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Rafiq K, Sani AA, Hossain MT, Hossain MT, Hadiuzzaman M, Bhuiyan MAS. Assessment of the presence of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Staphylococcus in chicken meat, eggs and faeces in Mymensingh division of Bangladesh. Heliyon 2024; 10:e36690. [PMID: 39281621 PMCID: PMC11401041 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of bacteria that is resistant to several drugs of clinical importance poses a threat to successful treatment, a phenomenon known as multidrug resistance that affects diverse classes of antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus in chicken egg, meat and faeces from four districts of Bangladesh. A total of 120 chicken samples were collected from different poultry farms. Conventional culture and molecular detection methods were used for identification of bacterial isolates from the collected samples followed by antibiotic susceptibility test through the disc diffusion method, finally antibiotic resistant genes were detected by PCR. E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were detected in meat, egg and faecal samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility results revealed isolates from faeces were 100 % resistant to amoxicillin, while all S. aureus and Salmonella sp. from faeces were resistant to doxycycline, tetracycline and erythromycin. Salmonella spp. isolates from eggs indicated 100 % resistance to erythromycin, amoxycillin, while E. coli were 100 % resistant to erythromycin. E. coli and S. aureus from meat were 100 % resistant to amoxicillin and erythromycin. However, Salmonella spp. from eggs were 100 % susceptible to doxycycline, gentamicin, levofloxacin and tetracycline. The mecA and aac(3)-IV genes were only found in S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. The Sul1, tetB, and aadA1 were highest in Salmonella spp. and S. aureus, while the sul1, tetA and bla SHV were higher in E. coli. Isolates from all samples were multidrug resistant. These findings indicate a high risk of transmission of resistance genes from microbial contamination to food of animal origin. The study emphasizes the need for effective biosecurity measures, responsible antibiotic use, and strict regulations in poultry production to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Rafiq
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Aminatu Abubakar Sani
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad Tofazzal Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Tarek Hossain
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Hadiuzzaman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Abdus Sattar Bhuiyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
- Department of Cardiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
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Algammal AM, El-Tarabili RM, Abd El-Ghany WA, Almanzalawi EA, Alqahtani TM, Ghabban H, Al-Otaibi AS, Alatfeehy NM, Abosleima NM, Hetta HF, Badawy GA. Resistance profiles, virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes of XDR S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium. AMB Express 2023; 13:110. [PMID: 37817026 PMCID: PMC10564691 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01615-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian salmonellosis is concomitant with high financial crises in the poultry industry as well as food-borne illness in man. The present study is designed to investigate the emergence of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium in diseased broilers, resistance profiles, and monitoring virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. Consequently, 450 samples (cloacal swabs, liver, and spleen) were collected from 150 diseased birds from different farms in Giza Governorate, Egypt. Subsequently, the bacteriological examination was done. Afterward, the obtained Salmonella isolates were tested for serogrouping, antibiogram, PCR monitoring of virulence (invA, stn, hilA, and pefA), and antimicrobial resistance genes (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaNDM, ermA, sul1, tetA, and aadA1). The total prevalence of Salmonella in the examined diseased broilers was 9.3%, and the highest prevalence was noticed in cloacal swabs. Among the recovered Salmonella isolates (n = 35), 20 serovars were recognized as S. Enteritidis and 15 serovars were identified as S. Typhimurium. Almost 60% of the retrieved S. Enteritidis serovars were extensively drug-resistant (XDR) to seven antimicrobial classes and inherited sul1, blaTEM, tetA, blaCTX-M, ereA, and aadA1 genes. Likewise, 25% of the recovered S. Enteritidis serovars were multidrug-resistant (MDR) to six classes and have sul1, blaTEM, tetA, blaCTX-M, and ereA resistance genes. Also, 66.7% of the retrieved S. Typhimurium serovars were XDR to seven classes and have sul1, blaTEM, tetA, blaCTX-M, ereA, and aadA1 genes. Succinctly, this report underlined the reemergence of XDR S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis in broiler chickens. Meropenem and norfloxacin exposed a hopeful antimicrobial activity toward the re-emerging XDR S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis in broilers. Moreover, the recurrence of these XDR Salmonella strains poses a potential public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelazeem M Algammal
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Reham M El-Tarabili
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Wafaa A Abd El-Ghany
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Enas A Almanzalawi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahani M Alqahtani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanaa Ghabban
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, 71491, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amenah S Al-Otaibi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, 71491, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nayera M Alatfeehy
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 1261, Egypt
| | - Naira M Abosleima
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 1261, Egypt
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Ghada A Badawy
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, 46429, Umluj, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Patil V, Hedau M, Kaore M, Badar S, Kadam M, Chaudhari S, Rawool D, Barbuddhe S, Vergis J, Kurkure N. Potential of cinnamaldehyde essential oil as a possible antimicrobial against fowl typhoid in layers. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:126. [PMID: 36944831 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Fowl typhoid (FT) is an economically significant bacterial disease of layers leading to a drastic drop in egg production. Due to increased public health concerns about antibiotics in poultry feed, a search for new safe antimicrobials for treating fowl typhoid is crucial. The antimicrobial effect of cinnamaldehyde essential oil (CnEO) against fowl typhoid in layers was investigated in this experiment. The 60-week-old BV300-layer birds (n = 100) were divided into five groups: the non-challenged control group A, only cinnamaldehyde-treated group B (CnEO @ 1:8000 dilutions through drinking water for 60 days), the challenged group C, challenged plus cinnamaldehyde therapy group D (CnEO @ 1:8000 dilutions through drinking water from 16 to 30 dpi), and challenged plus antibiotic therapy group E (chloramphenicol @ 1 gm/5lit through drinking water from 16 to 30 dpi). Hens from all challenged groups were challenged with Salmonella Gallinarum (VTCCBAA588) @ 1 × 108 CFU/ml orally. Various parameters such as clinical signs, mortality, egg production and egg weight, colony-forming unit (CFU) count of cecal content, eggshell surface, and egg yolk were evaluated all through 60 days of an experimental trial. Results indicated that, in the case of the cinnamaldehyde therapeutic group, there was a significant improvement in egg production, mild clinical signs, lower feed conversion ratio (FCR), and a significantly lower bacterial count in ceca and on the eggshell surface compared to the control challenge group. Thus, CnEO @ 1:8000 dilutions through drinking water can be a potential antimicrobial for controlling fowl typhoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Patil
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Seminary Hills, Nagpur, 440006, Maharashtra, India
| | - Madhuri Hedau
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Seminary Hills, Nagpur, 440006, Maharashtra, India
| | - Megha Kaore
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Seminary Hills, Nagpur, 440006, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shweta Badar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Seminary Hills, Nagpur, 440006, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mukund Kadam
- Department of Poultry Sciences, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, 440006, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sandeep Chaudhari
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, 440006, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Rawool
- ICAR-National Research Centre On Meat, Chengicherla, Hyderabad, 500 092, Telanagana, India
| | - Sukhadeo Barbuddhe
- ICAR-National Research Centre On Meat, Chengicherla, Hyderabad, 500 092, Telanagana, India
| | - Jess Vergis
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode Kerala Veterinary, and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India
| | - Nitin Kurkure
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Seminary Hills, Nagpur, 440006, Maharashtra, India.
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Martins Morasi R, Zimbardi da Silva A, Thais Alves Dantas S, Faganello C, Cristina Bastos Juliano L, Lúcia Mores Rall V, Ribeiro Tiba-Casas M, Pantoja JC, Ferreira Amarante A, Cristina Cirone Silva N. Overview of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors in Salmonella spp. isolated in the last two decades from chicken in Brazil. Food Res Int 2022; 162:111955. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Antimicrobial resistance and genomic characterisation of Escherichia coli isolated from caged and non-caged retail table eggs in Western Australia. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 340:109054. [PMID: 33465549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne exposure to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is a growing global health concern. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is well recognised as an indicator of food contamination with faecal materials. In the present study, we investigated the occurrence of E. coli in table eggs sold at retail supermarkets in Western Australia (WA). A total of 2172 visually clean and intact retail eggs were purchased between October 2017 and June 2018. A single carton containing a dozen eggs was considered as a single sample resulting a total of 181 samples. The shells and contents of each sample were separately pooled and tested using standard culture-based methods. Overall, generic E. coli was detected in 36 (19.8%; 95% confidence interval: 14.3; 26.4) of the 181 tested retail egg samples. We characterised 100 of the recovered E. coli isolates for their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). A subset of E. coli isolates (n = 14) were selected on the basis of their MIC patterns, and were further characterised using whole genome sequencing (WGS). Fifty-seven (57%) of the recovered generic E. coli isolates (n = 100) were resistant to at least one of the 14 antimicrobials included in the MIC testing panel, of which 22 isolates (22%) showed multi-class resistance. The highest frequencies of non-susceptibility of E. coli isolated from WA retailed eggs were against tetracycline (49%) and ampicillin (36%). WGS revealed that tet(A) and blaTEM-1B genes were present in most of the isolates exhibiting phenotypic resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin, respectively. The majority (98%) of the characterised E. coli isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and azithromycin, and none were resistant to the cephalosporin antimicrobials included in the MIC panel. Two isolates demonstrated reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, with MICs of 0.125 and 0.25 mg/L, and WGS revealed the presence of plasmid mediated qnrs1 gene in both isolates. This is the first report on detection of non-wild-type resistance to fluoroquinolones in supermarket eggs in Australia; one of the two isolates was from a cage-laid eggs sample while the other was from a barn-laid retail eggs sample. Fluoroquinolones have never been permitted for use in poultry farms in Australia. Thus, the detection of low-level ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli in the absence of local antimicrobial selection pressure at the Australian layer farms warrants further research on the potential role of the environment or human-related factors in the transmission of antimicrobial resistance. The results of this study add to the local and global understanding of antimicrobial resistance spread in foods of animal origin.
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Kumar N, Mohan K, Georges K, Dziva F, Adesiyun AA. Occurrence of Virulence and Resistance Genes in Salmonella in Cloacae of Slaughtered Chickens and Ducks at Pluck Shops in Trinidad. J Food Prot 2021; 84:39-46. [PMID: 32818228 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The study used PCR to determine the molecular basis of the antibiotic resistance and virulence profiles of isolates of Salmonella by targeting genes encoding for carriage and persistence in the poultry. Of a total 1,503 cecal samples collected from poultry, 91 (6.1%) were positive for Salmonella. Ten different serotypes were detected from Salmonella isolates. The study was also conducted to determine the occurrence of 13 virulence and 12 resistance genes in isolates of Salmonella. All 46 isolates of Salmonella tested were positive for one or more of the 12 virulence genes detected, ranging from 0.0% (viaB) to 100.0% (invA, mgtB, pipA, and spi4D) (P < 0.05). Occurrence of virulence genes varied significantly (P < 0.05) by serotype but not by animal species. Only 4 (33.3%) of 12 resistance genes assayed were detected: strA, ampC, cmy2, and qnrB. Overall, the occurrence of detected resistance genes was 71.7% (33 of 46), and 87.1 and 40.0% of the isolates from chickens and ducks, respectively, were positive (P = 0.0009). The occurrence of resistance genes ranged from 2.2% (cmy2) to 50.0% (qnrB) in isolates positive for resistance gene. The findings provide evidence that poultry from "pluck shops" are colonized by Salmonella pathogens that harbor virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes; this may have clinical and therapeutic consequences, if the genes detected are expressed. Although there is a need for prudent use of antimicrobial agents in poultry production systems, there should be constant monitoring for the prevalence of resistance in Salmonella isolates using phenotypic methods. The importance of monitoring the occurrence of resistance genes in the pathogens in Trinidad cannot be ignored. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitu Kumar
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of The West Indies, St. Augustine 331311, Trinidad and Tobago (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2082-6996 [N.K.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6407-7654 [K.M.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-9421 [A.A.A.])
| | - Krishna Mohan
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of The West Indies, St. Augustine 331311, Trinidad and Tobago (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2082-6996 [N.K.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6407-7654 [K.M.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-9421 [A.A.A.])
| | - Karla Georges
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of The West Indies, St. Augustine 331311, Trinidad and Tobago (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2082-6996 [N.K.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6407-7654 [K.M.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-9421 [A.A.A.])
| | - Francis Dziva
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of The West Indies, St. Augustine 331311, Trinidad and Tobago (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2082-6996 [N.K.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6407-7654 [K.M.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-9421 [A.A.A.])
| | - Abiodun A Adesiyun
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of The West Indies, St. Augustine 331311, Trinidad and Tobago (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2082-6996 [N.K.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6407-7654 [K.M.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-9421 [A.A.A.]).,Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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Sodagari HR, Wang P, Robertson I, Habib I, Sahibzada S. Non-Typhoidal Salmonella at the Human-Food-of-Animal-Origin Interface in Australia. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1192. [PMID: 32674371 PMCID: PMC7401514 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella is a major zoonotic pathogen that plays a significant role in foodborne human salmonellosis worldwide through the consumption of contaminated foods, particularly those of animal origin. Despite a considerable reduction in human salmonellosis outbreaks in developed countries, Australia is experiencing a continuous rise of such outbreaks in humans. This review of the literature highlights the reported non-typhoidal Salmonella outbreaks in humans as well as the occurrence of the pathogen in foods from animal sources throughout Australia. Non-typhoidal Salmonella infections from food animals are more often associated with at-risk people, such as immunocompromised and aged people or children. Although several animal-sourced foods were recognised as the catalysts for salmonellosis outbreaks in Australia, egg and egg-based products remained the most implicated foods in the reported outbreaks. This review further highlights the antimicrobial resistance trends of non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates at the human-food interface, with a focus on clinically important antimicrobials in humans, by collating evidence from previous investigations in Australia. The rise in antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella, especially to antimicrobials commonly prescribed to treat human salmonellosis, has become a significant global public health concern. However, the overall prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Australia is considerably lower than in other parts of the world, particularly in terms of critically important antimicrobials for the treatment of human salmonellosis. The present review adds to our understanding of the global epidemiology of non-typhoidal Salmonella with emphasis on the past few decades in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Sodagari
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (H.R.S.); (P.W.); (I.R.)
| | - Penghao Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (H.R.S.); (P.W.); (I.R.)
| | - Ian Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (H.R.S.); (P.W.); (I.R.)
| | - Ihab Habib
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (H.R.S.); (P.W.); (I.R.)
- Veterinary Medicine Department, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain P.O. Box 1555, UAE
| | - Shafi Sahibzada
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (H.R.S.); (P.W.); (I.R.)
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Khan S, Chousalkar KK. Salmonella Typhimurium infection disrupts but continuous feeding of Bacillus based probiotic restores gut microbiota in infected hens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:29. [PMID: 32211190 PMCID: PMC7087389 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-0433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gut microbiota plays an important role in the colonisation resistance and invasion of pathogens. Salmonella Typhimurium has the potential to establish a niche by displacing the microbiota in the chicken gut causing continuous faecal shedding that can result in contaminated eggs or egg products. In the current study, we investigated the dynamics of gut microbiota in laying chickens during Salmonella Typhimurium infection. The optimisation of the use of an infeed probiotic supplement for restoration of gut microbial balance and reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium load was also investigated. Results Salmonella infection caused dysbiosis by decreasing (FDR < 0.05) the abundance of microbial genera, such as Blautia, Enorma, Faecalibacterium, Shuttleworthia, Sellimonas, Intestinimonas and Subdoligranulum and increasing the abundance of genera such as Butyricicoccus, Erysipelatoclostridium, Oscillibacter and Flavonifractor. The higher Salmonella Typhimurium load resulted in lower (P < 0.05) abundance of genera such as Lactobacillus, Alistipes, Bifidobacterium, Butyricimonas, Faecalibacterium and Romboutsia suggesting Salmonella driven gut microbiota dysbiosis. Higher Salmonella load led to increased abundance of genera such as Caproiciproducens, Acetanaerobacterium, Akkermansia, Erysipelatoclostridium, Eisenbergiella, EscherichiaShigella and Flavonifractor suggesting a positive interaction of these genera with Salmonella in the displaced gut microbiota. Probiotic supplementation improved the gut microbiota by balancing the abundance of most of the genera displaced by the Salmonella challenge with clearer effects observed with continuous supplementation of the probiotic. The levels of acetate and butyrate in the faeces were not affected (P > 0.05) by Salmonella challenge and the butyrate level was increased by the continuous feeding of the probiotic. Probiotic supplementation in Salmonella challenged chickens resulted in higher level of propionate. Continuous probiotic supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) the overall mean load of Salmonella in faeces and had a significant effect on Salmonella load reduction in internal organs. Conclusions Salmonella challenge negatively impacts the diversity and abundance of many gut microbial genera involved in important functions such as organic acid and vitamin production. Strategic feeding of a Bacillus based probiotic helps in restoring many of the microbial genera displaced by Salmonella Typhimurium challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiullah Khan
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371 Australia
| | - Kapil K Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371 Australia
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Adesiyun AA, Nkuna C, Mokgoatlheng‐Mamogobo M, Malepe K, Simanda L. Food safety risk posed to consumers of table eggs from layer farms in Gauteng Province, South Africa: Prevalence of
Salmonella
species and
Escherichia coli
, antimicrobial residues, and antimicrobial resistant bacteria. J Food Saf 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abiodun A. Adesiyun
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa
| | - Charlotte Nkuna
- Poultry Disease Management AgencySouth African Poultry Association (SAPA) Johannesburg South Africa
| | | | - Keleabetswe Malepe
- Veterinary Public Health UnitDepartment of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF), Pretoria South Africa
| | - Liberty Simanda
- Residue LaboratoryOndersterpoort Veterinary Research Onderstepoort South Africa
- Randox Food Diagnostics, Ltd. London UK
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Salmonella on Australian cage egg farms: Observations from hatching to end of lay. Food Microbiol 2019; 87:103384. [PMID: 31948625 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Single-aged caged layer hen flocks were monitored for Salmonella over the course of their lifetime. Chicks from both flocks were Salmonella negative at hatch and remained negative during rearing. Pullets were transported to production farms at 15 weeks of age. Pre-population dust swabs collected from both production sheds had a high percentage of Salmonella positive samples (80 and 90%). Flocks were sampled at regular intervals until 70-72 weeks of age. The proportion of Salmonella positive samples and mean load detected on eggs was low on both farms. Analysis of dust samples revealed that Salmonella persisted in dust over 8 weeks. Dust total moisture content and water activity appears to influence bacterial persistence. On egg grading equipment, only suction cups prior to egg washing were Salmonella positive (mean proportion Salmonella positive samples 0.13 ± 0.07; mean load of 18.6 ± 12.31 MPN/ml). An egg washing experiment demonstrated that while washing reduced the total Salmonella load from eggshell surfaces, no effect was observed for shell pores. These results demonstrate that despite environmental contamination on farm, Salmonella contamination of eggs is low and is further minimized by washing.
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Lucero-Estrada C, Favier GI, Escudero ME. An overview of Yersinia enterocolitica and related species in samples of different origin from San Luis, Argentina. Food Microbiol 2019; 86:103345. [PMID: 31703854 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study is aimed at offering an overview of the prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica and related species in San Luis, Argentina, from samples of diverse origin received in our laboratory between 1984 and 2014, and providing an analysis of the distribution of Yersinia isolates according to their isolation sources, highlighting bioserotypes and potential reservoirs and vehicles of transmission to humans. From a total of 4572 samples of human, animal, food and environmental origins analyzed by traditional culture methods and molecular techniques, 229 (5%) samples were Yersinia positive. The highest frequency of Yersinia isolates was observed in environmental specimens (14.3%), followed by animal (9.2%), food (5%) and human (0.6%) samples. A total of 255 Yersinia isolates were characterized, including 183 Y. enterocolitica and 72 isolates of other Yersinia species. Biotype 1A associated to several serotypes was identified in Y. enterocolitica isolates from environment (100%), animals (95.5%), foods (71.7%) and human samples (40%); bioserotype 2/O:9 was identified in isolates from foods (25.5%), and biotype 3 was associated with strains from humans (60%), animals (4.5%) and foods (2.8%). This biotype included three strains O:3 and six strains O:5. The data highlight animals and foods as the main Y. enterocolitica sources in our region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Lucero-Estrada
- Microbiología General, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejército de Los Andes 950, Bloque 1 Piso 1, 5700, San Luis, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas, San Luis- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (IMIBIO-CONICET), Ejército de Los Andes 950, Bloque 1 Piso 1, 5700, San Luis, Argentina.
| | - Gabriela Isabel Favier
- Microbiología General, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejército de Los Andes 950, Bloque 1 Piso 1, 5700, San Luis, Argentina
| | - María Esther Escudero
- Microbiología General, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejército de Los Andes 950, Bloque 1 Piso 1, 5700, San Luis, Argentina
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12
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Kadry M, Nader SM, Dorgham SM, Kandil MM. Molecular diversity of the invA gene obtained from human and egg samples. Vet World 2019; 12:1033-1038. [PMID: 31528029 PMCID: PMC6702568 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1033-1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Salmonellosis is one of the most common foodborne bacterial diseases in the world. The great majority of Salmonella infections in humans are foodborne with Salmonella enterica and Salmonella Typhimurium accounting for a major part of the problem. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of invA gene in strains of Salmonellae isolated from eggs and diarrheal swabs from human cases. In addition, the relationship between invA gene nucleotide sequences from different sources (human stool and egg samples) have been studied through phylogenetic tree. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and seventy eggs (eggshell and its contents) and 160 stool swabs samples were collected from four poultry farms and medical hospital in Giza Governorate. RESULTS The study reported the presence of two Salmonella strains in eggshell surface with an overall isolation rate of 1.2 and 0% of the egg content. Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium were isolated from eggshell surface with an incidence of 50% for each strain. Six salmonella strains were isolated from human stool with an incidence of 3.75%; the isolated strains are S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, Salmonella Virchow, Salmonella Haifa, and Salmonella Kentucky with an incidence of 33.3%, 16.6%, 16.6%, 16.6%, and 16.6%, respectively. Among eight Salmonella strains, invA gene was detected with percentage of 50%. The phylogenetic analysis of the sequences invA gene, from two isolates included in this study and five isolates retrieved from GenBank showed that sequence from human, layer hens, egg, and water in the same clusters. CONCLUSION Close relation between drinking contaminated water and layer hens and contaminated water is one such source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Kadry
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 11221, Egypt
| | - Sara Mohamed Nader
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 11221, Egypt
| | - Sohad M. Dorgham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mai M. Kandil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
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Crabb HK, Gilkerson JR, Browning GF. Does only the age of the hen matter in Salmonella enterica contamination of eggs? Food Microbiol 2019; 77:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Karacan Sever N, Akan M. Molecular analysis of virulence genes of Salmonella Infantis isolated from chickens and turkeys. Microb Pathog 2018; 126:199-204. [PMID: 30403968 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, virulence genes of S. Infantis strains, which are commonly isolated from chickens and turkeys in Turkey, were analyzed, and the virulence genes of S. Infantis and other common serovars aside from S. Infantis were compared. In this study, 200 S. Infantis strains isolated from litter, powder, environmental sources, rodent samples and broiler chicken carcasses from a chicken slaughterhouse obtained from chickens (broiler chickens, breeders, laying hens) and 24 S. Infantis strains isolated and identified from litter, powder, environmental and rodent samples obtained from turkeys were analyzed. A total of 40 strains, comprising 10 strains from each Salmonella serovar (S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Kentucky and S. Hadar) (chicken-origin) were also selected from the collection of strains for comparison with S. Infantis strains. The virulence genes of 264, comprising 224 S. Infantis strains and 40 strains from common serovars other than S. Infantis were analyzed. A conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to analyze the 11 genes associated with the virulence (sipA, sipD, sopD, sopB, sopE, sopE2, sitC, ssaR, sifA, spvC and pefA) in these strains. SipA, ssaR and sopE genes were found in the 209 S. Infantis strains (93.3%), sipD in 208 (92.85%), sopB in 207 (92.41%), sitC in 206 (91.96%), sifA in 203 (90.62%), sopD in 198 (88.39%), sopE2 in 166 (74.1%), spvC in 20 (8.92%) and the pefA virulence gene in one strain (0.44%). It was found that 74.55% of S. Infantis strains were distributed in gene patterns 1 and 2. In this study, the sopE2 virulence gene in S. Infantis strains was analyzed for the first time. The involvement of the dominant gene patterns of the S. Infantis strains isolated from broiler chicken and broiler chicken carcasses, and the fact that none of S. Infantis strains belonging to the breeders and laying hens were included in these patterns, indicated that S. Infantis entered the broilers not through the breeders, but through environmental factors. The presence of sipA, sipD, sopD, ssaR, sopB, sopE, sifA and sitC virulence genes in S. Infantis strains were found to be similar, but remarkable differences were found compared to the S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis strains in the presence of sopE2, spvC and pefA virulence genes. This study examining the virulence genes of S. Infantis strains provides detailed information aimed at providing an understanding of the pathogenesis and epidemiology of Salmonella in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurdan Karacan Sever
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Akan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Cooper C, Moore SC, Moore RJ, Chandry PS, Fegan N. Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae serovar Sofia, a prevalent serovar in Australian broiler chickens, is also capable of transient colonisation in layers. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:270-277. [PMID: 29493264 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1447083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
1. Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae serovar sofia (S. sofia) is a prevalent strain of Salmonella in Australian broilers and has been isolated from broiler chickens, litter, dust, as well as pre- and post-processing carcasses, and retail chicken portions but has never been reported in commercial Australian layers or eggs. 2. To investigate whether a S. sofia isolate from a broiler could colonise layers, one-month-old Hyline brown layers were orally inoculated with S. sofia and colonisation was monitored for 2-4 weeks. 3. Overall, 30-40% of the chickens shed S. sofia from the cloaca between 6 and 14 d post-inoculation which then declined to 10% by d 21. Necropsy at 2 weeks post-inoculation revealed 80% of birds harboured S. sofia in the caecum, whilst, by 4 weeks post-infection, no chickens were colonised with S. sofia in the gastrointestinal tract, liver or spleen. Additionally, no aerosol 'bird to bird' transfer was evident. 4. This study demonstrated that laying hens can be colonised by broiler-derived S. sofia; however, this colonisation was transient, reaching a peak at 14 d post-inoculation, and was completely cleared by 28 d post-inoculation. The transience of colonisation of S. sofia in layers could be a factor explaining why S. sofia has never been detected when screening for Salmonella serotypes found in Australian laying hens or eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean C Moore
- b CSIRO Agriculture & Food , Werribee , Australia
| | - Robert J Moore
- c School of Science , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia
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Vinayananda CO, Fairoze N, Madhavaprasad CB, Byregowda SM, Nagaraj CS, Bagalkot P, Karabasanavar N. Studies on occurrence, characterisation and decontamination of emerging pathogenic Escherichia coli (STEC, ETEC and EIEC) in table eggs. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:664-672. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1373387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. O Vinayananda
- Department of Livestock Products and Technology, Veterinary College, Bengaluru, India
| | - Nadeem Fairoze
- Department of Livestock Products and Technology, Veterinary College, Bengaluru, India
| | - C. B Madhavaprasad
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Veterinary College, Shivamogga, India
| | - S. M Byregowda
- Institution of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Bengaluru, India
| | - C. S Nagaraj
- AICRP on Poultry (Meat), Veterinary College, Bengaluru, India
| | - Prashanth Bagalkot
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Veterinary College, Shivamogga, India
| | - Nagappa Karabasanavar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Veterinary College, Shivamogga, India
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17
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Luyckx K, Van Coillie E, Dewulf J, Van Weyenberg S, Herman L, Zoons J, Vervaet E, Heyndrickx M, De Reu K. Identification and biocide susceptibility of dominant bacteria after cleaning and disinfection of broiler houses. Poult Sci 2016; 96:938-949. [PMID: 28158762 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K Luyckx
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - E Van Coillie
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - J Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Van Weyenberg
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - L Herman
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - J Zoons
- Experimental Poultry Center (EPC), Geel, Belgium
| | - E Vervaet
- Experimental Poultry Center (EPC), Geel, Belgium
| | | | - K De Reu
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
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Moyle T, Drake K, Gole V, Chousalkar K, Hazel S. Bacterial contamination of eggs and behaviour of poultry flocks in the free range environment. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 49:88-94. [PMID: 27865271 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The free range production system is becoming more common in Australia and is expected to increase. Free range hens are exposed to more stressors in comparison to hens from barn and cage systems and it is suggested that stress can increase bacterial shedding on eggs. The aims of this study were to examine the level of total bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae populations, as well as the presence of Salmonella and Campylobacter, in eggs collected from two free range flocks on two different farms and to conduct longitudinal observations of the behaviour and welfare of hens in the free range production system. Hen age (weeks) was shown to have a significant effect (increase) on the level of total bacteria on the egg shell surface and in shell pores, as well as having an effect on feather condition score. As the hens aged, the frequency of external visual egg characteristics increased, as did feather condition score (where feather condition was poorer). These observations indicate areas which should be investigated further to improve the food safety of eggs and optimise the welfare of free range hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Moyle
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Kelly Drake
- South Australia Research and Development Institute (SARDI), JS Davies Building, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Vaibhav Gole
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Kapil Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia.
| | - Susan Hazel
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
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Pande VV, Devon RL, Sharma P, McWhorter AR, Chousalkar KK. Study of Salmonella Typhimurium Infection in Laying Hens. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:203. [PMID: 26941727 PMCID: PMC4766288 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of Salmonella enterica are frequently involved in egg and egg product related human food poisoning outbreaks worldwide. In Australia, Salmonella Typhimurium is frequently involved in egg and egg product related foodborne illness and Salmonella Mbandaka has also been found to be a contaminant of the layer farm environment. The ability possessed by Salmonella Enteritidis to colonize reproductive organs and contaminate developing eggs has been well-described. However, there are few studies investigating this ability for Salmonella Typhimurium. The hypothesis of this study was that the Salmonella Typhimurium can colonize the gut for a prolonged period of time and that horizontal infection through feces is the main route of egg contamination. At 14 weeks of age hens were orally infected with either S. Typhimurium PT 9 or S. Typhimurium PT 9 and Salmonella Mbandaka. Salmonella shedding in feces and eggs was monitored for 15 weeks post-infection. Egg shell surface and internal contents of eggs laid by infected hens were cultured independently for detection of Salmonella spp. The mean Salmonella load in feces ranged from 1.54 to 63.35 and 0.31 to 98.38 most probable number/g (MPN/g) in the S. Typhimurium and S. Typhimurium + S. Mbandaka group, respectively. No correlation was found between mean fecal Salmonella load and frequency of egg shell contamination. Egg shell contamination was higher in S. Typhimurium + S. Mbandaka infected group (7.2% S. Typhimurium, 14.1% S. Mbandaka) compared to birds infected with S. Typhimurium (5.66%) however, co-infection had no significant impact on egg contamination by S. Typhimurium. Throughout the study Salmonella was not recovered from internal contents of eggs laid by hens. Salmonella was isolated from different segments of oviduct of hens from both the groups, however pathology was not observed on microscopic examination. This study investigated Salmonella shedding for up to 15 weeks p.i which is a longer period of time compared to previously published studies. The findings of current study demonstrated intermittent but persistent fecal shedding of Salmonella after oral infection for up to 15 weeks p.i. Further, egg shell contamination, with lack of internal egg content contamination and the low frequency of reproductive organ infection suggested that horizontal infection through contaminated feces is the main route of egg contamination with S. Typhimurium in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek V Pande
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Devon
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Pardeep Sharma
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Andrea R McWhorter
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Kapil K Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide Roseworthy, SA, Australia
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20
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Scientific Opinion on the public health risks of table eggs due to deterioration and development of pathogens. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Gole VC, Roberts JR, Sexton M, May D, Kiermeier A, Chousalkar KK. Effect of egg washing and correlation between cuticle and egg penetration by various Salmonella strains. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 182-183:18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Association between indoor environmental contamination by Salmonella enterica and contamination of eggs on layer farms. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:3250-8. [PMID: 24966362 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00816-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study involves longitudinal and point-in-time surveys of Salmonella carriage and environmental contamination on two commercial cage layer farms positive for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (flock A age, 32 weeks; flock B age, 34 weeks). Salmonella-positive fecal, egg belt, and dust samples were all unconditionally associated with eggshells testing positive for Salmonella. The odds of an eggshell testing positive for Salmonella were 91.8, 61.5, and 18.2 times higher when fecal, egg belt, and dust samples, respectively, tested positive for Salmonella. The agreement between the culture-based methods and real-time PCR on preenriched broths for detecting Salmonella was almost perfect for eggshell (observed agreement, 99.19%; kappa coefficient, 0.94) and egg belt samples (observed agreement, 95%; kappa coefficient, 0.88), and it was substantial for fecal (observed agreement, 87.14%; kappa coefficient, 0.47) and floor dust samples (observed agreement, 80.61%; kappa coefficient, 0.58). A 1-log increase in the load of Salmonella detected in the fecal, egg belt, and floor dust samples resulted in 35%, 43%, and 45% increases, respectively (P < 0.001), in the odds of an eggshell testing positive for Salmonella. The multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) patterns of the S. Typhimurium strains isolated from flock A were distinct from those of flock B. S. Typhimurium strains detected from human food poisoning cases exhibited an MLVA pattern similar to those of the strains isolated from flocks A and B.
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