1
|
Castro RS, Cordeiro BS, Rolim MAF, Costa APDM, Santos MDC, Silva MACND, Albuquerque IDC, Fonseca LMB, Pinho JRR, Gouvêa MSG, Silva AAMD, Ferreira ADSP. High prevalence of hepatitis B virus and low vaccine response in children and adolescents in Northeastern Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2023; 65:e33. [PMID: 37098921 PMCID: PMC10124778 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202365033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Children have an increased likelihood of becoming carriers of the chronic hepatitis B virus. A total of 1,381 children and adolescents were assessed in five municipalities of Maranhao State, Brazil, for detection of anti-HBc, HBsAg and anti-HBs serologic markers and sociodemographic and behavioral features. Among those who were HBsAg negative and anti-HBc negative, the proportion of anti-HBs positives was calculated after the individuals had completed the vaccination schedule. The robust variance of the Poisson's regression model was used in order to have adjusted tables and calculate the prevalence ratio. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with the prevalence of anti-HBc with or without HBsAg and the vaccine response. It was observed that 163 children were anti-HBc positive and nine individuals were HBsAg positive. The factors associated with the infection were: municipality of residence (residing in Morros municipality or Humberto de Campos municipality), residence in a rural area, aged between 13 and 15 years old, and illicit drug use. The percentage of individuals who were anti-HBc negative and received all three doses of the vaccine was 48.5%. Among these, only 276 (38.9%) had antibodies at protective concentrations. In an adjusted analysis, Morros municipality presented an increased positivity of vaccine response (p < 0.001), and the age ranging between 6 and 10 years old presented a reduced frequency of response. This study reveals a high prevalence of current and past HBV infection within the targeted age group which, in addition to the low vaccination coverage and serological responses, raises concerns about the management of prevention measures, especially the quality of vaccination in these locations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Soares Castro
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Hospital Universitário, Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Silva Cordeiro
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Hospital Universitário, Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Ferreira Rolim
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Hospital Universitário, Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Porto de Macedo Costa
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Hospital Universitário, Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Max Diego Cruz Santos
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Hospital Universitário, Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - João Renato Rebello Pinho
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Laboratório de Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia Tropical (LIM-07), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michelle Soares Gomes Gouvêa
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Laboratório de Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia Tropical (LIM-07), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Adalgisa de Souza Paiva Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Hospital Universitário, Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Departamento de Medicina I, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schmit N, Nayagam S, Thursz MR, Hallett TB. The global burden of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: comparison of country-level prevalence estimates from four research groups. Int J Epidemiol 2021; 50:560-569. [PMID: 33367672 PMCID: PMC8128471 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyaa253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Progress towards viral hepatitis elimination goals relies on accurate estimates of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infection prevalence. We compared existing sources of country-level estimates from 2013 to 2017 to investigate the extent and underlying drivers of differences between them. Methods The four commonly cited sources of global-prevalence estimates, i.e. the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Schweitzer et al., the World Health Organization (WHO) and the CDA Foundation, were compared by calculating pairwise differences between sets of estimates and assessing their within-country variation. Differences in underlying empirical data and modelling methods were investigated as contributors to differences in sub-Saharan African estimates. Results The four sets of estimates across all ages were comparable overall and agreed on the global distribution of HBV burden. The WHO and the CDA produced the most similar estimates, differing by a median of 0.8 percentage points. Larger discrepancies were seen in estimates of prevalence in children under 5 years of age and in sub-Saharan African countries, where the median pairwise differences were 2.7 percentage and 2.4 percentage points for all-age prevalence and in children, respectively. Recency and representativeness of included data, and different modelling assumptions of the age distribution of HBV burden, seemed to contribute to these differences. Conclusion Current prevalence estimates, particularly those from the WHO and the CDA based on more recent empirical data, provide a useful resource to assess the population-level burden of chronic HBV-infection. However, further seroprevalence data in young children are needed particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. This is a priority, as monitoring progress towards elimination depends on improved knowledge of prevalence in this age group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Schmit
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Shevanthi Nayagam
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mark R Thursz
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy B Hallett
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Eyong EM, Yankam BM, Seraphine E, Ngwa CH, Nkfusai NC, Anye CS, Nfor GK, Cumber SN. The prevalence of HBsAg, knowledge and practice of hepatitis B prevention among pregnant women in the Limbe and Muyuka Health Districts of the South West region of Cameroon: a three-year retrospective study. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 32:122. [PMID: 31312290 PMCID: PMC6607245 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.32.122.16055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction hepatitis B infection is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV is transmitted through sexual intercourse, by exchange of saliva during kissing and also to newborns of infected mothers. In the Global Burden of Diseases 2010, 786,000 deaths were attributed to HBV. Studies in Cameroon, reported the prevalence of HBV as high as 10.1% and 12% among blood donors in hospital blood banks. This study therefore, aims at determining the prevalence of HBsAg, knowledge and practices of pregnant women on HBV prevention and transmission in the Limbe Health District (LHD) and Muyuka Health District (MHD). Methods ANC registers were exploited from the health centers for a period of three years (2014-2016) in order to determine the prevalence of HBV infection. 270 women attending ANC were selected by exhaustive sampling. Knowledge and practices of participants on HBV prevention and transmission was assessed using a structured questionnaire. Results the prevalence of HBV in the LHD and MHD were 5.7% and 7.5% respectively. Pregnant women in the LHD demonstrated good knowledge but adopted poor practices whereas in the MHD, pregnant women demonstrated poor knowledge and adopted poor practices regarding the mode of transmission and prevention of HBV infection. There was a significant association between the prevalence of HBsAg and marital status (p = 0.000) in the LHD and age (p = 0.022) in the MHD. Conclusion this study indicated a high prevalence of HBV among pregnant women in the LHD and MHD, knowledge and practices were identified as potential risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esum Mathias Eyong
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Brenda Mbouamba Yankam
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Department of Statistics, Faculty of Physical Science, University of Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Esemu Seraphine
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Che Henry Ngwa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Department of Statistics, Faculty of Physical Science, University of Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ngwayu Claude Nkfusai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (CBCHS), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Cho Sebastine Anye
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (CBCHS), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Gilbert Karngong Nfor
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Samuel Nambile Cumber
- Section for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine (EPSO), the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Reardon JM, O'Connor SM, Njau JD, Lam EK, Staton CA, Cookson ST. Cost-effectiveness of birth-dose hepatitis B vaccination among refugee populations in the African region: a series of case studies. Confl Health 2019; 13:5. [PMID: 30858875 PMCID: PMC6390570 DOI: 10.1186/s13031-019-0188-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B affects 257 million people worldwide. Mother-to-child hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission is a preventable cause of substantial morbidity and mortality and poses greatest risk for developing chronic HBV infection. The World Health Organization recommends that all countries institute universal hepatitis B birth dose (HepB BD) vaccination during the first 24 h of life, followed by timely completion of routine immunization. The objective of this analysis was to assess the cost-effectiveness of adding HepB BD vaccination among sub-Saharan African refugee populations where the host country’s national immunization policy includes HepB BD. Methods We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis of three hepatitis B vaccination strategy scenarios for camp-based refugee populations in the African Region (AFR): routine immunization (RI), RI plus universal HepB BD, and RI plus HepB BD only for newborns of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive mothers identified through rapid diagnostic testing (RDT). We focused analyses on refugee populations living in countries that include HepB BD in national immunization schedules: Djibouti, Algeria and Mauritania. We used a decision tree model to estimate costs of vaccination and testing, and costs of life-years lost due to complications of chronic hepatitis B. Results Compared with RI alone, addition of HepB BD among displaced Somali refugees in Djibouti camps would save 9807 life-years/year, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of 0.15 USD (US dollars) per life-year saved. The RI plus HepB BD strategy among Western Saharan refugees in Algerian camps and Malian refugees in Mauritania camps would save 27,108 life-years/year with an ICER of 0.11 USD and 18,417 life-years/year with an ICER of 0.16 USD, respectively. The RI plus RDT-directed HepB BD was less cost-effective than RI plus delivery of universal HepB BD vaccination or RI alone. Conclusions Based on our model, addition of HepB BD vaccination is very cost-effective among three sub-Saharan refugee populations, using relative life-years saved. This analysis shows the potential benefit of implementing HepB BD vaccination among other camp-based refugee populations as more AFR countries introduce national HepB BD policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Michael Reardon
- 1Department of Emergency Medicine, Greenville Health System, 701 Grove Rd, Greenville, SC 29605 USA
| | - Siobhán M O'Connor
- 2Division of Viral Hepatitis, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Joseph D Njau
- 3Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Eugene K Lam
- 4Division of Global Health Protection, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Catherine A Staton
- 5Division of Emergency Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC Box 3096, 2301 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27701 USA
| | - Susan T Cookson
- 6Emergency Response and Recovery Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lei M, Yan LN, Yang JY, Wen TF, Li B, Wang WT, Wu H, Xu MQ, Chen ZY, Wei YG. Safety of hepatitis B virus core antibody-positive grafts in liver transplantation: A single-center experience in China. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:5525-5536. [PMID: 30622380 PMCID: PMC6319134 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i48.5525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the shortage of suitable liver grafts for liver transplantation, proper use of hepatitis B core antibody-positive livers might be a possible way to enlarge the donor pool and to save patients with end-stage liver diseases. However, the safety of hepatitis B virus core antibody positive (HBcAb+) donors has been controversial. Initial studies were mainly conducted overseas with relatively small numbers of HBcAb+ liver recipients, and there are few relevant reports in the population of mainland China. We hypothesized that the safety of HBcAb+ liver grafts is not suboptimal.
AIM To evaluate the safety of using hepatitis B virus (HBV) core antibody-positive donors for liver transplantation in Chinese patients.
METHODS We conducted a retrospective study enrolling 1071 patients who underwent liver transplantation consecutively from 2005 to 2016 at West China Hospital Liver Transplantation Center. Given the imbalance in several baseline variables, propensity score matching was used, and the outcomes of all recipients were reviewed in this study.
RESULTS In the whole population, 230 patients received HBcAb+ and 841 patients received HBcAb negative (HBcAb-) liver grafts. The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates in patients and grafts between the two groups were similar (patient survival: 85.8% vs 87.2%, 77.4% vs 81.1%, 72.4% vs 76.7%, log-rank test, P = 0.16; graft survival: 83.2% vs 83.6%, 73.8% vs 75.9%, 70.8% vs 74.4%, log-rank test, P = 0.19). After propensity score matching, 210 pairs of patients were generated. The corresponding 1-, 3- and 5-year patient and graft survival rates showed no significant differences. Further studies illustrated that the post-transplant major complication rates and liver function recovery after surgery were also similar. In addition, multivariate regression analysis in the original cohort and propensity score-matched Cox analysis demonstrated that receiving HBcAb+ liver grafts was not a significant risk factor for long-term survival. These findings were consistent in both HBV surface antigen-positive (HBsAg+) and HBsAg negative (HBsAg-) patients.
Newly diagnosed HBV infection had a relatively higher incidence in HBsAg- patients with HBcAb+ liver grafts (13.23%), in which HBV naive recipients suffered most (31.82%), although this difference did not affect patient and graft survival (P = 0.50 and P = 0.49, respectively). Recipients with a high HBV surface antibody (anti-HBs) titer (more than 100 IU/L) before transplantation and antiviral prophylaxis with nucleos(t)ide antiviral agents post-operation, such as nucleos(t)ide antiviral agents, had lower de novo HBV infection risks.
CONCLUSION HBcAb+ liver grafts do not affect the long-term outcome of the recipients. Combined with proper postoperative antiviral prophylaxis, utilization of HBcAb+ grafts is rational and feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lei
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lu-Nan Yan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jia-Yin Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tian-Fu Wen
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wen-Tao Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ming-Qing Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhe-Yu Chen
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yong-Gang Wei
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Seroprevalence of Malaria and Hepatitis B Coinfection among Pregnant Women in Tamale Metropolis of Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2018; 2018:5610981. [PMID: 30344800 PMCID: PMC6174787 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5610981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Coinfections are becoming common risk factors that may contribute to the increased burden of morbidity in pregnancy. The aim of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of coinfections of malaria, hepatitis B (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and syphilis among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics (ANC) in the Tamale Metropolis. Methods By means of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), pregnant women attending the Tamale Teaching Hospital (TTH) were screened for malaria, HBV infection, HIV infection, and syphilis from March 2013 to February 2015. Haemoglobin (Hb) values, sickling, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDd) statuses were also assessed using full blood count (FBC), sodium metabisulphite, and methaemoglobin reduction tests, respectively. Logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the risks/odds ratios (ORs) for the coinfections and other variables (age, gravidity, and time of the first ANC visit) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and set p values for accepting any differences at <0.05. Results Within the two-year study period, data were collected from 3,127 pregnant women. The mean age (SD) of the pregnant women was 28.5 (±5.0) years. Of the total number, seroprevalence was high for malaria (11.6%) and HBV infection (4.2%) and low for HIV infection (1.0%) and syphilis (0.4%) monoinfections. Mal/HBV coinfection was higher (0.7%) when compared with Mal/HIV (0.1%), Mal/syphilis (0.0%), HBV/HIV (0.0%), HBV/syphilis (0.1%), and HIV/syphilis (0.0%) coinfections. The mean Hb (g/dl) for the women with the four monoinfections was significantly different from one another (p=0.009). Pregnant women with malaria infection were about 2 times more likely to be coinfected with HBV even after adjusting for potential confounders (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.04-2.65, p=0.031). Those in their third trimester and visiting the ANC for the first time were significantly less likely to be infected with HBV (AOR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.28-0.73, p=0.001), with malaria/HBV coinfection (AOR = 0.09, 95% CI = 0.01-0.68, p=0.020), and with any coinfection (AOR = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.06-0.63, p=0.007). Conclusion A comparatively high seroprevalence of malaria and its coinfection with HBV in pregnant women was observed in this study. Considering the effects that both malaria and HBV have on the liver, it would be expedient to conduct further studies to assess liver function among malaria/HBV-infected individuals, while interventions to prevent coinfections among pregnant women are intensified.
Collapse
|
7
|
Gon G, Leite A, Calvert C, Woodd S, Graham WJ, Filippi V. The frequency of maternal morbidity: A systematic review of systematic reviews. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2018; 141 Suppl 1:20-38. [PMID: 29851116 PMCID: PMC6001670 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Estimates of the burden of maternal morbidity are patchy. Objective To conduct a systematic review of systematic reviews of maternal conditions to: (1) make available the most up‐to‐date frequency estimates; (2) identify which conditions do not have reliable estimates; and (3) scrutinize the quality of the available reviews. Search strategy We searched Embase, MEDLINE, and CINAHL, combining terms for pregnancy, frequency (e.g. prevalence, incidence), publication type, and specific terms for each of 121 conditions. Selection criteria We included peer‐reviewed systematic reviews aiming to estimate the frequency of at least one of the conditions in WHO's list of maternal morbidities, with estimates from at least two countries. Data collection and analysis We present the frequency estimates with their uncertainty bounds by condition, region, and pregnancy/postpartum period. We also assess and present information on the quality of the systematic reviews. Main results Out of 11 930 found, 48 reviews were selected and one more was added. From 49 reviews we extracted 34 direct and 60 indirect frequency estimates covering 35 conditions. No review was available for 71% of the conditions on the WHO list. The extracted estimates show substantial maternal morbidity, spanning the time before and beyond childbirth. There were several gaps in the quality of the reviews. Notably, one‐third of the estimates were based only on facility‐based studies. Conclusions Good‐quality systematic reviews are needed for several conditions, as a research priority. This study highlights that substantial maternal morbidity occurs along the pregnancy–postpartum continuum, and that conducting quality systematic reviews is a priority research gap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Gon
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Andreia Leite
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Clara Calvert
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Susannah Woodd
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Wendy J Graham
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Veronique Filippi
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gendelman O, Mahroum N, Comaneshter D, Rotman-Pikielny P, Cohen AD, Amital H, Sherf M. Hepatitis B carrier state among SLE patients: case-control study. Immunol Res 2018; 65:257-261. [PMID: 27423436 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-016-8834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The association between hepatitis B and autoimmune disorders has been intriguing for decades. Many reports have speculated on the possible linkage between these two conditions, yet never before data driven from a large national database was utilized in order to investigate this issue. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between SLE and hepatitis B carrier state. Patients with SLE were compared with age- and sex-matched controls regarding the proportion of hepatitis B carrier state in a case-control study. Chi-square and t tests were used for univariate analysis, and a logistic regression model was used for multivariate analysis. The study was performed utilizing the medical database of Clalit Health Services. The study included 5018 lupus patients over the age of 20 years and 25,090 age- and sex-frequency-matched controls without SLE. The proportion of hepatitis B carriers was higher in SLE patients as compared to controls (0.9 and 0.56 %, respectively; p < 0.001). A significant association was also observed among patients in lower socioeconomic status. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, SLE was significantly associated with hepatitis B (OR = 1.828, 95 % CI = 1.291-2.590). Patients with SLE have a greater proportion of hepatitis B carrier state than matched controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omer Gendelman
- Department of Medicine 'B', Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, 5262100, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Naim Mahroum
- Department of Medicine 'B', Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, 5262100, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Doron Comaneshter
- Siaal Research Center for Family Medicine and Primary Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Arnon D Cohen
- Siaal Research Center for Family Medicine and Primary Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Chief Physician's Office, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Howard Amital
- Department of Medicine 'B', Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, 5262100, Tel-Hashomer, Israel. .,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.
| | - Michael Sherf
- Central Management, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Adjei CA, Naab F, Donkor ES. Beyond the diagnosis: a qualitative exploration of the experiences of persons with hepatitis B in the Accra Metropolis, Ghana. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017665. [PMID: 29102991 PMCID: PMC5722085 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explored the experiences of people with hepatitis B in the Accra metropolis. DESIGN The study employed qualitative exploratory descriptive design with purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through face-to-face interview and transcribed verbatim. The data were analysed using content analysis. SETTINGS Participants were recruited from one government and one mission hospital in Ghana. PARTICIPANTS Fourteen individuals aged between 26 and 45 years with hepatitis B infection were interviewed. RESULTS The findings of the study showed that people with hepatitis B in the Accra metropolis were unclear about the impact of their infection. Furthermore, they experienced psychological and social problems especially when they were initially informed about their hepatitis B status. Sadness, fear, shock, shame and disbelief were some of the experiences reported by participants. Coping strategies adopted include religiosity, denial and lifestyle modification. CONCLUSIONS It is, therefore, necessary as a country to integrate hepatitis B counselling into the already existing HIV structures in the health delivery system to offer support for individuals diagnosed with hepatitis B. Furthermore, it is important to draw lessons from the process used in the diagnosis of HIV, particularly in ensuring that people provide consent for being tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Florence Naab
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ernestina S Donkor
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Maasoumy B, Bremer B, Lehmann P, Marins EG, Michel-Treil V, Simon CO, Njoya M, Cornberg M, Paxinos E, Manns MP, Vermehren J, Sarrazin C, Sohn JY, Cho Y, Wedemeyer H. Commutability and concordance of four hepatitis B virus DNA assays in an international multicenter study. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2017; 10:609-618. [PMID: 28835775 PMCID: PMC5557192 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x17722745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HBV DNA is the most important molecular marker in hepatitis B, used to determine treatment indication and monitoring. Most patients require lifelong hepatitis B virus (HBV) management, thus viral load (VL) monitoring may be performed at different laboratories, with different HBV assays, which may result in different VL results. This multicenter study compares the commutability and concordance of results from four different HBV DNA assays: CAP/CTM HBVv2, HPS/CTM HBVv2 and the new cobas 6800/8800 HBV and cobas 4800 HBV assays. METHODS Across all four assays, HBV limit of detection (LoD) and linearity at lower concentrations were assessed using panels traceable to the World Health Organization international standard, and concordance was investigated at the important medical decision cutoffs 2000 and 20,000 IU/ml, using specimens from HBV-positive patients. RESULTS The calculated LoD via a probit curve was 2.7 IU/ml for cobas 6800/8800 HBV, 2.8 IU/ml for cobas 4800 HBV, 9.6 IU/ml for CAP/CTM HBVv2, and 6.2 IU/ml for HPS/CTM HBVv2. The average accuracy was comparable between cobas 6800/8800 HBV, cobas 4800 HBV and CAP/CTM HBVv2 (0.04-0.05 log10 IU/ml), while a slightly lower accuracy was documented for HPS/CTM HBVv2 (-0.16 log10 IU/ml). A total of 211-245 clinical samples were used for a pairwise comparison. Mean paired log differences ranged from -0.17 log10 IU/ml to -0.01 log10 IU/ml. Coefficient of determination was over 98% for all pairs with high overall percent agreement at the 2000 and 20,000 IU/ml cutoffs (from 91.7% to 96.3%). In a subset of samples with VL±0.5 log10 to the 2000 and 20,000 IU/ml thresholds, concordance was still 72% and 82%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The new cobas 6800/8800 HBV and 4800 HBV assays show high accuracy in samples with low-level viremia and a high concordance with the established HBV tests, CAP/CTM HBVv2 and HPS/CTM HBVv2, at 2000 and 20,000 IU/ml. Thus, all four HBV assays have high commutability and may be used interchangeably in routine clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ed G. Marins
- Roche Molecular Systems Inc., Roche Diagnostics, Pleasanton, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Merlin Njoya
- Roche Molecular Systems Inc., Roche Diagnostics, Pleasanton, CA, USA
| | | | - Ellen Paxinos
- Roche Molecular Systems Inc., Roche Diagnostics, Pleasanton, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ji Yeon Sohn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjung Cho
- Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Seroprevalence and Predictors of Hepatitis B Virus Infection among Pregnant Women Attending Routine Antenatal Care in Arba Minch Hospital, South Ethiopia. HEPATITIS RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2016; 2016:9290163. [PMID: 26904281 PMCID: PMC4745621 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9290163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a serious cause of liver disease affecting millions of people throughout the world. When HBV is acquired during pregnancy, prenatal transmission can occur to the fetus. Therefore, this study is aimed at estimating seroprevalence and associated factors of HBV infection among pregnant women attending Antenatal Clinic (ANC) of Arba Minch Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. A facility based cross-sectional study was conducted on 232 pregnant women visiting ANC from February to April, 2015. Data regarding sociodemographic and associated factors were gathered using questionnaire. Serum samples were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. The overall seroprevalence of HBV infection was 4.3% (95% CI: 2.2-6.9%). Multivariate analysis showed that history of abortion (AOR = 7.775; 95% CI: 1.538-39.301) and having multiple sexual partners (AOR = 7.189; 95% CI: 1.039-49.755) were independent predictors of HBsAg seropositivity. In conclusion, the prevalence of HBV infection is intermediate. Therefore, screening HBV infection should be routine part of ANC; health information on having single sexual partner for women of childbearing age and on following aseptic techniques during abortion should be provided to health facilities working on abortion.
Collapse
|
12
|
Characterization of Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes in Canada. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136074. [PMID: 26406309 PMCID: PMC4583310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The prevalence and distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes in Canada is not known. Genotypic analysis may contribute to a better understanding of HBV strain distribution and transmission risk. Methods HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) positive samples of acute (n = 152) and chronic (n = 1533) HBV submitted for strain analysis or reference genotype testing between 2006 and 2012 were analyzed. The HBsAg coding region was amplified to determine the HBV genotype by INNO-LiPA assay or sequence analysis. Single and multivariate analyses were used to describe genotypes’ associations with known demographic and behavioral risk factors for 126 linked cases of acute HBV. Results Nine genotypes were detected (A to I), including mixed infections. Genotype C (HBV/C) dominated within chronic infections while HBV/D and A prevailed among acute HBV cases. History of incarceration and residing with a chronic HBV carrier or injection drug user were the most frequently reported risks for acute HBV infection. Over time, HBV/A increased among both acute and chronic infections, and HBV/C and HBV/D decreased among chronic infections. Conclusion Chronic and acute HBV genotypes in Canada differ in the relative distribution and their associations with known risk factors, suggesting different routes of transmission and clinical progression of infection.
Collapse
|
13
|
Circulating FoxP3+ Regulatory T and Interleukin17-Producing Th17 Cells Actively Influence HBV Clearance in De Novo Hepatitis B Virus Infected Patients after Orthotopic Liver Transplantation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137881. [PMID: 26367459 PMCID: PMC4569371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To longitudinally investigate the role of FoxP3+ Regulatory T cells (Treg) and interleukin17-producing T helper 17 cells (Th17) in De Novo Hepatitis B Virus infection after orthotopic Liver Transplantation (DNHB-OLT), and analyze the possible correlation between these cells and HBV clearance of the disease. Methods We enrolled 12 control cases after orthotopic Liver Transplantation (OLT) and 24 patients, including 12 diagnosed with DNHB-OLT and 12 diagnosed with Acute Hepatitis B Virus infection (AHB), into the study from the liver transplantation and research center at Beijing 302 Hospital. Flow cytometry was used to detect the frequencies of Treg and Th17, and ELISA was applied to detect the concentration of IL6, IL22, TGF-β and IL2 in peripheral blood. We also measured the gene expression level by real time-quantitative PCR and protein expression using immunohistochemistry and western-blot. Furthermore, we divided DNHB-OLT patients into the clearance and non-clearance groups and examined longitudinally Th17, Treg cells at different times. Results The percentage of Treg cells, expression of FoxP3 mRNA and related anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL2 and TGF-β1 in the DNHB-OLT group were significantly higher than that in the AHB and OLT groups. The percentage of Th17 cells, expression of RORγt mRNA and related pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL17 and IL22 in the DNHB-OLT group were significantly lower than that in the AHB group, but the levels of these cytokines are very similar to the OLT group. The ratios of Treg to Th17 in the DNHB-OLT group were significantly higher than that in the OLT and AHB groups. Treg frequencies significantly correlated with HBV DNA, whereas IL17 frequencies didn’t significantly correlate with ALT. In DNHB-OLT patients, the clearance group was accompanied by a rapid increase in the Th17 cells during the first 4th week and afterwards continuously decrease to the control group, together with a continuously decrease in Treg cells from the onset time point, which lead to a significant reduction in the ratios of Treg to Th17. The non-clearance group was accompanied by an increase in the Treg cells during the first 4th week and afterwards sharply decrease, together with a relatively stable and unchanged Th17 cells, which lead to a significant change in the ratios. In addition, compared to clearance group, the ratios of Treg to Th17 in non-clearance group were significantly higher at the onset point, 4th and 12th week, but no difference at 24th week. Conclusion DNHB-OLT patients possessed a favorable Treg differentiation environment, accompanied by a sustained higher preferentially Treg frequencies and up-regulation of related anti-inflammatory cytokines. The immune imbalance of the ratios between Treg and Th17 existed in DNHB-OLT patients. The changes of the ratios during the DNHB-OLT events were associated with HBV clearance, which suppressed immune inflammation reaction as well as inhibited ability of specific HBV clearance and led to immune escape and chronicity.
Collapse
|
14
|
Tran TT, Gordon SC, Fung S, Dinh P, Yee L, Martins EB, Buti M, Marcellin P. Hepatitis B e antigen status and hepatitis B DNA levels in women of childbearing age with chronic hepatitis B infection screening for clinical trials. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121632. [PMID: 25789483 PMCID: PMC4366373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal or mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) results in a high frequency of chronic infection. Risk of mother-to-child transmission is associated with maternal viral factors including hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positivity and viral load. AIM To investigate associations between age, HBeAg status, HBV DNA levels and genotype in female patients screened for inclusion into two contemporary, randomized HBV trials. METHODS Retrospective analyses focused on differences between women of childbearing age (≤44 years) and older women. Female patients (N = 355; 18-69 years) were included in the analysis: 41.7% of patients were Asian. In total, 44.4% were HBeAg-positive. RESULTS Significantly more women aged ≤44 years were HBeAg-positive compared to women ≥45 years (57.2% versus 27.5%, respectively, p<0.0001), this proportion declined with increasing age. Younger women were significantly more likely to have high HBV viral load (HBV DNA>108 copies mL: ≤44 years 46.0% vs ≥45 years 25.5%, respectively; p<0.0001), and this declined with increasing age. HBeAg positivity was slightly higher in Asian women, associated with a higher proportion of HBV genotypes B and C in this population. There was no obvious relationship between genotype and viral load. CONCLUSIONS Women of childbearing age with CHB are more likely to have high HBV viral load and HBeAg positivity than older women; this likelihood decreases with age. Maternal serological and virological status should therefore be established early in pregnancy, taking into account age and genotype, and a risk-reducing strategy implemented in any patient who is HBeAg positive and has a high viral load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tram T. Tran
- Liver Disease and Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Stuart C. Gordon
- Division of Hepatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Scott Fung
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Phillip Dinh
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Leland Yee
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | | | - Maria Buti
- Department of Hepatology, Hospital General Universitario Valle Hebron and Ciberehd del Instituto Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu ZQ, Tan L, Liu T, Gao ZL, Ke WM. Evaluation of changes of serum hepatitis B surface antigen from a different perspective. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:2739-2745. [PMID: 25759544 PMCID: PMC4351226 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i9.2739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the dynamic changes of serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels apportioned by the same hepatic parenchyma cell volume (HPCV), namely, hepatic cell quantities.
METHODS: Serum HBsAg levels were detected by electrochemiluminescence and serum HBsAg levels apportioned by the same HPCV were figured out according to the theory of sphere geometry. HBsAg levels were compared among different liver inflammation grades, as well as different hepatic fibrosis stages.
RESULTS: In hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B, serum HBsAg levels in liver histological inflammation grades 1-4 were 3.66 ± 0.40, 3.74 ± 0.35, 3.74 ± 0.26 and 3.71 ± 0.34 log10 COI (cut off index), respectively, and there were no differences before apportion (P = 0.640). Serum HBsAg levels apportioned by the same HPCV were 5.57 ± 0.62, 5.98 ± 0.65, 6.59 ± 0.50 and 6.81 ± 0.84 log10 COI, respectively, and there were significant differences after apportion (P < 0.001). Serum HBsAg levels in hepatic fibrosis stages I-IV were 3.66 ± 0.43, 3.75 ± 0.33, 3.71 ± 0.28 and 3.75 ± 0.26 log10 COI, respectively, and there were no differences before apportion (P = 0.513). Serum HBsAg levels apportioned by the same HPCV were 5.53 ± 0.66, 5.98 ± 0.53, 6.29 ± 0.46 and 7.06 ± 0.48 log10 COI, respectively, and there were significant differences after apportion (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION: Serum HBsAg levels apportioned by the same HPCV (hepatic cell quantities), rather than serum HBsAg levels, increase with liver inflammation grades and hepatic fibrosis stages.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
For two decades, hepatitis B vaccine has been integrated into national routine childhood vaccination programs in almost all countries. The prevalence of HBsAg has decreased in children worldwide. However, there are children who miss the benefit of hepatitis B vaccine in some regions and countries. Long-term follow-up studies have revealed the clinical outcomes of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in children. A small percentage of chronically infected children develop liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, it is controversial who should be treated and when antiviral treatment should be initiated in children. Compared with adult studies, the data are insufficient to evaluate the pathogenesis of hepatitis B infection and the efficacy of antiviral treatment in childhood. New antiviral drugs have been approved for children and adults. Also, oral antiviral drugs are administered to pregnant women to reduce the hepatitis B virus mother-to-child transmission rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Toho University, Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu Sakura, Chiba, 285-8741, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dunkelberg JC, Berkley EMF, Thiel KW, Leslie KK. Hepatitis B and C in pregnancy: a review and recommendations for care. J Perinatol 2014; 34:882-91. [PMID: 25233195 PMCID: PMC4777346 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2014.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to provide a comprehensive review of the current knowledge regarding pregnancy and hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection as well as recent efforts to reduce the rate of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Maternal infection with either HBV or HCV has been linked to adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes, including MTCT. MTCT for HBV has been reduced to approximately 5% overall in countries including the US that have instituted postpartum neonatal HBV vaccination and immunoprophylaxis with hepatitis B immune globulin. However, the rate of transmission of HBV to newborns is nearly 30% when maternal HBV levels are greater than 200 000 IU ml(-1) (>6 log10 copies ml(-1)). For these patients, new guidelines from the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) and the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) indicate that, in addition to neonatal vaccination and immunoprophylaxis, treating with antiviral agents such as tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or telbivudine during pregnancy beginning at 32 weeks of gestation is safe and effective in preventing MTCT. In contrast to HBV, no therapeutic agents are yet available or recommended to further decrease the risk of MTCT of HCV, which remains 3 to 10%. HCV MTCT can be minimized by avoiding fetal scalp electrodes and birth trauma whenever possible. Young women with HCV should be referred for treatment post delivery, and neonates should be closely followed to rule out infection. New, better-tolerated treatment regimens for HCV are now available, which should improve outcomes for all infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JC Dunkelberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - EMF Berkley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - KW Thiel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - KK Leslie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
THEETEN H, HUTSE V, HOPPENBROUWERS K, BEUTELS P, VAN DAMME P. Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Belgium: impact on serological markers 3 and 7 years after implementation. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 142:251-61. [PMID: 23689103 PMCID: PMC9151132 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813001064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can be eliminated by effective universal vaccination. In Belgium, a free-of-charge HBV vaccination programme in infants with catch-up in adolescents was introduced in 1999. To evaluate the effects in <20-year-olds, seroprotection (anti-HBs >11 mIU/ml, according to the assay) and markers of infection (anti-HBc, HBsAg) were assessed in 2443 residual sera collected 7-8 years after implementation of the programme. The maximal prevalence of a solely anti-HBs seroprotective ('vaccinated') serostatus was 82·9% at age 1 year and 60·5% at age 13 years. A clear increase was found in age cohorts targeted by the campaign after a similar serosurvey conducted 4 years earlier. The prevalence of HBV infection remained unchanged at a low level (1·8% in 2006) similar to pre-vaccination data (1993-1994). We conclude that universal HBV vaccination has achieved overall high levels of vaccine-induced immunity, despite regional variations, which may give rise to pockets of susceptible young adults in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. THEETEN
- Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - V. HUTSE
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Virology Section, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - P. BEUTELS
- Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - P. VAN DAMME
- Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Peto TJ, Mendy ME, Lowe Y, Webb EL, Whittle HC, Hall AJ. Efficacy and effectiveness of infant vaccination against chronic hepatitis B in the Gambia Hepatitis Intervention Study (1986-90) and in the nationwide immunisation program. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:7. [PMID: 24397793 PMCID: PMC3898092 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gambian infants were not routinely vaccinated against hepatitis B virus (HBV) before 1986. During 1986-90 the Gambia Hepatitis Intervention Study (GHIS) allocated 125,000 infants, by area, to vaccination or not and thereafter all infants were offered the vaccine through the nationwide immunisation programme. We report HBV serology from samples of GHIS vaccinees and unvaccinated controls, and from children born later. METHODS During 2007-08, 2670 young adults born during the GHIS (1986-90) were recruited from 80 randomly selected villages and four townships. Only 28% (753/2670) could be definitively linked to their infant HBV vaccination records (255 fully vaccinated, 23 partially vaccinated [1-2 doses], 475 not vaccinated). All were tested for current HBV infection (HBV surface antigen [HBsAg]) and, if HBsAg-negative, evidence of past infection (HBV core-protein antibody [anti-HBc]). HBsAg-positive samples (each with two age- and sex-matched HBsAg-negative samples) underwent liver function tests. In addition, 4613 children born since nationwide vaccination (in 1990-2007) were tested for HBsAg. Statistical analyses ignore clustering. RESULTS Comparing fully vaccinated vs unvaccinated GHIS participants, current HBV infection was 0.8% (2/255) vs 12.4% (59/475), p < 0.0001, suggesting 94% (95% CI 77-99%) vaccine efficacy. Among unvaccinated individuals, the prevalence was higher in males (p = 0.015) and in rural areas (p = 0.009), but adjustment for this did not affect estimated vaccine efficacy. Comparing fully vaccinated vs unvaccinated participants, anti-HBc was 27.4% (70/255) vs 56.0% (267/475), p < 0.00001. Chronic active hepatitis was not common: the proportion of HBsAg-positive subjects with abnormal liver function tests (ALT > 2 ULN) was 4.1%, compared with 0.2% in those HBsAg-negative. The prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus was low (0.5%, 13/2592). In children born after the end of GHIS, HBsAg prevalence has remained low; 1.4% (15/1103) in those born between 1990-97, and 0.3% (9/35150) in those born between 1998-2007. CONCLUSIONS Infant HBV vaccination achieves substantial protection against chronic carriage in early adulthood, even though approximately a quarter of vaccinated young adults have been infected. This protection persists past the potential onset of sexual activity, reinforcing previous GHIS findings of protection during childhood and suggesting no need for a booster dose. Nationwide infant HBV vaccination is controlling chronic infection remarkably effectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Peto
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Maimuma E Mendy
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Yamundow Lowe
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Emily L Webb
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Hilton C Whittle
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Hall
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Evaluation of an artificial neural network to ascertain why there is a high incidence of hepatitis B in the Chinese population after vaccination. Comput Biol Med 2013; 43:1167-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
21
|
Mkandawire P, Richmond C, Dixon J, Luginaah IN, Tobias J. Hepatitis B in Ghana's upper west region: A hidden epidemic in need of national policy attention. Health Place 2013; 23:89-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
22
|
Ochwoto M, Chauhan R, Gopalakrishnan D, Chen CY, Ng'ang'a Z, Okoth F, Kioko H, Kimotho J, Kaiguri P, Kramvis A. Genotyping and molecular characterization of hepatitis B virus in liver disease patients in Kenya. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 20:103-10. [PMID: 23978387 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes are important in both the clinical manifestation of disease and treatment response. Although Kenya belongs to the African Region (AFR-E) characterized by high mortality and hyperendemicity of HBV, there is a paucity of HBV genotyping data. The aim of this study was to molecularly characterize the basic core promoter/precore (BCP/PC) and complete surface (S) regions of HBV isolated from 61 HBsAg-positive liver disease patients attending Kenyatta National Hospital in Nairobi. HBsAg, HBeAg and viral loads were determined. HBV DNA was amplified and sequenced from 58/61 patients. In addition to the complete genome of two isolates, the BCP/PC and the complete S regions of 43 and 38 isolates, respectively were sequenced. Following phylogenetic analysis of the S region, 38 isolates clustered with subgenotype A1, whereas two isolates clustered with genotype D, one with subgenotype D1 and another as an outlier of the clade containing subgenotype D6 and the D/E recombinant. When the complete genome of the latter isolate was sequenced it clustered with D6. The majority of isolates belonged to serological subtype adw2 and only four to ayw2. Three distinct groups of subgenotype A1, distinguished by different amino acid motifs, circulate in Kenya: two in the African cluster and a monophyletic clade in the "Asian" cluster. HBeAg-negativity was a result of G1896A in genotype D isolates, whereas in subgenotype A1, the HBeAg-negativity was a result of mutations in the Kozak region (1809-1812) or precore start codon (1814-1816). Mutations at positions 1762 and 1764 occurred more frequently in HCC patients (p<0.05). In conclusion, subgenotypes A1, D1 and D6 circulate in liver disease patients in Kenya, with A1 predominating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Missiani Ochwoto
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Programme (HVDRP), Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kenya; Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Kenya.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Martinez AA, Zaldivar Y, Hong CC, Alvarado-Mora MV, Smith R, Ortiz AY, Pinho JRR, Cristina J, Pascale JM. Molecular characterisation of hepatitis B virus in the resident Chinese population in Panama City. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 108:541-7. [PMID: 23903967 PMCID: PMC3970604 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762013000500002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the effectiveness of current hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccines, it is estimated that 350 million individuals suffer from chronic HBV infection and more than 50% of these affected individuals live on the Asian continent. Panama is a country with a great diversity of foreign groups; the Chinese community is a large example of this phenomenon. There is an urgent need to perform studies that evaluate the prevalence and the genetic diversity of HBV in this community. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HBV and its genotypes and mutant variants in the Chinese population residing in Panama. In total, 320 subjects were enrolled in the study. Forty-two subjects (13.1%) were positive for HBsAg and HBV-DNA from 18 subjects revealed the presence of genotypes B2 and C1. Secondary mutations associated with drug resistance at positions rtV207L and rtN239T of the reverse transcriptase gene were identified. Additionally, the mutation pair A1762T/G1764A was found in three samples and the mutation G1896A was detected in an HBeAg-negative subject. In conclusion, to our knowledge, this is the first study to report high HBV prevalence rates in resident ethnic Chinese in Central America and the presence of genotypes B2 and C1 in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Augusto Martinez
- Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama, Panama
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur,
India
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta
Tecnología-AIP, Ciudad del Saber, Clayton, Panama
| | | | - Chen Ch Hong
- Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Monica Viviana Alvarado-Mora
- Laboratório de Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia Tropical,
Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de
Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Rebecca Smith
- Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama, Panama
| | - Alma Y Ortiz
- Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama, Panama
| | - João Renato Rebello Pinho
- Laboratório de Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia Tropical,
Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de
Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Juan Cristina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones
Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Miguel Pascale
- Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama, Panama
- School of Medicine, University of Panama, Panama, Panama
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang L, Gui X, Fan J, Wang B, Ji H, Yisilafu R, Li F, Zhou Y, Tong Y, Kong X, Ye P, Zong L. Breast feeding and immunoprophylaxis efficacy of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 27:182-6. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2013.806901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
25
|
Bohorquez HE, Cohen AJ, Girgrah N, Bruce DS, Carmody IC, Joshi S, Reichman TW, Therapondos G, Mason AL, Loss GE. Liver transplantation in hepatitis B core-negative recipients using livers from hepatitis B core-positive donors: a 13-year experience. Liver Transpl 2013; 19:611-8. [PMID: 23526668 DOI: 10.1002/lt.23644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of livers from hepatitis B surface antigen-negative (HBsAg- )/hepatitis B core antibody-positive (HBcAb+ ) donors in liver transplantation (LT) for HBsAg(-) /HBcAb- recipients is still controversial because of a lack of standard antiviral prophylaxis and long-term follow-up. We present our 13-year experience with the use of HBcAb+ donor livers in HBcAb- recipients. Patients received prophylaxis with hepatitis B immunoglobulin at the time of LT and then lamivudine daily. De novo hepatitis B virus (HBV) was defined as positive HBV DNA detection. Between January 1999 and December 2010, 1013 adult LT procedures were performed at our center. Sixty-four HBsAg- /HBcAb- patients (6.3%) received an HBsAg- /HBcAb+ liver. All donor sera were negative for HBcAb immunoglobulin M and HBV DNA. The mean follow-up was 48.8 ± 40.1 months (range = 1.2-148.8). Both the patient survival rates and the graft survival rates were 92.2% and 69.2% at 1 and 5 years, respectively. No graft losses or deaths were related to de novo HBV. Nine of the 64 patients (14.1%) developed de novo HBV. The mean time from LT to de novo HBV was 21.4 ± 26.1 months (range = 10.8-92.8 months). De novo HBV was successfully treated with adefovir or tenofovir. In conclusion, HBcAb+ allografts can be safely used in HBcAb- recipients without increased mortality or graft loss. Lifelong prophylaxis, continuous surveillance, and compliance are imperative for success. Should a de novo infection occur, our experience suggests that a variety of treatments can be employed to salvage the graft and obtain serum HBV DNA clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Humberto E Bohorquez
- Multi-Organ Transplant Institute, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mahabadi M, Norouzi M, Alavian SM, Samimirad K, Azad TM, Saberfar E, Mahmoodi M, Ramezani F, Karimzadeh H, Malekzadeh R, Montazeri G, Nejatizadeh A, Ziaee M, Abedi F, Ataei B, Yaran M, Sayad B, Hossein Somi M, Sarizadeh G, Sanei-Moghaddam I, Mansour-Ghanaei F, Rafatpanah H, Pourhosseingholi MA, Keyvani H, Kalantari E, Saberifiroozi M, Ali Judaki M, Ghamari S, Daram M, Fazeli Z, Goodarzi Z, Khedive A, Moradi A, Jazayeri SM. Drug-related mutational patterns in hepatitis B virus (HBV) reverse transcriptase proteins from Iranian treatment-naïve chronic HBV patients. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2013; 13:e6712. [PMID: 23596461 PMCID: PMC3626233 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.6712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunomodulators and Nucleotide analogues have been used globally for the dealing of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, the development of drug resistance is a major limitation to their long-term effectiveness. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to characterize the hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase (RT) protein variations among Iranian chronic HBV carriers who did not receive any antiviral treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hepatitis B virus partial RT genes from 325 chronic in active carrier patients were amplified and directly sequenced. Nucleotide/amino acid substitutions were identified compared to the sequences obtained from the database. RESULTS All strains belonging to genotype D.365 amino-acid substitutions were found. Mutations related to lamivudine, adefovir, telbivudine, and entecavir occurred in (YMDD) 4% (n = 13), (SVQ) 17.23% (n = 56), (M204I/V + L180M) 2.45% (n = 8) and (M204I) 2.76% (n = 9) of patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS RT mutants do occur naturally and could be found in HBV carriers who have never received antiviral therapy. However, mutations related to drug resistance in Iranian treatment-naïve chronic HBV patients were found to be higher than other studies published formerly. Chronic HBV patients should be monitored closely prior the commencement of therapy to achieve the best regimen option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Mahabadi
- Hepatitis B Molecular Laboratory, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mehdi Norouzi
- Hepatitis B Molecular Laboratory, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | | | - Katayoon Samimirad
- Hepatitis C Molecular Laboratory, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari Azad
- Hepatitis B Molecular Laboratory, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Esmaeil Saberfar
- The research and development department of Bayerpaul vaccine and pharmaceutical company, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mahmood Mahmoodi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ramezani
- Hepatitis B Molecular Laboratory, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hadi Karimzadeh
- Hepatitis B Molecular Laboratory, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Ghodrat Montazeri
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Azim Nejatizadeh
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, IR Iran
| | - Masood Ziaee
- Hepatitis Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, IR Iran
| | - Farshid Abedi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Behrooz Ataei
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Majid Yaran
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Babak Sayad
- Kermanshah Liver Diseases and Hepatitis Research Center, Kermanshah, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Somi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
| | | | | | - Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IR Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | | | - Hossain Keyvani
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Saberifiroozi
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Judaki
- Hepatitis B Molecular Laboratory, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Shiva Ghamari
- Hepatitis B Molecular Laboratory, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Maryam Daram
- Hepatitis B Molecular Laboratory, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Zeinab Fazeli
- Hepatitis B Molecular Laboratory, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Zahra Goodarzi
- The research and development department of Bayerpaul vaccine and pharmaceutical company, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Abolfazl Khedive
- Hepatitis B Molecular Laboratory, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Abdolvahab Moradi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, IR Iran
| | - Seyed Mohamad Jazayeri
- Hepatitis B Molecular Laboratory, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Seyed Mohamad Jazayeri, Hepatitis B Lab, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 14155-6446, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel.: +98-2188962343, Fax: +98-2188992660, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rossi C, Shrier I, Marshall L, Cnossen S, Schwartzman K, Klein MB, Schwarzer G, Greenaway C. Seroprevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection and prior immunity in immigrants and refugees: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44611. [PMID: 22957088 PMCID: PMC3434171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND International migrants experience increased mortality from hepatocellular carcinoma compared to host populations, largely due to undetected chronic hepatitis B infection (HBV). We conducted a systematic review of the seroprevalence of chronic HBV and prior immunity in migrants arriving in low HBV prevalence countries to identify those at highest risk in order to guide disease prevention and control strategies. METHODS AND FINDINGS Medline, Medline In-Process, EMBASE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched. Studies that reported HBV surface antigen or surface antibodies in migrants were included. The seroprevalence of chronic HBV and prior immunity were pooled by region of origin and immigrant class, using a random-effects model. A random-effects logistic regression was performed to explore heterogeneity. The number of chronically infected migrants in each immigrant-receiving country was estimated using the pooled HBV seroprevalences and country-specific census data. A total of 110 studies, representing 209,822 immigrants and refugees were included. The overall pooled seroprevalence of infection was 7.2% (95% CI: 6.3%-8.2%) and the seroprevalence of prior immunity was 39.7% (95% CI: 35.7%-43.9%). HBV seroprevalence differed significantly by region of origin. Migrants from East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa were at highest risk and migrants from Eastern Europe were at an intermediate risk of infection. Region of origin, refugee status and decade of study were independently associated with infection in the adjusted random-effects logistic model. Almost 3.5 million migrants (95% CI: 2.8-4.5 million) are estimated to be chronically infected with HBV. CONCLUSIONS The seroprevalence of chronic HBV infection is high in migrants from most world regions, particularly among those from East Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa and Eastern Europe, and more than 50% were found to be susceptible to HBV. Targeted screening and vaccination of international migrants can become an important component of HBV disease control efforts in immigrant-receiving countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Rossi
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Community Studies of the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Breastfeeding and transmission of viruses other than HIV-1. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 743:27-38. [PMID: 22454339 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2251-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
|
29
|
Quantitative evaluation of the effect of the hepatitis B vaccine based on the HBsAg- and anti-HBs-positive rates in the Chinese population over the last 33 years. Vaccine 2012; 30:3483-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
30
|
Cho Y, Bonsu G, Akoto-Ampaw A, Nkrumah-Mills G, Nimo JJ, Park JK, Ki M. The prevalence and risk factors for hepatitis B surface ag positivity in pregnant women in eastern region of ghana. Gut Liver 2012; 6:235-40. [PMID: 22570754 PMCID: PMC3343163 DOI: 10.5009/gnl.2012.6.2.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity in pregnant Ghanaian women. METHODS We surveyed 1,500 pregnant women in Eastern region of Ghana. Direct interviews were performed by trained nurses using standardized questionnaires. Pregnant women were screened for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B infections, hemoglobin levels and sickle cell anemia as part of the antenatal check-up. RESULTS The overall HBsAg positive rate was 10.6%, which varied among districts (13.8% for Kwahu West, 12.4% for Upper Manya, and 2.2% for Yilo Krobo). HBsAg positivity was significantly higher in women with depression (odds ratio [OR], 3.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.13 to 6.57) and HIV (OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.06 to 3.89). Age, education, and gravidity were not related to HBsAg positivity. Anti-hepatitis B immunoglobulin for newborns of HBsAg-positive mothers is not provided at birth in public health facilities in Ghana. However, hepatitis B vaccination is provided as part of a routine vaccination schedule starting at 6 weeks of age. CONCLUSIONS To prevent mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B, screening tests for HBsAg in pregnant women and hepatitis B vaccination of newborns immediately after birth need to be performed in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Younmo Cho
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - George Bonsu
- Eastern Region Public Health Division, Koforidua, Ghana
| | - Arko Akoto-Ampaw
- Asesewa Government Hospital and Upper Manya Krobo District Health Administration, Asesewa, Ghana
| | | | - Julia J.A. Nimo
- Holy Family Hospital and Kwahu West District Health Administration, Nkawkaw, Ghana
| | - Jin Kyung Park
- Translational Research Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moran Ki
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yoon HJ, Bonsu G, Akoto-Ampaw A, Nkrumah-Mills G, Nimo JJ, Park JK, Ki M. Prevalence and risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus infection in pregnant women in Eastern Ghana. Braz J Infect Dis 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1413-8670(12)70313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
32
|
Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in The Netherlands in 1996 and 2007. Epidemiol Infect 2011; 140:1469-80. [PMID: 22078095 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881100224x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess differences in the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in The Netherlands between 1996 and 2007, and to identify risk factors for HBV infection in 2007. Representative samples of the Dutch population in 1996 and 2007 were tested for antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV-DNA. In 2007, the weighted anti-HBc prevalence was 3·5% (95% CI 2·2-5·5) and the HBsAg prevalence was 0·2% (95% CI 0·1-0·4). In indigenous Dutch participants, the anti-HBc prevalence was lower in 2007 than in 1996 (P=0·06). First-generation migrants (FGMs) had a 13-fold greater risk of being HBsAg- and/or HBV-DNA-positive than indigenous Dutch participants. In indigenous Dutch participants, risk factors for anti-HBc positivity were older age and having received a blood product before 1990. In FGMs, being of Asian origin was a risk factor. In second-generation migrants, having a foreign-born partner and injecting drug use were risk factors. FGMs are the main target group for secondary HBV prevention in The Netherlands.
Collapse
|