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Lee Y, Kim MH, Alves DR, Kim S, Lee LP, Sung JH, Park S. Gut-Kidney Axis on Chip for Studying Effects of Antibiotics on Risk of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome by Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110775. [PMID: 34822559 PMCID: PMC8622205 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infects humans by colonizing the large intestine, and causes kidney damage by secreting Shiga toxins (Stxs). The increased secretion of Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) by some antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin (CIP), increases the risk of hemolytic–uremic syndrome (HUS), which can be life-threatening. However, previous studies evaluating this relationship have been conflicting, owing to the low frequency of EHEC infection, very small number of patients, and lack of an appropriate animal model. In this study, we developed gut–kidney axis (GKA) on chip for co-culturing gut (Caco-2) and kidney (HKC-8) cells, and observed both STEC O157:H7 (O157) infection and Stx intoxication in the gut and kidney cells on the chip, respectively. Without any antibiotic treatment, O157 killed both gut and kidney cells in GKA on the chip. CIP treatment reduced O157 infection in the gut cells, but increased Stx2-induced damage in the kidney cells, whereas the gentamycin treatment reduced both O157 infection in the gut cells and Stx2-induced damage in the kidney cells. This is the first report to recapitulate a clinically relevant situation, i.e., that CIP treatment causes more damage than gentamicin treatment. These results suggest that GKA on chip is very useful for simultaneous observation of O157 infections and Stx2 poisoning in gut and kidney cells, making it suitable for studying the effects of antibiotics on the risk of HUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Min-Hyeok Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea; (M.-H.K.); (D.R.A.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Korea
| | - David Rodrigues Alves
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea; (M.-H.K.); (D.R.A.)
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1362035 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sejoong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea;
| | - Luke P. Lee
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics (IQB), Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea;
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jong Hwan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.H.S.); (S.P.); Tel.: +82-2-320-3067 (J.H.S.); +82-31-290-7431 (S.P.)
| | - Sungsu Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea;
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea; (M.-H.K.); (D.R.A.)
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics (IQB), Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.H.S.); (S.P.); Tel.: +82-2-320-3067 (J.H.S.); +82-31-290-7431 (S.P.)
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