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Nagar S, Nicholls D, Dawoud D. A systematic review of economic evaluations of pharmacological treatments for active tuberculosis. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1201512. [PMID: 38689771 PMCID: PMC11060080 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1201512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives The continuing spread of tuberculosis (TB) worldwide, especially drug-resistant TB, poses a major challenge to healthcare systems globally. Addressing this requires appraising the cost effectiveness of existing pharmacological interventions against TB to identify key drivers of cost effectiveness and value and guide pharmaceutical innovation and novel drug regimen development. Methods Studies were identified from a search of six database: MEDLINE MEDLINE-In Process, MEDLINE Epub Ahead of Print, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Econlit in July 2022. Two reviewers independently assessed all identified studies and reports using pre-defined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Study methodological quality was assessed, data were extracted in standard tables, and results were narratively synthesized. Results Overall, 991 studies and 53 HTA reports were identified with 20 studies and 3 HTA reports meeting the inclusion criteria. Quality assessment of the 20 studies identified 4 with minor limitations, while the remainder were assessed as having potentially or very serious limitations. Sixteen studies conducted cost-utility analyses, 6 conducted cost-effectiveness analyses, and 2 conducted cost-comparison analyses with some studies performing multiple analyses. The majority (n = 16) were model-based. Eleven studies analyzed the cost-effectiveness of bedaquiline, 6 compared shorter to longer/standard duration regimens, 2 assessed ethambutol, and 1 assessed delamanid. Key drivers of cost effectiveness were drug costs, the number of TB cases, the portion of cases with sputum culture conversion, treatment delivery costs, and treatment efficacy. Common value elements considered included adverse events, drug resistance, and improving treatment adherence. Conclusion Our results suggest that out of the pharmacological treatments assessed, bedaquiline is likely a cost-effective addition to existing treatment regimens/background treatment regimens, while ethambutol is not likely to be. Newer shorter regimens, even if more costly, seem to be more cost-effective compared to longer regimens. These results illustrate the limited number of novel cost-effective pharmacological interventions and highlight a need to develop new drugs/regimens against TB to overcome resistance, taking into account the key drivers of cost effectiveness and other value attributes identified from this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarosh Nagar
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), London, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Economics, Harvard College, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David Nicholls
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), London, United Kingdom
| | - Dalia Dawoud
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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He Z, Huang X, Chen D, Wang G, Zhu Y, Li H, Han S, Shi L, Guan X. Sponsorship bias in published pharmacoeconomic evaluations of national reimbursement negotiation drugs in China: a systematic review. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:e012780. [PMID: 38030227 PMCID: PMC10689407 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND China's National Reimbursement Drug List (NRDL) has become the primary route for drug reimbursement in China. More recently, the authority has made pharmacoeconomic evaluation an integral part of the application for NRDL inclusion. The underlying financial conflict of interests (FCOI) of pharmacoeconomic evaluations, however, has the potential to influence evidence generated and thus subsequent decision-making yet remains poorly understood. METHODS We searched for studies published between January 2012 and January 2022 on the 174 drugs added to the 2017-2020 NRDLs after successful negotiation. We categorised the study's FCOI status into no funding, industry funding, non-profit funding and multiple fundings based on authors' disclosure and assessed the reporting quality of included studies using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 checklist. We compiled descriptive statistics of funding types and study outcomes using t-tests and χ2 tests and conducted multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS We identified 378 records and our final sample included 92 pharmacoeconomic evaluations, among which 69.6% were conducted with at least one funding source. More than half (57.6%) of the evaluations reached favourable conclusions towards the intervention drug and 12.6% reached a dominant result of the intervention drug over the comparison from model simulation. The reporting quality of included studies ranged from 19 to 25 (on a scale of 28), with an average of 22.3. The statistical tests indicated that industry-funded studies were significantly more likely to conclude that the intervention therapy was economical (p<0.01) and had a significantly higher proportion of resulting target drug economically dominated the comparison drug (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The study revealed that FCOI bias is common in published pharmacoeconomic evaluations conducted in Chinese settings and could significantly influence the study's economical results and conclusions through various mechanisms. Multifaceted efforts are needed to improve transparency, comparability and reporting standardisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan He
- International Research Center for Medicinal Administration, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianqin Huang
- International Research Center for Medicinal Administration, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dingyi Chen
- International Research Center for Medicinal Administration, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoan Wang
- International Research Center for Medicinal Administration, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuezhen Zhu
- International Research Center for Medicinal Administration, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huangqianyu Li
- International Research Center for Medicinal Administration, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Han
- International Research Center for Medicinal Administration, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Luwen Shi
- International Research Center for Medicinal Administration, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Guan
- International Research Center for Medicinal Administration, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Bedaquiline-based treatment for extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa: A cost-effectiveness analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272770. [PMID: 35930574 PMCID: PMC9355220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The treatment success rate of conventional anti-tuberculosis (TB) regimens for extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) is low, resulting in high morbidity and healthcare cost especially in the high TB burden countries. Recent clinical findings reported improved treatment outcomes of XDR-TB with the bedaquiline (BDQ)-based regimens. We aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of BDQ-based treatment for XDR-TB from the perspective of the South Africa national healthcare provider. Methods A 2-year decision-analytic model was designed to evaluate the clinical and economic outcomes of a hypothetical cohort of adult XDR-TB patients with (1) BDQ-based regimen and (2) injectable-based conventional regimen. The model inputs were retrieved from literature and public data. Base-case analysis and sensitivity analysis were performed. The primary model outputs included TB-related direct medical cost and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Results In the base-case analysis, the BDQ group reduced 4.4152 DALYs with an incremental cost of USD1,606 when compared to the conventional group. The incremental cost per DALY averted (ICER) by the BDQ group was 364 USD/DALY averted. No influential factor was identified in the sensitivity analysis. In probabilistic sensitivity analysis, the BDQ group was accepted as cost-effective in 97.82% of the 10,000 simulations at a willingness-to-pay threshold of 5,656 USD/DALY averted (1× gross domestic product per capita in South Africa). Conclusion The BDQ-based therapy appeared to be cost-effective and showed a high probability to be accepted as the preferred cost-effective option for active XDR-TB treatment.
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Byun JY, Kim HL, Lee EK, Kwon SH. A Systematic Review of Economic Evaluations of Active Tuberculosis Treatments. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:736986. [PMID: 34966276 PMCID: PMC8710595 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.736986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The disease burden of active tuberculosis (TB) is considerable, but systematic reviews of economic evaluations of active TB treatments are scarce. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases were used to search for articles on cost-effectiveness analysis or cost-utility analysis that economically evaluated active TB treatments, which were then systematically reviewed by two independent reviewers. We extracted vital components of the included studies, such as country, population, intervention/comparator, primary outcome, values of outcomes, thresholds, model type, time horizon, and health states included in the model. Results: Seventeen studies were included in this systematic review. Thirteen dealt with interventions of medications, and the remaining four compared care strategies. The Markov model was the most commonly used tool to compare medications, whereas studies on care plans mainly used decision trees. The most commonly used primary outcome was disability-adjusted life years, followed by quality-adjusted life years. For treatment-naïve TB, the 4-month regimen was more cost-effective than the 6-month regimen mainly in low- and middle-income countries. For multidrug-resistant TB, a bedaquiline-based regimen was cost-effective. For multidrug-resistant TB, decentralized care that employed the use of home or mobile devices was more cost-effective than hospital-based centralized care in low- and middle-income countries. Conclusion: New treatment strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes by enhancing treatment adherence, such as regimens with shorter durations (2 or 4 months) and decentralized care, or new anti-TB agents (e.g., bedaquiline) have been suggested as cost-effective interventions for active TB. This review provides information on the economic evaluation of active TB from good-quality studies, thus aiding the future economic evaluation of active TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Young Byun
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hye-Lin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eui-Kyung Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sun-Hong Kwon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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Gomez GB, Siapka M, Conradie F, Ndjeka N, Garfin AMC, Lomtadze N, Avaliani Z, Kiria N, Malhotra S, Cook-Scalise S, Juneja S, Everitt D, Spigelman M, Vassall A. Cost-effectiveness of bedaquiline, pretomanid and linezolid for treatment of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa, Georgia and the Philippines. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e051521. [PMID: 34862287 PMCID: PMC8647530 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with highly resistant tuberculosis have few treatment options. Bedaquiline, pretomanid and linezolid regimen (BPaL) is a new regimen shown to have favourable outcomes after six months. We present an economic evaluation of introducing BPaL against the extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) standard of care in three epidemiological settings. DESIGN Cost-effectiveness analysis using Markov cohort model. SETTING South Africa, Georgia and the Philippines. PARTICIPANTS XDR-TB and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) failure and treatment intolerant patients. INTERVENTIONS BPaL regimen. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Incremental cost per disability-adjusted life years averted by using BPaL against standard of care at the Global Drug Facility list price. (2) The potential maximum price at which the BPaL regimen could become cost neutral. RESULTS BPaL for XDR-TB is likely to be cost saving in all study settings when pretomanid is priced at the Global Drug Facility list price. The magnitude of these savings depends on the prevalence of XDR-TB in the country and can amount, over 5 years, to approximately US$ 3 million in South Africa, US$ 200 000 and US$ 60 000 in Georgia and the Philippines, respectively. In South Africa, related future costs of antiretroviral treatment (ART) due to survival of more patients following treatment with BPaL reduced the magnitude of expected savings to approximately US$ 1 million. Overall, when BPaL is introduced to a wider population, including MDR-TB treatment failure and treatment intolerant, we observe increased savings and clinical benefits. The potential threshold price at which the probability of the introduction of BPaL becoming cost neutral begins to increase is higher in Georgia and the Philippines (US$ 3650 and US$ 3800, respectively) compared with South Africa (US$ 500) including ART costs. CONCLUSIONS Our results estimate that BPaL can be a cost-saving addition to the local TB programmes in varied programmatic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Beatriz Gomez
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Modelling, Epidemiology and Data Science Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Lyon, France
| | - Mariana Siapka
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Impact Epilysis, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Francesca Conradie
- Clinical HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Norbert Ndjeka
- National TB Programme, South Africa Department of Health, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Anna Marie Celina Garfin
- National Tuberculosis Control Program, Bureau of Disease Prevention and Control, Department of Health, Manila, The Philippines
| | - Nino Lomtadze
- Department of TB Surveillance and Strategic Planning, National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Zaza Avaliani
- Department of TB Surveillance and Strategic Planning, National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nana Kiria
- Department of TB Surveillance and Strategic Planning, National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Shelly Malhotra
- TB Alliance, New York, New York, USA
- Global Access, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), New York, New York, USA
| | - Sarah Cook-Scalise
- TB Alliance, New York, New York, USA
- TB Division, USAID, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Anna Vassall
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Sun Y, Meng L, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Lin Y. The Application of Nucleic Acids and Nucleic Acid Materials in Antimicrobial Research. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 16:66-73. [PMID: 32436832 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666200521084417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to the misuse of antibiotics, multiple drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria have increasingly emerged. This has increased the difficulty of treatment as these bacteria directly affect public health by diminishing the potency of existing antibiotics. Developing alternative therapeutic strategies is the urgent need to reduce the mortality and morbidity related to drug-resistant bacterial infections. In the past 10 to 20 years, nanomedicines have been widely studied and applied as an antibacterial agent. They have become a novel tool for fighting resistant bacteria. The most common innovative substances, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), have been widely reported. Until recently, DNA nanostructures were used alone or functionalized with specific DNA sequences by many scholars for antimicrobial purposes which were alternatively selected as therapy for severe bacterial infections. These are a potential candidate for treatments and have a considerable role in killing antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This review involves the dimensions of multidrug resistance and the mechanism of bacteria developing drug resistance. The importance of this article is that we summarized the current study of nano-materials based on nucleic acids in antimicrobial use. Meanwhile, the current progress and the present obstacles for their antibacterial and therapeutic use and special function of stem cells in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingxian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Fekadu G, Yao J, You JHS. A systematic review of pharmacoeconomic evaluations on oral diarylquinoline-based treatment for drug-resistant tuberculosis: from high to low burden countries. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2021; 21:897-910. [PMID: 33931005 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2021.1925111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: There is a rising global interest in the pharmacoeconomic evaluations of bedaquiline (BDQ), a novel oral diarylquinoline, for treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB).Areas covered: This article systematically reviewed publications retrieved from Medline, American Psychological Association-Psychology information, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Science direct, Center for Reviews and Dissemination, and CINAHL Complete during 2010-2020 on pharmacoeconomic studies on BDQ for DR-TB treatment. Ten Markov model-based cost-effectiveness analyses identified were conducted in high (n = 4), intermediate (n = 2), and low (n = 4) TB burden countries.Expert opinion: The paucity of model-based health economic analyses on BDQ-containing regimens for DR-TB indicated that further pharmacoeconomic research of BDQ-based regimens, on the aspects of duration of BDQ treatment, types of DR-TB indicated, and settings of regions and health-systems, is highly warranted to inform global cost-effective use of BDQ-based regimens for DR-TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginenus Fekadu
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T, Hong Kong
| | - Jiaqi Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T, Hong Kong
| | - Joyce H S You
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T, Hong Kong
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Sun Y, Li S, Zhang Y, Li Q, Xie X, Zhao D, Tian T, Shi S, Meng L, Lin Y. Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acids Loading Ampicillin Improve the Drug Susceptibility against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:36957-36966. [PMID: 32814381 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Songhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qirong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xueping Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Taoran Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Sirong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lingxian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Mpobela Agnarson A, Williams A, Kambili C, Mattson G, Metz L. The cost-effectiveness of a bedaquiline-containing short-course regimen for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:475-483. [PMID: 32186925 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1742109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Bedaquiline-containing regimens have demonstrated improved outcomes over injectable-containing regimens in the long-term treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended replacing injectables in the standard short-course regimen (SCR) with a bedaquiline-containing regimen. The South African national TB program similarly recommends a bedaquiline-containing regimen. Here, we investigated the cost-effectiveness of a bedaquiline-containing SCR versus an injectable-containing SCR for the treatment of MDR-TB in South Africa.Methods: A Markov model was adapted to simulate the incidence of active patients with MDR-TB. Patients could transition through eight health states: active MDR-TB, culture conversion, cure, follow-up loss, secondary MDR-TB, extensively DR-TB, end-of-life care, and death. A 5% discount was assumed on costs and outcomes. Health outcomes were expressed as disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).Results: Over a 10-year time horizon, a bedaquiline-containing SCR dominated an injectable-containing SCR, with an incremental saving of US $982 per DALY averted. A bedaquiline-containing SCR was associated with lower total costs versus an injectable-containing SCR (US $597 versus $657 million), of which US $3.2 versus $21.9 million was attributed to adverse event management.Conclusions: Replacing an injectable-containing SCR with a bedaquiline-containing SCR is cost-effective, offering a cost-saving alternative with improved patient outcomes for MDR-TB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abeda Williams
- Janssen Pharmaceutical South Africa, Pharmaceutical Division of Johnson and Johnson, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Gunnar Mattson
- Johnson & Johnson Global Public Health, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Laurent Metz
- Johnson & Johnson Global Public Health, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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