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Mu X, Shi S, Hu X, Gan X, Han Q, Yu Q, Qu J, Li H. Gut microbiome and antibiotic resistance genes in plateau model animal (Ochotona curzoniae) exhibit a relative stability under cold stress. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 478:135472. [PMID: 39137548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) carried by gut pathogens may pose a threat to the host and ecological environment. However, few studies focus on the effects of cold stress on intestinal bacteria and ARGs in plateau animals. Here, we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing and gene chip technique to explore the difference of gut microbes and ARGs in plateau pika under 4 °C and 25 °C. The results showed that tetracycline and aminoglycoside resistance genes were the dominant ARGs in pika intestine. Seven kinds of high-risk ARGs (aadA-01, aadA-02, ermB, floR, mphA-01, mphA-02, tetM-02) existed in pika's intestine, and cold had no significant effect on the composition and structure of pika's intestinal ARGs. The dominant phyla in pika intestine were Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Cold influenced 0.47 % of pika intestinal bacteria in OTU level, while most other bacteria had no significant change. The diversity and community assembly of intestinal bacteria in pika remained relatively stable under cold conditions, while low temperature decreased gut microbial network complexity. In addition, low temperature led to the enrichment of glycine biosynthesis and metabolism-related pathways. Moreover, the correlation analysis showed that eight opportunistic pathogens (such as Clostridium, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, etc.) detected in pika intestine might be potential hosts of ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxian Mu
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shunqin Shi
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xueqian Hu
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xueying Gan
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qian Han
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiaoling Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiapeng Qu
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China.
| | - Huan Li
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China; State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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González-Machado C, Alonso-Calleja C, Capita R. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Different Food Groups and Drinking Water. Foods 2024; 13:2686. [PMID: 39272452 PMCID: PMC11394615 DOI: 10.3390/foods13172686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been included by the World Health Organization in its list of "priority pathogens" because of its widespread prevalence and the severity of the infections it causes. The role of food in infections caused by MRSA is unknown, although strains of this microorganism have been detected in various items for human consumption. In order to gain an overview of any possible role of food in MRSA infections, a review was undertaken of studies published between January 2001 and February 2024 relating to MRSA. These comprised research that focused on fish and shellfish, eggs and egg products, foods of vegetable origin, other foodstuffs (e.g., honey or edible insects), and drinking water. In most of these investigations, no prior enrichment was carried out when isolating strains. Three principal methods were used to confirm the presence of MRSA, namely amplification of the mecA gene by PCR, amplification of the mecA and the mecC genes by PCR, and disc diffusion techniques testing susceptibility to cefoxitin (30 μg) and oxacillin (1 μg). The great diversity of methods used for the determination of MRSA in foods and water makes comparison between these research works difficult. The prevalence of MRSA varied according to the food type considered, ranging between 0.0% and 100% (average 11.7 ± 20.3%) for fish and shellfish samples, between 0.0% and 11.0% (average 1.2 ± 3.5%) for egg and egg products, between 0.0% and 20.8% (average 2.5 ± 6.8%) for foods of vegetable origin, between 0.6% and 29.5% (average 28.2 ± 30.3%) for other foodstuffs, and between 0.0% and 36.7% (average 17.0 ± 14.0%) for drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camino González-Machado
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - Rosa Capita
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
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Somda NS, Traoré AME, Hien DFDS, Bockarie Y, Tankoano A, Kaboré D, Bonkoungou OJI, Sawadogo-Lingani H, Savadogo A. Molecular characterization of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated in ready-to-eat food sold in supermarkets in Bobo-Dioulasso: case of charcuterie products. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:722. [PMID: 39044137 PMCID: PMC11264425 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most widespread bacterial pathogens in animals and humans, and its role as an important causative agent of food poisoning is well-documented. The aim of this study was to highlight and characterize the resistance patterns of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in charcuterie products sold in selected supermarkets (SM) in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. METHODS In this study, 72 samples including ham (n = 19), merguez (n = 22), sausage (n = 15) and minced meat (n = 16) were collected from 3 supermarkets. Standard microbiology methods were utilised to characterise S. aureus isolates. Phenotypic resistance patterns were investigated using the disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. Genotypic testing using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on the isolates to detect the 16S-23S gene. Using specific primers, the following genes PVL, TSST-1, mecA, gyrA, gyrB, qnrA, intI1 and aac(6')-Ib-cr were identified from purified DNA by PCR. RESULTS Among the 72 ready-to-eat food samples, S. aureus was present in 51, (70.83%). The yield was highest in both the ham and merguez food products, 15/51 (29.41%) each, followed by minced meat 12/51 (23.53%) and sausage 9/51 (17.65%). A total of 35 isolates (68.63%) were confirmed as S. aureus after molecular characterization using 16-23 S primers with 05 (14.29%) strains identified as MRSA. All of the MRSA and majority of the methicillin-sensitive S.aureus (MSSA) isolates were resistant to penicillin G, ampicillin, tetracycline and erythromycin, whereas one isolate from minced meat was found in SM3-harbouring PVL, TSST-1, mecA, gyrA, gyrB and Int1 genes. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed a high prevalence of S. aureus in chacuterie products in Bobo-Dioulasso with antimicrobial profiles that show resistance to most antibiotics. These findings should inform and augment efforts to raise awareness among local supermarket owners on adequate food manufacturing practices as well as promoting food safety and hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namwin Siourimè Somda
- Département Technologie Alimentaire, Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies (IRSAT), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO/Bobo-Dioulasso), 03 BP 2393, Bobo-Dioulasso, 03, Burkina Faso.
- Unité de Genomique et des Pathogènes One Health (UGenoPath-OH), Université Joseph Ki- Zerbo, UFR/SVT 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso.
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquée, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, UFR/SVT 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso.
| | - Alima Mah Esther Traoré
- Département Technologie Alimentaire (DTA), Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies (IRSAT) 03 BP 7047, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Domonbabele François de Sales Hien
- Département Entomologie Médicale et Parasitologie, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO/Bobo-Dioulasso), 01 BP 545, Bobo Dioulasso, 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Yemah Bockarie
- Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Ghana, Cape Coast, Interberton Road, P.O. Box: CT 1363, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Abel Tankoano
- Département Technologie Alimentaire, Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies (IRSAT), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO/Bobo-Dioulasso), 03 BP 2393, Bobo-Dioulasso, 03, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquée, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, UFR/SVT 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Donatien Kaboré
- Département Technologie Alimentaire (DTA), Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies (IRSAT) 03 BP 7047, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Ouindgueta Juste Isidore Bonkoungou
- Unité de Genomique et des Pathogènes One Health (UGenoPath-OH), Université Joseph Ki- Zerbo, UFR/SVT 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Hagrétou Sawadogo-Lingani
- Département Technologie Alimentaire (DTA), Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies (IRSAT) 03 BP 7047, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Aly Savadogo
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquée, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, UFR/SVT 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso
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Brauge T, Bourdonnais E, Trigueros S, Cresson P, Debuiche S, Granier SA, Midelet G. Antimicrobial resistance and geographical distribution of Staphylococcus sp. isolated from whiting (Merlangius merlangus) and seawater in the English Channel and the North sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123434. [PMID: 38290653 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus is a significant food safety hazard. The marine environment serves as a source of food for humans and is subject to various human-induced discharges, which may contain Staphylococcus strains associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence and geographical distribution of AMR Staphylococcus isolates in seawater and whiting (Merlangius merlangus) samples collected from the English Channel and the North Sea. We isolated and identified 238 Staphylococcus strains, including 12 coagulase-positive (CoPs) and 226 coagulase-negative (CoNs) strains. All CoPs isolates exhibited resistance to at least one of the 16 antibiotics tested. Among the CoNs strains, 52% demonstrated resistance to at least one antibiotic, and 7 isolates were classified as multi-drug resistant (MDR). In these MDR strains, we identified AMR genes that confirmed the resistance phenotype, as well as other AMR genes, such as quaternary ammonium resistance. One CoNS strain carried 9 AMR genes, including both antibiotic and biocide resistance genes. By mapping the AMR phenotypes, we demonstrated that rivers had a local influence, particularly near the English coast, on the occurrence of AMR Staphylococcus. The analysis of marine environmental parameters revealed that turbidity and phosphate concentration were implicated in the occurrence of AMR Staphylococcus. Our findings underscore the crucial role of wild whiting and seawater in the dissemination of AMR Staphylococcus within the marine environment, thereby posing a risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brauge
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.
| | - Erwan Bourdonnais
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sylvain Trigueros
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Pierre Cresson
- Ifremer, Channel/North Sea Fisheries Laboratory, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sabine Debuiche
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sophie A Granier
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères Laboratory, Fougères, France
| | - Graziella Midelet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
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Attia ASA, Abou Elez RMM, El-Gazzar N, Elnahriry SS, Alfifi A, Al-Harthi HF, Alkhalifah DHM, Hozzein WN, Diab HM, Ibrahim D. Cross-sectional analysis of risk factors associated with Mugil cephalus in retail fish markets concerning methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Aeromonas hydrophila. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1348973. [PMID: 38371296 PMCID: PMC10869461 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1348973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aeromonas hydrophila and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are potent bacterial pathogens posing major hazards to human health via consuming fish harboring these pathogens or by cross-contamination beyond the contaminated environment. The aim of this study was to determine risk variables associated with the presence of certain pathogenic bacteria from Mugil cephalus fish in retail markets in Egypt. The virulence genes of A. hydrophila and S. aureus were also studied. Furthermore, the antibiotic sensitivity and multidrug resistance of the microorganisms were evaluated. Methods In a cross-sectional investigation, 370 samples were collected from mullet skin and muscle samples, washing water, fish handlers, knives, and chopping boards. Furthermore, fish handlers' public health implications were assessed via their response to a descriptive questionnaire. Results S. aureus and Aeromonas species dominated the investigated samples with percentages of 26.76% and 30.81%, respectively. Furthermore, A. hydrophila and MRSA were the predominant recovered bacterial pathogens among washing water and knives (53.85% and 46.66%, respectively). The virulence markers aerA and hlyA were found in 90.7% and 46.5% of A. hydrophila isolates, respectively. Moreover, the virulence genes nuc and mec were prevalent in 80% and 60% of S. aureus isolates, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility results revealed that all A. hydrophila isolates were resistant to amoxicillin and all MRSA isolates were resistant to amoxicillin and ampicillin. Remarkably, multiple drug resistance (MDR) patterns were detected in high proportions in A. hydrophila (88.37%) and MRSA (100%) isolates. The prevalence of Aeromonas spp. and S. aureus had a positive significant correlation with the frequency of handwashing and use of sanitizer in cleaning of instruments. MRSA showed the highest significant prevalence rate in the oldest age category. Conclusion The pathogenic bacteria recovered in this study were virulent and had a significant correlation with risk factors associated with improper fish handling. Furthermore, a high frequency of MDR was detected in these pathogenic bacteria, posing a significant risk to food safety and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira S. A. Attia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rasha M. M. Abou Elez
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nashwa El-Gazzar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shimaa S. Elnahriry
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Alfifi
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helal F. Al-Harthi
- Department of Biology, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalal Hussien M. Alkhalifah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael N. Hozzein
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Hassan Mohmoud Diab
- Department of Animal and Poultry Health and Environment, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Crippa BL, de Matos LG, Souza FN, Silva NCC. Non- aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci (NASM): their role in bovine mastitis and One Health. J DAIRY RES 2024; 91:44-56. [PMID: 38584301 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029924000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) are gaining importance in mastitis and public health, and some NAS have been reclassified as mammaliicocci (NASM). Bovine milk production has a major influence on the world economy, being an essential source of income for small, medium and large producers, and bovine mastitis caused by NASM can cause an economic impact. Mastitis generates financial losses due to reduced revenue, increased veterinary costs and expenses associated with animal slaughter. However, it is also a public health issue involving animal health and welfare, human health and the ecosystem. Furthermore, it is an increasingly common infection caused by NASM, including antimicrobial-resistant strains. Despite all these adverse effects that NASM can cause, some studies also point to its protective role against mastitis. Therefore, this review article addresses the negative and positive aspects that NASM can cause in bovine mastitis, the virulence of the disease and resistance factors that make it difficult to treat and, through the One Health approach, presents a holistic view of how mastitis caused by NASM can affect both animal and human health at one and the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Lourenço Crippa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo de Matos
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Fernando Nogueira Souza
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Nathália Cristina Cirone Silva
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
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Xedzro C, Shimamoto T, Shimamoto T. Predominance of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Supermarket Retail Seafood in Japan. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2935. [PMID: 38138079 PMCID: PMC10745518 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Reports have documented antimicrobial usage in aquaculture, and the aquatic ecosystem can be considered a genetic storage site for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study assessed the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Gram-negative bacteria recovered from retail seafood in Hiroshima, Japan. A total of 412 bacteria were isolated and screened for the presence of β-lactamases, acquired carbapenemases, and mobile colistin-resistance (mcr) genes. Forty-five (10.9%) isolates were dominated by Morganella (28%), Proteus (22%), Aeromonas (14%), Citrobacter (8%), and Escherichia (8%) and carried AMR genes. The identified AMR genes included those encoded in integrons (19), aac(6՛)-Ib (11), blaTEM-1 (7), blaCTX-M-like (12), blaCTX-M-65 (2), blaSHV-12 (1), blaSHV-27 (1), blaOXA-10 (1), blaOXA-2 (1), and mcr (2). The most common clinical resistances were against ampicillin, colistin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin. Multidrug resistance (MDR) occurred in 27 (60%) AMR isolates, and multiple antibiotic resistance indices ranged from 0.2 to 0.8. A conjugation experiment showed that 10 of the 11 selected MDR strains harbored conjugable plasmids, although PCR-based replicon typing described seven strains as untypable. IncF replicon was identified in MDR extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli of the pathogenic B2 phylogroup. Our findings suggest that retail seafood harbors MDR bacteria of human interest that require strict resistance surveillance in the seafood production continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tadashi Shimamoto
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8528, Japan; (C.X.); (T.S.)
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8
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Fukuda A, Tsunashima R, Usui M. Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria Monitoring in Raw Seafood Retailed: a Pilot Study Focused on Vibrio and Aeromonas. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2023; 11:65-77. [PMID: 38144894 PMCID: PMC10739313 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.d-23-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In aquaculture, bacterial infections in sea animals are treated using antimicrobials. As seafood is frequently consumed in its raw form, seafood contaminated with water-borne antimicrobial-resistant bacteria presents a potential transmission route to humans and can influence food safety. In this study, we aimed to determine the abundance of water-borne bacteria in retail raw seafood and to characterize their antimicrobial resistance profiles. In total, 85 retail raw seafood samples (32 fish, 26 shellfish, 25 mollusks, and two crustaceans) were purchased from supermarkets in Japan, and water-borne bacteria were isolated. The isolated bacterial species predominantly included Vibrio spp. (54.1%) and Aeromonas spp. (34.1%). Vibrio or Aeromonas spp. were isolated from more than 70% of the seafood samples. Tetracycline-, sulfamethoxazole-, and/or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-resistant Vibrio or Aeromonas spp. isolates were detected in seven (21.9%) fish samples (two wild-caught and five farm-raised) harboring tet, sul, and/or dfr genes. Sulfamethoxazole- and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-resistant isolates were only detected in farm-raised fish. Tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole are commonly used in aquaculture. These results suggest that water-borne bacteria like Vibrio and Aeromonas spp. should be the primary focus of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria monitoring to effectively elucidate their spread of bacteria via seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Fukuda
- Food Microbiology and Food Safety Unit, Division of Preventive Veterinary
Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai
Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Ryu Tsunashima
- Food Microbiology and Food Safety Unit, Division of Preventive Veterinary
Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai
Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Masaru Usui
- Food Microbiology and Food Safety Unit, Division of Preventive Veterinary
Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai
Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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A Comprehensive Study on Antibiotic Resistance among Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) Strains Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Food Served in Bars and Restaurants. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030514. [PMID: 36766043 PMCID: PMC9914766 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to characterize and assess the diversity of CoNS strains as potential vectors for the spread of resistance to antimicrobial agents from RTE foods served in bars and restaurants. Eighty-five CoNS strains, obtained from 198 RTE food samples, were investigated. Sixty-seven CoNS isolates (78.8%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic tested, and 37 (43.5%) were multidrug resistant (MDR-CoNS). Moreover, CoNS strains contained genes conferring resistance to antibiotics critically important in medicine, i.e., β-lactams [mecA (29.4%); blaZ (84.7%)], aminoglycosides [aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia (45.9%); aph(2″)-Ic (3.5%)], macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B-MLSB [msrA/B (68.2%); ermB (40%) and mphC (4.7%)], tetracyclines [tetK (31.8%); tetM (16.5%) and/or tetL (2.35%)]. We also found the fusB/C/D genes responsible for the acquired low-level fusidic acid resistance (17.6%) and streptogramin resistance determinant vgaA in 30.6% of isolates. In three linezolid resistant strains (2 S. epidermidis and 1 S. warneri), mutation was detected, as demonstrated by L101V and V188I changes in the L3 protein amino acid sequences. The high frequency in RTE food of MDR-CoNS including methicillin-resistant (MR-CoNS) strains constitutes a direct risk to public health as they increase the gene pool from which pathogenic bacteria can pick up resistance traits.
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Khairullah AR, Sudjarwo SA, Effendi MH, Ramandinianto SC, Gelolodo MA, Widodo A, Riwu KHP, Kurniawati DA. Review of pork and pork products as a source for transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2022.167-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an opportunistic bacterium that can cause infection in animals and humans. Recently, MRSA from food-producing or farm animals has been identified as livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA). The spread of LA-MRSA is particularly found in pork and pork products because LA-MRSA has been widely known to infect pigs. The most common type of LA-MRSA identified in pork and pork products is the clonal complex LA-MRSA 398 (LA-MRSA CC398). The MRSA strains on the surface of pork carcasses can be spread during the handling and processing of pork and pork products through human hands, cutting tools, and any surface that comes into direct contact with pork. Food infection is the main risk of MRSA in pork and pork products consumed by humans. Antibiotics to treat food infection cases due to MRSA infection include vancomycin and tigecycline. The spread of MRSA in pork and pork products is preventable by appropriately cooking and cooling the pork and pork products at temperatures above 60°C and below 5°C, respectively. It is also necessary to take other preventive measures, such as having a clean meat processing area and disinfecting the equipment used for processing pork and pork products. This review aimed to explain epidemiology, transmission, risk factors, diagnosis, public health consequences, treatment of food poisoning, and preventing the spread of MRSA in pork and pork products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sri Agus Sudjarwo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sancaka Cashyer Ramandinianto
- Master Program in Veterinary Disease and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Maria Aega Gelolodo
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang, Indonesia
| | - Agus Widodo
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Dyah Ayu Kurniawati
- Master Program in Veterinary Disease and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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11
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Chemical Markers and Pharmacological Characters of Pelargonium graveolens Essential Oil from Palestine. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27175721. [PMID: 36080486 PMCID: PMC9457828 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pelargonium graveolens leaves are widely used in traditional medicine for relieving some cardiovascular, dental, gastrointestinal, and respiratory disorders. They are also used as food and tea additives in Palestine and many other countries. Consequently, this investigation aimed to describe the chemical markers, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, metabolic, and cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes inhibitory characteristics of P. graveolens essential oil (PGEO) from Palestine utilizing reference methods. There were 70 chemicals found in the GCMS analysis, and oxygenated terpenoids were the most abundant group of the total PGEO. Citronellol (24.44%), citronellyl formate (15.63%), γ-eudesmol (7.60%), and iso-menthone (7.66%) were the dominant chemical markers. The EO displayed strong antioxidant activity (IC50 = 3.88 ± 0.45 µg/mL) and weak lipase and α-amylase suppressant effects. Notably, the PGEO displayed high α-glucosidase inhibitory efficacy compared with Acarbose, with IC50 doses of 52.44 ± 0.29 and 37.15 ± 0.33 µg/mL, respectively. PGEO remarkably repressed the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), even more than Ampicillin and Ciprofloxacin, and strongly inhibited Candida albicans compared with Fluconazole. The highest cytotoxic effect of the PGEO was noticed against MCF-7, followed by Hep3B and HeLa cancer cells, with IC50 doses of 32.71 ± 1.25, 40.71 ± 1.89, and 315.19 ± 20.5 µg/mL, respectively, compared with doxorubicin. Moreover, the screened EO demonstrated selective inhibitory activity against COX-1 (IC50 = 14.03 µg/mL). Additionally, PGEO showed a weak suppressant effect on COX-2 (IC50 = 275.97 µg/mL). The current research can be considered the most comprehensive investigation of the chemical and pharmacological characterization of the PGEO. The results obtained in this study demonstrate, without doubt, that this plant represents a rich source of bioactive substances that can be further investigated and authenticated for their medicinal potential.
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12
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Regecová I, Výrostková J, Zigo F, Gregová G, Pipová M, Jevinová P, Becová J. Detection of Resistant and Enterotoxigenic Strains of Staphylococcus warneri Isolated from Food of Animal Origin. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101496. [PMID: 35627066 PMCID: PMC9141015 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The topic of this work is the detection of antimicrobial resistance to Staphylococcus warneri strains and the genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins. It is considered a potential pathogen that can cause various—mostly inflammatory—diseases in immunosuppressed patients. The experimental part of the paper deals with the isolation of individual isolates from meat samples of Oryctolagus cuniculus, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Scomber scombrus, chicken thigh, beef thigh muscle, pork thigh muscle, and bryndza cheese. In total, 45 isolates were obtained and subjected to phenotypic (plasma coagulase activity, nuclease, pigment, hemolysis, lecithinase, and lipase production) and genotypic analyses to confirm the presence of the S. warneri species. The presence of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins A (three isolates) and D (six isolates) was determined by PCR. Using the Miditech system, the minimum inhibitory concentration for various antibiotics or antibiotics combinations was determined, namely for ampicillin; ampicillin + sulbactam; oxacillin; cefoxitin; piperacillin + tazobactam; erythromycin; clindamycin; linezolid; rifampicin; gentamicin; teicoplanin; vancomycin; trimethoprim; chloramphenicol; tigecycline; moxifloxacin; ciprofloxacin; tetracycline; trimethoprim + sulfonamide; and nitrofurantoin. Resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline was most common (73%). At the same time, out of a total of 45 isolates, 22% of the isolates were confirmed as multi-resistant. Isolates that showed phenotypic resistance to β-lactam antibiotics were subjected to mecA gene detection by PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Regecová
- Department of Food Hygiene Technology and Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (I.R.); (M.P.); (P.J.); (J.B.)
| | - Jana Výrostková
- Department of Food Hygiene Technology and Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (I.R.); (M.P.); (P.J.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-907-185-658
| | - František Zigo
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Gabika Gregová
- Department of Public Veterinary Medicine and Animal Welfare, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Monika Pipová
- Department of Food Hygiene Technology and Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (I.R.); (M.P.); (P.J.); (J.B.)
| | - Pavlina Jevinová
- Department of Food Hygiene Technology and Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (I.R.); (M.P.); (P.J.); (J.B.)
| | - Jana Becová
- Department of Food Hygiene Technology and Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (I.R.); (M.P.); (P.J.); (J.B.)
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13
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Liu C, Shen Y, Yang M, Chi K, Guo N. Hazard of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins in Food and Promising Strategies for Natural Products against Virulence. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2450-2465. [PMID: 35170308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) secreted by Staphylococcus aureus frequently contaminate food and cause serious foodborne diseases but are ignored during food processing and even cold-chain storage. Notably, SEs are stable and resistant to harsh sterilization environments, which can induce more serious hazards to public health than the bacterium itself. Therefore, it is necessary to develop promising strategies to control SE contamination in food and improve food safety. Natural products not only have various pharmaceutical properties, such as antimicrobial and antitoxin activities, but they are also eco-friendly, safe, nutritive, and barely drug-resistant. Here, the hazards of SEs and the promising natural compounds with different inhibitory mechanisms are summarized and classified. The key points of future research and applications for natural products against bacterial toxin contamination in food are also prospected. Overall, this review may provide enlightening insights for screening effective natural compounds to prevent foodborne diseases caused by bacterial toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Shen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunmei Chi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
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14
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Kumaresan G, Gangwar C, Mishra AK, Kumar A, Kharche SD, Singh NP, Pachoori A. Occurrence, molecular characterization and antimicrobial-resistance pattern of Staphylococcus species isolates from buck semen. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:135. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02731-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Zhou B, Ye Q, Chen M, Li F, Xiang X, Shang Y, Wang C, Zhang J, Xue L, Wang J, Wu S, Pang R, Ding Y, Wu Q. Novel species-specific targets for real-time PCR detection of four common pathogenic Staphylococcus spp. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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16
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Muneeb KH, Sudha S, Sivaraman GK, Shome B, Cole J, Holmes M. Virulence and intermediate resistance to high-end antibiotic (teicoplanin) among coagulase-negative staphylococci sourced from retail market fish. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:5695-5702. [PMID: 34468806 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02558-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the distribution of enterotoxigenic determinants among staphylococci and the susceptibility of staphylococci to various classes of antibiotics. We observed all the isolates as resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and a few as resistant to non-beta-lactam antibiotics such as clindamycin (47.4%), erythromycin (44.7%), gentamicin (23.7%), norfloxacin (34.2%), tetracycline (26.3%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (15.8%) etc. The resistance of S. sciuri (n = 1) and S. haemolyticus (n = 1) to rifampicin and intermediate resistance of S. gallinarum (n = 2) to teicoplanin, a high-end antibiotic, are also observed in this study. The multidrug-resistance (≥ 3 classes of antibiotics) was recorded in 23 (60.5%) isolates. The virulomes such as sea, seb, seg and sei were identified predominantly in S. haemolyticus. Surprisingly, certain isolates which were phenotypically confirmed as biofilm-producers by Congo red agar (CRA) test did not harbor biofilm-associated loci. This implies the protein-mediated mechanism of biofilm formation as an alternative to polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) in staphylococci. However, icaAD locus which encodes PIA was identified in 10 (26.3%) isolates and the eno locus, encoding elastin-binding protein which can accelerate the biofilm production, is identified in all the isolates. The possession of type V SCCmec elements by the S. haemolyticus (15.8%) raised the concern about the rapid dissemination of mecA gene to other species of staphylococci including the virulent S. aureus. In short, this study acknowledges the toxigenicity of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Through this study, surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and transference of virulomes in staphylococci is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Muneeb
- Microbiology Fermentation and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri P. O, Willingdon Island, Kochi, Kerala, 682 029, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, India
| | - S Sudha
- Microbiology Fermentation and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri P. O, Willingdon Island, Kochi, Kerala, 682 029, India
| | - G K Sivaraman
- Microbiology Fermentation and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri P. O, Willingdon Island, Kochi, Kerala, 682 029, India.
| | - Bibek Shome
- Department of Disease Investigation, ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India
| | - Jennifer Cole
- Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, UK
| | - Mark Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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17
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Mortazavi SMH, Kaur M, Farahnaky A, Torley PJ, Osborn AM. The pathogenic and spoilage bacteria associated with red meat and application of different approaches of high CO 2 packaging to extend product shelf-life. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:1733-1754. [PMID: 34445909 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1968336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
With the fast-global development of packaging techniques, the potential antimicrobial effect of CO2, as a safe, cheap and readily available gas, makes it the integral component for packaging of meat products. The associated spoilage and/or pathogenic bacteria on raw meat may respond in different ways to elevated CO2 concentrations. The growth of some aerobic Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas spp. is significantly inhibited but some LAB bacteria may be allowed to grow faster and dominate the product. The antimicrobial efficacy of enriched CO2 packaging is attributed to the rate of CO2 solubility in the product which is itself affected by the level of headspace CO2, product pH, temperature and the ratio of headspace gas to product (G:P). This review, first, explores the varied range of beef and sheep meat spoilage and pathogenic bacteria and the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters that may influence the pattern of microbial growth and meat spoilage rate during storage. Then, the antimicrobial mechanism of elevated CO2 packaging will be discussed and the different approaches of achieving enriched CO2 packaging i.e. the traditional technique of flushing a desired gas mixture and/or using the new commercially developed CO2 emitters will then be compared in terms of their strengths, limitations and technical mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- Biosciences and Food Technology Discipline, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Asgar Farahnaky
- Biosciences and Food Technology Discipline, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter J Torley
- Biosciences and Food Technology Discipline, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Mark Osborn
- Biosciences and Food Technology Discipline, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
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18
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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Staphylococcus aureus in Milk and Traditionally Processed Dairy Products in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5576873. [PMID: 34327229 PMCID: PMC8302372 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5576873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a contagious pathogen that can cause various diseases in both humans and animals. Antimicrobial-resistant S. aureus is becoming an extremely important global health problem. A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2019 to May 2020 to assess the occurrence of S. aureus and its antimicrobial susceptibility profiles in milk and traditionally processed dairy products in selected subcities of Addis Ababa. A total of 255 dairy product samples (175 raw milk and 80 traditionally processed dairy products) were collected from farms and retail markets. Samples were cultured for S. aureus according to standard microbiology techniques, and the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to assess antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates to a panel of 12 antimicrobials. Susceptibility to methicillin was determined based on the sensitivity of isolates to cefoxitin, and resistant isolates were investigated for the presence of mecA and mecC genes using PCR. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 43 (24.6%) of milk, 7 (17.5%) of yogurt, and 2 (5%) of cottage cheese. A significantly higher rate of contamination with S. aureus was recorded among milk samples compared to yogurt and cottage cheese (p = 0.019). Out of 52 S. aureus isolates investigated for susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials, 49 (94.2%) of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin and 42 (80.8%) to amoxicillin+clavulanic acid. Twenty (38.5%) of the isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) based on susceptibility to cefoxitin. However, only one of these isolates (5%) was positive for mecA gene, and none of them were positive for the mecC gene. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the rate of occurrence of MRSA among isolates from different sources. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a significant level of contamination of milk and dairy products with S. aureus and most isolates were multidrug resistant. The occurrence of MRSA in raw milk and dairy products signifies a serious public health threat as the practice of consuming raw dairy products in the study area is widespread. The lack of agreement between phenotypic and genotypic detection of MRSA suggests the need for further study to identify the genetic basis for the observed resistance phenotype.
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19
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Sivaraman G, Muneeb K, Sudha S, Shome B, Holmes M, Cole J. Fish-borne methicillin resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus carrying atypical staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) elements. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Li Y, Cao W, Liang S, Yamasaki S, Chen X, Shi L, Ye L. Metagenomic characterization of bacterial community and antibiotic resistance genes in representative ready-to-eat food in southern China. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15175. [PMID: 33093543 PMCID: PMC7581714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72620-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ready-to-eat (RTE) foods have been considered to be reservoirs of antibiotic resistance bacteria, which constitute direct threat to human health, but the potential microbiological risks of RTE foods remain largely unexplored. In this study, the metagenomic approach was employed to characterize the comprehensive profiles of bacterial community and antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) in 18 RTE food samples (8 RTE meat, 7 RTE vegetables and 3 RTE fruit) in southern China. In total, the most abundant phyla in RTE foods were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. 204 ARG subtypes belonging to 18 ARG types were detected with an abundance range between 2.81 × 10−5 and 7.7 × 10−1 copy of ARG per copy of 16S rRNA gene. Multidrug-resistant genes were the most predominant ARG type in the RTE foods. Chloramphenicol, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin, multidrug resistance, aminoglycoside, bacitracin, tetracycline and β-lactam resistance genes were dominant, which were also associated with antibiotics used extensively in human medicine or veterinary medicine/promoters. Variation partitioning analysis indicated that the join effect of bacterial community and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) played an important role in the resistome alteration. This study further deepens the comprehensive understanding of antibiotic resistome and the correlations among the antibiotic resistome, microbiota, and MGEs in the RTE foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiMing Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - WeiWei Cao
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - ShuLi Liang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 140-0002, Japan
| | - Xun Chen
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Lei Ye
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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21
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Algammal AM, Hetta HF, Elkelish A, Alkhalifah DHH, Hozzein WN, Batiha GES, El Nahhas N, Mabrok MA. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): One Health Perspective Approach to the Bacterium Epidemiology, Virulence Factors, Antibiotic-Resistance, and Zoonotic Impact. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3255-3265. [PMID: 33061472 PMCID: PMC7519829 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s272733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major human pathogen and a historically emergent zoonotic pathogen with public health and veterinary importance. In humans, MRSA commonly causes severe infectious diseases, including food poisoning, pyogenic endocarditis, suppurative pneumonia, otitis media, osteomyelitis, and pyogenic infections of the skin, soft tissues. In the horse, MRSA could cause a localized purulent infection and botryomycosis; in cattle and ewe, localized pyogenic infection and severe acute mastitis with marked toxemia; in sheep, abscess disease resembles caseous lymphadenitis caused by anaerobic strains; in dogs and cats, pustular dermatitis and food poisoning; in pig, exudative epidermatitis “greasy pig disease; in birds, MRSA causes bumble-foot. The methicillin resistance could be determined by PCR-based detection of the mecA gene as well as resistance to cefoxitin. In Egypt, MRSA is one of the important occasions of subclinical and clinical bovine mastitis, and the prevalence of MRSA varies by geographical region. In this review, we are trying to illustrate variable data about the host susceptibility, diseases, epidemiology, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, treatment, and control of MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelazeem M Algammal
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit 71515, Egypt.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0595, USA
| | - Amr Elkelish
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Dalal Hussien H Alkhalifah
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael N Hozzein
- Bioproducts Research Chair, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - Nihal El Nahhas
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21515, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Mabrok
- Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.,Fish Infectious Diseases Research Unit (FID RU), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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22
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Jaja IF, Jaja CJI, Chigor NV, Anyanwu MU, Maduabuchi EK, Oguttu JW, Green E. Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotype of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Isolates Obtained from Meat in the Formal and Informal Sectors in South Africa. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3979482. [PMID: 33015163 PMCID: PMC7525293 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3979482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foodborne diseases (FBD) caused by resistant pathogens are a global public health problem. One main driver of the increasing FBD incidence is the transfer of pathogenic organisms from animal guts to carcasses during processing and subsequent transfer from meat products to consumers. METHODS In this study, meat samples from abattoirs in the formal meat sector (FMS) (n = 140) and slaughter points in the informal meat sector (IMS) (n = 104) were collected for microbial detection and phenotypic AMR determination using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus isolates revealed that resistance to clindamycin (74.3%) and ampicillin (59.5%) was highest in the FMS, while resistance to penicillin (83.8%) and tetracycline (82.1%) was highest in the IMS. Escherichia coli isolates show significant resistance to chloramphenicol (90.7%) and tetracycline (82.3%) in the FMS. Likewise, resistance to tetracycline (92.3%) and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (87.5%) was highest in the IMS. The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) for S. aureus and E. coli ranged from 0.3 to 0.8 and 0.2 to 0.5, respectively. CONCLUSION This study suggests high-level contamination of meat with resistant pathogens and highlights the public health consequences associated with consuming such unhygienic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishmael Festus Jaja
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Roodepoort Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
| | - Chinwe-Juliana Iwu Jaja
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Nnamdi Vincent Chigor
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Madubuike Umunna Anyanwu
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ezealisiji Kenneth Maduabuchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - James Wabwire Oguttu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Roodepoort Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
| | - Ezekiel Green
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
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Li H, Tang T, Stegger M, Dalsgaard A, Liu T, Leisner JJ. Characterization of antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from retail foods in Beijing, China. Food Microbiol 2020; 93:103603. [PMID: 32912578 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen leading to food poisoning as well as human infections. The present study examined the prevalence and characterization of antimicrobial-resistant S. aureus in sushi from 42 outlets and in pork products from eight outlets in Beijing, China. The total bacterial counts were between 3.0 and 8.9 log CFU/g (mean 5.5 ± 1.5 log CFU/g) in sushi products and 4.8 to 7.4 log CFU/g (mean 5.6 ± 0.8 log CFU/g) in pork products. The mean counts of coliforms were 2.7 and 2.9 log CFU/g in sushi and pork, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from seven sushi outlets (13 isolates) and two pork outlets (2 isolates) with average counts below 2 log CFU/g in all cases. A total of 15 S. aureus isolates were further characterized. Six lineages of S. aureus were present, including ST398 (n = 5), ST25 (n = 4), ST15 (n = 2), ST59 (n = 2), ST8 (n = 1) and ST2631 (n = 1). Thirteen isolates contained the scn virulence marker, whereas four and eight isolates contained the virulence marker edinB and enterotoxin genes, respectively. Characterization of antimicrobial resistance profiles documented resistances to ampicillin (n = 15), penicillin (n = 14), ceftazidime (n = 6), erythromycin (n = 4), tetracycline (n = 3), clindamycin (n = 3), and gentamicin (n = 1). Three MRSA isolates were obtained, one from pork (ST398) and two from one sushi outlet (ST59). They were all resistant to at least three classes of antimicrobials and two of them contained the scn gene and enterotoxin genes. Twelve sushi isolates and one of the pork isolates contained the scn gene, indicating that they were of human origin. This emphasizes the potential importance of transmission through foods of antimicrobial-resistant S. aureus including MRSA. We also showed that S. aureus exhibited geographical variation with regards to ST profiles, antimicrobial-resistance and virulence genes when comparing isolates from sushi products sold in Beijing and Copenhagen, Denmark. Whereas food safety is not compromised by the presence of low amounts of S. aureus in sushi, this study shows that with regards to public health such foods may serve as vehicles for transmission of multidrug-resistant S. aureus and MRSA lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Taya Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Road Yuanmingyuan, Beijing, PR China
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Anders Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Tianlong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Road Yuanmingyuan, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jørgen J Leisner
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Gene Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolated from Healthy Edible Marine Fish. Int J Microbiol 2020; 2020:9803903. [PMID: 32565817 PMCID: PMC7292986 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9803903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirty-three (33) isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from healthy edible marine fish harvested from two aquaculture settings and the Kariega estuary, South Africa, were characterised in this study. The phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility profiles to 13 antibiotics were determined, and their antibiotic resistance determinants were assessed. A multiplex PCR was used to determine the epidemiological groups based on the type of SCCmec carriage followed by the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin-encoding genes sea-sed and the Panton Valentine leucocidin gene (pvl). A high antibiotic resistance percentage (67–81%) was observed for Erythromycin, Ampicillin, Rifampicin, and Clindamycin, while maximum susceptibility to Chloramphenicol (100%), Imipenem (100%), and Ciprofloxacin (94%) was recorded. Nineteen (58%) of the MRSA strains had Vancomycin MICs of ≤2 μg/mL, 4 (12%) with MICs ranging from 4–8 μg/mL, and 10 (30%) with values ≥16 μg/mL. Overall, 27 (82%) isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) with Erythromycin-Ampicillin-Rifampicin-Clindamycin (E-AMP-RIP-CD) found to be the dominant antibiotic-resistance phenotype observed in 4 isolates. Resistance genes such as tetM, tetA, ermB, blaZ, and femA were detected in two or more resistant strains. A total of 19 (58%) MRSA strains possessed SCCmec types I, II, or III elements, characteristic of healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA), while 10 (30%) isolates displayed SCCmec type IVc, characteristic of community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA). Six (18%) of the multidrug-resistant strains of MRSA were enterotoxigenic, harbouring the see, sea, or sec genes. A prevalence of 18% (6/33) was also recorded for the luk-PVL gene. The findings of this study showed that marine fish contained MDR-MRSA strains that harbour SCCmec types, characteristic of either HA-MRSA or CA-MRSA, but with a low prevalence of enterotoxin and pvl genes. Thus, there is a need for continuous monitoring and implementation of better control strategies within the food chain to minimise contamination of fish with MDR-MRSA and the ultimate spread of the bug.
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Carvalho JS, Neto AFL, Melo IM, Varjão LM, Andrade CADASN, Xavier DE, Leal NC, DE Castro Almeida RC. Occurrence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Ready-to-Eat Raw Fish from Japanese Cuisine Restaurants in Salvador, Brazil. J Food Prot 2020; 83:991-995. [PMID: 32438396 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains in food products is a major issue for food safety. The present study was conducted to evaluate the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance profile of S. aureus, focusing on MRSA isolates, in ready-to-eat sashimi from Japanese restaurants in Salvador, Brazil. A total of 127 sashimi samples were collected directly from the take-out service in 16 restaurants. The staphylococcal isolates were identified morphologically and biochemically with standard laboratory procedures. S. aureus isolates were tested with a disk diffusion assay against seven antibiotics, and the cefoxitin and oxacillin were used to identify MRSA strains. Isolates with the MRSA phenotype were confirmed with a PCR assay. S. aureus was found in 73% of the sashimi samples, including sashimi from tuna (75.5% of samples) and salmon (72.5% of samples). Among those positive samples, 37% were contaminated with MRSA strains, found among 38.8% of salmon sashimi and 34.0% of tuna sashimi. Penicillin resistance was the most common type of antimicrobial resistance, found in 65.5% of the sashimi samples, followed by resistance to tetracycline (22.5%), erythromycin (16.0%), and ciprofloxacin (3.2%). Only two S. aureus isolates collected from different fish samples and restaurants had presumed resistance to vancomycin. The high prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in these sashimi samples indicates a potential risk for foodborne disease, especially MRSA, spreading in the community. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelza Silva Carvalho
- Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Barão de Geremoabo, s/n, 40170-290, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Antenor Ferreira Leal Neto
- Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Barão de Geremoabo, s/n, 40170-290, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Isabela Maciel Melo
- Nutrition School, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Basílio da Gama, s/no, 40110-160, Salvador, BA, Brazil (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8657-929X [R.C.C.A.])
| | - Luana Milen Varjão
- Nutrition School, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Basílio da Gama, s/no, 40110-160, Salvador, BA, Brazil (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8657-929X [R.C.C.A.])
| | | | - Danilo Elias Xavier
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute/FIOCRUZ, Avenida Morais Rêgo, s/n, 50740-465, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Nilma Cintra Leal
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute/FIOCRUZ, Avenida Morais Rêgo, s/n, 50740-465, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Rogeria Comastri DE Castro Almeida
- Nutrition School, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Basílio da Gama, s/no, 40110-160, Salvador, BA, Brazil (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8657-929X [R.C.C.A.])
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26
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Saklani P, Lekshmi M, Nayak BB, Kumar S. Survival of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Fish and Shrimp under Different Storage Conditions. J Food Prot 2020; 83:844-848. [PMID: 31928413 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-19-546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Foods that are extensively handled during preparation and stored without refrigeration are often associated with staphylococcal food poisoning. This problem is more confounding when contaminating strains belong to the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) group. In this study, we investigated the survivability of MRSA in two seafood matrices under different storage conditions. MRSA was inoculated at 6 and 3 log CFU/g into all sample groups of peeled shrimp (Parapeneopsis stylifera) stored at -20°C, Bombay duck fish (Harpadon nehereus) stored in ice, and dried Bombay duck fish stored at 30 ± 2°C. The populations of MRSA in frozen peeled shrimp inoculated with MRSA at 6 log CFU/g were reduced by 1.52 log CFU/g, whereas in samples inoculated with 3 log CFU/g levels remained stable after 60 days of storage. In fresh Bombay duck fish inoculated with 6 log CFU/g and stored in ice for 18 days, MRSA levels decreased by 2.75 log CFU/g. In contrast, in fresh fish inoculated with 3 log CFU/g the total viable count increased by 3.02 log CFU/g over 16 days of ice storage. In dried fish stored at 30 ± 2°C, MRSA levels declined by 3.27 log CFU/g in samples inoculated with 6 log CFU/g and by 0.91 log CFU/g in samples inoculated with 3 log CFU/g. These results suggest that the survival of MRSA depends on the temperature of storage and the inoculum level. In our study, MRSA survival was higher when inoculated at 3 log CFU/g regardless of the seafood matrix and storage temperature. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Saklani
- QC Laboratory, Post Harvest Technology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai 400061, India (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0223-9069 [S.K.])
| | - Manjusha Lekshmi
- QC Laboratory, Post Harvest Technology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai 400061, India (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0223-9069 [S.K.])
| | - Binaya Bhusan Nayak
- QC Laboratory, Post Harvest Technology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai 400061, India (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0223-9069 [S.K.])
| | - Sanath Kumar
- QC Laboratory, Post Harvest Technology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai 400061, India (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0223-9069 [S.K.])
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27
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Li H, Andersen PS, Stegger M, Sieber RN, Ingmer H, Staubrand N, Dalsgaard A, Leisner JJ. Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Gene Profiles of Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus From Food Products in Denmark. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2681. [PMID: 31920996 PMCID: PMC6920630 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Foods may potentially serve as vehicles for the transmission of antimicrobial-resistant variants of Staphylococcus aureus that are important in a human clinical context. Further, retail food products can be a cause of staphylococcal food poisoning. For these reasons and to account for source attribution and risk assessment, detailed information on the population structure, resistance, and virulence profiles of S. aureus originating from retail food products is necessary. In the current study, whole-genome sequences from 88 S. aureus isolates were subjected to bioinformatics analyses in relation to sequence types, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence profiles. The sequence types (ST) identified belonged to 13 clonal complexes (CC) with CC5 and CC398 being the most common. CC398 was identified as the dominant clone (n = 31). CC5 was identified as of avian origin, with the presence of φAVβ prophage genes (n = 13). In total, 39.8% of the isolates contained multiple resistance genes, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates were found in CC8, CC9, and CC398. Genes conferring resistance to the antimicrobial classes of β-lactams, tetracycline, and erythromycin were detected in this study, all of which are commonly used in Danish livestock production. The tst gene encoding the toxic shock syndrome toxin was for the first time identified in ST398 isolates, probably as a result of a single acquisition of a SaPI-like element. The sushi-CC398 isolates carrying the scn gene likely originated from a human reservoir, while the other isolates originated from livestock. Taken together, our results show that both human and animal reservoirs contribute to contamination in food products and that retail foods may serve as a vehicle of S. aureus between livestock and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paal Skytt Andersen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raphael N Sieber
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Ingmer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicholas Staubrand
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jørgen J Leisner
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Jia K, Fang T, Wang X, Liu Y, Sun W, Wang Y, Ding T, Wang J, Li C, Xu D, Qiu J, Liu Q, Dong Q. Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Retail Foods in Mainland China: A Meta-Analysis. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 17:296-307. [PMID: 31800332 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), is increasingly threatening human health. Pooled prevalence rates of S. aureus contamination have been extensively studied in retail food products in mainland China, but data regarding antibiotic resistance rates of S. aureus remain scattered. This study was designed to collect researches published between 2007 and 2017 in mainland China and to evaluate the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus from retail foods using a meta-analytic approach. We systematically searched the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science databases to identify peer-reviewed literature. A number of multilevel random-effects models were fitted to estimate mean occurrence rates of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus, and subgroup analyses were performed to compare antibiotic resistance rates of S. aureus throughout the years and among the methods to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility. Among the considered antibiotics, S. aureus showed the highest resistance rate to penicillin G (87%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 83-90%), followed by ampicillin (72%, 95% CI 62-81%) and erythromycin (41%, 95% CI 36-46%). MRSA showed the highest resistance rate to ampicillin (98%, 95% CI 89-100%), followed by oxacillin (97%, 95% CI 80-100%) and penicillin G (96%, 95% CI 89-99%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) of S. aureus was most frequently observed to three antibiotics (17%, 95% CI 12-22%), and MRSA showed the highest resistance rate to four antibiotics (24%, 95% CI 5-67%). Subgroup analyses results proved that sources of heterogeneity among studies were neither publication year nor detection method. In conclusion, the meta-analysis showed that β-lactam antibiotics resistance of S. aureus and MRSA strains isolated from retail foods remained the most serious, and MDR of S. aureus and MRSA were also observed. Therefore, it is important to monitor the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus and MRSA in food chain, and food safety measures should be taken to reduce the transmission of this bacterium from foods to human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jia
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Taisong Fang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangtai Liu
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanxia Sun
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yeru Wang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Ding
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Changcheng Li
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dongpo Xu
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxuan Qiu
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingli Dong
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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29
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Vaiyapuri M, Joseph TC, Rao BM, Lalitha KV, Prasad MM. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Seafood: Prevalence, Laboratory Detection, Clonal Nature, and Control in Seafood Chain. J Food Sci 2019; 84:3341-3351. [PMID: 31769517 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a versatile pathogen bearing multiple virulence determinants, is increasingly being detected in various food-producing animals, including fish. In addition, it is a potential food poisoning agent. MRSA is not an inherent microbiota of fish; its presence is attributed to pre- or postharvest contamination through fish handlers, water, ice, and processing equipment. Several reviews have been written on MRSA in clinical as well as the food animal-producing sector, but information specific to MRSA in seafood is scant. This review puts forth insights on MRSA detection in seafood, antibiotic resistance, diversity of clones in seafood, and possible control measures in seafood production chain. Emphasis has been given on assessing the variations in the protocols employed for isolation and identification in different food matrices and lay the foundation for researchers to develop optimized procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugadas Vaiyapuri
- Microbiology, Fermentation and Biotechnology (MFB) Division, ICAR-Central Inst. of Fisheries Technology (ICAR-CIFT), Willingdon Island, Cochin, 682029, India
| | | | | | | | - Mothadaka Mukteswar Prasad
- Microbiology, Fermentation and Biotechnology (MFB) Division, ICAR-Central Inst. of Fisheries Technology (ICAR-CIFT), Willingdon Island, Cochin, 682029, India
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30
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Epidemiological Characteristics of Staphylococcus Aureus in Raw Goat Milk in Shaanxi Province, China. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8030141. [PMID: 31500339 PMCID: PMC6783894 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Goat milk has been frequently implicated in staphylococcal food poisoning. The potential risk of raw goat milk contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in Shaanxi province of China is still not well documented. This study investigated the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, as well as virulence-related genes of S. aureus from raw goat milk samples in Shaanxi, China. A total of 68 S. aureus isolates were cultured from 289 raw goat milk. Most of the isolates were resistant to penicillin and oxacillin, although 41.18%, 33.82%, and 29.41% of the isolates expressed resistance to piperacillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Our data demonstrated that 91.18% of the isolates produced biofilm, of which 54.41% isolates belonged to high-biofilm producers. In addition, genotypic analysis of biofilm related genes (fnbA, clfB, fnbB, cna) revealed that 91.18% of the isolates harbored at least one of the genes, in which the most prevalent genes were fnbA (66. 17%), clfB (48.53%), and fnbB (26.47%). 94.8% of the isolates contained at least one toxin-related gene, of which seb (76.47%), tsst (36.76%), and sea (23.53%) genes were the more frequently detected. Further analysis revealed a positive association between fnbA, clfB, fnbB, seb, tsst, and sea genes and certain antibiotic resistance. The results indicated that raw goat milk samples contaminated by S. aureus can be a potential risk to public health.
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31
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Oh WT, Jun JW, Giri SS, Yun S, Kim HJ, Kim SG, Kim SW, Han SJ, Kwon J, Park SC. Staphylococcus xylosus Infection in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) As a Primary Pathogenic Cause of Eye Protrusion and Mortality. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090330. [PMID: 31500280 PMCID: PMC6780347 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal infections are extensively investigated in humans owing to the resistance of staphylococci to diverse antibiotics commonly used in hospitals. The resistance mechanism of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus has garnered the interest of researchers due to its risk to the global public health. Furthermore, the zoonotic potential of staphylococci has led to increased interest in their transmission mechanism via food, livestock, as well as domestic and wild animals. Although fish are globally consumed, there are only few studies on the potential threat of staphylococcal infection in aquatic animals. In this study, we present the first description of Staphylococcus xylosus infection and its pathogenicity in rainbow trout, which resulted in fish mortality and economic losses in trout fisheries. We focused on the pathogenic role of the bacterium and its influence on rainbow trout based on the clinical symptoms in the eyes. Staphylococcus xylosus infection induced exophthalmia and disrupted the primary immune barrier, which increased the possibility of other secondary bacterial infections in fish under poor conditions, resulting in continuous mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Taek Oh
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jin Woo Jun
- Department of Aquaculture, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Sib Sankar Giri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Saekil Yun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyoun Joong Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sang Guen Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sang Wha Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Se Jin Han
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jun Kwon
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Se Chang Park
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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32
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Guimarães AC, Meireles LM, Lemos MF, Guimarães MCC, Endringer DC, Fronza M, Scherer R. Antibacterial Activity of Terpenes and Terpenoids Present in Essential Oils. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132471. [PMID: 31284397 PMCID: PMC6651100 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The antimicrobial activity of essential oils has been reported in hundreds of studies, however, the great majority of these studies attribute the activity to the most prevalent compounds without analyzing them independently. Therefore, the aim was to investigate the antibacterial activity of 33 free terpenes commonly found in essential oils and evaluate the cellular ultrastructure to verify possible damage to the cellular membrane. Methods: Screening was performed to select substances with possible antimicrobial activity, then the minimal inhibitory concentrations, bactericidal activity and 24-h time-kill curve studies were evaluated by standard protocols. In addition, the ultrastructure of control and death bacteria were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Results: Only 16 of the 33 compounds had antimicrobial activity at the initial screening. Eugenol exhibited rapid bactericidal action against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (2 h). Terpineol showed excellent bactericidal activity against S. aureus strains. Carveol, citronellol and geraniol presented a rapid bactericidal effect against E. coli. Conclusions: The higher antimicrobial activity was related to the presence of hydroxyl groups (phenolic and alcohol compounds), whereas hydrocarbons resulted in less activity. The first group, such as carvacrol, l-carveol, eugenol, trans-geraniol, and thymol, showed higher activity when compared to sulfanilamide. Images obtained by scanning electron microscopy indicate that the mechanism causing the cell death of the evaluated bacteria is based on the loss of cellular membrane integrity of function. The present study brings detailed knowledge about the antimicrobial activity of the individual compounds present in essential oils, that can provide a greater understanding for the future researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Cristina Guimarães
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Vila Velha, Espírito Santo 29102-770, Brazil
| | - Leandra Martins Meireles
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Vila Velha, Espírito Santo 29102-770, Brazil
| | - Mayara Fumiere Lemos
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Vila Velha, Espírito Santo 29102-770, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcio Fronza
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Vila Velha, Espírito Santo 29102-770, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Scherer
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Vila Velha, Espírito Santo 29102-770, Brazil.
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Naas HT, Edarhoby RA, Garbaj AM, Azwai SM, Abolghait SK, Gammoudi FT, Moawad AA, Barbieri I, Eldaghayes IM. Occurrence, characterization, and antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus in meat, meat products, and some seafood from Libyan retail markets. Vet World 2019; 12:925-931. [PMID: 31440015 PMCID: PMC6661493 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.925-931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the current investigation was to screen the presence of Staphylococci spp., especially S. aureus in meat, meat products of different animal species, and some seafood sold in some retail markets in Libya using cultural and molecular techniques, and to study their antibiotics resistance profiles. Materials and Methods: A total of 139 samples from red meat, meat products, and seafood were collected from many areas in Libya. Enumeration and isolation of Staphylococci spp. and S. aureus by normal cultural methods followed by molecular identification using molecular techniques by bacterial DNA extraction and partial sequencing of 16S rDNA. Results: Out of 139 samples, 112 (80.6%) were contaminated with different species of Staphylococci based on cultural characteristics of Staphylococci on Baird-Parker medium, for which S. aureus was detected in only 32 samples (23%). However, only six out of 18 (33.3%) isolates sent for sequencing were confirmed to be S. aureus using the molecular technique. The six identified isolates of S. aureus were tested for antimicrobial resistance against 24 most commonly used antibiotics. All isolates were resistant to only two antibiotics (cefotaxime and clindamycin). Among these six isolates, only one confirmed to be Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: Results of this study suggest that food of animal origin could be a source of S. aureus with antimicrobial resistance characteristics that can be spread through the food chain, and raise the importance of these results for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham T Naas
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P.O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Ramadan A Edarhoby
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P.O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Aboubaker M Garbaj
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P.O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Salah M Azwai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P.O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Said K Abolghait
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Fatim T Gammoudi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P.O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Ashraf A Moawad
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Ilaria Barbieri
- Department of Genetics, The Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute, Via Bianchi 9, Brescia 25124, Italy
| | - Ibrahim M Eldaghayes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P.O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya
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Wang YT, Lin YT, Wan TW, Wang DY, Lin HY, Lin CY, Chen YC, Teng LJ. Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes among Staphylococcus species isolated from ready-to-eat foods. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27:841-848. [PMID: 31590755 PMCID: PMC9306985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated antibiotic resistance of staphylococci isolated from 1128 samples of high-circulating RTE foods in Taiwan. A total of 111 Staphylococcus aureus and 709 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) comprising 23 species were isolated. The prevalence of S. aureus differed in various category of RTE foods, highest in fresh-cut fruits/vegetables (20.5%) and lowest in low-water activity (LWA) foods (0.7%). The overall staphylococcal contamination was highest in fresh-cut fruits/vegetables (62.2%), in which multiple isolates (up to 10) or species (up to 6) in single sample were frequently found. Distinct distribution of species contributed to unique feature in each category. Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus was higher in fresh-cut fruits/vegetables samples (14.2% in 127) compared to other food categories (0–7.1%). A total of 4 MRSA carrying SCCmec type IV or VT were identified (3.6% in 111), in which 3 belonged to sequence type ST59 and one was ST5. Among CoNS, S. epidermidis and S. warneri exhibited higher non-intrinsic antibiotic resistance than other species. Of 41 methicillin-resistant CoNS (5.8% in 709) isolates, SCCmec type IV (n = 16) and type VT (n = 6) were most frequent. Isolates of S. saprophyticus, S. xylosus and S. sciuri displayed high rates of resistance to fusidic acid. Novel fusB-family determinants were identified in S. xylosus, S. sciuri and S. kloosii, which may contribute to their intrinsic resistance to fusidic acid. Compared to other food categories, fresh-cut fruits/vegetables were more contaminated by staphylococci carrying non-intrinsic resistance determinants including methicillin resistance. This nation-wide study demonstrated that some categories may have potential risk for transmitting antibiotic resistance, in which S. epidermidis and S. warneri should be gotten more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Research and Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tzu Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Wen Wan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Der-Yuan Wang
- Division of Research and Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Yang Lin
- Division of Food Safety, Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Che-Yang Lin
- Division of Research and Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Chen
- Division of Research and Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Jene Teng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Li H, Stegger M, Dalsgaard A, Leisner JJ. Bacterial content and characterization of antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Danish sushi products and association with food inspector rankings. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 305:108244. [PMID: 31202150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the prevalence and phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in sushi from 20 Danish outlets. Microbial quality of sushi products and food inspector ranking of outlets were assessed and results for thirteen of the outlets were compared with findings from a previous study in 2012. Inspector rankings were similar in the two studies. The mesophilic aerobic counts were slightly lower (p = 0.0296) in 2017 than in 2012 with average values of the 13 shops of 5.2 log CFU/g and 5.7 log CFU/g, respectively. In both studies E. coli was only found in the products from outlets that did not have consistently superior rankings. On the other hand prevalence and average counts of Staphylococcus spp. were slightly higher in 2017 (p = 0.0286) but no methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were observed in the present study. Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) were, however, isolated from 18.7% of sushi products with an average count below 2 log CFU/g. Based on spa and multilocus sequence typing (MLST), isolates belonged to clonal complex CC7 (t2016), CC20 (t7836), CC45 (t065, t127, t362), CC88 (t1998) and CC398 (t164, t331, t1451). The Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-encoding gene lukF was detected only in isolates of the t065 spa-type whereas the scn gene from the ΦSa3 prophage was detected in 76.5% of the isolates, supporting that the majority of isolates were of likely human origin. Thirty-six isolates (70.6%) were resistant to at least one of the antibiotic compounds tested. Antibiotic resistance genes that confer resistance to β-lactams (blaZ) and macrolides (ermC) were detected in 33.3% and 9.8% of isolates, respectively. The tet(K) gene that encode tetracycline resistance was only found in a t7836 strain. Overall, this study indicates that S. aureus in sushi products in Denmark do not represent a major food safety hazard due to, firstly, the low temperature and limited time of storage of product may prevent significant growth and production of toxic levels of enterotoxin of this species. Secondly, the S. aureus isolates obtained did not include MRSA variants and none of them encoded PVL that constitute one of the virulence factors in pathogenesis. Several MSSA isolates contained however genes encoding antibiotic resistance, which emphasize the potential role of foods as vehicles for transmission of such variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Anders Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Jørgen J Leisner
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Abreu R, Rodríguez-Álvarez C, Lecuona M, Castro B, González JC, Aguirre-Jaime A, Arias Á. Increased Antimicrobial Resistance of MRSA Strains Isolated from Pigs in Spain between 2009 and 2018. Vet Sci 2019; 6:E38. [PMID: 30987334 PMCID: PMC6632109 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The problem of emerging resistant microorganisms such as Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) associated to livestock is closely linked to improper use of antimicrobial agents. The aim of this study is to find out the prevalence and characteristics of these strains, as well as their evolution in healthy pigs on the Island of Tenerife, Spain. Between October 2009 and December 2010, 300 pigs from 15 wean-to-finishing farms were screened. Between 1 September 2017 and 31 March 2018, a new sampling was performed collecting 125 nasal swabs from pigs belonging to the same farms and under the same conditions as the previous study. MRSA antibiotic resistant patterns were studied. Results: Prevalence of MRSA isolates was 89.6%. All isolates belonged to Sequence Type 398 (ST398), a livestock related strain. All strains studied were resistant to beta-lactamic non-carbapenemic antibiotics and sensitive to teicoplanin, linezolid, vancomycin, rifampicin, quinupristin-dalfospristin, and mupirocine. Between 2009/2010-2017/2018 a significant increase in resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin, trimethoprim-sulfomethoxazole, clindamycin, Fosfomycin, and tigecycline antibiotics was observed in isolated MRSA strains compared to the previous period. We consider a major control and surveillance program of antibiotic use in veterinary care is needed in order to reduce the presence of MRSA strains in livestock and control this significant multi-resistance increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Abreu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health. Universidad de La Laguna. Campus de Ofra S/N., 38071 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
- Microbiology and Infection Control Service of the University Hospital of the Canary Islands (HUC), 38004 Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Cristobalina Rodríguez-Álvarez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health. Universidad de La Laguna. Campus de Ofra S/N., 38071 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
| | - María Lecuona
- Microbiology and Infection Control Service of the University Hospital of the Canary Islands (HUC), 38004 Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Castro
- Microbiology and Infection Control Service of the University Hospital of the Canary Islands (HUC), 38004 Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Juan Carlos González
- Canary Islands Health Service, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 38004 Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Armando Aguirre-Jaime
- Institute of Care Research, Nurses' Association, 38001 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Ángeles Arias
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health. Universidad de La Laguna. Campus de Ofra S/N., 38071 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
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Islam MA, Parveen S, Rahman M, Huq M, Nabi A, Khan ZUM, Ahmed N, Wagenaar JA. Occurrence and Characterization of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Processed Raw Foods and Ready-to-Eat Foods in an Urban Setting of a Developing Country. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:503. [PMID: 30923520 PMCID: PMC6426745 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are gradually increasing in the community. In this study, we investigated a total of 162 food samples including 112 ready-to-eat (RTE) foods and 40 processed raw meat and fish samples collected from retail vendors in Dhaka, Bangladesh and determined the occurrence of toxigenic S. aureus and MRSA. Around 22% of samples were positive for S. aureus, RTE foods being more positive (23%) than the processed raw meat/fish samples (18%). Among 35 S. aureus isolates, 74% were resistant to erythromycin, 49% to ciprofloxacin and around 30% to oxacillin and cefoxitin. Around 37% of isolates were resistant to ≥3 classes of antibiotics and 26% of isolates (n = 9) were identified as MRSA. Majority of the isolates were positive for enterotoxin genes (74%), followed by pvl gene (71%), toxic shock syndrome toxin (tsst) gene (17%) and exfoliative toxin genes (11%). Multi locus sequence typing (MLST) of 9 MRSA isolates identified four different types such as ST80 (n = 3), ST6 (n = 2), ST239 (n = 2) and ST361 (n = 2). spa typing of MRSA isolates revealed seven different types including t1198 (n = 2), t315 (n = 2), t037 (n = 1), t275 (n = 1), t304 (n = 1), t8731 (n = 1) and t10546 (n = 1). To our knowledge, this is the first report entailing baseline data on the occurrence of MRSA in RTE foods in Dhaka highlighting a potential public health risk to street food consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aminul Islam
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sahana Parveen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Botany, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahdia Rahman
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohsina Huq
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashikun Nabi
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
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Abdelfatah EN, Mahboub HHH. Studies on the effect of Lactococcus garvieae of dairy origin on both cheese and Nile tilapia ( O. niloticus). Int J Vet Sci Med 2018; 6:201-207. [PMID: 30564596 PMCID: PMC6286421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to evaluate the activity of Lactococcus garvieae of dairy origin against pathogenic bacteria during cheese manufacture and its suitability and safety as a probiotic on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). For these purposes, Lactococcus garvieae isolated from raw cow milk was tested to control the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in artificially contaminated cheese during storage under refrigeration. Also a feeding experiment was conducted on 120 Oreochromis niloticus using a diet containing Lactococcus garvieae as a probiotic bacteria against pathogenic S. aureus. The findings of this study showed that Lactococcus garvieae of dairy origin produced inhibitory substances against pathogenic microorganisms. The selected strain had a good inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus in artificially contaminated cheese during refrigerated storage. Concerning fish experiment, it showed no evidence of disease in fish that were fed a diet containing Lactococcus garvieae, and showed a higher survival rate than others. Further investigations for purification of the produced inhibitory substance and confirming that is a bacteriocin-like substance are needed. Nonetheless, it is the first report of using L. garvieae of dairy origin as a probiotic for controlling the pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus in Oreochromis niloticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman N. Abdelfatah
- Department of Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City 44511, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Heba Hassan H. Mahboub
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City 44511, Sharkia, Egypt
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Jia W, Shi L, Chu X, Chang J, Chen Y, Zhang F. A strategy for untargeted screening of macrolides and metabolites in bass by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2018; 262:110-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Gaerste-Díaz YC, Lozano-Zarain P, Torres C, Castro González NP, Rocha-Gracia RDC. Genotyping of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence in Staphylococcus Isolated from Food of Animal Origin in Mexico. Indian J Microbiol 2018; 58:525-528. [PMID: 30262964 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-018-0745-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ninety-six methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and 11 methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCNS) were recovered from food of animal origin. Multi-drug resistance was detected in 34.1% of isolates. Tetracycline-resistant staphylococci harbored tetK gene (68.8%). Erythromycin/clindamycin-resistant staphylococci carried lnuA/lnuB genes frequently alone or combined with msrA gene. The sec gene was detected in 15.6% of MSSA and two isolates harbored the immune evasion cluster. The spa t337 predominated among MSSA strains. Two ermC-positive MRCNS isolates were observed, five mecA-positive carried SCCmec IVa and 6 were non-typeable by the IWG-SCC classification. These results demonstrate that food of animal origin can be a potential source for spreading of multidrug-resistance gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosainix C Gaerste-Díaz
- 1Instituto de Ciencias, Posgrado en Microbiología. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas. Edificio IC-11. Ciudad Universitaria. Colonia San Manuel, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Patricia Lozano-Zarain
- 1Instituto de Ciencias, Posgrado en Microbiología. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas. Edificio IC-11. Ciudad Universitaria. Colonia San Manuel, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Carmen Torres
- 2Área Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de la Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja Spain
| | - Numa P Castro González
- 3Facultad de Ingeniería Agrohidráulica, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Av, Universidad s/n, Junta Auxiliar de San Juan Acateno, Teziutlán, CP. 73695 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Rosa Del C Rocha-Gracia
- 1Instituto de Ciencias, Posgrado en Microbiología. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas. Edificio IC-11. Ciudad Universitaria. Colonia San Manuel, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Mexico
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Occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in raw shellfish at retail markets in Malaysia and antibacterial efficacies of black seed (Nigella sativa) oil against MRSA. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Liu B, Sun H, Pan Y, Zhai Y, Cai T, Yuan X, Gao Y, He D, Liu J, Yuan L, Hu G. Prevalence, resistance pattern, and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from healthy animals and sick populations in Henan Province, China. Gut Pathog 2018; 10:31. [PMID: 30026814 PMCID: PMC6048774 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-018-0254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most prevalent pathogens and a causative agent of a variety of infections in humans and animals. A total of 640 samples were collected from healthy animals and patients from 2013 to 2014 in Henan Province, China, to investigate the prevalence and perform molecular characterization of S. aureus. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes were determined and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing were performed. Results Overall, 22.3% (n = 143) of the samples were positive for S. aureus. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was 5.59%. Capsular polysaccharide locus type 5 (Cap5; 56.64%) was the dominant serotype. S. aureus strains showed high resistance to penicillin (96.50%), ciprofloxacin (52.45%), amikacin (67.83%), erythromycin (96.50%), lincomycin (97.20%), and tetracycline (68.53%) and 109 (76.2%) isolates harbored six or more tested resistance genes. The most predominant resistance genes were aphA (52.45%), ermC (53.15%), and tetM (52.45%). Eighty-seven (60.8%) isolates harbored six or more tested virulence genes. The most predominant enterotoxin genes were sed (20.28%), sej (20.98%), sep (14.69%), and set (37.76%). The prevalence of lukED gene was (57.34%), and a small number of isolates carried pvl (5.59%) and TSST-1 (2.80%). A total of 130 (82.52%) isolates could be typed by PFGE with SmaI digestion. PFGE demonstrated that 45 different patterns (P) that were grouped into 17 pulsotypes and 28 separate pulsotypes using a 90% cut-off value. A total of 118 (82.52%) isolates were successfully typed by spa, and 26 spa types were identified, t15075 (14.00%) and t189 (12.59%) were the most common types. SCCmec types were detected from eight MRSA isolates, with the most prevalent type being SCCmec IVa. MRSA-SCCmec Iva-t437 was observed in human isolates. Conclusion This study revealed a high prevalence of S. aureus in healthy animals and patients from Henan Province, China. Resistant S. aureus exhibited varying degrees of multidrug resistance. The presence of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes may facilitate the spread of S. aureus strains and pose a potential threat to public health, highlighting the need for vigilant monitoring of these isolates at the human–animal interface. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13099-018-0254-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoguang Liu
- 1College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huarun Sun
- 1College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yushan Pan
- 1College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yajun Zhai
- 1College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tian Cai
- 1College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Yuan
- 2Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanling Gao
- Animal Husbandry Bureau of Henan Province, No. 91 Jingsan Road, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dandan He
- 1College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- 1College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Yuan
- 1College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gongzheng Hu
- 1College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, China
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Soltan Dallal MM, Mazaheri Nezhad Fard R, Sharifi-Yazdi MK. Prevalence of sea, seb, tsst, and mecA Genes in Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Shrimps Sold in Seafood Retailers in Tehran, Iran. JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY AND HAZARDS CONTROL 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/jfqhc.5.2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Jaja IF, Green E, Muchenje V. Aerobic Mesophilic, Coliform, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus Counts of Raw Meat from the Formal and Informal Meat Sectors in South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15040819. [PMID: 29690529 PMCID: PMC5923861 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne disease (FBD) is a global public health concern, and foods from animal sources have been associated with outbreaks of food-related illness. In this study, animal carcasses from the two abattoirs (HT1 and HT2) in the formal meat sector (FMS) and slaughter points in the informal meat sector (INMS) were examined at two stages of slaughter (before washing and after washing) for aerobic colony counts (ACC) and total viable count (TCC), as well as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus count. At each stage, carcasses were sampled by swabbing at the neck, brisket, flank, and rump. ACC for beef, mutton, and pork carcasses at HT1 and HT2 before washing were between 2.5–5.8, 2.2–4.7, and 2.7–3.7 mean log CFU/cm2, respectively, and TCC count before washing was highest on the neck of cattle (6.3 ± 2.4) and after washing was highest on the perineal of sheep (5.7 ± 6.9). In the INMS, TCC count was highest on the brisket (6.9 ± 3.2) and in the neck (5.5 ± 2.4). Higher ACC values of 6.2–6.7 mean log CFU/cm2 were obtained in the INMS. The highest count for E. coli (4.2 mean log CFU/cm2) after washing was in the neck, while the highest count for S. aureus (4.0 mean log CFU/cm2) was in the flank. All bacteria count in the INMS exceeded acceptable limits, and washing did not significantly reduce microbial load in meat in the FMS and INMS. Bacteria count in the FMS and INMS exceeded acceptable standards. However, meat processed in the INMS poses a more significant risk of FBD to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishmael Festus Jaja
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
| | - Ezekiel Green
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
| | - Voster Muchenje
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
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Yang X, Yu S, Wu Q, Zhang J, Wu S, Rong D. Multilocus Sequence Typing and Virulence-Associated Gene Profile Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates From Retail Ready-to-Eat Food in China. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:197. [PMID: 29662467 PMCID: PMC5890145 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the subtypes and virulence profiles of 69 Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from retail ready-to-eat food in China. The isolates were analyzed using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of important virulence factor genes, including the staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, sej), the exfoliative toxin genes (eta and etb), the toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 gene (tst), and the Panton-Valentine leucocidin-encoding gene (pvl). The isolates encompassed 26 different sequence types (STs), including four new STs (ST3482, ST3484, ST3485, ST3504), clustered in three clonal complexes and 17 singletons. The most prevalent STs were ST1, ST6, and ST15, constituting 34.8% of all isolates. Most STs (15/26, 57.7%) detected have previously been associated with human infections. All 13 toxin genes examined were detected in the S. aureus isolates, with 84.1% of isolates containing toxin genes. The three most prevalent toxin genes were seb (36.2%), sea (33.3%), and seg (33.3%). The classical SE genes (sea–see), which contribute significantly to staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP), were detected in 72.5% of the S. aureus isolates. In addition, pvl, eta, etb, and tst were found in 11.6, 10.1, 10.1, and 7.2% of the S. aureus isolates, respectively. Strains ST6 carrying sea and ST1 harboring sec-seh enterotoxin profile, which are the two most common clones associated with SFP, were also frequently detected in the food samples in this study. This study indicates that these S. aureus isolates present in Chinese ready-to-eat food represents a potential public health risk. These data are valuable for epidemiological studies, risk management, and public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shubo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongli Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
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Buzón-Durán L, Capita R, Alonso-Calleja C. Antibiotic susceptibility of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) of food origin: A comparison of agar disc diffusion method and a commercially available miniaturized test. Food Microbiol 2017; 72:220-224. [PMID: 29407401 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) are a major concern to public and animal health. Thirty MRS (Staphylococcus aureus, S. cohnii, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. lentus, S. lugdunensis, S. sciuri, and S. xylosus) isolates from meat and poultry preparations were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to 11 antimicrobials (belonging to seven different categories) of clinical significance using both the standard agar disc diffusion method and a commercially available miniaturized system (Sensi Test Gram-positive). It is worth stressing that 16 isolates (53.33%) exhibited an extensively drug-resistant phenotype (XDR). The average number of resistances per strain was 4.67. These results suggest that retail meat and poultry preparations are a likely vehicle for the transmission of multi-drug resistant MRS. Resistance to erythromycin was the commonest finding (76.67% of strains), followed by tobramycin, ceftazidime (66.67%), ciprofloxacin (56.67%) and fosfomycin (53.33%). An agreement (kappa coefficient) of 0.64 was found between the two testing methods. Using the agar disc diffusion as the reference method, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the miniaturized test were 98.44%, 69.44% and 83.33%, respectively. Most discrepancies between the two methods were due to isolates that were susceptible according to the disc diffusion method but resistant according to the miniaturized test (false positives).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buzón-Durán
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain; Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - Rosa Capita
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain; Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain; Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain.
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Wang W, Baloch Z, Jiang T, Zhang C, Peng Z, Li F, Fanning S, Ma A, Xu J. Enterotoxigenicity and Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Retail Food in China. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2256. [PMID: 29209290 PMCID: PMC5702451 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of zoonotic agent in the world, which are attributable to the contamination of food with enterotoxins. In this study, a total of 1,150 S. aureus isolates were cultured from 27,000 retail foods items from 203 cities of 24 provinces in China in 2015 and were test for antimicrobial susceptibility. Additionally, the role of the genes responsible for the staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEA to SEE), methicillin resistance (mecA) and the toxigenic capabilities were also assessed. The results showed that 4.3% retail foods were contaminated with S. aureus, and 7.9% retail foods isolates were mecA positive. Some 97.6% of S. aureus isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial compound, and 57.5% of these were multi drug resistant (MDR). Resistance to penicillin (83.7%, 963/1,150), was common, followed by linezolid (67.7%, 778/1,150) and erythromycin (52.1%, 599/1,150). The isolates cultured from raw meats showed high levels of resistant to tetracycline (42.8%), ciprofloxacin (17.4%), and chloramphenicol (12.0%) and expressed a MDR phenotype (62.4%). A total of 29.7% S. aureus isolates harbored the classical SEs genes (sea, seb, sec, and sed). The sea and seb genes were the most frequent SEs genes detected. Of note, 22% of the SEs genes positive S. aureus harbored two or three SEs genes, and 16 isolates were confirmed with the capacity to simultaneously produce two or three enterotoxin types. Moreover, nearly 50% of the MRSA isolates were positive for at least one SE gene in this study. Therefore, it is important to monitor the antimicrobial susceptibility and enterotoxigenicity of MDR S. aureus and MRSA in the food chain and to use these data to develop food safety measures, designed to reduce the contamination and transmission of this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Zulqarnain Baloch
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Cunshan Zhang
- Kuiwen District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Weifang, China
| | - Zixin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Fengqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Séamus Fanning
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China.,UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Aiguo Ma
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
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Saber H, Jasni AS, Jamaluddin TZMT, Ibrahim R. A Review of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCC mec) Types in Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) Species. Malays J Med Sci 2017; 24:7-18. [PMID: 29386968 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2017.24.5.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are considered low pathogenic organisms. However, they are progressively causing more serious infections with time because they have adapted well to various antibiotics owing to their ability to form biofilms. Few studies have been conducted on CoNS in both, hospital and community-acquired settings, especially in Malaysia. Thus, it is important to study their species and gene distributions. A mobile genetic element, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), plays an important role in staphylococci pathogenesis. Among CoNS, SCCmec has been studied less frequently than Staphylococcus aureus (coagulase-positive staphylococci). A recent study (8) conducted in Malaysia successfully detected SCCmec type I to VIII as well as several new combination patterns in CoNS species, particularly Staphylococcus epidermidis. However, data are still limited, and further research is warranted. This paper provides a review on SCCmec types among CoNS species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda Saber
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Azmiza Syawani Jasni
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Tengku Zetty Maztura Tengku Jamaluddin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Rosni Ibrahim
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Murugadas V, Joseph TC, Lalitha KV. Tracing contamination of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) into seafood marketing chain by staphylococcal protein A typing. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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50
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Rong D, Wu Q, Xu M, Zhang J, Yu S. Prevalence, Virulence Genes, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Genetic Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus from Retail Aquatic Products in China. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:714. [PMID: 28473827 PMCID: PMC5398012 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important food-borne opportunistic pathogen that frequently causes severe blood and tissue infections or even fatal illnesses. Although S. aureus has been extensively studied in livestock and poultry foods in China, limited information has been reported in aquatic products. Accordingly, in this study, we aimed to characterize S. aureus in aquatic products purchased from retail markets in China. In total, 320 aquatic food samples were collected from 32 provincial capitals in China. The results showed that 119 samples (37.2%, 119/320) were positive for S. aureus by both qualitative and quantitative analyses. The contamination levels of 78.2% of samples ranged from 0.3 to 10 MPN/g, and six samples exceeded 110 MPN/g. A total of 119 S. aureus isolates from positive samples were selected to evaluate virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, and molecular characteristics. All S. aureus isolates were evaluated for the presence of 11 virulence genes by multiplex polymerase chain reaction, and α-hemolysin (hlα, 84.9%), fibronectin-binding protein A (fnbA, 79.0%), S. aureus enterotoxin E (see, 53.8%), and Panton-Valentine leucocidin (pvl, 50.4%) were identified as the major genes. These genes formed 56 different profiles, with the major profile identified as pvl-hlα-fnbA (28.6%). The antimicrobial susceptibility of all isolates was analyzed through the disk diffusion method, and the results showed high resistance to β-lactams, macrolides and tetracyclines, but susceptibility to linezolid and vancomycin. In addition, 26 sequence types (STs) were obtained via multilocus sequence typing, including seven novel STs, among which ST1 (20.2%), ST15 (18.5%), and ST188 (13.4%) were the most common STs. All the isolates were mecC negative, but nine isolates carrying mecA were evaluated by staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, all of which were SCCmecIII or SCCmecIV types. Isolates of SCCmecIII showed a high prevalence and were multidrug resistant. Our results showed that aquatic products could be a vehicle for transmission of virulence genes and multidrug-resistant S. aureus, representing a potential public health risk. The STs identified in this study indicated the genetic diversity of S. aureus, thereby providing important basic data for the dissemination of S. aureus in aquatic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Rong
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied MicrobiologyGuangzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied MicrobiologyGuangzhou, China
| | - Mingfang Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied MicrobiologyGuangzhou, China
| | - Shubo Yu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied MicrobiologyGuangzhou, China
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