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Morgan G, Pinchbeck G, Taymaz E, Chattaway MA, Schmidt V, Williams N. An investigation of the presence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae in raw and cooked kibble diets for dogs in the United Kingdom. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1301841. [PMID: 38260907 PMCID: PMC10800874 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1301841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Raw meat diets (RMD) for dogs are an increasingly popular alternative pet food choice, however studies worldwide have demonstrated them to be contaminated with zoonotic and antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria, including bacteria resistant to critically important antibiotics. Despite this, few data exist surrounding the presence of these bacteria in RMD in the United Kingdom. The present study aimed to identify the most commonly selected RMD and non-raw diets (NRMD) by United Kingdom dog owners. Additionally, it investigated the presence of AMR-Enterobacteriaceae in samples of pre-prepared RMD and cooked commercial kibble dog foods. An online survey investigating diet preferences of United Kingdom dog owners was open for 6 weeks between February-March 2020. From this, the top 10 brands of pre-prepared raw and cooked kibble diets were ascertained and 134 samples purchased (110 RMD, 24 kibble) and subjected to microbiological testing. Bacterial enumeration of E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae was undertaken, and the presence of Salmonella spp. and AMR-E. coli within samples determined. Whole genome sequencing was undertaken on Salmonella spp. and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant 3GCR-E. coli isolates. Pre-prepared RMD was most commonly selected by dog owners who fed RMD, and cooked commercial complete dry food was most frequently fed by owners who fed NRMD. Damaged and leaking packaging was observed in samples of RMD, alongside variability in information provided surrounding product traceability. Counts of E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae exceeding >5,000 CFU/g were identified in samples of RMD. AMR-, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and 3GCR-E. coli was isolated from 39, 14 and 16% of RMD samples, respectively. Multiple antimicrobial resistance genes were identified in 3GCR-E. coli isolates. Of the ESBL encoding genes, blaCTX-M-15 was most commonly identified. S. enterica was isolated from 5% of RMD samples. No Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from any of the cooked kibble samples. The present study suggests that pre-prepared RMD available for dogs in the United Kingdom can be contaminated with zoonotic and AMR-Enterobacteriaceae. RMDs, therefore, are potentially an important One Health concern. Veterinary and medical professionals, pet food retailers and pet owners should be aware of these risks; and stringent hygiene measures should be practiced if owners choose to feed RMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genever Morgan
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Eda Taymaz
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Anne Chattaway
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Schmidt
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Williams
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
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Che M, Birk T, Hansen LT. Prevalence and Transmission of Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin (ESC) Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli Isolated from Poultry Production Systems and Slaughterhouses in Denmark. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1602. [PMID: 37998804 PMCID: PMC10668726 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant Escherichia coli is a global concern. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and transmission of ESC-resistant E. coli in the Danish broiler production system. Samples from two vertically integrated Production Systems (1 and 2) and two slaughterhouses (A and B) were analyzed (n = 943) for the occurrence of ESC-resistant E. coli from 2015 to 2018. ESC-resistant E. coli isolates were whole-genome sequenced (WGS) for characterization of the multi-locus sequence type (MLST), antibiotic resistance genes, virulence genes, and plasmid replicon types. An ad hoc core genome (cg) MLST based on 2513 alleles was used to examine the genetic relatedness among isolates. The prevalence of ESC-resistant E. coli in the conventional Production System 1 was 2.7%, while in Production System 2 the prevalence was 26.7% and 56.5% for samples from the conventional and organic production, respectively. The overall prevalence of ESC-resistant E. coli in broiler thigh and fecal samples ranged from 19.3% in Slaughterhouse A to 22.4% in Slaughterhouse B. In total, 162 ESC-resistant E. coli were isolated and shown to belong to 16 different sequence types (STs). The most prevalent STs were ST2040 (n = 85) and ST429 (n = 22). Seven ESC resistance genes were detected: blaCMY-2 (n = 119), blaTEM-52B (n = 16), blaCTX-M-1 (n = 5), blaTEM-52C (n = 3), blaCTX-M-14 (n = 1), blaSHV-12 (n = 1), and up-regulation of ampC (n = 16), with an unknown resistance gene in one isolate (n = 1). The carriage of blaCMY-2 in 119 isolates was primarily associated with IncI1 (n = 87), and IncK plasmids (n = 31). Highly similar blaCMY-2 carrying E. coli isolates from ST429 were found in production systems as well as in slaughterhouses. In conclusion, findings from this study indicate that ESC-resistant E. coli are transferred vertically from farms in the production systems to slaughterhouses with the potential to enter the food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyao Che
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Tina Birk
- Department of Technology, University College Copenhagen, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark;
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Martínez EP, van Rosmalen J, Jacobs J, Sanders P, van Geijlswijk IM, Heederik DJJ, Verbon A. Seasonality of antimicrobial use in Dutch food-producing animals. Prev Vet Med 2023; 219:106006. [PMID: 37647721 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Due to globally increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR), it is pivotal to understand factors contributing to antimicrobial use (AMU) to enable development and implementation of AMR-reducing interventions. Therefore, we explored seasonal variations of systemic AMU in food-producing animals in the Netherlands. Dutch surveillance data from January 2013 to December 2018 from cattle, pig, and broiler farms were used. AMU was expressed as the number of Defined Daily Dosages Animal per month (DDDA/animal-month) per farm by animal sector, antimicrobial line (first, second, and third), antimicrobial class, and farm type. Seasonality of AMU was analyzed using Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) with DDDA/animal-month as outcome variable, and year and month as independent variables. Year and month were modelled as smooth terms represented with penalized regression splines.Significant seasonality of AMU was found in the cattle and pig sectors, but not in broilers. Significant seasonality of AMU was found mainly for first-line antimicrobials. In the cattle sector, a significant increase during winter was found for the use of amphenicols (an increase of 23.8%) and long-acting macrolides (an increase of 3.4%). In the pig sector, seasonality of AMU was found for pleuromutilins (p < 0.001) with an increase of 20% in October-November. The seasonality of pleuromutilins was stronger in sows/piglets (an increase of 47%) than in fattening pigs (16% increase). Only in fattening pigs, the use of amphenicols showed a significant seasonality with an increase of 11% during winter (P < 0.001). AMU in cattle and pig sectors shows seasonal variations likely caused by seasonality of diseases. In broilers, no AMU seasonality was observed, possibly due to the controlled environment in Dutch farms. In the context of the one health concept, future studies are necessary to explore whether this seasonality is present in other populations and whether it has implications for antimicrobial resistance in humans through the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Pamela Martínez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Jerónimo Leiton s/n y Gatto Sobral, Quito 170103, Ecuador; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Joost van Rosmalen
- Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jose Jacobs
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Netherlands Veterinary Medicines Institute (SDa), Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Pim Sanders
- The Netherlands Veterinary Medicines Institute (SDa), Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Ingeborg M van Geijlswijk
- The Netherlands Veterinary Medicines Institute (SDa), Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands; Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 106, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Dick J J Heederik
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Netherlands Veterinary Medicines Institute (SDa), Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Annelies Verbon
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Maciel-Guerra A, Baker M, Hu Y, Wang W, Zhang X, Rong J, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Kaler J, Renney D, Loose M, Emes RD, Liu L, Chen J, Peng Z, Li F, Dottorini T. Dissecting microbial communities and resistomes for interconnected humans, soil, and livestock. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:21-35. [PMID: 36151458 PMCID: PMC9751072 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A debate is currently ongoing as to whether intensive livestock farms may constitute reservoirs of clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance (AMR), thus posing a threat to surrounding communities. Here, combining shotgun metagenome sequencing, machine learning (ML), and culture-based methods, we focused on a poultry farm and connected slaughterhouse in China, investigating the gut microbiome of livestock, workers and their households, and microbial communities in carcasses and soil. For both the microbiome and resistomes in this study, differences are observed across environments and hosts. However, at a finer scale, several similar clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and similar associated mobile genetic elements were found in both human and broiler chicken samples. Next, we focused on Escherichia coli, an important indicator for the surveillance of AMR on the farm. Strains of E. coli were found intermixed between humans and chickens. We observed that several ARGs present in the chicken faecal resistome showed correlation to resistance/susceptibility profiles of E. coli isolates cultured from the same samples. Finally, by using environmental sensing these ARGs were found to be correlated to variations in environmental temperature and humidity. Our results show the importance of adopting a multi-domain and multi-scale approach when studying microbial communities and AMR in complex, interconnected environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Maciel-Guerra
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Michelle Baker
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Yue Hu
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Wei Wang
- grid.464207.30000 0004 4914 5614NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xibin Zhang
- grid.508175.eNew Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Laboratory of Feed and Livestock and Poultry Products Quality & Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100102 and Weifang Heshengyuan Food Co. Ltd., Weifang, 262167 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Rong
- grid.508175.eNew Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Laboratory of Feed and Livestock and Poultry Products Quality & Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100102 and Weifang Heshengyuan Food Co. Ltd., Weifang, 262167 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- grid.464207.30000 0004 4914 5614NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jasmeet Kaler
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD UK
| | - David Renney
- Nimrod Veterinary Products Limited, 2, Wychwood Court, Cotswold Business Village, Moreton-in-Marsh, GL56 0JQ UK
| | - Matthew Loose
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868DeepSeq, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH UK
| | - Richard D. Emes
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Longhai Liu
- grid.508175.eNew Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Laboratory of Feed and Livestock and Poultry Products Quality & Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100102 and Weifang Heshengyuan Food Co. Ltd., Weifang, 262167 People’s Republic of China
| | - Junshi Chen
- grid.464207.30000 0004 4914 5614NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zixin Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fengqin Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tania Dottorini
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK.
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Abdallah HM, Al Naiemi N, Elsohaby I, Mahmoud AFA, Salem GA, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE. Prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales in retail sheep meat from Zagazig city, Egypt. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:191. [PMID: 35596221 PMCID: PMC9121610 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The goal of this study was to investigate the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase production in Enterobacterales isolated from retail sheep meat in Zagazig, Egypt. Methods One hundred random samples of sheep meat were collected from different retail butcher shops (n = 5) in the city of Zagazig, Egypt. Bacterial isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and screened for antibiotic susceptibility by disk diffusion; further genotypic characterization of β-lactamase-encoding genes was performed with Real-Time PCR. E. coli strains were phylotyped with the Clermont triplex PCR method. Results Of the total of 101 bacterial isolates recovered from retail sheep meat samples, 93 were E. coli, six were Enterobacter cloacae and two were Proteus mirabilis. As many as 17% of these 100 samples showed ESBL phenotypes, all were E. coli. The blaCTX-M genes were detected in seven isolates (six were blaCTX-M-15 and one was blaCTX-M-14), three isolates harboured blaTEM (all were blaTEM-one), and two carried genes of the blaSHV family (both were blaSHV-12). Eight E. coli isolates expressed ESBL phenotype but no blaTEM, blaSHV or blaCTX-M genes were detected by PCR. ESBL- positive E. coli isolates were nearly equally distributed over the commensal groups A/B1 and the virulent group D. Conclusion Nearly one in five sheep meat samples was contaminated with ESBL-E. coli. This further corroborates the potential role played by contaminated meat in the increasing resistance rates that have been reported worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Abdallah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - N Al Naiemi
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ibrahim Elsohaby
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Animal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Abdallah F A Mahmoud
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Gamal A Salem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Ramos CP, Kamei CYI, Viegas FM, de Melo Barbieri J, Cunha JLR, Hounmanou YMG, Coura FM, Santana JA, Lobato FCF, Bojesen AM, Silva ROS. Fecal Shedding of Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates in Dogs Fed with Raw Meat-Based Diets in Brazil. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040534. [PMID: 35453285 PMCID: PMC9029118 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The practice of feeding dogs raw meat-based diets (RMBDs) is growing in several countries, and the risks associated with the ingestion of pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in dogs fed these diets are largely unknown. We characterized E. coli strains isolated from dogs fed either an RMBD or a conventional dry feed, according to the phylogroup, virulence genes, and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the bacteria. Two hundred and sixteen E. coli strains were isolated. Dogs fed RMBDs shed E. coli strains from the phylogroup E more frequently and were positive for the E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1-encoding gene. Isolates from RMBD-fed dogs were also frequently positive for multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers. Whole-genome sequencing of seven ESBL-producing E. coli strains revealed that they predominantly harbored blaCTX-M-55, and two strains were also positive for the colistin-resistant gene mcr-1. These results suggest that feeding an RMBD can affect the dog’s microbiota, change the frequency of certain phylogroups, and increase the shedding of diarrheagenic E. coli. Also, feeding an RMBD seemed to be linked with the fecal shedding of multidrug-resistant E. coli, including the spread of strains harboring mobilizable colistin resistance and ESBL genes. This finding is of concern for both animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Pantuzza Ramos
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30123-970, Brazil; (C.P.R.); (C.Y.I.K.); (F.M.V.); (J.d.M.B.); (J.L.R.C.); (J.A.S.); (F.C.F.L.)
| | - Carolina Yumi Iceri Kamei
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30123-970, Brazil; (C.P.R.); (C.Y.I.K.); (F.M.V.); (J.d.M.B.); (J.L.R.C.); (J.A.S.); (F.C.F.L.)
| | - Flávia Mello Viegas
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30123-970, Brazil; (C.P.R.); (C.Y.I.K.); (F.M.V.); (J.d.M.B.); (J.L.R.C.); (J.A.S.); (F.C.F.L.)
| | - Jonata de Melo Barbieri
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30123-970, Brazil; (C.P.R.); (C.Y.I.K.); (F.M.V.); (J.d.M.B.); (J.L.R.C.); (J.A.S.); (F.C.F.L.)
| | - João Luís Reis Cunha
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30123-970, Brazil; (C.P.R.); (C.Y.I.K.); (F.M.V.); (J.d.M.B.); (J.L.R.C.); (J.A.S.); (F.C.F.L.)
| | - Yaovi Mahuton Gildas Hounmanou
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark; (Y.M.G.H.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Fernanda Morcatti Coura
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais (IFMG), Bambuí 38900-000, Brazil;
| | - Jordana Almeida Santana
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30123-970, Brazil; (C.P.R.); (C.Y.I.K.); (F.M.V.); (J.d.M.B.); (J.L.R.C.); (J.A.S.); (F.C.F.L.)
| | - Francisco Carlos Faria Lobato
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30123-970, Brazil; (C.P.R.); (C.Y.I.K.); (F.M.V.); (J.d.M.B.); (J.L.R.C.); (J.A.S.); (F.C.F.L.)
| | - Anders Miki Bojesen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark; (Y.M.G.H.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30123-970, Brazil; (C.P.R.); (C.Y.I.K.); (F.M.V.); (J.d.M.B.); (J.L.R.C.); (J.A.S.); (F.C.F.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Escherichia coli Isolated from Organic Laying Hens Reveal a High Level of Antimicrobial Resistance despite No Antimicrobial Treatments. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040467. [PMID: 35453218 PMCID: PMC9027956 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the resistance characteristics of E. coli isolates originating from 18 organic laying hen flocks. E. coli was isolated from different organs at three different time points, resulting in 209 E. coli isolates. The antibiotic susceptibility was determined by applying a microdilution assay. General, a high resistance rate was found. The antibiotic susceptibility was independent from the presence of pathological lesions, the isolation site, or the affiliation to a pathogenic serogroup. The majority of the isolates proved to be multi-drug-resistant (95.70%), of which 36.84% could be categorized as extensively drug-resistant. All isolates were resistant to oxacillin and tylosin. Resistance rates to amoxicillin (67.94%), cefoxitin (55.98%), ceftazidime (82.30%), colistin (73.68%), nalidixic acid (91.87%), streptomycin (42.58%), tetracycline (53.59%), and sulfamethoxazole (95.22%) were high. None of the isolates revealed pan-drug-resistance. A great heterogeneity of resistance profiles was found between isolates within a flock or from different organs of the same bird, even when isolates originated from the same organ. An increase in antimicrobial resistance was found to be correlated with the age of the birds. The fact, that no antibiotic treatment was applied except in two flocks, indicates that resistant bacteria circulating in the environment pose a threat to organic systems.
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Kristianingtyas L, Effendi MH, Witaningrum AM, Wardhana DK, Ugbo EN. Prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in companion dogs in animal clinics, Surabaya, Indonesia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2021.232-236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The practice of keeping animals as pets is becoming increasingly common. The upsurge of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms of animal origin is a health threat globally. This study aimed to identify the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in companion dogs in animal clinics in Surabaya, Indonesia.
Materials and Methods: A total of 85 rectal swab samples were collected from companion dogs at five animal clinics in different regions of Surabaya, Indonesia. The presence of E. coli was identified from the samples using standard methods, followed by antibiotic sensitivity testing. The resistant isolates were examined for the presence of ESBL using the double-disk synergy test method. The phenotypically identified ESBL-producing E. coli was further confirmed with an automated system using Vitek-2.
Results: The rectal swab samples (n=85) tested were 100% positive for E. coli isolates. Eight (9.41%) out of the 85 E. coli obtained from rectal swabs were extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers. All eight ESBL-producing E. coli were identified by automated Vitek-2 confirmatory tests.
Conclusion: This study provides insight into the prevalence of ESBL-producing organisms isolated from companion dogs in Indonesia. This work indicates the need for the general public to be more aware of the role of companion animals in disseminating pathogenic organisms, since they serve as potential reservoirs in the spread of antibiotic resistance affecting human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luviana Kristianingtyas
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Postgraduate Student on Veterinary Public Health Study, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Adiana Mutamsari Witaningrum
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Dhandy Koesoemo Wardhana
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Emmanuel Nnabuike Ugbo
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
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Meijs AP, Gijsbers EF, Hengeveld PD, Veenman C, van Roon AM, van Hoek AHAM, de Greeff SC, van Duijkeren E, Dierikx CM. Do vegetarians less frequently carry ESBL/pAmpC-producing Escherichia coli/Klebsiella pneumoniae compared with non-vegetarians? J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:550-558. [PMID: 31764980 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ESBL and plasmid-mediated AmpC (pAmpC)-producing Enterobacteriaceae are frequently found on meat products in Dutch retail, especially on poultry. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether vegetarians are at lower risk of carrying ESBL/pAmpC-producing Escherichia coli/Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-E/K) compared with persons who consume meat. METHODS Vegetarians, pescatarians (vegetarians who eat fish) and non-vegetarians (persons who eat meat at least three times per week) were asked to send in a faecal sample and a questionnaire. ESBL-E/K were cultured and MLSTs were determined. ESBL/pAmpC genes were analysed using PCR and sequencing. The risk of ESBL-E/K carriage in the three study groups was analysed using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Prevalence of ESBL-E/K carriage was 8.0% in vegetarians (63/785; 95% CI 6.3-10.1), 6.9% in pescatarians (27/392; 95% CI 4.8-9.8) and 3.8% in non-vegetarians (14/365; 95% CI 2.3-6.3). Multivariable analysis showed an OR for ESBL-E/K carriage of 2.2 for vegetarians (95% CI 1.2-4.0) and 1.6 for pescatarians (95% CI 0.8-3.2) compared with non-vegetarians. The predominant MLST was E. coli ST131 and the most common ESBL genes were blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-14 and blaCTX-M-1 in all diet groups. Independent risk factors for ESBL-E/K carriage were travel to Africa/Latin America/Asia (OR 4.6; 95% CI 2.8-7.7) in the past 6 months and rarely/never washing hands before food preparation (OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.2-5.0). CONCLUSIONS Vegetarians and pescatarians did not have a lower risk of ESBL-E/K carriage compared with non-vegetarians, indicating that eating meat is not an important risk factor for ESBL-E/K carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk P Meijs
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Esther F Gijsbers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Paul D Hengeveld
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan Veenman
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Annika M van Roon
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Angela H A M van Hoek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine C de Greeff
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Engeline van Duijkeren
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy M Dierikx
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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10
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Plaza-Rodríguez C, Mesa-Varona O, Alt K, Grobbel M, Tenhagen BA, Kaesbohrer A. Comparative Analysis of Consumer Exposure to Resistant Bacteria through Chicken Meat Consumption in Germany. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051045. [PMID: 34066213 PMCID: PMC8151568 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human exposure to bacteria carrying antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes through the consumption of food of animal origin is a topic which has gained increasing attention in recent years. Bacterial transmission can be enhanced, particularly in situations in which the consumer pays less attention to hygiene practices, and consumer exposure to foodborne resistant bacteria through ready-to-eat foods could be increased. It has been demonstrated that even methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria, which have low prevalence and concentration in raw chicken meat in Germany, may reach the consumer during barbecue events after failures in hygiene practices. This study aimed to quantify the consumer exposure to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- (ESBL) or ampicillinase class C (AmpC) beta-lactamase-producing E. coli in Germany through the consumption of chicken meat and bread during household barbecues. The study considered cross-contamination and recontamination processes from raw chicken meat by using a previously-developed probabilistic consumer exposure model. In addition, a comparative analysis of consumer exposure was carried out between ESBL-/AmpC-producing E. coli and MRSA. Our results demonstrated that the probability of ESBL-/AmpC-producing E. coli reaching the consumer was 1.85 × 10-5 with the number of bacteria in the final serving averaging 332. Given the higher prevalence and concentration of ESBL-/AmpC-producing E. coli in raw chicken meat at retail compared to MRSA, comparative exposure assessment showed that the likelihood and extent of exposure were significantly higher for ESBL-/AmpC-producing E. coli than for MRSA. ESBL-/AmpC-producing E. coli was determined to be 7.6 times likelier (p-value < 0.01) than MRSA to reach the consumer, with five times the concentration of bacteria in the final serving (p-value < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Plaza-Rodríguez
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany; (O.M.-V.); (K.A.); (M.G.); (B.-A.T.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-18412-24313
| | - Octavio Mesa-Varona
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany; (O.M.-V.); (K.A.); (M.G.); (B.-A.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Katja Alt
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany; (O.M.-V.); (K.A.); (M.G.); (B.-A.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Mirjam Grobbel
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany; (O.M.-V.); (K.A.); (M.G.); (B.-A.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Bernd-Alois Tenhagen
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany; (O.M.-V.); (K.A.); (M.G.); (B.-A.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Annemarie Kaesbohrer
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany; (O.M.-V.); (K.A.); (M.G.); (B.-A.T.); (A.K.)
- Unit for Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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11
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Buberg ML, Mo SS, Sekse C, Sunde M, Wasteson Y, Witsø IL. Population structure and uropathogenic potential of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli from retail chicken meat. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:94. [PMID: 33781204 PMCID: PMC8008618 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Food-producing animals and their products are considered a source for human acquisition of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria, and poultry are suggested to be a reservoir for Escherichia coli resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC), a group of antimicrobials used to treat community-onset urinary tract infections in humans. However, the zoonotic potential of ESC-resistant E. coli from poultry and their role as extraintestinal pathogens, including uropathogens, have been debated. The aim of this study was to characterize ESC-resistant E. coli isolated from domestically produced retail chicken meat regarding their population genetic structure, the presence of virulence-associated geno- and phenotypes as well as their carriage of antimicrobial resistance genes, in order to evaluate their uropathogenic potential. Results A collection of 141 ESC-resistant E. coli isolates from retail chicken in the Norwegian monitoring program for antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from food, feed and animals (NORM-VET) in 2012, 2014 and 2016 (n = 141) were whole genome sequenced and analyzed. The 141 isolates, all containing the beta-lactamase encoding gene blaCMY-2, were genetically diverse, grouping into 19 different sequence types (STs), and temporal variations in the distribution of STs were observed. Generally, a limited number of virulence-associated genes were identified in the isolates. Eighteen isolates were selected for further analysis of uropathogen-associated virulence traits including expression of type 1 fimbriae, motility, ability to form biofilm, serum resistance, adhesion- and invasion of eukaryotic cells and colicin production. These isolates demonstrated a high diversity in virulence-associated phenotypes suggesting that the uropathogenicity of ESC-resistant E. coli from chicken meat is correspondingly highly variable. For some isolates, there was a discrepancy between the presence of virulence-associated genes and corresponding expected phenotype, suggesting that mutations or regulatory mechanisms could influence their pathogenic potential. Conclusion Our results indicate that the ESC-resistant E. coli from chicken meat have a low uropathogenic potential to humans, which is important knowledge for improvement of future risk assessments of AMR in the food chains. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02160-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Linn Buberg
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Solveig Sølverød Mo
- Section for Food safety and Animal Health Research, Department of Animal Health and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Camilla Sekse
- Section for Food safety and Animal Health Research, Department of Animal Health and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Sunde
- Section for Food safety and Animal Health Research, Department of Animal Health and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingun Lund Witsø
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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12
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de Alcântara Rodrigues I, Ferrari RG, Panzenhagen PHN, Mano SB, Conte-Junior CA. Antimicrobial resistance genes in bacteria from animal-based foods. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 112:143-183. [PMID: 32762867 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide public health threat. Farm animals are important sources of bacteria containing antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Although the use of antimicrobials in aquaculture and livestock has been reduced in several countries, these compounds are still routinely applied in animal production, and contribute to ARGs emergence and spread among bacteria. ARGs are transmitted to humans mainly through the consumption of products of animal origin (PAO). Bacteria can present intrinsic resistance, and once antimicrobials are administered, this resistance may be selected and multiply. The exchange of genetic material is another mechanism used by bacteria to acquire resistance. Some of the main ARGs found in bacteria present in PAO are the bla, mcr-1, cfr and tet genes, which are directly associated to antibiotic resistance in the human clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora de Alcântara Rodrigues
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Gomes Ferrari
- Chemistry Institute, Food Science Program, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Sergio Borges Mano
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil; Chemistry Institute, Food Science Program, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Health Quality Control, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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13
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An Unusual Carbapenem Resistant Escherichia coli Carrying Plasmid-mediated AmpC and Mutated ompC in A Patient with Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections. IDCases 2020; 20:e00781. [PMID: 32420029 PMCID: PMC7215173 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of carbapenem resistant E. coli isolated from urine in an 87-year-old woman with recurrent urinary tract infections. Using whole genome sequencing (WGS), we identified the carbapenem resistance mechanism to be a combination of ompC porin loss and plasmid-mediated AmpC gene blaCMY-2 , which was not detected by routine molecular and phenotypic carbapenemase assays. Our case raises a concern for the limitation of current CRE screening tools for emerging resistance mechanisms and demonstrates the utility of WGS as a better tool for characterization of CRE in the clinical setting.
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14
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Horizontal Gene Transfer and Acquired Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovar Heidelberg following In Vitro Incubation in Broiler Ceca. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01903-19. [PMID: 31471306 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01903-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The chicken gastrointestinal tract harbors microorganisms that play a role in the health and disease status of the host. The cecum is the part of the gut that carries the highest microbial densities, has the longest residence time of digesta, and is a vital site for urea recycling and water regulation. Therefore, the cecum provides a rich environment for bacteria to horizontally transfer genes between one another via mobile genetic elements such as plasmids and bacteriophages. In this study, we used broiler chicken cecum as a model to investigate antibiotic resistance genes that can be transferred in vitro from cecal flora to Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg. We used whole-genome sequencing and resistome enrichment to decipher the interactions between S Heidelberg, the gut microbiome, and acquired antibiotic resistance. After 48 h of incubation of ceca under microaerophilic conditions, we recovered one S Heidelberg isolate with an acquired IncK2 plasmid (88 kb) carrying an extended-spectrum-β-lactamase gene (bla CMY-2). In vitro, this plasmid was transferable between Escherichia coli and S Heidelberg strains but transfer was unsuccessful between S Heidelberg strains. An in-depth genetic characterization of transferred plasmids suggests that they share significant homology with P1-like phages. This study contributes to our understanding of horizontal gene transfer between an important foodborne pathogen and the chicken gut microbiome.IMPORTANCE S. Heidelberg is a clinically important serovar, linked to foodborne illness and among the top 5 serovars isolated from poultry in the United States and Canada. Acquisition of new genetic material from the microbial flora in the gastrointestinal tract of food animals, including broilers, may contribute to increased fitness of pathogens like S. Heidelberg and may increase their level of antibiotic tolerance. Therefore, it is critical to gain a better understanding of the interactions that occur between important pathogens and the commensals present in the animal gut and other agroecosystems. In this report, we show that the native flora in broiler ceca were capable of transferring mobile genetic elements carrying the AmpC β-lactamase (bla CMY-2) gene to an important foodborne pathogen, S Heidelberg. The potential role for bacteriophage transduction is also discussed.
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15
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Koga VL, Maluta RP, da Silveira WD, Ribeiro RA, Hungria M, Vespero EC, Nakazato G, Kobayashi RKT. Characterization of CMY-2-type beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from chicken carcasses and human infection in a city of South Brazil. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:174. [PMID: 31362706 PMCID: PMC6664532 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1550-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food-producing animals, mainly poultry, have been associated with the maintenance and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as plasmid-mediated AmpC (pAmpC)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, to humans, thus impacting food safety. Many studies have shown that Escherichia coli strains isolated from poultry and humans infections share identical cephalosporin resistance, suggesting that transmission of resistance from poultry meat to humans may occur. The aim of this study was to characterize pAmpC-producing E. coli strains isolated from chicken carcasses and human infection in a restrict area and to determine their antimicrobial resistance profiles, and molecular type by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS A total of 14 pAmpC-producing E. coli strains were isolated, including eight strains from chicken carcasses and six strains from human infections (from urine, tissue and secretion). The blaCMY-2 gene was identified in all pAmpC-producing E. coli strains by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. High percentages of strains resistant to tetracycline, nalidixic acid and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (78-92%) were detected, all of which were considered multidrug-resistant. Among the non-beta-lactam resistance genes, the majority of the strains showed tetA, tetB, sulI and sulII. No strain was considered an extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) producer, and the blaTEM-1 gene was found in 2 strains isolated from human infection. Six strains from chicken carcasses and four strains from humans infections were linked to an ISEcp1-like element. Through MLST, 11 sequence types were found. Three strains isolated from human infection and one strain isolated from chicken carcasses belonged to the same sequence type (ST354). However, considerable heterogeneity between the strains from chicken carcasses and humans was confirmed by PFGE analysis. CONCLUSION This study showed the prevalence of E. coli strains producing blaCMY-2 linked to ISEcp1 that were present in both chickens and humans in a restricted area. Our results also suggest the presence of a highly diverse strains that harbor pAmpC, indicating no clonal dissemination. Therefore, continuous monitoring and comparative analyses of resistant bacteria from humans and food-producing animals are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L Koga
- Basic and Applied Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Renato P Maluta
- Bacterial Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Wanderley D da Silveira
- Bacterial Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Renan A Ribeiro
- Soil Biotechnology Laboratory, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Mariangela Hungria
- Soil Biotechnology Laboratory, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Eliana C Vespero
- Department of Pathology and Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Gerson Nakazato
- Basic and Applied Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Renata K T Kobayashi
- Basic and Applied Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Apostolakos I, Mughini-Gras L, Fasolato L, Piccirillo A. Assessing the occurrence and transfer dynamics of ESBL/pAmpC-producing Escherichia coli across the broiler production pyramid. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217174. [PMID: 31100096 PMCID: PMC6524947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- and plasmid mediated AmpC-type cephalosporinase (pAmpC)-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL/pAmpC E. coli) in food-producing animals is a major public health concern. This study aimed at quantifying ESBL/pAmpC-E. coli occurrence and transfer in Italy’s broiler production pyramid. Three production chains of an integrated broiler company were investigated. Cloacal swabs were taken from parent stock chickens and offspring broiler flocks in four fattening farms per chain. Carcasses from sampled broiler flocks were collected at slaughterhouse. Samples were processed on selective media, and E. coli colonies were screened for ESBL/pAmpC production. ESBL/pAmpC genes and E. coli phylogroups were determined by PCR and sequencing. Average pairwise overlap of ESBL/pAmpC E. coli gene and phylogroup occurrences between subsequent production stages was estimated using the proportional similarity index, modelling uncertainty in a Monte Carlo simulation setting. In total, 820 samples were processed, from which 513 ESBL/pAmpC E. coli isolates were obtained. We found a high prevalence (92.5%, 95%CI 72.1–98.3%) in day-old parent stock chicks, in which blaCMY-2 predominated; prevalence then dropped to 20% (12.9–29.6%) at laying phase. In fattening broilers, prevalence was 69.2% (53.6–81.3%) at the start of production, 54.2% (38.9–68.6%) at slaughter time, and 61.3% (48.1–72.9%) in carcasses. Significantly decreasing and increasing trends for respectively blaCMY-2 and blaCTX-M-1 gene occurrences were found across subsequent production stages. ESBL/pAmpC E. coli genetic background appeared complex and bla-gene/phylogroup associations indicated clonal and horizontal transmission. Modelling revealed that the average transfer of ESBL/pAmpC E. coli genes between subsequent production stages was 47.7% (42.3–53.4%). We concluded that ESBL/pAmpC E. coli in the broiler production pyramid is prevalent, with substantial transfer between subsequent production levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Apostolakos
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Lapo Mughini-Gras
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Luca Fasolato
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Alessandra Piccirillo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro (PD), Italy
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17
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Carriage and population genetics of extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in cats and dogs in New Zealand. Vet Microbiol 2019; 233:61-67. [PMID: 31176414 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of infections with extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-E) is increasing both in humans and animals. There is a paucity of data about the rate of faecal carriage of ESBL-E in pets. In this study, faecal swabs collected from 586 pets (225 cats; 361 dogs) in Auckland, New Zealand, were analysed for the presence of ESBL-E by culture, and a questionnaire was delivered to the owners. The ESBL-E were characterised and data elicited by the questionnaires were used for a multivariable analysis, to investigate the factors associated with faecal ESBL-E carriage. The prevalence of ESBL-E in faecal swabs was 6.4%. The β-lactamase genes detected in the ESBL-E were the blaCTX-M-14 (n = 2) and blaCMY-2 (n = 34). Several isolates displayed multilocus sequence types (ST) associated with human and animal infections. Multiple isolates sharing the same ST displayed different antibiograms and β-lactamase genes, reflecting horizontal gene transfer between and within ST. Variables independently associated with increased odds of ESBL-E carriage were: animal received systemic antimicrobial treatment in the six months before the sampling; presence of household members working in veterinary clinics; presence of household members travelling overseas in the six months before the sampling. We conclude that pets are colonised by ESBL-E which are genotypically similar to the bacteria found to infect humans and animals. The statistical analysis suggested a number of eco-epidemiological factors associated with ESBL-E carriage. In particular, they suggest veterinary clinics may represent hot-spots of antimicrobial resistance.
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18
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Rensing KL, Abdallah HM, Koek A, Elmowalid GA, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, Al Naiemi N, van Dijk K. Prevalence of plasmid-mediated AmpC in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from humans and from retail meat in Zagazig, Egypt. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2019; 8:45. [PMID: 30891235 PMCID: PMC6390348 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of plasmid-mediated AmpC (pAmpC) among Enterobacteriaceae isolated from humans and from retail meat in Egypt. Methods Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from patients with suspected bloodstream infection, human fecal samples, retail chicken meat samples and retail sheep meat samples. All group I Enterobacteriaceae were analyzed for presence of pAmpC genes by PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed in all pAmpC positive isolates, followed by phenotypic and genotypic ESBL and carbapenemase testing on indication. Results The prevalence of pAmpC among group I Enterobacteriaceae isolated from 225 patients with bloodstream infection was 5.6% [95%CI 2.2–13.4]. Among 100 patients with community-onset gastroenteritis the prevalence in fecal samples was 4.8% [95%CI 2.1–10.7]. The prevalence among 112 chicken carcasses and 100 sheep meat samples was 2.4% [95%CI 0.7–8.4] and 1.1% [95%CI 0.2–5.7], respectively. In half of the AmpC positive isolates we detected an ESBL gene and 2 isolates harbored a carbapenemase gene. In five isolates there was resistance to at least three important alternative antibiotic drugs. Conclusions We consider the prevalence of pAmpC in Egypt, as found in our study, moderately low. To follow future trends in prevalence of pAmpC worldwide, a standardized screening algorithm for the detection of pAmpC is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrijn L Rensing
- 1Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam Immunity and Infection Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H M Abdallah
- 2Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Alex Koek
- 1Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam Immunity and Infection Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gamal A Elmowalid
- 2Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Christina M J E Vandenbroucke-Grauls
- 1Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam Immunity and Infection Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nashwan Al Naiemi
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Public Health, Hengelo, The Netherlands.,4Microbiology and Infection Control, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, The Netherlands
| | - Karin van Dijk
- 1Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam Immunity and Infection Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Pietsch M, Irrgang A, Roschanski N, Brenner Michael G, Hamprecht A, Rieber H, Käsbohrer A, Schwarz S, Rösler U, Kreienbrock L, Pfeifer Y, Fuchs S, Werner G. Whole genome analyses of CMY-2-producing Escherichia coli isolates from humans, animals and food in Germany. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:601. [PMID: 30092762 PMCID: PMC6085623 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4976-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to 3rd-generation cephalosporins in Escherichia coli is mostly mediated by extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) or AmpC beta-lactamases. Besides overexpression of the species-specific chromosomal ampC gene, acquisition of plasmid-encoded ampC genes, e.g. blaCMY-2, has been described worldwide in E. coli from humans and animals. To investigate a possible transmission of blaCMY-2 along the food production chain, we conducted a next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based analysis of 164 CMY-2-producing E. coli isolates from humans, livestock animals and foodstuff from Germany. Results The data of the 164 sequenced isolates revealed 59 different sequence types (STs); the most prevalent ones were ST38 (n = 19), ST131 (n = 16) and ST117 (n = 13). Two STs were present in all reservoirs: ST131 (human n = 8; food n = 2; animal n = 6) and ST38 (human n = 3; animal n = 9; food n = 7). All but one CMY-2-producing ST131 isolates belonged to the clade B (fimH22) that differed substantially from the worldwide dominant CTX-M-15-producing clonal lineage ST131-O25b clade C (fimH30). Plasmid replicon types IncI1 (n = 61) and IncK (n = 72) were identified for the majority of blaCMY-2-carrying plasmids. Plasmid sequence comparisons showed a remarkable sequence identity, especially for IncK plasmids. Associations of replicon types and distinct STs were shown for IncK and ST57, ST429 and ST38 as well as for IncI1 and ST58. Additional β-lactamase genes (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaOXA, blaSHV) were detected in 50% of the isolates, and twelve E. coli from chicken and retail chicken meat carried the colistin resistance gene mcr-1. Conclusion We found isolates of distinct E. coli clonal lineages (ST131 and ST38) in all three reservoirs. However, a direct clonal relationship of isolates from food animals and humans was only noticeable for a few cases. The CMY-2-producing E. coli-ST131 represents a clonal lineage different from the CTX-M-15-producing ST131-O25b cluster. Apart from the ST-driven spread, plasmid-mediated spread, especially via IncI1 and IncK plasmids, likely plays an important role for emergence and transmission of blaCMY-2 between animals and humans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4976-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pietsch
- Robert Koch-Institute, FG 13 Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance, Burgstr, 37 38855, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Alexandra Irrgang
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Roschanski
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Geovana Brenner Michael
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - Axel Hamprecht
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heime Rieber
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Dr. Stein, Division of Microbiology, Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.,Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - Uwe Rösler
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Institute for Biometrics, Epidemiology and Data Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Yvonne Pfeifer
- Robert Koch-Institute, FG 13 Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance, Burgstr, 37 38855, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Stephan Fuchs
- Robert Koch-Institute, FG 13 Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance, Burgstr, 37 38855, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Guido Werner
- Robert Koch-Institute, FG 13 Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance, Burgstr, 37 38855, Wernigerode, Germany.
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20
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Mulder M, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Goessens WHF, de Visser H, Ikram MA, Verbon A, Stricker BH. Diet as a risk factor for antimicrobial resistance in community-acquired urinary tract infections in a middle-aged and elderly population: a case-control study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 25:613-619. [PMID: 30099137 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is an ongoing debate as to what extent antimicrobial resistance (AMR) can be transmitted from animals to humans via the consumption of animal products. Because epidemiological data on the role of diet in AMR in humans are lacking, we investigated this association between diet and AMR for different antimicrobial drugs in Escherichia coli (E. coli) in urinary tract infections (UTIs). METHODS Susceptibility of E. coli in urinary cultures and information on diet (with food frequency questionnaires) were obtained from participants of the Rotterdam study, a population-based prospective cohort study. The association between intake of several food groups (meat, seafood, eggs, dairy products, crops) and resistance of E. coli to several antimicrobial drugs (amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, first-generation cephalosporins, cefotaxime, nitrofurantoin, norfloxacin) was studied. RESULTS Urinary cultures with E. coli were obtained from 612 individuals, of whom 481 (78.6%) were women. Resistance rates varied from 246/611 (40.3%) for amoxicillin and 167/612 (27.3%) for trimethoprim to only 29/612 (4.7%) for nitrofurantoin and 16/462 (3.5%) for cefotaxime. A higher intake of chicken was associated with cefotaxime resistance (OR 2.18; 95% CI 1.05-4.51 per tertile increase); a higher intake of pork was associated with norfloxacin resistance (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.04-1.95 per quartile increase). In contrast, a higher intake of cheese was associated with lower AMR to amoxicillin (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.72-0.99 per quartile increase) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.53-0.86 per quartile increase). CONCLUSIONS These findings support the hypothesis that diet may play a role in the AMR of E. coli in UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mulder
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Youth and Healthcare Inspectorate, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J C Kiefte-de Jong
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Leiden University College, The Hague, The Netherlands; Department of Public Health and Primary Care / LUMC Campus the Hague, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - W H F Goessens
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H de Visser
- Star-Medisch Diagnostisch Centrum, The Netherlands
| | - M A Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Verbon
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care / LUMC Campus the Hague, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B H Stricker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Youth and Healthcare Inspectorate, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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21
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Muloi D, Ward MJ, Pedersen AB, Fèvre EM, Woolhouse ME, van Bunnik BA. Are Food Animals Responsible for Transfer of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli or Their Resistance Determinants to Human Populations? A Systematic Review. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:467-474. [PMID: 29708778 PMCID: PMC6103250 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of farm animals in the emergence and dissemination of both AMR bacteria and their resistance determinants to humans is poorly understood and controversial. Here, we systematically reviewed the current evidence that food animals are responsible for transfer of AMR to humans. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE for literature published between 1940 and 2016. Our results show that eight studies (18%) suggested evidence of transmission of AMR from food animals to humans, 25 studies (56%) suggested transmission between animals and humans with no direction specified and 12 studies (26%) did not support transmission. Quality of evidence was variable among the included studies; one study (2%) used high resolution typing tools, 36 (80%) used intermediate resolution typing tools, six (13%) relied on low resolution typing tools, and two (5%) based conclusions on co-occurrence of resistance. While some studies suggested to provide evidence that transmission of AMR from food animals to humans may occur, robust conclusions on the directionality of transmission cannot be drawn due to limitations in study methodologies. Our findings highlight the need to combine high resolution genomic data analysis with systematically collected epidemiological evidence to reconstruct patterns of AMR transmission between food animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dishon Muloi
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences & Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa J. Ward
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amy B. Pedersen
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mark E.J. Woolhouse
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences & Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bram A.D. van Bunnik
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences & Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Heterogeneous Genetic Location of mcr-1 in Colistin-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates from Humans and Retail Chicken Meat in Switzerland: Emergence of mcr-1-Carrying IncK2 Plasmids. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.01245-17. [PMID: 28848010 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01245-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized the genetic environment of mcr-1 in colistin-resistant Escherichia coli strains isolated in Switzerland during 2014 to 2016 from humans (n = 3) and chicken meat (n = 6). Whole-genome and plasmid sequencing identified the mcr-1 gene integrated in IncX4 (of which, one strain carried the mcr-1.2 variant), IncI2, IncHI2, and novel IncK2 plasmids (overall, n = 7), as well as in the bacterial chromosome (n = 2) in single or duplicate copies. Our study supports the easy mobilization of mcr-1 across diverse genetic locations.
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23
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Klimienė I, Virgailis M, Kerzienė S, Šiugždinienė R, Mockeliūnas R, Ružauskas M. Evaluation of genotypical antimicrobial resistance in
ESBL
producing
Escherichia coli
phylogenetic groups isolated from retail poultry meat. J Food Saf 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irena Klimienė
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Lithuanian University of Health SciencesTilžes str. 18, Kaunas, LT‐47181 Lithuania
| | - Marius Virgailis
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Lithuanian University of Health SciencesTilžes str. 18, Kaunas, LT‐47181 Lithuania
| | - Sigita Kerzienė
- Department of Physics, Mathematics and BiophysicsLithuanian University of Health SciencesTilžes str. 18, Kaunas, LT‐47181 Lithuania
| | - Rita Šiugždinienė
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Lithuanian University of Health SciencesTilžes str. 18, Kaunas, LT‐47181 Lithuania
| | - Raimundas Mockeliūnas
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Lithuanian University of Health SciencesTilžes str. 18, Kaunas, LT‐47181 Lithuania
| | - Modestas Ružauskas
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Lithuanian University of Health SciencesTilžes str. 18, Kaunas, LT‐47181 Lithuania
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24
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Transfer Potential of Plasmids Conferring Extended-Spectrum-Cephalosporin Resistance in Escherichia coli from Poultry. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00654-17. [PMID: 28411217 PMCID: PMC5452821 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00654-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli strains resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) are widely distributed in Norwegian broiler production, and the majority harbor transferable IncK or IncI1 plasmids carrying blaCMY-2. Persistent occurrence in broiler farms may occur through the survival of ESC-resistant E. coli strains in the farm environment, or by transfer and maintenance of resistance plasmids within a population of environmental bacteria with high survival abilities. The aim of this study was to determine the transferability of two successful blaCMY-2-carrying plasmids belonging to the incompatibility groups IncK and IncI1 into E. coli and Serratia species recipients. Initially, conjugative plasmid transfer from two E. coli donors to potential recipients was tested in an agar assay. Conjugation was further investigated for selected mating pairs in surface and planktonic assays at temperatures from 12°C to 37°C. Transfer of plasmids was observed on agar, in broth, and in biofilm at temperatures down to 25°C. The IncK plasmid was able to transfer into Serratia marcescens, and transconjugants were able to act as secondary plasmid donors to different E. coli and Serratia species recipients. All transconjugants displayed an AmpC phenotype corresponding to the acquisition of blaCMY-2. In summary, the results indicate that the IncK plasmid may transfer between E. coli and Serratia spp. under conditions relevant for broiler production. IMPORTANCE Certain blaCMY-2-carrying plasmids are successful and disseminated in European broiler production. Traditionally, plasmid transferability has been studied under conditions that are optimal for bacterial growth. Plasmid transfer has previously been reported between E. coli bacteria in biofilms at 37°C and in broth at temperatures ranging from 8 to 37°C. However, intergenus transfer of blaCMY-2-carrying plasmids from E. coli to environmental bacteria in the food-processing chain has not been previously studied. We demonstrate that blaCMY-2-carrying plasmids are capable of conjugative transfer between different poultry-associated bacterial genera under conditions relevant for broiler production. Transfer to Serratia spp. and to hosts with good biofilm-forming abilities and with the potential to act as secondary plasmid donors to new hosts might contribute to the persistence of these resistance plasmids. These results contribute to increased knowledge of factors affecting the persistence of ESC resistance in broiler production and can provide a basis for improvement of routines and preventive measures.
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25
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Ferreira JC, Penha Filho RAC, Andrade LN, Berchieri Junior A, Darini ALC. Diversity of plasmids harboring bla CMY-2 in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from poultry in Brazil. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 88:361-364. [PMID: 28602519 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistance (MDR) has been increasingly reported in Gram-negative bacteria from the intestinal microbiota, environment and food-producing animals. Resistance plasmids able to harbor different transposable elements are capable to mobilize antimicrobial resistance genes and transfer to other bacterial hosts. Plasmids carrying blaCMY are frequently associated with MDR. The present study assessed the presence of plasmid-encoded ampC genes (blacmy, blamox, blafox, blalat, blaact, blamir, bladha, blamor) in commensal E. coli isolated from apparently healthy broiler chickens. Furthermore, we characterized the plasmids and identified those harboring the resistance genes. We isolated 144/200 (72%) of E. coli isolates with resistance to cefotaxime and the resistance gene identified was blaCMY-2. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis showed high diversity of the genetic profiles. The phylogenetic groups A, B1, B2, and D were identified among E. coli isolates and group D was the most prevalent. The PCR-based replicon typing (PBRT) analysis identified four distinct plasmid incompatibility groups (Inc) in MDR isolates. Moreover, plasmids harboring blaCMY-2, ranged in size from 50kb to 150kb and 51/144 (35%) belonged to IncK, 21/144 (14.5%) to IncB/O, 8/144 (5.5%) to IncA/C, 1/144 (0.5%) to IncI, while 63/144 (44.5%) were not typeable by PBRT. Overall, a high prevalence of blaCMY-2 genes was found in a diverse population of commensal MDR E. coli from poultry in Brazil, harbored into different plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseane Cristina Ferreira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto -University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Neves Andrade
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto -University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Angelo Berchieri Junior
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences - São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Costa Darini
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto -University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
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26
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Seiffert SN, Carattoli A, Schwendener S, Collaud A, Endimiani A, Perreten V. Plasmids Carrying blaCMY -2/4 in Escherichia coli from Poultry, Poultry Meat, and Humans Belong to a Novel IncK Subgroup Designated IncK2. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:407. [PMID: 28360894 PMCID: PMC5350095 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The blaCMY -2/4-carrying IncB/O/K-like plasmids of seven Escherichia coli strains from poultry, poultry meat and human urine samples were examined using comparative analysis of whole plasmid sequences. The incompatibility group was determined by analysis of the incRNAI region and conjugation assays with strains containing the IncK and IncB/O reference plasmids. Strains were additionally characterized using MLST and MIC determination. The complete DNA sequences of all plasmids showed an average nucleotide identity of 91.3%. Plasmids were detected in E. coli sequence type (ST) 131, ST38, ST420, ST1431, ST1564 and belonged to a new plasmid variant (IncK2) within the IncK and IncB/O groups. Notably, one E. coli from poultry meat and one from human contained the same plasmid. The presence of a common recently recognized IncK2 plasmid in diverse E. coli from human urine isolates and poultry meat production suggests that the IncK2 plasmids originated from a common progenitor and have the capability to spread to genetically diverse E. coli in different reservoirs. This discovery is alarming and stresses the need of rapidly introducing strict hygiene measures throughout the food chain, limiting the spread of such plasmids in the human settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome N Seiffert
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of BernBern, Switzerland; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of BernBern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of BernBern, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Carattoli
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of BernBern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di SanitàRome, Italy
| | - Sybille Schwendener
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Collaud
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Endimiani
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
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27
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Development and transmission of antimicrobial resistance among Gram-negative bacteria in animals and their public health impact. Essays Biochem 2017; 61:23-35. [PMID: 28258227 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20160055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria are known to cause severe infections in both humans and animals. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Gram-negative bacteria is a major challenge in the treatment of clinical infections globally due to the propensity of these organisms to rapidly develop resistance against antimicrobials in use. In addition, Gram-negative bacteria possess highly efficient mechanisms through which the AMR can be disseminated between pathogenic and commensal bacteria of the same or different species. These unique traits of Gram-negative bacteria have resulted in evolution of Gram-negative bacterial strains demonstrating resistance to multiple classes of antimicrobials. The evergrowing resistance issue has not only resulted in limitation of treatment options but also led to increased treatment costs and mortality rates in humans and animals. With few or no new antimicrobials in production to combat severe life-threatening infections, AMR has been described as the one of the most severe, long-term threats to human health. Aside from overuse and misuse of antimicrobials in humans, another factor that has exacerbated the emergence of AMR in Gram-negative bacteria is the veterinary use of antimicrobials that belong to the same classes considered to be critically important for treating serious life-threatening infections in humans. Despite the fact that development of AMR dates back to before the introduction of antimicrobials, the recent surge in the resistance towards all available critically important antimicrobials has emerged as a major public health issue. This review thus focuses on discussing the development, transmission and public health impact of AMR in Gram-negative bacteria in animals.
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28
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Castellanos LR, Donado-Godoy P, León M, Clavijo V, Arevalo A, Bernal JF, Timmerman AJ, Mevius DJ, Wagenaar JA, Hordijk J. High Heterogeneity of Escherichia coli Sequence Types Harbouring ESBL/AmpC Genes on IncI1 Plasmids in the Colombian Poultry Chain. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170777. [PMID: 28125687 PMCID: PMC5268450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Escherichia coli producing ESBL/AmpC enzymes are unwanted in animal production chains as they may pose a risk to human and animal health. Molecular characterization of plasmids and strains carrying genes that encode these enzymes is essential to understand their local and global spread. Objectives To investigate the diversity of genes, plasmids and strains in ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli from the Colombian poultry chain isolated within the Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (Coipars). Methods A total of 541 non-clinical E. coli strains from epidemiologically independent samples and randomly isolated between 2008 and 2013 within the Coipars program were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Poultry isolates resistant to cefotaxime (MIC ≥ 4 mg/L) were screened for ESBL/AmpC genes including blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaTEM, blaCMY and blaOXA. Plasmid and strain characterization was performed for a selection of the ESBL/AmpC-producing isolates. Plasmids were purified and transformed into E. coli DH10B cells or transferred by conjugation to E. coli W3110. When applicable, PCR Based Replicon Typing (PBRT), plasmid Multi Locus Sequence Typing (pMLST), plasmid Double Locus Sequence Typing (pDLST) and/or plasmid Replicon Sequence Typing (pRST) was performed on resulting transformants and conjugants. Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) was used for strain characterization. Results In total, 132 of 541 isolates were resistant to cefotaxime and 122 were found to carry ESBL/AmpC genes. Ninety-two harboured blaCMY-2 (75%), fourteen blaSHV-12 (11%), three blaSHV-5 (2%), five blaCTX-M-2 (4%), one blaCTX-M-15 (1%), one blaCTX-M-8 (1%), four a combination of blaCMY-2 and blaSHV-12 (4%) and two a combination of blaCMY-2 and blaSHV-5 (2%). A selection of 39 ESBL/AmpC-producing isolates was characterized at the plasmid and strain level. ESBL/AmpC genes from 36 isolates were transferable by transformation or conjugation of which 22 were located on IncI1 plasmids. These IncI1 plasmids harboured predominantly blaCMY-2 (16/22), and to a lesser extend blaSHV-12 (5/22) and blaCTX-M-8 (1/22). Other plasmid families associated with ESBL/AmpC-genes were IncK (4/33), IncHI2 (3/33), IncA/C (2/33), IncΒ/O (1/33) and a non-typeable replicon (1/33). Subtyping of IncI1 and IncHI2 demonstrated IncI1/ST12 was predominantly associated with blaCMY-2 (12/16) and IncHI2/ST7 with blaCTX-M-2 (2/3). Finally, 31 different STs were detected among the 39 selected isolates. Conclusions Resistance to extended spectrum cephalosporins in E. coli from Colombian poultry is mainly caused by blaCMY-2 and blaSHV-12. The high diversity of strain Sequence Types and the dissemination of homogeneous IncI1/ST12 plasmids suggest that spread of the resistance is mainly mediated by horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ricardo Castellanos
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance – Coipars, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corpoica, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Pilar Donado-Godoy
- Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance – Coipars, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corpoica, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Maribel León
- Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario - ICA, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Viviana Clavijo
- Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance – Coipars, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corpoica, Cundinamarca, Colombia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Los Andes University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandra Arevalo
- Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance – Coipars, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corpoica, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Johan F. Bernal
- Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance – Coipars, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corpoica, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Arjen J. Timmerman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dik J. Mevius
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap A. Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Joost Hordijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Berg ES, Wester AL, Ahrenfeldt J, Mo SS, Slettemeås JS, Steinbakk M, Samuelsen Ø, Grude N, Simonsen GS, Løhr IH, Jørgensen SB, Tofteland S, Lund O, Dahle UR, Sunde M. Norwegian patients and retail chicken meat share cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli and IncK/bla CMY-2 resistance plasmids. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017; 23:407.e9-407.e15. [PMID: 28082191 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In 2012 and 2014 the Norwegian monitoring programme for antimicrobial resistance in the veterinary and food production sectors (NORM-VET) showed that 124 of a total of 406 samples (31%) of Norwegian retail chicken meat were contaminated with extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli. The aim of this study was to compare selected cephalosporin-resistant E. coli from humans and poultry to determine their genetic relatedness based on whole genome sequencing (WGS). METHODS Escherichia coli representing three prevalent cephalosporin-resistant multi-locus sequence types (STs) isolated from poultry (n=17) were selected from the NORM-VET strain collections. All strains carried an IncK plasmid with a blaCMY-2 gene. Clinical E. coli isolates (n=284) with AmpC-mediated resistance were collected at Norwegian microbiology laboratories from 2010 to 2014. PCR screening showed that 29 of the clinical isolates harboured both IncK and blaCMY-2. All IncK/blaCMY-2-positive isolates were analysed with WGS-based bioinformatics tools. RESULTS Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in 2.5 Mbp of shared genome sequences showed close relationship, with fewer than 15 SNP differences between five clinical isolates from urinary tract infections (UTIs) and the ST38 isolates from poultry. Furthermore, all of the 29 clinical isolates harboured IncK/blaCMY-2 plasmid variants highly similar to the IncK/blaCMY-2 plasmid present in the poultry isolates. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide support for the hypothesis that clonal transfer of cephalosporin-resistant E. coli from chicken meat to humans may occur, and may cause difficult-to-treat infections. Furthermore, these E. coli can be a source of AmpC-resistance plasmids for opportunistic pathogens in the human microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Berg
- Domain of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | - A L Wester
- Domain of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - J Ahrenfeldt
- Centre for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - S S Mo
- Department of Diagnostic Services, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - J S Slettemeås
- Department of Diagnostic Services, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Steinbakk
- Domain of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ø Samuelsen
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Research Group for Microbial Pharmacology and Population Biology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - N Grude
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - G S Simonsen
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - I H Løhr
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - S B Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - S Tofteland
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sørlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - O Lund
- Centre for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - U R Dahle
- Domain of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Sunde
- Domain of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Diagnostic Services, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
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Evers EG, Pielaat A, Smid JH, van Duijkeren E, Vennemann FBC, Wijnands LM, Chardon JE. Comparative Exposure Assessment of ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli through Meat Consumption. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169589. [PMID: 28056081 PMCID: PMC5215934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmidic AmpC (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli (EEC) in food animals, especially broilers, has become a major public health concern. The aim of the present study was to quantify the EEC exposure of humans in The Netherlands through the consumption of meat from different food animals. Calculations were done with a simplified Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment (QMRA) model. The model took the effect of pre-retail processing, storage at the consumers home and preparation in the kitchen (cross-contamination and heating) on EEC numbers on/in the raw meat products into account. The contribution of beef products (78%) to the total EEC exposure of the Dutch population through the consumption of meat was much higher than for chicken (18%), pork (4.5%), veal (0.1%) and lamb (0%). After slaughter, chicken meat accounted for 97% of total EEC load on meat, but chicken meat experienced a relatively large effect of heating during food preparation. Exposure via consumption of filet americain (a minced beef product consumed raw) was predicted to be highest (61% of total EEC exposure), followed by chicken fillet (13%). It was estimated that only 18% of EEC exposure occurred via cross-contamination during preparation in the kitchen, which was the only route by which EEC survived for surface-contaminated products. Sensitivity analysis showed that model output is not sensitive for most parameters. However, EEC concentration on meat other than chicken meat was an important data gap. In conclusion, the model assessed that consumption of beef products led to a higher exposure to EEC than chicken products, although the prevalence of EEC on raw chicken meat was much higher than on beef. The (relative) risk of this exposure for public health is yet unknown given the lack of a modelling framework and of exposure studies for other potential transmission routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G. Evers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Pielaat
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joost H. Smid
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Engeline van Duijkeren
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Francy B. C. Vennemann
- Public Health and Health Services Division, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas M. Wijnands
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen E. Chardon
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Börjesson S, Ny S, Egervärn M, Bergström J, Rosengren Å, Englund S, Löfmark S, Byfors S. Limited Dissemination of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase- and Plasmid-Encoded AmpC-Producing Escherichia coli from Food and Farm Animals, Sweden. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:634-40. [PMID: 26982890 PMCID: PMC4806949 DOI: 10.3201/eid2204.151142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Food is a limited source of these antimicrobial resistance genes for humans. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)– and plasmid-encoded ampC (pAmpC)–producing Enterobacteriaceae might spread from farm animals to humans through food. However, most studies have been limited in number of isolates tested and areas studied. We examined genetic relatedness of 716 isolates from 4,854 samples collected from humans, farm animals, and foods in Sweden to determine whether foods and farm animals might act as reservoirs and dissemination routes for ESBL/pAmpC-producing Escherichia coli. Results showed that clonal spread to humans appears unlikely. However, we found limited dissemination of genes encoding ESBL/pAmpC and plasmids carrying these genes from foods and farm animals to healthy humans and patients. Poultry and chicken meat might be a reservoir and dissemination route to humans. Although we found no evidence of clonal spread of ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli from farm animals or foods to humans, ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli with identical genes and plasmids were present in farm animals, foods, and humans.
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Awad A, Arafat N, Elhadidy M. Genetic elements associated with antimicrobial resistance among avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2016; 15:59. [PMID: 27887603 PMCID: PMC5124244 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-016-0174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian-pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) are pathogenic strains of E. coli that are responsible for one of the most predominant bacterial disease affecting poultry worldwide called avian colibacillosis. This study describes the genetic determinants implicated in antimicrobial resistance among APEC isolated from different broiler farms in Egypt. Methods A total of 116 APEC were investigated by serotyping, antimicrobial resistance patterns to 10 antimicrobials, and the genetic mechanisms underlying the antimicrobial-resistant phenotypes. Results Antibiogram results showed that the highest resistance was observed for ampicillin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, and chloramphenicol. The detected carriage rate of integron was 29.3% (34/116). Further characterization of gene cassettes revealed the presence gene cassettes encoding resistance to trimethoprim (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12), streptomycin/spectinomycin (aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aadA23), and streptothricin (sat2). To our knowledge, this the first description of the presence of aadA23 in APEC isolates. Analysis of other antimicrobial resistance types not associated with integrons revealed the predominance of resistance genes encoding resistance to tetracycline (tetA and tetB), ampicillin (blaTEM), chloramphenicol (cat1), kanamycin (aphA1), and sulphonamide (sul1 and sul2). Among ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates, the S83L mutation was the most frequently substitution observed in the quinolone resistance-determining region of gyrA (56.3%). The blaTEM and blaCTX−M−1 genes were the most prevalent among APEC isolates producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESβL). Conclusions These findings provided important clues about the role of integron-mediated resistance genes together with other independent resistance genes and chromosomal mutations in shaping the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli isolates from poultry farms in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Awad
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Nagah Arafat
- Department of Poultry diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elhadidy
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt. .,Foodborne Pathogens, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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Centner TJ. Efforts to slacken antibiotic resistance: Labeling meat products from animals raised without antibiotics in the United States. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 563-564:1088-1094. [PMID: 27236477 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As bacteria and diseases spread due to climatic change, greater amounts of antibiotics will be used thereby exacerbating the problem of antibiotic resistance. To help slacken the development of resistant bacteria, the medical community is attempting to reduce unnecessary and excessive usage of antibiotics. One of the targets is the use of antibiotics for enhancing animal growth and promoting feed efficiency in the production of food animals. While governments can adopt regulations prohibiting nontherapeutic uses of antibiotics in food animals and strategies to reduce antibiotic usage, another idea is to publicize when antibiotics are used in food animal production by allowing labeled meat products. This paper builds upon existing labeling and marketing efforts in the United States to show how a government can develop a verified antibiotic-free labeling program that would allow consumers to purchase meat products from animals that had never received antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence J Centner
- College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA.
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34
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Goodman KE, Lessler J, Cosgrove SE, Harris AD, Lautenbach E, Han JH, Milstone AM, Massey CJ, Tamma PD. A Clinical Decision Tree to Predict Whether a Bacteremic Patient Is Infected With an Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Organism. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63:896-903. [PMID: 27358356 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Timely identification of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) bacteremia can improve clinical outcomes while minimizing unnecessary use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, including carbapenems. However, most clinical microbiology laboratories currently require at least 24 additional hours from the time of microbial genus and species identification to confirm ESBL production. Our objective was to develop a user-friendly decision tree to predict which organisms are ESBL producing, to guide appropriate antibiotic therapy. METHODS We included patients ≥18 years of age with bacteremia due to Escherichia coli or Klebsiella species from October 2008 to March 2015 at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Isolates with ceftriaxone minimum inhibitory concentrations ≥2 µg/mL underwent ESBL confirmatory testing. Recursive partitioning was used to generate a decision tree to determine the likelihood that a bacteremic patient was infected with an ESBL producer. Discrimination of the original and cross-validated models was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves and by calculation of C-statistics. RESULTS A total of 1288 patients with bacteremia met eligibility criteria. For 194 patients (15%), bacteremia was due to a confirmed ESBL producer. The final classification tree for predicting ESBL-positive bacteremia included 5 predictors: history of ESBL colonization/infection, chronic indwelling vascular hardware, age ≥43 years, recent hospitalization in an ESBL high-burden region, and ≥6 days of antibiotic exposure in the prior 6 months. The decision tree's positive and negative predictive values were 90.8% and 91.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that a clinical decision tree can be used to estimate a bacteremic patient's likelihood of infection with ESBL-producing bacteria. Recursive partitioning offers a practical, user-friendly approach for addressing important diagnostic questions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Lessler
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Sara E Cosgrove
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Anthony D Harris
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Ebbing Lautenbach
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Jennifer H Han
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | | | - Colin J Massey
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Plasmid and Host Strain Characteristics of Escherichia coli Resistant to Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporins in the Norwegian Broiler Production. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154019. [PMID: 27111852 PMCID: PMC4844124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins have been detected in the Norwegian broiler production, despite the fact that antimicrobial agents are rarely used. The genetic mechanism responsible for cephalosporin resistance is mainly attributed to the presence of the blaCMY-2 gene encoding a plasmid-mediated AmpC-beta-lactamase (pAmpC). The aim of this study was to characterize and compare blaCMY-2 containing Escherichia coli isolated from the intestinal flora of broilers and retail chicken meat (fillets) to identify possible successful clones and/or resistance plasmids widespread in the Norwegian broiler production. Methods used included PCR based phylotyping, conjugation experiments, plasmid replicon typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multiple locus variable-number tandem-repeats analysis and whole genome sequencing. The nucleotide sequence of an IncK plasmid carrying blaCMY-2 was determined. Intestinal isolates displayed a higher degree of genetic diversity than meat isolates. A cluster of genetically related isolates belonging to ST38, phylogroup D, carrying blaCMY-2 containing IncK plasmids was identified. Furthermore, genes encoding plasmid stability systems (relBE/stbDE and pndAC) were identified on the IncK plasmid. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis of a subset of isolates confirmed a close genetic relationship within the two most prevalent STs. The IncK plasmids within these two STs also shared a high degree of similarity. Cephalosporin-resistant E. coli with the same genetic characteristics have been identified in the broiler production in other European countries, and the IncK plasmid characterized in this study showed close homology to a plasmid isolated from retail chicken meat in the Netherlands. The results indicate that both clonal expansion and horizontal transfer of blaCMY-2 containing plasmids contribute to dissemination of cephalosporin resistant E. coli in the broiler production. The presence of plasmid stability systems may explain why the IncK plasmid containing blaCMY-2 is maintained and disseminated in the Norwegian broiler production in absence of selection pressure from the use of antimicrobial agents.
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van Hoek AHAM, Stalenhoef JE, van Duijkeren E, Franz E. Comparative virulotyping of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant E. coli isolated from broilers, humans on broiler farms and in the general population and UTI patients. Vet Microbiol 2016; 194:55-61. [PMID: 27106522 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant Escherichia coli from food-producing animals, especially from broilers, have become a major public health concern because of the potential transmission of these resistant bacteria or their plasmid-encoded resistance genes to humans. The objective of this study was to compare ESC-resistant E. coli isolates from broilers (n=149), humans in contact with these broilers (n=44), humans in the general population (n=63), and patients with a urinary tract infection (UTI) (n=10) with respect to virulence determinants, phylogenetic groups and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)/plasmidic-AmpC (pAmpC) genes. The most prevalent ESBL/pAmpC genes among isolates from broilers and individuals on broiler farms were blaCTX-M-1, blaCMY-2 and blaSHV-12. In isolates from humans in the general population blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-14 and blaCTX-M-15 were found most frequently, whereas in UTI isolates blaCTX-M-15 predominated. The marker for enteroaggregative E. coli, aggR, was only identified in a broiler and human isolates from the general population. The extraintestinal virulence genes afa and hlyD were exclusively present in human isolates in the general population and UTI isolates. Multivariate analysis, based on ESBL/pAmpC resistance genes, virulence profiles and phylogenetic groups, revealed that most UTI isolates formed a clearly distinct group. Isolates from broilers and humans associated with broiler farms clustered together. In contrast, isolates from the general population showed some overlap with the former two groups but primarily formed a separate group. These results indicate than transmission occurs between broilers and humans on broiler farms, but also indicate that the role of broilers as a source of foodborne transmission of ESC-resistant E. coli to the general population and subsequently causative agents of human urinary tract infections is likely relatively small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela H A M van Hoek
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Janneke E Stalenhoef
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Engeline van Duijkeren
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco Franz
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Tagg KA, Ginn AN, Partridge SR, Iredell JR. MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry for Multilocus Sequence Typing of Escherichia coli Reveals Diversity among Isolates Carrying blaCMY₋₂-Like Genes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143446. [PMID: 26588228 PMCID: PMC4654469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective surveillance and management of pathogenic Escherichia coli relies on robust and reproducible typing methods such as multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Typing of E. coli by MLST enables tracking of pathogenic clones that are known to carry virulence factors or spread resistance, such as the globally-prevalent ST131 lineage. Standard MLST for E. coli requires sequencing of seven alleles, or a whole genome, and can take several days. Here, we have developed and validated a nucleic-acid-based MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) method for MLST as a rapid alternative to sequencing that requires minimal operator expertise. Identification of alleles was 99.6% concordant with sequencing. We employed MLST by MALDI-TOF MS to investigate diversity among 62 E. coli isolates from Sydney, Australia, carrying a blaCMY-2-like gene on an IncI1 plasmid to determine whether any dominant clonal lineages are associated with the spread of this globally-disseminated resistance gene. Thirty-four known sequence types were identified, including lineages associated with human disease, animal and environmental sources. This suggests that the dissemination of blaCMY-2-like-genes is more complex than the simple spread of successful pathogenic clones. E. coli MLST by MALDI-TOF MS, employed here for the first time, can be utilised as an automated tool for large-scale population analyses or for targeted screening for known high-risk clones in a diagnostic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin A. Tagg
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew N. Ginn
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sally R. Partridge
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan R. Iredell
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Alonso N, Miró E, Pascual V, Rivera A, Simó M, Garcia MC, Xercavins M, Morera MA, Espejo E, Gurguí M, Pérez J, Rodríguez-Carballeira M, Garau J, Calbo E, Navarro F, Mirelis B, Coll P. Molecular characterisation of acquired and overproduced chromosomal blaAmpC in Escherichia coli clinical isolates. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2015; 47:62-8. [PMID: 26607336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli recovered from three hospitals in Barcelona (Spain) were studied to determine the prevalence of isolates with acquired AmpC (ac-AmpC) and/or overproduced chromosomal AmpC (c-AmpC). Mechanisms involved in blac-AmpC overexpression, blaac-AmpC and the plasmids associated with their distribution as well as the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) in AmpC-producing isolates were also determined. Isolates were selected according to their resistance phenotype. blaac-AmpC, alterations in the blac-AmpC promoter/attenuator, and PMQR genes [qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr and qepA] were characterised by PCR and sequencing. blac-AmpC expression was determined by qRT-PCR. Population structure analysis was performed using PFGE, MLST and phylogenetic group PCR. Plasmids carrying blaac-AmpC were characterised by PCR-based replicon typing and S1-PFGE. IncI1 and IncF plasmids were also analysed by plasmid MLST and replicon sequence typing, respectively. Among 21563 E. coli isolates, 240 (1.1%) overproduced AmpC β-lactamases, including 180 (75.0%) harbouring ac-AmpC (132 CMY-2 variants and 48 DHA-1) and 60 (25.0%) c-AmpC enzymes. Three mutation profiles in the blac-AmpC promoter/attenuator were associated with a 72.5-, 19.9- and 5.8-fold increased expression, respectively. Moreover, 63.3% of ac-AmpC and 43.3% of c-AmpC isolates belonged to B2, D, E or F phylogenetic groups. PMQR was found in 31% of ac-AmpC isolates [38 qnrB4, 8 aac(6')-Ib-cr, 6 qnrS1 and 3 qnrB19] and in 10% of c-AmpC isolates [5 aac(6')-Ib-cr and 1 qnrS1]. IncI1-ST12 and IncF were associated with blaCMY-2 and blaDHA-1, respectively. These results suggest that ac-AmpC β-lactamases were the main mechanism of AmpC production. Isolates and plasmids both showed high genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Alonso
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; La Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisenda Miró
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; La Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alba Rivera
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mercè Gurguí
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; La Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Javier Garau
- Hospital Universitari MútuaTerrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Calbo
- Hospital Universitari MútuaTerrassa, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Navarro
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; La Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Mirelis
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; La Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pere Coll
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; La Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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van Hoek AHAM, Schouls L, van Santen MG, Florijn A, de Greeff SC, van Duijkeren E. Molecular characteristics of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from humans in the community. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129085. [PMID: 26029910 PMCID: PMC4451282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular characteristics of extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant Enterobacteriaceae collected during a cross-sectional study examining the prevalence and risk factors for faecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in humans living in areas with high or low broiler density. METHODS ESC-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were identified by combination disc-diffusion test. ESBL/AmpC/carbapenemase genes were analysed using PCR and sequencing. For E. coli, phylogenetic groups and MLST were determined. Plasmids were characterized by transformation and PCR-based replicon typing. Subtyping of plasmids was done by plasmid multilocus sequence typing. RESULTS 175 ESC-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were cultured from 165/1,033 individuals. The isolates were Escherichia coli(n=65), Citrobacter freundii (n=52), Enterobacter cloacae (n=38), Morganella morganii (n=5), Enterobacter aerogenes (n=4), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=3), Hafnia alvei (n=2), Shigella spp. (n=2), Citrobacter amalonaticus (n=1), Escherichia hermannii (n=1), Kluyvera cryocrescens (n=1), and Pantoea agglomerans (n=1). The following ESBL genes were recovered in 55 isolates originating from 49 of 1,033 (4.7 %) persons: blaCTX-M-1 (n=17), blaCTX-M-15 (n=16), blaCTX-M-14 (n=9), blaCTX-M-2 (n=3), blaCTX-M-3 (n=2), blaCTX-M-24 (n=2), blaCTX-M-27 (n=1), blaCTX-M-32 (n=1), blaSHV-12 (n=2), blaSHV-65 (n=1) and blaTEM-52 (n=1). Plasmidic AmpC (pAmpC) genes were discovered in 6 out of 1,033 (0.6 %) persons. One person carried two different E. coli isolates, one with blaCTX-M-1 and the other with blaCMY-2 and therefore the prevalence of persons carrying Enterobacteriaceae harboring ESBL and/or pAmpC genes was 5.2 %. In eight E. coli isolates the AmpC phenotype was caused by mutations in the AmpC promoter region. No carbapenemase genes were identified. A large variety of E. coli genotypes was found, ST131 and ST10 being most common. CONCLUSIONS ESBL/pAmpC genes resembled those from patients in Dutch hospitals, indicating that healthy humans form a reservoir for transmission of these determinants to vulnerable people. The role of poultry in the transmission to humans in the community remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela H. A. M. van Hoek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Leo Schouls
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marga G. van Santen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alice Florijn
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine C. de Greeff
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Engeline van Duijkeren
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Gedebjerg A, Hasman H, Sørensen CM, Wang M. An OXA-48-producing Escherichia coli isolated from a Danish patient with no hospitalization abroad. Infect Dis (Lond) 2015; 47:593-5. [PMID: 25751777 DOI: 10.3109/23744235.2015.1019920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbapenemase-producing organisms are disseminating globally and are now emerging as a worrying threat in Scandinavia. Before August 2013, OXA-48-producing organisms had not been detected in Danish patients. Here we report the isolation of an ST746 OXA-48-producing Escherichia coli with the plasmid pOXA-48a carrying the blaOXA-48 gene isolated from a Danish patient without history of hospitalization abroad. The patient reported tourist travel to Egypt and Turkey. The potential acquisition of carbapenemase-producing organisms by ingestion of contaminated food is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gedebjerg
- From the 1 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus
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Lewis JA, Moore PCL, Arnold DL, Lawrance LM. Chromosomal ampC mutations in cefpodoxime-resistant, ESBL-negative uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Br J Biomed Sci 2015; 72:7-11. [PMID: 25906485 DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2015.11666789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AmpC β-lactamase is an enzyme commonly produced by Escherichia coli that causes resistance to cephalosporins and penicillins. Enzyme production is controlled by the strength of the promoter encoded by the chromosomal ampC gene, with the level of production affected by the presence of certain mutations in this region. This study sets out to determine the prevalence of ampC promoter mutations present in a group of uropathogenic E. coli strains. A total of 50 clinical strains of E. coli were collected from urine samples between June 2011 and November 2011. Strains were investigated for the presence of mutations in the chromosomal ampC promoter region by amplification and sequencing of a 271 bp product. The presence of ampC-carrying plasmids derived from other species was also determined, to exclude these from further analysis. ampC-carrying plasmids were found in 10 of the 50 strains, all of which were of the CIT-type. Analysis of the chromosomal ampC promoter region in the 40 remaining strains showed mutations at 16 different positions, with 18 different genotype patterns detected overall. The most common ampC chromosomal mutation, present in 25 of 40 strains, was a T --> A transition at position -32. This mutation has been shown by others to increase enzyme production by up to 46-fold. Altogether, three separate mutations (-32, -42 and -13ins) were present in 90% of the 40 non-plasmid strains, indicating a strong association with the resistance observed. It appears, therefore, that the majority of AmpC-mediated resistance in E. coli can be accounted for by just three point mutations in the chromosome.
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Dissemination of cephalosporin resistance genes between Escherichia coli strains from farm animals and humans by specific plasmid lineages. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004776. [PMID: 25522320 PMCID: PMC4270446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Third-generation cephalosporins are a class of β-lactam antibiotics that are often used for the treatment of human infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, especially Escherichia coli. Worryingly, the incidence of human infections caused by third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli is increasing worldwide. Recent studies have suggested that these E. coli strains, and their antibiotic resistance genes, can spread from food-producing animals, via the food-chain, to humans. However, these studies used traditional typing methods, which may not have provided sufficient resolution to reliably assess the relatedness of these strains. We therefore used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to study the relatedness of cephalosporin-resistant E. coli from humans, chicken meat, poultry and pigs. One strain collection included pairs of human and poultry-associated strains that had previously been considered to be identical based on Multi-Locus Sequence Typing, plasmid typing and antibiotic resistance gene sequencing. The second collection included isolates from farmers and their pigs. WGS analysis revealed considerable heterogeneity between human and poultry-associated isolates. The most closely related pairs of strains from both sources carried 1263 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) per Mbp core genome. In contrast, epidemiologically linked strains from humans and pigs differed by only 1.8 SNPs per Mbp core genome. WGS-based plasmid reconstructions revealed three distinct plasmid lineages (IncI1- and IncK-type) that carried cephalosporin resistance genes of the Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)- and AmpC-types. The plasmid backbones within each lineage were virtually identical and were shared by genetically unrelated human and animal isolates. Plasmid reconstructions from short-read sequencing data were validated by long-read DNA sequencing for two strains. Our findings failed to demonstrate evidence for recent clonal transmission of cephalosporin-resistant E. coli strains from poultry to humans, as has been suggested based on traditional, low-resolution typing methods. Instead, our data suggest that cephalosporin resistance genes are mainly disseminated in animals and humans via distinct plasmids. The rapid global rise of infections caused by Escherichia coli that are resistant to clinically relevant antimicrobials, including third-generation cephalosporins, is cause for concern. The intestinal tract of livestock, in particular poultry, is an important reservoir for drug resistant E. coli, but it is unknown to what extent these bacteria can spread to humans. Food is thought to be an important source because drug-resistant E. coli have been detected in animals raised for meat consumption and in meat products. Previous studies that used traditional, low-resolution, genetic typing methods found that drug resistant E. coli present in humans and poultry were indistinguishable from each other, suggesting dissemination of these bacteria through the food-chain to humans. However, by applying high-resolution, whole-genome sequencing methods, we did not find evidence for such transmission of bacteria through the food-chain. Instead, by employing a novel approach for the reconstruction of mobile genetic elements from whole-genome sequence data, we discovered that genetically unrelated E. coli isolates from both humans and animal sources carried nearly identical plasmids that encode third-generation cephalosporin resistance determinants. Our data suggest that cephalosporin resistance is mainly disseminated via the transfer of mobile genetic elements between animals and humans.
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Zurfluh K, Wang J, Klumpp J, Nüesch-Inderbinen M, Fanning S, Stephan R. Vertical transmission of highly similar bla CTX-M-1-harboring IncI1 plasmids in Escherichia coli with different MLST types in the poultry production pyramid. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:519. [PMID: 25324838 PMCID: PMC4179741 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to characterize sets of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae collected longitudinally from different flocks of broiler breeders, meconium of 1-day-old broilers from theses breeder flocks, as well as from these broiler flocks before slaughter. Methods: Five sets of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli were studied by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), phylogenetic grouping, PCR-based replicon typing and resistance profiling. The blaCTX-M-1-harboring plasmids of one set (pHV295.1, pHV114.1, and pHV292.1) were fully sequenced and subjected to comparative analysis. Results: Eleven different MLST sequence types (ST) were identified with ST1056 the predominant one, isolated in all five sets either on the broiler breeder or meconium level. Plasmid sequencing revealed that blaCTX-M-1 was carried by highly similar IncI1/ST3 plasmids that were 105 076 bp, 110 997 bp, and 117 269 bp in size, respectively. Conclusions: The fact that genetically similar IncI1/ST3 plasmids were found in ESBL-producing E. coli of different MLST types isolated at the different levels in the broiler production pyramid provides strong evidence for a vertical transmission of these plasmids from a common source (nucleus poultry flocks).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Zurfluh
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juan Wang
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, UCD Centre for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jochen Klumpp
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, UCD Centre for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich Zürich, Switzerland
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High prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase, plasmid-mediated AmpC, and carbapenemase genes in pet food. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:6320-3. [PMID: 25092703 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03185-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the pet food contained in 30 packages as a potential origin of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negative organisms and β-lactamase genes (bla). Live bacteria were not detected by selective culture. However, PCR investigations on food DNA extracts indicated that samples harbored the blaCTX-M-15 (53.3%), blaCMY-4 (20%), and blaVEB-4-like (6.7%) genes. Particularly worrisome was the presence of blaOXA-48-like carbapenemases (13.3%). The original pet food ingredients and/or the production processes were highly contaminated with bacteria carrying clinically relevant acquired bla genes.
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Huijbers PMC, Graat EAM, Haenen APJ, van Santen MG, van Essen-Zandbergen A, Mevius DJ, van Duijkeren E, van Hoek AHAM. Extended-spectrum and AmpC β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in broilers and people living and/or working on broiler farms: prevalence, risk factors and molecular characteristics. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69:2669-75. [PMID: 24879667 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to: estimate the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- and AmpC β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli carriage among broiler farmers, their family members and employees; identify and quantify risk factors for carriage, with an emphasis on contact with live broilers; and compare isolates from humans and broilers within farms with respect to molecular characteristics to gain insight into transmission routes. METHODS A cross-sectional prevalence study was conducted on 50 randomly selected Dutch broiler farms. Cloacal swabs were taken from 20 randomly chosen broilers. Faecal swabs were returned by 141 individuals living and/or working on 47 farms. ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli were isolated and, for selected isolates, phylogenetic groups, plasmids and sequence types were determined. Questionnaires were used for risk factor analysis. RESULTS All sampled farms were positive, with 96.4% positive pooled broiler samples. The human prevalence was 19.1%, with 14.3% and 27.1% among individuals having a low and a high degree of contact with live broilers, respectively. Five pairs of human-broiler isolates had identical genes, plasmid families and E. coli sequence types, showing clonal transmission. Furthermore, similar ESBL/AmpC genes on the same plasmid families in different E. coli sequence types in humans and broilers hinted at horizontal gene transfer. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence among people on broiler farms was higher than in previous studies involving patients and the general population. Furthermore, an increased risk of carriage was shown among individuals having a high degree of contact with live broilers. The (relative) contribution of transmission routes that might play a role in the dissemination of ESBL/AmpC-encoding resistance genes to humans on broiler farms should be pursued in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M C Huijbers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences (WIAS), Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - E A M Graat
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences (WIAS), Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A P J Haenen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - M G van Santen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - A van Essen-Zandbergen
- Department of Bacteriology and TSEs, Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - D J Mevius
- Department of Bacteriology and TSEs, Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E van Duijkeren
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - A H A M van Hoek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Vogt D, Overesch G, Endimiani A, Collaud A, Thomann A, Perreten V. Occurrence and genetic characteristics of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli in Swiss retail meat. Microb Drug Resist 2014; 20:485-94. [PMID: 24773305 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2013.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalence and genetic relatedness were determined for third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli (3GC-R-Ec) detected in Swiss beef, veal, pork, and poultry retail meat. Samples from meat-packing plants (MPPs) processing 70% of the slaughtered animals in Switzerland were purchased at different intervals between April and June 2013 and analyzed. Sixty-nine 3GC-R-Ec isolates were obtained and characterized by microarray, PCR/DNA sequencing, Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST), and plasmid replicon typing. Plasmids of selected strains were transformed by electroporation into E. coli TOP10 cells and analyzed by plasmid MLST. The prevalence of 3GC-R-Ec was 73.3% in chicken and 2% in beef meat. No 3GC-R-Ec were found in pork and veal. Overall, the bla(CTX-M-1) (79.4%), bla(CMY-2) (17.6%), bla(CMY-4) (1.5%), and bla(SHV-12) (1.5%) β-lactamase genes were detected, as well as other genes conferring resistance to chloramphenicol (cmlA1-like), sulfonamides (sul), tetracycline (tet), and trimethoprim (dfrA). The 3GC-R-Ec from chicken meat often harbored virulence genes associated with avian pathogens. Plasmid incompatibility (Inc) groups IncI1, IncFIB, IncFII, and IncB/O were the most frequent. A high rate of clonality (e.g., ST1304, ST38, and ST93) among isolates from the same MPPs suggests that strains persist at the plant and spread to meat at the carcass-processing stage. Additionally, the presence of the blaCTX-M-1 gene on an IncI1 plasmid sequence type 3 (IncI1/pST3) in genetically diverse strains indicates interstrain spread of an epidemic plasmid. The bla(CMY-2) and bla(CMY-4) genes were located on IncB/O plasmids. This study represents the first comprehensive assessment of 3GC-R-Ec in meat in Switzerland. It demonstrates the need for monitoring contaminants and for the adaptation of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point concept to avoid the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria through the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Vogt
- 1 Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern , Bern, Switzerland
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