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Thomas S, Schäfer J, Kanske P, Trautmann S. Patterns of social-affective responses to trauma exposure and their relation to psychopathology. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0289664. [PMID: 38442107 PMCID: PMC10914253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traumatic event exposure is a risk factor for the development and maintenance of psychopathology. Social-affective responses to trauma exposure (e.g. shame, guilt, revenge, social alienation) could moderate this relationship, but little is known about their relevance for different types of psychopathology. Moreover, the interplay of different social-affective responses to trauma exposure in predicting psychopathology is poorly understood. METHODS In a sample of N = 1321 trauma-exposed German soldiers, we examined cross-sectional associations of trauma-related social alienation, revenge, guilt and shame with depressive disorder, alcohol use disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder and dimensional measures of depression and anxiety. Latent class analysis was conducted to identify possible patterns of social-affective responses to trauma exposure, and their relation to psychopathology. RESULTS All social-affective responses to trauma exposure predicted current posttraumatic stress disorder, depressive disorder, alcohol use disorder and higher depressive and anxiety symptoms. Three latent classes fitted the data best, reflecting groups with (1) low, (2) moderate and (3) high risk for social-affective responses to trauma exposure. The low-risk group demonstrated the lowest expressions on all psychopathology measures. CONCLUSIONS Trauma-related social alienation, shame, guilt, and revenge are characteristic of individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder, depressive disorder, alcohol use disorder, and with higher anxiety and depressive symptoms. There was little evidence for distinctive patterns of social-affective responses to trauma exposure despite variation in the overall proneness to show social-affective responses. Social-affective responses to trauma exposure could represent promising treatment targets for both cognitive and emotion-focused interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Thomas
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Judith Schäfer
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Philipp Kanske
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Trautmann
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Science, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- ICPP Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Eisner M, Averdijk M, Kaiser D, Murray AL, Nivette A, Shanahan L, Gelder J, Ribeaud D. The association of polyvictimization with violent ideations in late adolescence and early adulthood: A longitudinal study. Aggress Behav 2021; 47:472-482. [PMID: 33908056 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Violent ideations are increasingly recognized as an important psychological predictor for aggressive and violent behavior. However, little is known about the processes that contribute to violent ideations. This paper examines the extent to which polyvictimization triggers violent ideations in late adolescence and early adulthood, while also adjusting for dispositional and situational factors as well as prior violent ideations. Data came from three waves of the Zurich Project on the Social Development from Childhood into Adulthood (z-proso; n = 1465). Full-information maximum likelihood Tobit models were fitted to regress violent ideations experienced at ages 17 and 20 on multiple victimization experiences in the preceding 12 months while controlling for antecedent developmental risk factors and prior violent ideations. The results showed that violent ideations in late adolescence and early adulthood are influenced by violent thoughts, aggressive behavior, violent media consumption, moral neutralization of violence, and internalizing symptoms measured 2 years earlier. Experiences of polyvictimization significantly contributed to an increase in violent ideations both during late adolescence and in early adulthood. The exposure-response relationship between victimization and violent ideations did not significantly differ by sex. The findings are consistent with the notion that violent ideations are triggered by a retaliation-linked psychological mechanism that entails playing out other directed imaginary aggressive scenarios specifically in response to experiencing intentional harm-doing by others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Eisner
- Institute of Criminology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Margit Averdijk
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Aja L. Murray
- Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Amy Nivette
- Department of Sociology University of Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Lilly Shanahan
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Jean‐Louis Gelder
- Department of Criminology Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law Freiburg Germany
- Institute of Education and Child Studies Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Denis Ribeaud
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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Zhi K, Yang J, Chen Y, Akebaijiang N, Liu M, Yang X, Zhang S. The Relationship Between Future Time Perspective and Psychological Violence Among Chinese College Students. Front Psychol 2021; 12:585837. [PMID: 33613378 PMCID: PMC7888300 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.585837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on early experiences and current conditions, a future time perspective influences college students’ behaviors, while psychological violence critically threatens college students’ health. This study explored the relationship between a future time perspective and the psychological violence of perpetrators based on an online investigation of 1424 college students (87.1% women) aged 17 to 31 in China. The results showed that a future time perspective is significantly positively associated with psychological violence. Positive future orientation is negatively associated with psychological violence. Negative and confused future orientations are positively associated with psychological violence. These findings support the need to introduce an intervention regarding a future time perspective to reduce psychological violence among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuiyun Zhi
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongjin Chen
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Niyazi Akebaijiang
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,Aksu Vocational and Technical College, Aksu City, China
| | - Meimei Liu
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaofei Yang
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shurui Zhang
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Gerlsma C, Lugtmeyer V, Van Denderen M, De Keijser J. Revenge and forgiveness after victimization: psychometric evaluation of a Dutch version of the TRIM intended for victims and offenders. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01283-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe Transgression Related Interpersonal Motivations (TRIM) scale measures revenge, avoidance, and benevolence in response to social transgressions that, typically, comprise acts of indirect aggression. We tailored the TRIM for use in forensic psychiatric and victimological settings by slightly altering the instruction to include transgressions that comprise direct as well as indirect aggression. In this study, we examined the factor structure and psychometric qualities of this adapted Dutch version of the TRIM. Data was collected in adolescents from three different educational levels (N = 455) and in (ex)detainees (N = 65). Three unambiguous and internally consistent factors corroborated a priori conceptualizations. Associations with social desirability, dispositional anger, dispositional vengeance, accomplished revenge, and accomplished forgiveness supported construct validity. Mean scores from (ex)detainees did not differ from the student participants, although the former reported more incidents of physical and sexual violence. Hence, the TRIM appears useful as an aid in risk assessment of known offenders, threat assessment of as yet unknown offenders, and efforts to support victims of violence.
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Meagan W, Ayvaci ER, Bhatti SM, Karen D, Page LE, Tulsie P, Zettl RE, John D, Jeffrey S, Pollio DE, North CS. A qualitative analysis of satisfaction with justice and desire for revenge in survivors of the September 11, 2001, attacks on New York City's World Trade Center. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 25:246-254. [PMID: 31885430 DOI: 10.1037/pac0000362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Meagan
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Dallas, TX
| | - Emine R Ayvaci
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Dallas, TX
| | - Saira M Bhatti
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Dallas, TX
| | - Duong Karen
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Dallas, TX
| | - Lindsay E Page
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Dallas, TX
| | - Patel Tulsie
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Dallas, TX
| | - Rachel E Zettl
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Dallas, TX
| | - Dykema John
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Dallas, TX
| | - Sonis Jeffrey
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Departments of Social Medicine and Family Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - David E Pollio
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Social Work, Birmingham, AL
| | - Carol S North
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Dallas, TX.,The Altshuler Center for Education & Research, Metrocare Services, Dallas, TX
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Zettl RE, Page LE, Bhatti SM, Duong K, Patel T, Dykema JR, Whitney M, Ayvaci ER, North CS, Sonis J. Satisfaction with justice and desire for revenge in survivors of the September 11, 2001, attacks on New York City's World Trade Center. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES OF TERRORISM AND POLITICAL AGGRESSION 2019; 12:307-323. [PMID: 35126825 PMCID: PMC8817071 DOI: 10.1080/19434472.2019.1701526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated gaps in existing knowledge on justice, desire for revenge, and associated factors in disaster research through data collected nearly three years post disaster on justice and revenge from survivors of the September 11, 2001 (9/11) attacks. A volunteer sample of 379 employees of eight affected businesses completed interviews and self-report questionnaires. Individual ratings on satisfaction with justice and desire for revenge were compared with demographic characteristics, disaster-related experience, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), disaster-related distress, anger, and concerns about danger and safety. High levels of desire for revenge and relatively low levels of satisfaction with accountability for perpetrators of the 9/11 attacks were endorsed. Most of the associations between the justice scores and the revenge score with the disaster response variables were directionally consistent. Dissatisfaction with perpetrator accountability was associated with greater desire for revenge. Both of these variables were associated with greater concerns about danger and endorsement of security regulations at the expense of personal freedoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Elizabeth Zettl
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Psychiatry, Dallas, 75390 United States
| | - Lindsay E Page
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Psychiatry, Dallas, 75390 United States
| | - Saira M Bhatti
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Psychiatry, Dallas, 75390 United States
| | - Karen Duong
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Psychiatry, Dallas, 75390 United States
| | - Tulsie Patel
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Psychiatry, Dallas, 75390 United States
| | - John R Dykema
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Psychiatry, Dallas, 75390 United States
| | - Meagan Whitney
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Psychiatry, Dallas, 75390 United States
| | - Emine R Ayvaci
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Psychiatry, Dallas, 75390 United States
| | - Carol S North
- Metrocare Services, Dallas, 75247-6945 United States
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Kunst M, Popelier L, Varekamp E. Victim Satisfaction With the Criminal Justice System and Emotional Recovery: A Systematic and Critical Review of the Literature. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2015; 16:336-358. [PMID: 25352031 DOI: 10.1177/1524838014555034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The current study systematically and critically reviewed the empirical literature to evaluate the association between satisfaction with the criminal justice system and adult crime victims' emotional recovery. Despite the widely accepted notion that involvement in the criminal justice system may impact recovery from crime victimization--either beneficially or maliciously--a systematic review of empirical studies that addresses this topic has never been conducted. Electronic literature databases (ISI Web of Knowledge [including Web of Science and MEDLINE], EBSCO host [including PsychInfo, CINAHL, Criminal Justice Abstracts, ERIC, PsychARTICLES, and Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection], and ProQuest [including PILOTS, Social Services Abstracts, and Sociological Abstracts]) were searched to identify relevant quantitative studies. The Cambridge Quality Checklists were used to evaluate the quality of selected studies. These checklists can be used to assess the quality of risk and protective factors in criminal justice research. In this study they were used to explore the impact of victim satisfaction on crime victims' emotional and cognitive states post-victimization. The review process revealed mixed results, with some studies suggesting a healing impact of victim satisfaction and others not. More consistent were findings regarding the existence of an association between victim satisfaction and (alterations in) positive cognitions. However, since the majority of studies suffered from severe methodological shortcomings, definite conclusions cannot be drawn yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Kunst
- Faculty of Law, Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lieke Popelier
- Faculty of Law, Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen Varekamp
- Faculty of Law, Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Khadra C, Wehbe N, Lachance Fiola J, Skaff W, Nehmé M. Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder among battered women in Lebanon: an exploratory study. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2015; 30:295-313. [PMID: 24860080 DOI: 10.1177/0886260514534774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence against women is common in Lebanon and can lead to major health problems. However, the incidence of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in battered women has not been extensively explored in the Lebanese cultural context. The objectives of this study were as follows: (a) to determine the prevalence of PTSD symptoms among women in Lebanon who have been physically abused by their partners, (b) to assess whether the rate of PTSD symptoms varied according to sociodemographic variables, and (c) to reveal other attributes that might be risk factors for developing symptoms of PTSD. Of the 95 physically abused women who met inclusion criteria, 85 completed a questionnaire including sociodemographic questions, the physical abuse subscale of the Composite Abuse Scale (CAS), and the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C). Results showed a high prevalence of PTSD symptoms (97%), positively correlated with physical violence (r = .719). Lower education level and recent abuse were correlated with symptom severity, as were the number of problematic habitual behaviors in the abusive partner and the use of psychotherapy. Increased involvement of health care professionals in the detection of women at risk, with referral to appropriate resources, is suggested to improve prevention and management efforts.
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van Denderen M, de Keijser J, Gerlsma C, Huisman M, Boelen PA. Revenge and psychological adjustment after homicidal loss. Aggress Behav 2014; 40:504-11. [PMID: 24910007 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Feelings of revenge are a common human response to being hurt by others. Among crime victims of severe sexual or physical violence, significant correlations have been reported between revenge and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Homicide is one of the most severe forms of interpersonal violence. It is therefore likely that individuals bereaved by homicide experience high levels of revenge, which may hamper efforts to cope with traumatic loss. The relationship between revenge and psychological adjustment following homicidal loss has not yet been empirically examined. In the current cross-sectional study, we used self-report data from 331 spouses, family members and friends of homicide victims to examine the relationships between dispositional revenge and situational revenge on the one hand and symptom-levels of PTSD and complicated grief, as well as indices of positive functioning, on the other hand. Furthermore, the association between revenge and socio-demographic and offense-related factors was examined. Participants were recruited from a governmental support organization, a website with information for homicidally bereaved individuals, and members of support groups. Levels of both dispositional and situational revenge were positively associated with symptoms of PTSD and complicated grief, and negatively with positive functioning. Participants reported significantly less situational revenge in cases where the perpetrator was a direct family member than cases where the perpetrator was an indirect family member, friend, or someone unknown. Homicidally bereaved individuals reported more situational revenge, but not more dispositional revenge than a sample of students who had experienced relatively mild interpersonal transgressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëtte van Denderen
- Department of Clinical Psychology; University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Jos de Keijser
- Department of Clinical Psychology; University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Coby Gerlsma
- Department of Clinical Psychology; University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Mark Huisman
- Department of Sociology; University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Paul A. Boelen
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology; Utrecht University; Utrecht the Netherlands
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