1
|
Sharma P, Kumari A, Singh P, Srivas S, Thakur MK, Hemalatha S. Pyrus pashia fruit extract and its major phytometabolite chrysin prevent hippocampal apoptosis and memory impairment in PTZ-kindled mice. Nutr Neurosci 2024; 27:836-848. [PMID: 37930934 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2023.2276575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition with recurrent seizures. One-third of epilepsy patients experience unacceptable side effects from antiepileptic drugs. Pyrus pashia is a deciduous tree from southern Asia. Ethnomedicinally, Malakand tribes use its fruits for epilepsy treatment. Our prior research demonstrated the anticonvulsive properties of ethanolic extract of Pyrus pashia (EPP) and its bioactive compound chrysin in acute seizure tests. This study aims to investigate the impact of EPP and chrysin on cognitive impairment in a PTZ-induced kindling mice model of epilepsy. METHODS Swiss albino male mice were equally divided into four groups. The first group received 0.5% carboxy methyl cellulose dissolved in normal saline while the other three groups were pre-treated with Diazepam (DZP) (1 mg/kg, i.p.), EPP (200 mg/kg, p.o.) and chrysin (5 mg/kg, p.o.). After 30 min, all groups were administered PTZ (35 mg/kg, i.p.) and evaluated for seizure severity, cognitive function, and neuronal apoptosis. Western blot analysis was conducted to analyze the expressions of apoptosis biomarkers and memory-related genes, including cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). RESULTS The therapeutic effects of EPP and Chrysin were comparable to DZP in terms of reducing seizure severity, but unlike DZP, they prevented PTZ-induced memory impairment in experimental animals. Additionally, they increased the levels of BDNF and CREB while reducing apoptotic biomarkers in the hippocampus of experimental animals. CONCLUSIONS Based on the leads offered by this study EPP and its major bioactive constituent, could be developed as the treatment option for epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Amita Kumari
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Padmanabh Singh
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sweta Srivas
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Mahendra K Thakur
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Siva Hemalatha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fergany A, Zong C, Ekuban FA, Wu B, Ueha S, Shichino S, Matsushima K, Iwakura Y, Ichihara S, Ichihara G. Transcriptome analysis of the cerebral cortex of acrylamide-exposed wild-type and IL-1β-knockout mice. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:181-205. [PMID: 37971544 PMCID: PMC10761544 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03627-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide is an environmental electrophile that has been produced in large amounts for many years. There is concern about the adverse health effects of acrylamide exposure due to its widespread industrial use and also presence in commonly consumed foods and others. IL-1β is a key cytokine that protects the brain from inflammatory insults, but its role in acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity remains unknown. We reported recently that deletion of IL-1β gene exacerbates ACR-induced neurotoxicity in mice. The aim of this study was to identify genes or signaling pathway(s) involved in enhancement of ACR-induced neurotoxicity by IL-1β gene deletion or ACR-induced neurotoxicity to generate a hypothesis mechanism explaining ACR-induced neurotoxicity. C57BL/6 J wild-type and IL-1β KO mice were exposed to ACR at 0, 12.5, 25 mg/kg by oral gavage for 7 days/week for 4 weeks, followed by extraction of mRNA from mice cerebral cortex for RNA sequence analysis. IL-1β deletion altered the expression of genes involved in extracellular region, including upregulation of PFN1 gene related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and increased the expression of the opposite strand of IL-1β. Acrylamide exposure enhanced mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation, synapse and ribosome pathways, and activated various pathways of different neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, and prion disease. Protein network analysis suggested the involvement of different proteins in related to learning and cognitive function, such as Egr1, Egr2, Fos, Nr4a1, and Btg2. Our results identified possible pathways involved in IL-1β deletion-potentiated and ACR-induced neurotoxicity in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alzahraa Fergany
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Building No. 15, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genetic Engineering in Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Cai Zong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Building No. 15, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Frederick Adams Ekuban
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Building No. 15, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Bin Wu
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueha
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Shichino
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Kouji Matsushima
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Sahoko Ichihara
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Gaku Ichihara
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Building No. 15, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar M, Shelly A, Dahiya P, Ray A, Mazumder S. Aeromonas hydrophila inhibits autophagy triggering cytosolic translocation of mtDNA which activates the pro-apoptotic caspase-1/IL-1β-nitric oxide axis in headkidney macrophages. Virulence 2022; 13:60-76. [PMID: 34967692 PMCID: PMC9794009 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.2018767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying Aeromonas hydrophila-pathogenesis are not well understood. Using head kidney macrophages (HKM) of Clarias gariepinus, we previously reported the role of ER-stress in A. hydrophila-induced pathogenesis. Here, we report that PI3K/PLC-induced cytosolic-Ca2+ imbalance induces the expression of pro-apoptotic ER-stress marker, CHOP in A. hydrophila-infected HKM. CHOP promotes HKM apoptosis by inhibiting AKT activation and enhancing JNK signaling. Elevated mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) was recorded which declined significantly by ameliorating ER-stress and in the presence of ER-Ca2+ release modulators (2-APB and dantrolene) and mitochondrial-Ca2+ uptake inhibitor, Ru360, together suggesting the role of ER-mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics in mtROS generation. Inhibiting mtROS production reduced HKM death implicating the pro-apoptotic role of mtROS in A. hydrophila-pathogenesis. The expression of autophagic proteins (LC3B, beclin-1, and atg 5) was suppressed in the infected HKM. Our results with autophagy-inducer rapamycin demonstrated that impaired autophagy favored the cytosolic accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the process depended on mtROS levels. Enhanced caspase-1 activity and IL-1β production was detected and transfection studies coupled with pharmacological inhibitors implicated mtROS/mtDNA axis to be crucial for activating the caspase-1/IL-1β cascade in infected HKM. RNAi studies further suggested the involvement of IL-1β in generating pro-apoptotic NO in A. hydrophila-infected HKM. Our study suggests a novel role of ER-mitochondria cross-talk in regulating A. hydrophila pathogenesis. Based on our observations, we conclude that A. hydrophila induces ER-stress and inhibits mitophagy resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction which leads to mtROS production and translocation of mtDNA into cytosol triggering the activation of caspase-1/IL-1β-mediated NO production, culminating in HKM apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manmohan Kumar
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Asha Shelly
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Priyanka Dahiya
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Atish Ray
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Shibnath Mazumder
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India,Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India,CONTACT Shibnath Mazumder Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
López-Meraz ML, Álvarez-Croda DM. Microglia and Status Epilepticus in the Immature Brain. Epilepsia Open 2022; 8 Suppl 1:S73-S81. [PMID: 35531942 PMCID: PMC10173848 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the Central Nervous System (CNS), which are activated due to brain damage, as part of the neuroinflammatory response. Microglia undergo morphological and biochemical modifications during activation, adopting a pro-inflammatory or an anti-inflammatory state. In the developing brain, status epilepticus (SE) promotes microglia activation that is associated with neuronal injury in some areas of the brain, such as the hippocampus, thalamus and amygdala. However, the timing of this activation, the anatomical pattern, and the morphological and biochemical characteristics of microglia in the immature brain are age-dependent and have not been fully characterized. Therefore, this review focuses on the response of microglia to SE and its relationship to neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is an inflammatory cytokine that has been shown to modulate neuronal signaling in homeostasis and diseases. In homeostasis, IL-1 regulates sleep and memory formation, whereas in diseases, IL-1 impairs memory and alters affect. Interestingly, IL-1 can cause long-lasting changes in behavior, suggesting IL-1 can alter neuroplasticity. The neuroplastic effects of IL-1 are mediated via its cognate receptor, Interleukin-1 Type 1 Receptor (IL-1R1), and are dependent on the distribution and cell type(s) of IL-1R1 expression. Recent reports found that IL-1R1 expression is restricted to discrete subpopulations of neurons, astrocytes, and endothelial cells and suggest IL-1 can influence neural circuits directly through neuronal IL-1R1 or indirectly via non-neuronal IL-1R1. In this review, we analyzed multiple mechanisms by which IL-1/IL-1R1 signaling might impact neuroplasticity based upon the most up-to-date literature and provided potential explanations to clarify discrepant and confusing findings reported in the past.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Nemeth
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Ning Quan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang YY, Dong LX, Bao HL, Liu Y, An FM, Zhang GW. RETRACTED: Inhibition of interleukin-1β plays a protective role in Alzheimer's disease by promoting microRNA-9-5p and downregulating targeting protein for xenopus kinesin-like protein 2. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 97:107578. [PMID: 33892301 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. Concern was raised about the reliability of the Western blot results in Figs. 2C, 4C, and 5B+E, which appear to have the same eyebrow shaped phenotype as many other publications tabulated here (https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/149EjFXVxpwkBXYJOnOHb6RhAqT4a2llhj9LM60MBffM/edit#gid=0 [docs.google.com]). The journal requested the corresponding author comment on these concerns and provide the raw data. However the authors were not able to satisfactorily fulfil this request and therefore the Editor-in-Chief decided to retract the article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yun Zhang
- College of Nursing, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, PR China; Institute of Dementia, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Li-Xia Dong
- College of Nursing, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, PR China; Institute of Dementia, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Hai-Lan Bao
- College of Nursing, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, PR China; Institute of Dementia, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Nursing, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, PR China; Institute of Dementia, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Feng-Mao An
- Institute of Dementia, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia, PR China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Guo-Wei Zhang
- College of Nursing, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, PR China; Institute of Dementia, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zou YH, Guan PP, Zhang SQ, Guo YS, Wang P. Rofecoxib Attenuates the Pathogenesis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis by Alleviating Cyclooxygenase-2-Mediated Mechanisms. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:817. [PMID: 32903591 PMCID: PMC7438558 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is reported to be activated during the course of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) development and progression. However, the roles of COX-2 in aggravating ALS and the underlying mechanism have been largely overlooked. To reveal the mechanisms, the canonical SOD1G93A mouse model was used as an experimental model for ALS in the current study. In addition, a specific inhibitor of COX-2 activity, rofecoxib, was orally administered to SOD1G93A mice. With this in vivo approach, we revealed that COX-2 proinflammatory signaling cascades were inhibited by rofecoxib in SOD1G93A mice. Specifically, the protein levels of COX-2, interleukin (IL)-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were elevated as a result of activation of astrocytes and microglia during the course of ALS development and progression. These proinflammatory reactions may contribute to the death of neurons by triggering the movement of astrocytes and microglia to neurons in the context of ALS. Treatment with rofecoxib alleviated this close association between glial cells and neurons and significantly decreased the density of inflammatory cells, which helped to restore the number of motor neurons in SOD1G93A mice. Mechanistically, rofecoxib treatment decreased the expression of COX-2 and its downstream signaling targets, including IL-1β and TNF-α, by deactivating glial cells, which in turn ameliorated the progression of SOD1G93A mice by postponing disease onset and modestly prolonging survival. Collectively, these results provide novel insights into the mechanisms of ALS and aid in the development of new drugs to improve the clinical treatment of ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hui Zou
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shen-Qing Zhang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan-Su Guo
- Beijing Geriatric Healthcare Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yanagida A, Kanazawa N, Kaneko J, Kaneko A, Iwase R, Suga H, Nonoda Y, Onozawa Y, Kitamura E, Nishiyama K, Iizuka T. Clinically based score predicting cryptogenic NORSE at the early stage of status epilepticus. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2020; 7:7/5/e849. [PMID: 32727813 PMCID: PMC7413708 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine whether a clinically based score predicts cryptogenic new-onset refractory status epilepticus (C-NORSE) at the early stage of status epilepticus (SE) with prominent motor symptoms (SE-M) of unclear etiology. Methods The score (range 0–6) included 6 clinical features: highly refractoriness to antiseizure drugs, previously healthy individual, presence of prodromal fever, absence of prodromal psychobehavioral or memory alterations, absence of dyskinesias, and symmetric brain MRI abnormalities (the first 2 mandatory). We retrospectively assessed the usefulness of a high scale score (≥5) in predicting C-NORSE in 83 patients with SE-M of unclear etiology, who underwent testing for neuronal surface antibodies (NS-Abs) between January 2007, and December 2019. Results Thirty-one (37.3%) patients had a high score. Patients with a high score had more frequent prodromal fever (28/31 vs 24/52), mechanical ventilatory support (31/31 vs 36/52), and symmetric MRI abnormalities (26/31 vs 12/52), had less frequent involuntary movements (2/31 vs 30/52), and had absent prodromal psychobehavioral alterations (0/31 vs 27/52), CSF oligoclonal band detection (0/27 vs 11/38), tumor association (0/31 vs 13/52), or NS-Abs (0/31 vs 29/52) than those with a low score (<5). Thirty-three patients (median age, 27 years; 18 [54.5%] female) were finally regarded as C-NORSE. The sensitivity and specificity of a high score for predicting C-NORSE were 93.9% (95% CI 0.87–0.94) and 100% (95% CI 0.95–1.00), respectively. Conclusions Patients with a high score in the indicated scale are more likely to have C-NORSE, making it a useful diagnostic tool at the early stage of SE-M before antibody test results become available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Yanagida
- From the Department of Neurology (A.Y., N.K., J.K., A.K., R.I., H.S., E.K., K.N., T.I.) and Department of Pediatrics (Y.N.), Kitasato University School of Medicine; and Department of Clinical Laboratory (Y.O.), Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Naomi Kanazawa
- From the Department of Neurology (A.Y., N.K., J.K., A.K., R.I., H.S., E.K., K.N., T.I.) and Department of Pediatrics (Y.N.), Kitasato University School of Medicine; and Department of Clinical Laboratory (Y.O.), Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Juntaro Kaneko
- From the Department of Neurology (A.Y., N.K., J.K., A.K., R.I., H.S., E.K., K.N., T.I.) and Department of Pediatrics (Y.N.), Kitasato University School of Medicine; and Department of Clinical Laboratory (Y.O.), Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaneko
- From the Department of Neurology (A.Y., N.K., J.K., A.K., R.I., H.S., E.K., K.N., T.I.) and Department of Pediatrics (Y.N.), Kitasato University School of Medicine; and Department of Clinical Laboratory (Y.O.), Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Ryoko Iwase
- From the Department of Neurology (A.Y., N.K., J.K., A.K., R.I., H.S., E.K., K.N., T.I.) and Department of Pediatrics (Y.N.), Kitasato University School of Medicine; and Department of Clinical Laboratory (Y.O.), Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Hiroki Suga
- From the Department of Neurology (A.Y., N.K., J.K., A.K., R.I., H.S., E.K., K.N., T.I.) and Department of Pediatrics (Y.N.), Kitasato University School of Medicine; and Department of Clinical Laboratory (Y.O.), Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nonoda
- From the Department of Neurology (A.Y., N.K., J.K., A.K., R.I., H.S., E.K., K.N., T.I.) and Department of Pediatrics (Y.N.), Kitasato University School of Medicine; and Department of Clinical Laboratory (Y.O.), Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Yuya Onozawa
- From the Department of Neurology (A.Y., N.K., J.K., A.K., R.I., H.S., E.K., K.N., T.I.) and Department of Pediatrics (Y.N.), Kitasato University School of Medicine; and Department of Clinical Laboratory (Y.O.), Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Eiji Kitamura
- From the Department of Neurology (A.Y., N.K., J.K., A.K., R.I., H.S., E.K., K.N., T.I.) and Department of Pediatrics (Y.N.), Kitasato University School of Medicine; and Department of Clinical Laboratory (Y.O.), Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Nishiyama
- From the Department of Neurology (A.Y., N.K., J.K., A.K., R.I., H.S., E.K., K.N., T.I.) and Department of Pediatrics (Y.N.), Kitasato University School of Medicine; and Department of Clinical Laboratory (Y.O.), Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iizuka
- From the Department of Neurology (A.Y., N.K., J.K., A.K., R.I., H.S., E.K., K.N., T.I.) and Department of Pediatrics (Y.N.), Kitasato University School of Medicine; and Department of Clinical Laboratory (Y.O.), Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abd-El-Basset EM, Rao MS, Alsaqobi A. Interferon-Gamma and Interleukin-1Beta Enhance the Secretion of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Promotes the Survival of Cortical Neurons in Brain Injury. Neurosci Insights 2020; 15:2633105520947081. [PMID: 32776009 PMCID: PMC7391446 DOI: 10.1177/2633105520947081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuro-inflammation is associated with the production of cytokines, which influence neuronal and glial functions. Although the proinflammatory cytokines interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-1Beta (IL-1β) are thought to be the major mediators of neuro-inflammation, their role in brain injury remains ill-defined. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of IFN-γ and IL-1β on survival of cortical neurons in stab wound injury in mice. A stab wound injury was made in the cortex of male BALB/c mice. Injured mice (I) were divide into IFN-γ and IL-1β treatment experiments. Mice in I + IFN-γ group were treated with IFN-γ (ip, 10 µg/kg/day) for 1, 3 and 7 days and mice in I + IL-1β group were treated with 5 IP injection of IL-1β (0.5 µg /12 h). Appropriate control mice were maintained for comparison. Immunostaining of frozen brain sections for astrocytes (GFAP), microglia (Iba-1) and Fluoro-Jade B staining for degenerating neurons were used. Western blotting and ELISA for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were done on the tissues isolated from the injured sites. Results showed a significant increase in the number of both astrocytes and microglia in I + IFN-γ and I + IL-1β groups. There were no significant changes in the number of astrocytes or microglia in noninjury groups (NI) treated with IFN-γ or IL-1β. The number of degenerating neurons significantly decreased in I + IFN-γ and I + IL-1β groups. GFAP and BDNF levels were significantly increased in I + IFN-γ and I + IL-1β groups. Interferon-γ and IL-1β induce astrogliosis, microgliosis, enhance the secretion of BDNF, one of the many neurotrophic factors after brain injury, and promote the survival of cortical neurons in stab wound brain injury.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ali AE, Mahdy HM, Elsherbiny DM, Azab SS. Rifampicin ameliorates lithium-pilocarpine-induced seizures, consequent hippocampal damage and memory deficit in rats: Impact on oxidative, inflammatory and apoptotic machineries. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 156:431-443. [PMID: 30195730 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the serious neurological sequelae of bacterial meningitis. Rifampicin, the well-known broad spectrum antibiotic, is clinically used for chemoprophylaxis of meningitis. Besides its antibiotic effects, rifampicin has been proven to be an effective neuroprotective candidate in various experimental models of neurological diseases. In addition, rifampicin was found to have promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. Herein, we investigated the anticonvulsant effect of rifampicin at experimental meningitis dose (20 mg/kg, i.p.) using lithium-pilocarpine model of status epilepticus (SE) in rats. Additionally, we studied the effect of rifampicin on seizure induced histopathological, neurochemical and behavioral abnormalities. Our study showed that rifampicin pretreatment attenuated seizure activity and the resulting hippocampal insults marked by hematoxylin and eosin. Markers of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and apoptosis were evaluated, in the hippocampus, 24 h after SE induction. We found that rifampicin pretreatment suppressed oxidative stress as indicated by normalized malondialdehyde and glutathione levels. Rifampicin pretreatment attenuated SE-induced neuroinflammation and decreased the hippocampal expression of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, nuclear factor kappa-B, and cyclooxygenase-2. Moreover, rifampicin mitigated SE-induced neuronal apoptosis as indicated by fewer positive cytochrome c immunostained cells and lower caspase-3 activity in the hippocampus. Furthermore, Morris water maze testing at 7 days after SE induction showed that rifampicin pretreatment can improve cognitive dysfunction. Therefore, rifampicin, currently used in the management of meningitis, has a potential additional advantage of ameliorating its epileptic sequelae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa E Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba M Mahdy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa M Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samar S Azab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chevin M, Guiraut C, Sébire G. Effect of hypothermia on interleukin-1 receptor antagonist pharmacodynamics in inflammatory-sensitized hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy of term newborns. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:214. [PMID: 30060742 PMCID: PMC6066954 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypothermia is increasingly tested in several neurological conditions, such as neonatal encephalopathy, stroke, traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, spinal cord injury, and neurological outcomes of cardiac arrest. Current studies aim to increase benefits of hypothermia with new add-on therapies including immunomodulatory agents. Hypothermia has been shown to affect the metabolism of commonly used drugs, including those acting on neuroimmune pathways. Objective This study focuses on the effect of hypothermia on interleukin-1 receptor antagonist pharmacodynamics in a model of neonatal encephalopathy. Methods The effect of hypothermia on (i) the tissue concentration of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, (ii) the interleukin-1 inflammatory cascade, and (iii) the neuroprotective potential of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist has been assessed on our rat model of neonatal encephalopathy resulting from inflammation induced by bacterial compound plus hypoxia-ischemia. Results Hypothermia reduced the surface of core and penumbra lesions, as well as alleviated the brain weight loss induced by LPS+HI exposure. Hypothermia compared to normothermia significantly increased (range 50–65%) the concentration of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist within the central nervous system. Despite this increase of intracerebral interleukin-1 receptor antagonist concentration, the intracerebral interleukin-1-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha cascade was upregulated. In hypothermic condition, the known neuroprotective effect of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist was neutralized (50 mg/kg/12 h for 72 h) or even reversed (200 mg/kg/12 h for 72 h) as compared to normothermic condition. Conclusion Hypothermia interferes with the pharmacodynamic parameters of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, through a bioaccumulation of the drug within the central nervous system and a paradoxical upregulation of the interleukin-1 pathway. These effects seem to be at the origin of the loss of efficiency or even toxicity of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist when combined with hypothermia. Such bioaccumulation could happen similarly with the use of other drugs combined to hypothermia in a clinical context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Chevin
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, (Glen site, Block E, M0.3211), Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Clémence Guiraut
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, (Glen site, Block E, M0.3211), Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Guillaume Sébire
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, (Glen site, Block E, M0.3211), Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang H, Wang P, Yu H, Yu K, Cao Z, Xu F, Yang X, Song M, Li Y. Aluminum trichloride-induced hippocampal inflammatory lesions are associated with IL-1β-activated IL-1 signaling pathway in developing rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 203:170-178. [PMID: 29614410 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is a recognized environmental pollutant that causes neuroinflammatory lesions, leading to neurodegenerative diseases. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) signaling pathway is responsible for regulating inflammatory lesions. However, it remains unclear whether IL-1 signaling pathway is involved in neuroinflammatory lesions induced by Al exposure. In the present study, one hundred and twenty Wistar rats were orally exposed to 0, 50, 150 and 450 mg/kg BW/d aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) for 90 days, respectively. We found that AlCl3 exposure increased hippocampal Al concentration, reduced hippocampus coefficient, impaired cognitive ability, deteriorated microstructure of hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, activated astrocytes and microglia, increased pro-inflammatory cytokines contents and mRNA expressions, and decreased anti-inflammatory cytokines contents and mRNA expressions in the hippocampus. These results indicated that AlCl3 induced the hippocampal inflammatory lesion (HIL). Moreover, AlCl3 exposure increased the mRNA and protein expression of IL-1 signaling pathway core components in the hippocampus, demonstrating that AlCl3 activated IL-1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, the correlation between interleukin-1β (IL-1β) content and HIL and activation of the IL-1 signaling pathway was analyzed. Results showed that IL-1β content was positively correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokines contents and mRNA expressions and activation of IL-1 signaling pathway, and was negatively correlated with hippocampus coefficient, anti-inflammatory cytokines contents and mRNA expressions, and the number of hippocampal neurons. The above results demonstrate that AlCl3-induced HIL is associated with IL-1 signaling pathway, in which IL-1β is a link.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Peiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hongyan Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Kaiyuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Feibo Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Miao Song
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Salgado PRR, da Fonsêca DV, de Melo CGF, Leite FC, Alves AF, Ferreira PB, Piuvezam MR, de Sousa DP, de Almeida RN. Comparison of behavioral, neuroprotective, and proinflammatory cytokine modulating effects exercised by (+)-cis-EC and (-)-cis-EC stereoisomers in a PTZ-induced kindling test in mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2018; 32:507-515. [PMID: 29577374 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy-carvone (EC) has chiral centers that allow generation of stereoisomers, including (+)-cis-EC and (-)-cis-EC, whose effects in the kindling tests have never been studied. Accordingly, this study aims to comparatively investigate the effect of stereoisomers (+)-cis-epoxy-carvone and (-)-cis-epoxy-carvone on behavioral changes measured in scores, in the levels of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα) and neuronal protection in the face of continuous treatment with pentylenetetrazol. Swiss mice were divided into five groups (n = 10), receiving vehicle, (+) - cis-EC, (-) - cis-EC (both at the dose of 30 mg/kg), and diazepam (4 mg/kg). Thirty minutes after the respective treatment was administered to the animals one subconvulsive dose of PTZ (35 mg/kg). Seven subconvulsives treatments were made on alternate days, in which each treatment several parameters were recorded. In the eighth treatment, the animals receiving the highest dose of PTZ (75 mg/kg) and were sacrificed for quantification of cytokines and histopathologic analysis. All drugs were administered by intraperitoneal route. In the kindling test, (+)-cis-EC and (-)-cis-EC reduced the average scores. The stereoisomer (+)-cis-EC decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα, whereas comparatively (-)-cis-EC did not reduce IL-1β levels. Histopathological analysis of the mice hippocampi undergoing this methodology showed neural protection for treated with (+)-cis-EC. The results suggest that the anticonvulsant effect of (+)-cis-EC possibly takes place due to reduction of proinflammatory cytokines involved in the epileptogenic process, besides neuronal protection, yet further investigation of the mechanisms involved is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Regina Rodrigues Salgado
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento e Inovação Tecnológica em Medicamentos, Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CP 5009, João Pessoa, CEP 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Diogo Vilar da Fonsêca
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CP 5009, João Pessoa, CEP 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Germoglio Farias de Melo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CP 5009, João Pessoa, CEP 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Fagner Carvalho Leite
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CP 5009, João Pessoa, CEP 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Adriano Francisco Alves
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CP 5009, João Pessoa, CEP 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Paula Benvindo Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CP 5009, João Pessoa, CEP 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Márcia Regina Piuvezam
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento e Inovação Tecnológica em Medicamentos, Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CP 5009, João Pessoa, CEP 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil.,Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CP 5009, João Pessoa, CEP 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Damião Pergentino de Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento e Inovação Tecnológica em Medicamentos, Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CP 5009, João Pessoa, CEP 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CP 5009, João Pessoa, CEP 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Nóbrega de Almeida
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento e Inovação Tecnológica em Medicamentos, Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CP 5009, João Pessoa, CEP 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil.,Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CP 5009, João Pessoa, CEP 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Álvarez-Croda DM, Santiago-García J, Medel-Matus JS, Martínez-Quiroz J, Puig-Lagunes AA, Beltrán-Parrazal L, López-Meraz ML. Hippocampal distribution of IL-1β and IL-1RI following lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in the developing rat. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 88 Suppl 1:653-63. [PMID: 27168372 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201620150296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) to neuronal injury induced by status epilepticus (SE) in the immature brain remains unclear. The goal of this study was to determine the hippocampal expression of IL-1β and its type 1 receptor (IL-1RI) following SE induced by the lithium-pilocarpine model in fourteen-days-old rat pups; control animals were given an equal volume of saline instead of the convulsant. IL-1β and IL-1RI mRNA hippocampal levels were assessed by qRT-PCR 6 and 24 h after SE or control conditions. IL-1β and IL-1RI expression was detected in the dorsal hippocampus by immunohistochemical procedures; Fluoro-Jade B staining was carried out in parallel sections in order to detect neuronal cell death. IL-1β mRNA expression was increased 6 h following SE, but not at 24 h; however IL-1RI mRNA expression was unaffected when comparing with the control group. IL-1β and IL-1RI immunoreactivity was not detected in control animals. IL-1β and IL-1RI were expressed in the CA1 pyramidal layer, the dentate gyrus granular layer and the hilus 6 h after SE, whereas injured cells were detected 24 h following seizures. Early expression of IL-1β and IL-1RI in the hippocampus could be associated with SE-induced neuronal cell death mechanisms in the developing rat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dulce-Mariely Álvarez-Croda
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Unidad de Ciencias de la Salud, Médicos y Odontólogos, s/n, Col. Unidad del Bosque, C.P. 91010, Xalapa, Veracruz, México, Universidad Veracruzana, Universidad Veracruzana, Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Xalapa Veracruz , México.,Doutorado em Neuroetologia, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo, s/n, Col. Industrial Ánimas, C.P. 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, México, Universidad Veracruzana, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa Veracruz , México
| | - Juan Santiago-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazom s/n, Col. Industrial Ánimas, C.P. 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, México, Universidad Veracruzana, Universidad Veracruzana, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Xalapa Veracruz , México
| | - Jesús S Medel-Matus
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Unidad de Ciencias de la Salud, Médicos y Odontólogos, s/n, Col. Unidad del Bosque, C.P. 91010, Xalapa, Veracruz, México, Universidad Veracruzana, Universidad Veracruzana, Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Xalapa Veracruz , México
| | - Joel Martínez-Quiroz
- Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-IPN, Wilfrido Massieu, s/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07738, Mexico D.F., México, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Farmacia, Mexico D.F. , México
| | - Angel A Puig-Lagunes
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Unidad de Ciencias de la Salud, Médicos y Odontólogos, s/n, Col. Unidad del Bosque, C.P. 91010, Xalapa, Veracruz, México, Universidad Veracruzana, Universidad Veracruzana, Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Xalapa Veracruz , México
| | - Luis Beltrán-Parrazal
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Unidad de Ciencias de la Salud, Médicos y Odontólogos, s/n, Col. Unidad del Bosque, C.P. 91010, Xalapa, Veracruz, México, Universidad Veracruzana, Universidad Veracruzana, Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Xalapa Veracruz , México
| | - María-Leonor López-Meraz
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Unidad de Ciencias de la Salud, Médicos y Odontólogos, s/n, Col. Unidad del Bosque, C.P. 91010, Xalapa, Veracruz, México, Universidad Veracruzana, Universidad Veracruzana, Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Xalapa Veracruz , México
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rincón-López C, Tlapa-Pale A, Medel-Matus JS, Martínez-Quiroz J, Rodríguez-Landa J, López-Meraz ML. Interleukin-1β increases neuronal death in the hippocampal dentate gyrus associated with status epilepticus in the developing rat. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
16
|
Nadeau-Vallée M, Chin PY, Belarbi L, Brien MÈ, Pundir S, Berryer MH, Beaudry-Richard A, Madaan A, Sharkey DJ, Lupien-Meilleur A, Hou X, Quiniou C, Beaulac A, Boufaied I, Boudreault A, Carbonaro A, Doan ND, Joyal JS, Lubell WD, Olson DM, Robertson SA, Girard S, Chemtob S. Antenatal Suppression of IL-1 Protects against Inflammation-Induced Fetal Injury and Improves Neonatal and Developmental Outcomes in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2047-2062. [PMID: 28148737 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) is commonly accompanied by in utero fetal inflammation, and existing tocolytic drugs do not target fetal inflammatory injury. Of the candidate proinflammatory mediators, IL-1 appears central and is sufficient to trigger fetal loss. Therefore, we elucidated the effects of antenatal IL-1 exposure on postnatal development and investigated two IL-1 receptor antagonists, the competitive inhibitor anakinra (Kineret) and a potent noncompetitive inhibitor 101.10, for efficacy in blocking IL-1 actions. Antenatal exposure to IL-1β induced Tnfa, Il6, Ccl2, Pghs2, and Mpges1 expression in placenta and fetal membranes, and it elevated amniotic fluid IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and PGF2α, resulting in PTB and marked neonatal mortality. Surviving neonates had increased Il1b, Il6, Il8, Il10, Pghs2, Tnfa, and Crp expression in WBCs, elevated plasma levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, increased IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 in fetal lung, intestine, and brain, and morphological abnormalities: e.g., disrupted lung alveolarization, atrophy of intestinal villus and colon-resident lymphoid follicle, and degeneration and atrophy of brain microvasculature with visual evoked potential anomalies. Late gestation treatment with 101.10 abolished these adverse outcomes, whereas Kineret exerted only modest effects and no benefit for gestation length, neonatal mortality, or placental inflammation. In a LPS-induced model of infection-associated PTB, 101.10 prevented PTB, neonatal mortality, and fetal brain inflammation. There was no substantive deviation in postnatal growth trajectory or adult body morphometry after antenatal 101.10 treatment. The results implicate IL-1 as an important driver of neonatal morbidity in PTB and identify 101.10 as a safe and effective candidate therapeutic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nadeau-Vallée
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Peck-Yin Chin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Lydia Belarbi
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Brien
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Sheetal Pundir
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Martin H Berryer
- Department of Neurosciences, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Alexandra Beaudry-Richard
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Ankush Madaan
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - David J Sharkey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Alexis Lupien-Meilleur
- Department of Neurosciences, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Xin Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Christiane Quiniou
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Alexandre Beaulac
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Ines Boufaied
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Amarilys Boudreault
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Adriana Carbonaro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Ngoc-Duc Doan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Jean-Sebastien Joyal
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - William D Lubell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - David M Olson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada; and.,Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Sarah A Robertson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia;
| | - Sylvie Girard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada; .,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; .,Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hu Q, Li T, Wang L, Xie Y, Liu S, Bai X, Zhang T, Bo S, Xin D, Xue H, Li G, Wang Z. Neuroprotective Effects of a Smoothened Receptor Agonist against Early Brain Injury after Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 10:306. [PMID: 28149272 PMCID: PMC5241312 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway plays a fundamental role in the central nervous system (CNS) development, but its effects on neural cell survival and brain repair after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has not been well-investigated. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of an agonist of the Shh co-receptor Smoothened (Smo), purmorphamine (PUR), on early brain injury (EBI) as well as the underlying mechanisms after SAH. PUR was administered via an intraperitoneal injection with a dose of 0.5, 1, and 5 mg/kg at 2, 6, 24, and 46 h after SAH in rat model. The results showed that PUR treatment significantly ameliorated brain edema, improved neurobehavioral function, and attenuated neuronal cell death in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), associated with a decrease in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and suppression of caspase-3 activation at 48 h after SAH. PUR also promoted phospho-ERK levels. Additionally, PUR treatment markedly decreased MDA concentration accompanied with the elevation in the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1 in PFC. Notably, PUR treatment significantly reversed the changes of Shh pathway mediators containing Patched, Gli1, and Shh by SAH insult, and the neuroprotection of PUR on SAH was blocked by Smo antagonist cyclopamine. These results indicated that PUR exerts neuroprotection against SAH-evoked injury in rats, mediated in part by anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant mechanism, up-regulating phospho-ERK levels, mediating Shh signaling molecules in the PFC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of MedicineJinan, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Taian Central HospitalTaian, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of MedicineJinan, China
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of MedicineJinan, China
| | - Yunkai Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine Jinan, China
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine Jinan, China
| | - Xuemei Bai
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine Jinan, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine Jinan, China
| | - Shishi Bo
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine Jinan, China
| | - Danqing Xin
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine Jinan, China
| | - Hao Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University Jinan, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University Jinan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rincón-López C, Tlapa-Pale A, Medel-Matus JS, Martínez-Quiroz J, Rodríguez-Landa JF, López-Meraz ML. Interleukin-1β increases neuronal death in the hippocampal dentate gyrus associated with status epilepticus in the developing rat. Neurologia 2016; 32:587-594. [PMID: 27296494 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) increases necrotic neuronal cell death in the CA1 area after induced status epilepticus (SE) in developing rats. However, it remains uncertain whether IL-1β has a similar effect on the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). In this study, we analysed the effects of IL-1β on 14-day-old Wistar rats experiencing DG neuronal death induced by SE. METHODS SE was induced with lithium-pilocarpine. Six hours after SE onset, a group of pups was injected with IL-1β (at 0, 0.3, 3, 30, or 300ng/μL) in the right ventricle; another group was injected with IL-1β receptor (IL-1R1) antagonist (IL-1Ra, at 30ng/μL) of IL-1RI antagonist (IL-1Ra) alone, and additional group with 30ng/μL of IL-1Ra plus 3ng/μL of IL-1β. Twenty-four hours after SE onset, neuronal cell death in the dentate gyrus of the dorsal hippocampus was assessed using haematoxylin-eosin staining. Dead cells showed eosinophilic cytoplasm and condensed and fragmented nuclei. RESULTS We observed an increased number of eosinophilic cells in the hippocampal DG ipsilateral to the site of injection of 3ng/μL and 300ng/μL of IL-1β in comparison with the vehicle group. A similar effect was observed in the hippocampal DG contralateral to the site of injection of 3ng/μL of IL-1β. Administration of both of IL-1β and IL-1Ra failed to prevent an increase in the number of eosinophilic cells. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that IL-1β increases apoptotic neuronal cell death caused by SE in the hippocampal GD, which is a mechanism independent of IL-1RI activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Rincón-López
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México; Facultad de Química Farmaceútica Biológica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - A Tlapa-Pale
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México; Facultad de Química Farmaceútica Biológica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - J-S Medel-Matus
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - J Martínez-Quiroz
- Facultad de Química Farmaceútica Biológica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - J F Rodríguez-Landa
- Facultad de Química Farmaceútica Biológica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México; Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - M-L López-Meraz
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tian Q, Xiao Q, Yu W, Gu M, Zhao N, Lü Y. The inhibition of transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 contributed to neuroprotection via inflammatory reaction in pilocarpine-induced rats with epilepsy. Neuroscience 2016; 325:111-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
20
|
Cardona SM, Mendiola AS, Yang YC, Adkins SL, Torres V, Cardona AE. Disruption of Fractalkine Signaling Leads to Microglial Activation and Neuronal Damage in the Diabetic Retina. ASN Neuro 2015; 7:7/5/1759091415608204. [PMID: 26514658 PMCID: PMC4641555 DOI: 10.1177/1759091415608204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fractalkine (CX3CL1 or FKN) is a membrane-bound chemokine expressed on neuronal membranes and is proteolytically cleaved to shed a soluble chemoattractant domain. FKN signals via its unique receptor CX3CR1 expressed on microglia and other peripheral leukocytes. The aim of this study is to determine the role of CX3CR1 in inflammatory-mediated damage to retinal neurons using a model of diabetic retinopathy. For this, we compared neuronal, microglial, and astroglial densities and inflammatory response in nondiabetic and diabetic (Ins2Akita) CX3CR1-wild-type and CX3CR1-deficient mice at 10 and 20 weeks of age. Our results show that Ins2Akita CX3CR1-knockout mice exhibited (a) decreased neuronal cell counts in the retinal ganglion cell layer, (b) increased microglial cell numbers, and (c) decreased astrocyte responses comparable with Ins2Akita CX3CR1-Wild-type mice at 20 weeks of age. Analyses of the inflammatory response using PCR arrays showed several inflammatory genes differentially regulated in diabetic tissues. From those, the response in Ins2Akita CX3CR1-deficient mice at 10 weeks of age revealed a significant upregulation of IL-1β at the transcript level that was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in soluble retinal extracts. Overall, IL-1β, VEGF, and nitrite levels as a read out of nitric oxide production were abundant in Ins2Akita CX3CR1-deficient retina. Notably, double immunofluorescence staining shows that astrocytes act as a source of IL-1β in the Ins2Akita retina, and CX3CR1-deficient microglia potentiate the inflammatory response via IL-1β release. Collectively, these data demonstrate that dysregulated microglial responses in absence of CX3CR1 contribute to inflammatory-mediated damage of neurons in the diabetic retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Cardona
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Andrew S Mendiola
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ya-Chin Yang
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sarina L Adkins
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Vanessa Torres
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Astrid E Cardona
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sudo K, Takezawa Y, Kohsaka S, Nakajima K. Involvement of nitric oxide in the induction of interleukin-1 beta in microglia. Brain Res 2015; 1625:121-34. [PMID: 26335060 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In response to in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), microglia induce the production of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) together with nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion (O2(-)). Here we investigated the role of NO and O2(-) in the signaling mechanism by which IL-1β is induced in microglia. The LPS-inducible IL-1β was significantly suppressed by pretreatment with the NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide, but not by pretreatment with the O2(-) scavenger N-acetyl cysteine, suggesting the close association of NO with IL-1β induction. The pretreatment of microglia with the inducible NO synthase inhibitor 1400W prior to LPS stimulation significantly reduced the production of IL-1β, and the addition of the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP) into microglia led to the induction of IL-1β. These results suggested that NO induces IL-1β through a specific signaling cascade. LPS-dependent IL-1β induction was significantly suppressed by inhibitors of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and nuclear factor kappaB (NFκB), indicating that ERK/JNK and NFκB serve in the cascade of IL-1β induction. As expected, ERK/JNK and NFκB were all activated in the SNAP-stimulated microglia. Taken together, these results indicate that NO is an important signaling molecule for the ERK/JNK and NFκB activations, which are requisite to the induction of IL-1β in microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sudo
- Department of Science and Engineering for Sustainable Innovation, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Soka University, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Yosuke Takezawa
- Department of Science and Engineering for Sustainable Innovation, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Soka University, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | | | - Kazuyuki Nakajima
- Department of Science and Engineering for Sustainable Innovation, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Soka University, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|