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Thakur S, Sharma B, Thakur A, Kumar Gupta V, Alsanie WF, Makatsoris C, Kumar Thakur V. Synthesis and characterisation of zinc oxide modified biorenewable polysaccharides based sustainable hydrogel nanocomposite for Hg 2+ ion removal: Towards a circular bioeconomy. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 348:126708. [PMID: 35066128 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Industrial metal ion pollution has been considered the chief source of water contaminants all over the world. In the present research, we have prepared gum tragacanth cross-linked 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-acrylamide (GT-cl-(HEMA-co-AAm)) hydrogel and gum tragacanth cross-linked 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-acrylamide/zinc oxide (GT-cl-(HEMA-co-AAm)/ZnO) hydrogel composite with better Hg2+ adsorption capability. GT-cl-(HEMA-co-AAm)/ZnO hydrogel composite (154.8 mg g-1) exhibited higher Hg2+ adsorption than GT-cl-(HEMA-co-AAm) hydrogel. To address the performance of GT-cl-(HEMA-co-AAm) hydrogel and GT-cl-(HEMA-co-AAm)/ZnO hydrogel composite, batch adsorption experiments were successfully conducted under different optimised conditions. At last, in-vitro antibacterial activities of Hg2+ loaded GT-cl-(HEMA-co-AAm) and GT-cl-(HEMA-co-AAm)/ZnO were performed in two different well Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram-negative) bacteria. As a positive control, ampicillin was employed against both types of bacteria. This methodology for the reusability of material has a great ecofriendly impression for minimising secondary waste derived from adsorption and can help design upgraded antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourbh Thakur
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Bhawna Sharma
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek Thakur
- Department of Physics, Gautam Group of Colleges, Hamirpur 177001, Himachal Pradesh Unversity, India
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Walaa F Alsanie
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Charalampos Makatsoris
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK; School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, India.
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Ali S, Awan Z, Mumtaz S, Shakir HA, Ahmad F, Ulhaq M, Tahir HM, Awan MS, Sharif S, Irfan M, Khan MA. Cardiac toxicity of heavy metals (cadmium and mercury) and pharmacological intervention by vitamin C in rabbits. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:29266-29279. [PMID: 32436095 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mercury and cadmium are highly dangerous metals that can lead to disastrous effects in animals and humans. The aim of the current research was to elucidate the poisonous effects of mercuric chloride and cadmium chloride individually and in combination on biochemical profiles of plasma and their accumulation in heart. The therapeutic effect of vitamin C against these metals in rabbits was also studied. Mercuric chloride (1.2 μg/g), cadmium chloride (1.5 μg/g), and vitamin C (150 μg/g of body weight) were orally given to treatment groups of the rabbits (1-control; 2-vitamin; 3-CdCl2; 4-HgCl2; 5-vitamin + CdCl2; 6-vitamin + HgCl2; 7-CdCl2 + HgCl2, and 8-vitamin + CdCl2 + HgCl2. After the biometric determination of all intoxicated rabbits, biochemical parameters, viz low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), cholesterol, creatine kinase, and troponin T (TnT) were analyzed using available kits. Levels of cholesterol (0.7 ± 0.1 mmol/l), creatine kinase (2985.2 ± 11 IU/L), LDL (20.35 ± 1.31 mg/dl), and troponin T (1.22 ± 0.03 μg/l) were significantly (P < 0.05) increased. HDL (84.78 ± 4.30 mg/dl) was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased, while supplementation of vitamin C decreased the adverse effects of CdCl2 and HgCl2 on biochemical parameters in all metal-exposed groups. A similar trend was also seen in rabbits treated with CdCl2 + vitamin and vitamin + CdCl2 + HgCl2. Accumulation of Cd and Hg was higher in heart tissues. This study, therefore, provides awareness on the cardiac toxicity of mercury and cadmium chlorides in the rabbits and the possible protective role of vitamin C against the perturbations induced by metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaukat Ali
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Zubia Awan
- Department of Zoology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Shumaila Mumtaz
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Farooq Ahmad
- Department of Zoology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Ulhaq
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, PK-46300, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Tahir
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Saima Sharif
- Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adeeb Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
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Zhang C, Gan C, Ding L, Xiong M, Zhang A, Li P. Maternal inorganic mercury exposure and renal effects in the Wanshan mercury mining area, southwest China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 189:109987. [PMID: 31784104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the relationship between urine mercury (UHg) concentrations and renal function (serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)) in delivery women in the Wanshan mercury (Hg) mining area. Leishan County was selected as the control area. 165 and 65 maternal samples were collected from the Wanshan and Leishan area, respectively. The geometric means of UHg concentrations were 1.09 and 0.29 μg/L in Wanshan and Leishan subjects, respectively. Significant differences (p < 0.01) of UHg were observed between the two populations, indicating the potential risks of inorganic Hg exposure in the Wanshan population. The median (interquartile range) values of SCr were 69.1 (12.5) μmol/L and 46.0 (11.0) μmol/L for the Wanshan and Leishan populations, respectively, indicating significant differences (p < 0.01) between the two groups. However, no significant differences among BUN values for the two groups were observed. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.385, p < 0.001) was observed between UHg concentration and SCr in the study population. The odds ratio (OR) value of UHg in Wanshan area was 9.29 times higher than that in Leishan area (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.58-24.1). The OR value of SCr decrease in patients with low UHg was 0.32 times higher than that in patients with high UHg (95% CI: 0.19-0.55). The OR value of SCr decrease in the population with fish consumption was 0.71 times higher than that of the population without fish consumption (95% CI: 0.58-0.88). In conclusion, maternal IHg exposure caused impaired renal function and fish consumption may play a role in preventing Hg-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Chunfang Gan
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Li Ding
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Min Xiong
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China.
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Martinez CS, Peçanha FM, Brum DS, Santos FW, Franco JL, Zemolin APP, Anselmo-Franci JA, Junior FB, Alonso MJ, Salaices M, Vassallo DV, Leivas FG, Wiggers GA. Reproductive dysfunction after mercury exposure at low levels: evidence for a role of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) 1 and GPx4 in male rats. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:1803-1812. [PMID: 27755963 DOI: 10.1071/rd16310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mercury is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant and mercury contamination and toxicity are serious hazards to human health. Some studies have shown that mercury impairs male reproductive function, but less is known about its effects following exposure at low doses and the possible mechanisms underlying its toxicity. Herein we show that exposure of rats to mercury chloride for 30 days (first dose 4.6µgkg-1, subsequent doses 0.07µgkg-1day-1) resulted in mean (±s.e.m.) blood mercury concentrations of 6.8±0.3ngmL-1, similar to that found in human blood after occupational exposure or released from removal of amalgam fillings. Even at these low concentrations, mercury was deposited in reproductive organs (testis, epididymis and prostate), impaired sperm membrane integrity, reduced the number of mature spermatozoa and, in the testes, promoted disorganisation, empty spaces and loss of germinal epithelium. Mercury increased levels of reactive oxygen species and the expression of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) 1 and GPx4. These results suggest that the toxic effects of mercury on the male reproductive system are due to its accumulation in reproductive organs and that the glutathione system is its potential target. The data also suggest, for the first time, a possible role of the selenoproteins GPx1 and GPx4 in the reproductive toxicity of mercury chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Martinez
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Postgraduate Program in Animal Science and Postgraduate Program in Biological Science, Universidade Federal do Pampa, BR 472 - Km 592 -118, 97500-970 Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Franck M Peçanha
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Postgraduate Program in Animal Science and Postgraduate Program in Biological Science, Universidade Federal do Pampa, BR 472 - Km 592 -118, 97500-970 Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daniela S Brum
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Postgraduate Program in Animal Science and Postgraduate Program in Biological Science, Universidade Federal do Pampa, BR 472 - Km 592 -118, 97500-970 Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Francielli W Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Postgraduate Program in Animal Science and Postgraduate Program in Biological Science, Universidade Federal do Pampa, BR 472 - Km 592 -118, 97500-970 Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jeferson L Franco
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Postgraduate Program in Animal Science and Postgraduate Program in Biological Science, Universidade Federal do Pampa, BR 472 - Km 592 -118, 97500-970 Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula P Zemolin
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Postgraduate Program in Animal Science and Postgraduate Program in Biological Science, Universidade Federal do Pampa, BR 472 - Km 592 -118, 97500-970 Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Janete A Anselmo-Franci
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040904, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando B Junior
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14049-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - María J Alonso
- Department of Biochemistry, Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. Atenas s/n, 28922, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Mercedes Salaices
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dalton V Vassallo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, 29040-090, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Fábio G Leivas
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Postgraduate Program in Animal Science and Postgraduate Program in Biological Science, Universidade Federal do Pampa, BR 472 - Km 592 -118, 97500-970 Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Giulia A Wiggers
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Postgraduate Program in Animal Science and Postgraduate Program in Biological Science, Universidade Federal do Pampa, BR 472 - Km 592 -118, 97500-970 Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Bjørklund G, Dadar M, Mutter J, Aaseth J. The toxicology of mercury: Current research and emerging trends. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 159:545-554. [PMID: 28889024 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a persistent bio-accumulative toxic metal with unique physicochemical properties of public health concern since their natural and anthropogenic diffusions still induce high risk to human and environmental health. The goal of this review was to analyze scientific literature evaluating the role of global concerns over Hg exposure due to human exposure to ingestion of contaminated seafood (methyl-Hg) as well as elemental Hg levels of dental amalgam fillings (metallic Hg), vaccines (ethyl-Hg) and contaminated water and air (Hg chloride). Mercury has been recognized as a neurotoxicant as well as immunotoxic and designated by the World Health Organization as one of the ten most dangerous chemicals to public health. It has been shown that the half-life of inorganic Hg in human brains is several years to several decades. Mercury occurs in the environment under different chemical forms as elemental Hg (metallic), inorganic and organic Hg. Despite the raising understanding of the Hg toxicokinetics, there is still fully justified to further explore the emerging theories about its bioavailability and adverse effects in humans. In this review, we describe current research and emerging trends in Hg toxicity with the purpose of providing up-to-date information for a better understanding of the kinetics of this metal, presenting comprehensive knowledge on published data analyzing its metabolism, interaction with other metals, distribution, internal doses and targets, and reservoir organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Toften 24, 8610 Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Jan Aaseth
- Innlandet Hospital Trust and Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
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Branco V, Caito S, Farina M, Teixeira da Rocha J, Aschner M, Carvalho C. Biomarkers of mercury toxicity: Past, present, and future trends. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2017; 20:119-154. [PMID: 28379072 PMCID: PMC6317349 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2017.1289834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) toxicity continues to represent a global health concern. Given that human populations are mostly exposed to low chronic levels of mercurial compounds (methylmercury through fish, mercury vapor from dental amalgams, and ethylmercury from vaccines), the need for more sensitive and refined tools to assess the effects and/or susceptibility to adverse metal-mediated health risks remains. Traditional biomarkers, such as hair or blood Hg levels, are practical and provide a reliable measure of exposure, but given intra-population variability, it is difficult to establish accurate cause-effect relationships. It is therefore important to identify and validate biomarkers that are predictive of early adverse effects prior to adverse health outcomes becoming irreversible. This review describes the predominant biomarkers used by toxicologists and epidemiologists to evaluate exposure, effect and susceptibility to Hg compounds, weighing on their advantages and disadvantages. Most importantly, and in light of recent findings on the molecular mechanisms underlying Hg-mediated toxicity, potential novel biomarkers that might be predictive of toxic effect are presented, and the applicability of these parameters in risk assessment is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Branco
- a Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Sam Caito
- b Department of Molecular Pharmacology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , New York , USA
| | - Marcelo Farina
- c Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Brazil
| | - João Teixeira da Rocha
- d Departamento Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , RS , Brazil
| | - Michael Aschner
- b Department of Molecular Pharmacology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , New York , USA
| | - Cristina Carvalho
- a Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
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Lee MR, Lim YH, Lee BE, Hong YC. Blood mercury concentrations are associated with decline in liver function in an elderly population: a panel study. Environ Health 2017; 16:17. [PMID: 28257627 PMCID: PMC5336614 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mercury is a toxic heavy metal and is known to affect many diseases. However, few studies have examined the effects of mercury exposure on liver function in the general population. We examined the association between blood mercury concentrations and liver enzyme levels in the elderly. METHODS We included 560 elderly participants (60 years or older) who were recruited from 2008 to 2010 and followed up to 2014. Subjects visited a community welfare center and underwent a medical examination and measurement of mercury levels up to five times. Analyses using generalized estimating equations model were performed after adjusting for age, sex, education, overweight, alcohol consumption, smoking, regular exercise, high-density lipoproteins cholesterol, and total calorie intake. Additionally, we estimated interaction effects of alcohol consumption with mercury and mediation effect of oxidative stress in the relationship between mercury levels and liver function. RESULTS The geometric mean (95% confidence interval (CI)) of blood mercury concentrations was 2.81 μg/L (2.73, 2.89). Significant relationships were observed between blood mercury concentrations and the level of liver enzymes, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), after adjusting for potential confounders (P < 0.05). The odds ratios of having abnormal ALT levels were statistically significant in the highest mercury quartile compared to those with the lowest quartile. Particularly, regular alcohol drinkers showed greater effect estimates of mercury on the liver function than non-drinkers groups. There was no mediation effect of oxidative stress in the relationship between blood mercury concentrations and liver function. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that blood mercury levels are associated with elevated liver enzymes and interact with alcohol consumption for the association in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Ri Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Hee Lim
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Eun Lee
- Environmental Health Research Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Rodríguez LHS, Rodríguez-Villamizar LA, Flórez-Vargas O, Fiallo YV, Ordoñez Á, Gutiérrez MDC. No effect of mercury exposure on kidney function during ongoing artisanal gold mining activities in Colombia. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 33:67-78. [PMID: 27449026 DOI: 10.1177/0748233716659031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study examined whether people who are exposed to mercury (Hg) vapours in ongoing artisanal gold mining activities have alteration in kidney function monitoring parameters. The study enrolled 164 miners and 127 participant controls. The Hg concentrations for miners and control participants were measured in blood (B-Hg; median 7.0 vs. 2.5 µg/L), urine (U-Hg; median 3.9 vs. 1.5 µg/g creatinine) and hair (H-Hg; median 0.8 vs. 0.4 µg/g hair). The biomarkers of renal function were creatinine, albumin and excretion of β-2 microglobulin. Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration equation. Significant statistical differences were found in Hg concentrations and eGFR levels between the two study groups ( p < 0.01) but not with the other biomarkers of renal function. A multiple regression model was applied to explore the relationship of eGFR levels and Hg concentrations. However, no association was found between the prevalence of reduced eGFR (<71.96 mL/min/1.73 m2) and the B-Hg or U-Hg levels after adjustment for covariates. Nevertheless, it was observed that having B-Hg levels above 10 µg Hg/L decreased the eGFR by 1.7 mL/min/1.73 m2 (confidence interval 95% -5.1 to 1.7) compared to having levels below 2.0 µg Hg/L. Our results found no support for kidney damage associated with Hg vapour exposure in ongoing artisanal gold mining, whose population has a level of Hg exposure from low to moderate (B-Hg from 3.4 to 11.0 µg/L and U-Hg from 1.3 to 9.6 µg/g creatinine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Helena Sánchez Rodríguez
- 1 Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Toxicogenomics, Group of Immunology and Molecular Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.,2 School of Microbiology, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | | | - Oscar Flórez-Vargas
- 1 Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Toxicogenomics, Group of Immunology and Molecular Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Yolanda Vargas Fiallo
- 4 Laboratory of Industrial Consulting, School of Chemistry, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Álvaro Ordoñez
- 5 Renal Clinic, Hospital Universitario de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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Said S, Hernandez GT. Environmental exposures, socioeconomics, disparities, and the kidneys. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2015; 22:39-45. [PMID: 25573511 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Kidney disease disproportionately affects racial and ethnic minority populations, the poor, and the socially disadvantaged. The excess risk of kidney disease among minority and disadvantaged populations can only be partially explained by an excess of diabetes, hypertension, and poor access to preventive care. Disparities in the environmental exposure to nephrotoxicants have been documented in minority and disadvantaged populations and may explain some of the excess risk of kidney disease. High-level environmental and occupational exposure to lead, cadmium, and mercury are known to cause specific nephropathies. However, there is growing evidence that low-level exposures to heavy metals may contribute to the development of CKD and its progression. In this article, we summarize the excess risk of environmental exposures among minority and disadvantaged populations. We also review the epidemiologic and clinical data linking low-level environmental exposure to lead, cadmium, and mercury to CKD and its progression. Finally, we briefly describe Mesoamerican nephropathy, an epidemic of CKD affecting young men in Central America, which may have occupational and environmental exposures contributing to its development.
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