1 g, P < 0.05). While we did not see an effect of febuxostat on proteasome activity at the end of the study, the pAkt/Akt ratio was improved by febuxostat (0.94 ± 0.09) vs. placebo (0.41 ± 0.05, P < 0.01), suggesting an increase in protein synthesis. CONCLUSIONS Febuxostat attenuated cachexia progression and improved survival of tumour-bearing rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Konishi
- Division of Innovative Clinical Trials, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Loes Pelgrim
- Applied Cachexia Research, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany.,Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anika Tschirner
- Applied Cachexia Research, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Baumgarten
- Applied Cachexia Research, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Division of Innovative Clinical Trials, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Palus
- Division of Innovative Clinical Trials, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfram Doehner
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan D Anker
- Division of Innovative Clinical Trials, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen Springer
- Division of Innovative Clinical Trials, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Konishi M, Ebner N, von Haehling S, Anker SD, Springer J. Developing models for cachexia and their implications in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:743-52. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1041914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Regulator of G-protein signaling 6 (RGS6) in cardiology and oncology. Int J Cardiol 2015; 187:99-102. [PMID: 25828322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Jia G, Habibi J, Bostick BP, Ma L, DeMarco VG, Aroor AR, Hayden MR, Whaley-Connell AT, Sowers JR. Uric acid promotes left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in mice fed a Western diet. Hypertension 2015; 65:531-9. [PMID: 25489061 PMCID: PMC4370431 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The rising obesity rates parallel increased consumption of a Western diet, high in fat and fructose, which is associated with increased uric acid. Population-based data support that elevated serum uric acids are associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction. However, the mechanism by which excess uric acid promotes these maladaptive cardiac effects has not been explored. In assessing the role of Western diet-induced increases in uric acid, we hypothesized that reductions in uric acid would prevent Western diet-induced development of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, cardiac stiffness, and impaired diastolic relaxation by reducing growth and profibrotic signaling pathways. Four-weeks-old C57BL6/J male mice were fed excess fat (46%) and fructose (17.5%) with or without allopurinol (125 mg/L), a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, for 16 weeks. The Western diet-induced increases in serum uric acid along with increases in cardiac tissue xanthine oxidase activity temporally related to increases in body weight, fat mass, and insulin resistance without changes in blood pressure. The Western diet induced cardiomyocte hypertrophy, myocardial oxidative stress, interstitial fibrosis, and impaired diastolic relaxation. Further, the Western diet enhanced activation of the S6 kinase-1 growth pathway and the profibrotic transforming growth factor-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway and macrophage proinflammatory polarization. All results improved with allopurinol treatment, which lowered cardiac xanthine oxidase as well as serum uric acid levels. These findings support the notion that increased production of uric acid with intake of a Western diet promotes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, inflammation, and oxidative stress that lead to myocardial fibrosis and associated impaired diastolic relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Jia
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.), Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (A.T.W.-C.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (V.G.D., J.R.S.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.), and Department of Radiology (L.M.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., L.M., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.)
| | - Javad Habibi
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.), Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (A.T.W.-C.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (V.G.D., J.R.S.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.), and Department of Radiology (L.M.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., L.M., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.)
| | - Brian P Bostick
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.), Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (A.T.W.-C.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (V.G.D., J.R.S.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.), and Department of Radiology (L.M.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., L.M., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.)
| | - Lixin Ma
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.), Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (A.T.W.-C.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (V.G.D., J.R.S.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.), and Department of Radiology (L.M.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., L.M., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.)
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.), Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (A.T.W.-C.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (V.G.D., J.R.S.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.), and Department of Radiology (L.M.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., L.M., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.)
| | - Annayya R Aroor
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.), Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (A.T.W.-C.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (V.G.D., J.R.S.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.), and Department of Radiology (L.M.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., L.M., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.)
| | - Melvin R Hayden
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.), Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (A.T.W.-C.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (V.G.D., J.R.S.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.), and Department of Radiology (L.M.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., L.M., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.)
| | - Adam T Whaley-Connell
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.), Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (A.T.W.-C.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (V.G.D., J.R.S.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.), and Department of Radiology (L.M.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., L.M., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.)
| | - James R Sowers
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.), Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (A.T.W.-C.), Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (V.G.D., J.R.S.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.), and Department of Radiology (L.M.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO (G.J., J.H., B.P.B., L.M., V.G.D., A.R.A., M.R.H., A.T.W.-C., J.R.S.).
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Toledo M, Springer J, Busquets S, Tschirner A, López-Soriano FJ, Anker SD, Argilés JM. Formoterol in the treatment of experimental cancer cachexia: effects on heart function. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2014; 5:315-20. [PMID: 25167857 PMCID: PMC4248407 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-014-0153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Formoterol is a highly potent β2-adrenoceptor-selective agonist, which is a muscle growth promoter in many animal species, resulting in skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Previous studies carried out in our laboratory have shown that formoterol treatment in tumour-bearing animals resulted in an amelioration of muscle loss through different mechanisms that include muscle apoptosis and proteolysis. METHODS The study presented involved rats bearing the Yoshida AH-130 ascites tumour model-which induces a high degree of cachexia-treated with the beta-2 agonist formoterol (0.3 mg/kg BW). RESULTS The administration of formoterol to cachectic tumour-bearing rats resulted in a significant reduction of muscle weight loss. The treatment also increased lean body mass and body water. The treatment, however, did not influence heart weight, which was much decreased as a result of tumour burden. Untreated tumour-bearing rats showed important changes in parameters related with heart function:, left ventricle (LV) ejection fraction, fractional shortening, LV diameter and volume (diastolic) and LV stroke volume, LV mass and posterior wall thickness (PWT) (both systolic and diastolic). The administration of formoterol affected LV diameter and volume, LV stroke volume and LV mass. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that formoterol treatment, in addition to reducing muscle wasting, does not negatively alter heart function-in fact, some cardiac parameters are improved-in animals affected by cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Toledo
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Insights into cardio-oncology: the patient's heavy cancer journey among doubts, controversies and pitfalls. The role of the cardiologist. Int J Cardiol 2014; 178:175-7. [PMID: 25464247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Patanè S. Regulator of G-protein signaling 2 (RGS2) in cardiology and oncology. Int J Cardiol 2014; 179:63-5. [PMID: 25464414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Patanè
- Cardiologia Ospedale San Vincenzo - Taormina (Me) Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Messina, 98039 Taormina, Messina, Italy. patane-@libero.it
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Patanè S. M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in cardiology and oncology. Int J Cardiol 2014; 177:646-9. [PMID: 25449471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.09.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Patanè
- Cardiologia Ospedale San Vincenzo - Taormina (Me) Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Messina, Contrada Sirina, 98039 Taormina (Messina), Italy. patane-@libero.it
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Removal of an intracardiac lost port-A catheter utilizing a simple low-cost method. Int J Cardiol 2014; 176:1309-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.07.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Patanè S. HERG-targeted therapy in both cancer and cardiovascular system with cardiovascular drugs. Int J Cardiol 2014; 176:1082-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.07.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Cicero AFG, Rosticci M, Parini A, Baronio C, D'Addato S, Borghi C. Serum uric acid is inversely proportional to estimated stroke volume and cardiac output in a large sample of pharmacologically untreated subjects: data from the Brisighella Heart Study. Intern Emerg Med 2014; 9:655-60. [PMID: 24214336 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-013-1016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Serum uric acid is representative for xanthine-oxidase, the key enzyme involved in the production of uric acid, which is up-regulated in the failing heart, and may play an important role in the pathophysiologic process that leads to heart failure. In our study, we investigated the relation between stroke volume, cardiac output and serum uric acid in a large sample of overall healthy pharmacologically untreated subjects. The Brisighella Heart Study included 2,939 men and women between the ages of 14-84 without prior coronary heart disease or cerebrovascular disease who were not taking antihypertensive therapy at baseline. For this study, we selected 734 adult subjects enrolled in the last Brisighella population survey not taking antihypertensive, antidiabetic, lipid-lowering and uric acid-lowering drugs, and who were also not affected by chronic heart failure or by gout. The main predictors of cardiac functionality parameters were mean arterial pressure (MAP), HR, SUA and age (all p < 0.001), while gender, BMI, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting plasma glucose, creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, physical activity and smoking habit were not significantly associated (all p > 0.05). In particular, there is a strong relation between estimated cardiac output and serum uric acid (B = -0.219, p < 0.001) and between stroke volume and serum uric acid (B = -3.684, p < 0.001). These observations might have an impact on future considerations about serum uric acid as an early inexpensive marker of heart function decline in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Patanè
- Cardiologia Ospedale San Vincenzo - Taormina (Me) Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Messina, Contrada Sirina, 98039 Taormina (Messina), Italy. patane-@libero.it
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Ferrando B, Olaso-Gonzalez G, Sebastia V, Viosca E, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Viña J. [Allopurinol and its role in the treatment of sarcopenia]. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 2014; 49:292-8. [PMID: 25131431 DOI: 10.1016/j.regg.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and uric acid and plays an important role in purine catabolism. The purine analogue, allopurinol, is a well-known inhibitor of XO widely used in the clinical management of gout and conditions associated with hyperuricemia. More recent data indicate that allopurinol reduces oxidative stress and improves vascular function in several cardiometabolic diseases, prolongs exercise time in angina, and improves the efficiency of cardiac contractility in heart failure. XO also plays an important role in free radical generation during skeletal muscle contraction and thus, it has been related to the muscle damage associated to exhaustive exercise. Several research groups have shown the protective effect of allopurinol in the prevention of this type of damage. Based on this background, a critical overview is presented on the possible role of allopurinol in the treatment of sarcopenia, a geriatric syndrome characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength with a risk of adverse outcomes, such as physical disability, poor quality of life and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Ferrando
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, España
| | - Gloria Olaso-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, España
| | - Vicente Sebastia
- Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, España
| | - Enrique Viosca
- Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, España
| | - Mari Carmen Gomez-Cabrera
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, España
| | - Jose Viña
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, España.
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Patanè S. Cardiotoxicity: anthracyclines and long term cancer survivors. Int J Cardiol 2014; 176:1326-8. [PMID: 25129289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.07.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Patanè
- Cardiologia Ospedale San Vincenzo - Taormina (Me) Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Messina, Contrada Sirina, 98039 Taormina (Messina), Italy. patane-@libero.it
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Cancer multidrug resistance-targeted therapy in both cancer and cardiovascular system with cardiovascular drugs. Int J Cardiol 2014; 176:1306-8. [PMID: 25131921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.07.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Patanè S. ERBB1/EGFR and ERBB2 (HER2/neu)--targeted therapies in cancer and cardiovascular system with cardiovascular drugs. Int J Cardiol 2014; 176:1301-3. [PMID: 25131912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.07.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Patanè
- Cardiologia Ospedale San Vincenzo - Taormina (Me) Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Messina, Contrada Sirina, 98039 Taormina Messina, Italy. patane-@libero.it
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Pugliatti P, Donato R, Zito C, Carerj S, Patanè S. Cardioinhibitory vasovagal syncope in a cancer patient. Int J Cardiol 2014; 174:e64-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kazemi-Bajestani SMR, Becher H, Fassbender K, Chu Q, Baracos VE. Concurrent evolution of cancer cachexia and heart failure: bilateral effects exist. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2014; 5:95-104. [PMID: 24627226 PMCID: PMC4053562 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-014-0137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is defined as a multifactorial syndrome of involuntary weight loss characterized by an ongoing loss of skeletal muscle mass and progressive functional impairment. It is postulated that cardiac dysfunction/atrophy parallels skeletal muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia. Cardiotoxic chemotherapy may additionally result in cardiac dysfunction and heart failure in some cancer patients. Heart failure thus may be a consequence of either ongoing cachexia or chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity; at the same time, heart failure can result in cachexia, especially muscle wasting. Therefore, the subsequent heart failure and cardiac cachexia can exacerbate the existing cancer-induced cachexia. We discuss these bilateral effects between cancer cachexia and heart failure in cancer patients. Since cachectic patients are more susceptible to chemotherapy-induced toxicity overall, this may also include increased cardiotoxicity of antineoplastic agents. Patients with cachexia could thus be doubly unfortunate, with cachexia-related cardiac dysfunction/heart failure and increased susceptibility to cardiotoxicity during treatment. Cardiovascular risk factors as well as pre-existing heart failure seem to exacerbate cardiac susceptibility against cachexia and increase the rate of cardiac cachexia. Hence, chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity, cardiovascular risk factors, and pre-existing heart failure may accelerate the vicious cycle of cachexia-heart failure. The impact of cancer cachexia on cardiac dysfunction/heart failure in cancer patients has not been thoroughly studied. A combination of serial echocardiography for detection of cachexia-induced cardiac remodeling and computed tomography image analysis for detection of skeletal muscle wasting would appear a practical and non-invasive approach to develop an understanding of cardiac structural/functional alterations that are directly related to cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harald Becher
- />Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Alberta Cardiovascular and Stroke Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Konrad Fassbender
- />Department of Oncology, Division of Palliative Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Quincy Chu
- />Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Vickie E. Baracos
- />Department of Oncology, Division of Palliative Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Patanè
- Cardiologia Ospedale San Vincenzo - Taormina (Me) Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Messina, Contrada Sirina, 98039 Taormina, Messina, Italy. patane-@libero.it
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Patanè
- Cardiologia Ospedale San Vincenzo- Taormina (Me) Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Messina, Contrada Sirina, 98039 Taormina, (Messina), Italy. patane-@libero.it
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