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Lybeck K, Tollefsen S, Mikkelsen H, Sjurseth SK, Lundegaard C, Aagaard C, Olsen I, Jungersen G. Selection of vaccine-candidate peptides from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by in silico prediction, in vitro T-cell line proliferation, and in vivo immunogenicity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1297955. [PMID: 38352876 PMCID: PMC10861761 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1297955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is a global concern in modern livestock production worldwide. The available vaccines against paratuberculosis do not offer optimal protection and interfere with the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to identify immunogenic MAP-specific peptides that do not interfere with the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. Initially, 119 peptides were selected by either (1) identifying unique MAP peptides that were predicted to bind to bovine major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-predicted peptides) or (2) selecting hydrophobic peptides unique to MAP within proteins previously shown to be immunogenic (hydrophobic peptides). Subsequent testing of peptide-specific CD4+ T-cell lines from MAP-infected, adult goats vaccinated with peptides in cationic liposome adjuvant pointed to 23 peptides as being most immunogenic. These peptides were included in a second vaccine trial where three groups of eight healthy goat kids were vaccinated with 14 MHC-predicted peptides, nine hydrophobic peptides, or no peptides in o/w emulsion adjuvant. The majority of the MHC-predicted (93%) and hydrophobic peptides (67%) induced interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) responses in at least one animal. Similarly, 86% of the MHC-predicted and 89% of the hydrophobic peptides induced antibody responses in at least one goat. The immunization of eight healthy heifers with all 119 peptides formulated in emulsion adjuvant identified more peptides as immunogenic, as peptide specific IFN-γ and antibody responses in at least one heifer was found toward 84% and 24% of the peptides, respectively. No peptide-induced reactivity was found with commercial ELISAs for detecting antibodies against Mycobacterium bovis or MAP or when performing tuberculin skin testing for bovine tuberculosis. The vaccinated animals experienced adverse reactions at the injection site; thus, it is recommend that future studies make improvements to the vaccine formulation. In conclusion, immunogenic MAP-specific peptides that appeared promising for use in a vaccine against paratuberculosis without interfering with surveillance and trade tests for bovine tuberculosis were identified by in silico analysis and ex vivo generation of CD4+ T-cell lines and validated by the immunization of goats and cattle. Future studies should test different peptide combinations in challenge trials to determine their protective effect and identify the most MHC-promiscuous vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Lybeck
- Department of Analysis and Diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Stig Tollefsen
- Department of Analysis and Diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Heidi Mikkelsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Claus Lundegaard
- Department of Systems Biology, Centre for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Claus Aagaard
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ingrid Olsen
- Department of Analysis and Diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Barsi F, Dalzini E, Russo S, Cosciani-Cunico E, Monastero P, Arrigoni N, Garbarino CA, Cortimiglia C, Losio MN, Ricchi M. Isothermal inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in curd simulating the stretching phase in pasta-filata cheese process. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1052222. [PMID: 36532449 PMCID: PMC9751633 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1052222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Raw milk and dairy products are usually considered the major sources of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) exposure for humans. During the production process of mozzarella cheese, as well as of other pasta-filata cheeses made with pasteurized or raw milk, curd is heated and stretched by addition of hot or boiling water. This step is the critical point for the inactivation of MAP during the production process, but, to our knowledge, no studies have been published about the thermal death time values of MAP in curd. The aim of this study was to determine the inactivation kinetics of MAP in curd used to produce pasta-filata cheese in six independent experiments. The milk was inoculated with a mix of MAP strains (field and registered strains) and, with the aim to simulate the thermal treatment of the curd during the stretching step, samples of 10 g of contaminated curd were vacuum packed and treated separately at six different temperatures from 60°C to 75°C in a water bath. MAP survival was then evaluated by plate count method and inactivation parameters were estimated for determining the thermal resistance of the pathogen directly in the curd. D-values increased from 0.15 min (D75-value) to 4.22 min (D60-value) and the calculated z-value was 10.2°C. These data aid: (i) to design food thermal process treatments defining acceptance limits of critical control points to ensure safety against MAP; (ii) to predict the time/temperature combinations needed to obtain a certain MAP log reduction during the curd stretching step; (iii) to optimize or validate pasta-filata cheese process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Barsi
- National Reference Centre and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Elena Dalzini
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Milan, Italy
- Food Control Division, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simone Russo
- National Reference Centre and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Elena Cosciani-Cunico
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Milan, Italy
- Food Control Division, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Monastero
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Milan, Italy
| | - Norma Arrigoni
- National Reference Centre and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Chiara Anna Garbarino
- National Reference Centre and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Claudia Cortimiglia
- National Reference Centre and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Marina Nadia Losio
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Milan, Italy
- Food Control Division, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Ricchi
- National Reference Centre and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Piacenza, Italy
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3
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Moezzi MS, Derakhshandeh A, Hemmatzadeh F. Immunoinformatics analysis of candidate proteins for controlling bovine paratuberculosis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277751. [PMID: 36409703 PMCID: PMC9678287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paratuberculosis is debilitating chronic enteritis usually characterized by diarrhea, decreased milk production, and progressive cachexia. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes significant economic losses by affecting dairy herds globally. Development of protective vaccines is considered as one of the most effective controlling measures for MAP infections. In the current study, hydrophilic parts of MAP2191 and FAP-P proteins as two vaccine candidates were analyzed using immunoinformatics approaches. METHODS After selecting the most hydrophilic parts of MAP2191 and FAP-P, helper and cytotoxic T-cell epitopes of ht-MAP2191 and ht-FAP-P were identified. The immunogenic, toxicity and physicochemical properties were assessed. Secondary structures of these proteins were predicted, and their tertiary structures were modeled, refined, and validated. Linear and conformational epitopes of corresponding B-cells were recognized. Then ht-MAP2191 and ht-FAP-P epitopes were employed for molecular docking simulations. RESULTS The results indicated that ht-MAP2191 and ht-FAP-P were immunogenic, non-allergenic, and non-toxic and possess potent T-cell and B-cell epitopes. Eventually, these protein constructs were docked favorably against TLR4. CONCLUSION According to the findings, ht-MAP2191 and ht-FAP-P could be effective protein-based vaccine candidates for paratuberculosis. It should be noted that to examine their efficacy, further in vitro and in vivo experiments are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sadat Moezzi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdollah Derakhshandeh
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
- * E-mail:
| | - Farhid Hemmatzadeh
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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MacDonald-Phillips KA, Keefe GP, VanLeeuwen J, Shaw DH, McClure J, McKenna SLB. Dairy producer satisfaction and knowledge transfer with the veterinary-administered risk assessment and management plan in a voluntary Johne's disease control program. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:2499-2508. [PMID: 34998565 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Atlantic Johne's Disease Initiative (AJDI) aims to control Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection by using veterinary-administered risk assessments to identify high-risk management practices and prompt changes in management behavior. Objectives for this study were to measure producer satisfaction with the veterinary-administered risk assessment and management plan (RAMP) process in a voluntary Johne's disease (JD) control program, compare RAMP-specific satisfaction results based on herd JD status, and measure knowledge transfer from certified veterinarians to producers during the RAMP. A satisfaction questionnaire was adapted to the RAMP process in the AJDI to measure producer satisfaction. The questionnaire included 9 RAMP-specific producer satisfaction items, 1 global RAMP satisfaction item, and 16 questions to assess producer knowledge and knowledge translation about JD, bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), and bovine leukosis virus (BLV) during the RAMP (BVD and BLV used for comparison purposes). A total of 133 dairy producers in the AJDI (79.6% response rate) completed the questionnaire by telephone. The RAMP-specific satisfaction was high among the AJDI producers surveyed, and these results were not found to differ based on herd JD status. The lowest satisfaction scores and the highest number of "unable to assess" responses were for the item relating to cost. Factors that contributed to RAMP-specific producer satisfaction were not identified from the demographic and herd information available in this study. The knowledge scores indicated moderate knowledge about JD and fair knowledge about BVD and BLV. Evidence of knowledge translation from the RAMP was mixed in this study. Bovine viral diarrhea knowledge scores were not found to differ based on whether or not the certified veterinarian discussed BVD during the preceding RAMP, but BLV knowledge scores were higher among dairy producers that discussed BLV during the preceding RAMP. Strengths and gaps in producer knowledge about these 3 infectious diseases were identified. By using this producer questionnaire, interventions aimed at improving the content, delivery, and satisfaction of RAMP in JD control programs, such as the AJDI, can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A MacDonald-Phillips
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3.
| | - Greg P Keefe
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - John VanLeeuwen
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Darcy H Shaw
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - J McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Shawn L B McKenna
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
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Pagliasso G, Di Blasio A, Vitale N, Romano A, Decastelli L, Quasso A, Ricchi M, Dondo A, Pastorino P, Gennero MS, Bergagna S. Goat Paratuberculosis: Experimental Model for the Evaluation of Mycobacterium Persistence in Raw Milk Cheese. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102032. [PMID: 34683352 PMCID: PMC8538418 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of chronic proliferative enteritis found in ruminants, known as paratuberculosis (PTB). The spread of PTB is increasing in countries with advanced animal husbandry practices, leading to significant economic losses. Moreover, a supposed zoonotic role of MAP in Crohn's disease (CD) in humans has been discussed by the scientific community; however, although the association between MAP and CD has generally been accepted, it is still up for debate if MAP is the main cause of CD, a contributing factor, or merely a commensal organism for the development of CD. The aim of this study was to assess the survival of MAP during the entire production process of a traditional Italian goat's raw milk fresh cheese, the "Robiola di Roccaverano", assessing the survival rate and persistence of MAP in the final product. A mix of MAP field isolates from goats of the Roccaverano area and a reference ATCC strain were used to carry out milk in experimental inoculation. Samples of milk, curd and cheese were taken in two consecutive batches of production. Microbiological challenge tests, evaluated by f57-qPCR, showed a significant decrease in MAP charge during the cheesemaking process for both batches, suggesting the productive process has an impact on MAP survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pagliasso
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (G.P.); (A.D.B.); (N.V.); (A.R.); (L.D.); (A.D.); (M.S.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Alessia Di Blasio
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (G.P.); (A.D.B.); (N.V.); (A.R.); (L.D.); (A.D.); (M.S.G.); (S.B.)
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale TO3, S.C. Sanità Animale, 10064 Torino, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Vitale
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (G.P.); (A.D.B.); (N.V.); (A.R.); (L.D.); (A.D.); (M.S.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Angelo Romano
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (G.P.); (A.D.B.); (N.V.); (A.R.); (L.D.); (A.D.); (M.S.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Lucia Decastelli
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (G.P.); (A.D.B.); (N.V.); (A.R.); (L.D.); (A.D.); (M.S.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Antonio Quasso
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale AT, S.C. Sanità Animale, 14100 Asti, Italy;
| | - Matteo Ricchi
- National Reference Centre for Paratuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Emilia Romagna e della Lombardia, Sezione di Piacenza-Gariga, Strada della Faggiola 1, 29027 Gariga di Podenzano, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Dondo
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (G.P.); (A.D.B.); (N.V.); (A.R.); (L.D.); (A.D.); (M.S.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Paolo Pastorino
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (G.P.); (A.D.B.); (N.V.); (A.R.); (L.D.); (A.D.); (M.S.G.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-268-6251
| | - Maria Silvia Gennero
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (G.P.); (A.D.B.); (N.V.); (A.R.); (L.D.); (A.D.); (M.S.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Stefania Bergagna
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (G.P.); (A.D.B.); (N.V.); (A.R.); (L.D.); (A.D.); (M.S.G.); (S.B.)
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Abdissa K, Ruangkiattikul N, Ahrend W, Nerlich A, Beineke A, Laarmann K, Janze N, Lobermeyer U, Suwandi A, Falk C, Schleicher U, Weiss S, Bogdan C, Goethe R. Relevance of inducible nitric oxide synthase for immune control of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in mice. Virulence 2021; 11:465-481. [PMID: 32408806 PMCID: PMC7239028 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1763055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne’s disease (JD), an incurable chronic intestinal bowel disease in ruminants. JD occurs worldwide and causes enormous economic burden in dairy industry. Research on JD pathobiology is hampered by its complexity which cannot completely be mimicked by small animal models. As a model the mouse allows dissecting some pathogenicity features of MAP. However, for unknown reasons MAP exhibits reduced growth in granulomas of infected mice compared to other Mycobacterium avium subspecies. Here, we characterized immune reactions of MAP-infected C57BL/6 mice. After infection, mice appeared fully immunocompetent. A strong antigen-specific T cell response was elicited indicated by IFNγ production of splenic T cells re-stimulated with MAP antigens. Function of splenic dendritic cells and proliferation of adoptively transferred antigen-specific CD4+ T cells was unaltered. Isolated splenic myeloid cells from infected mice revealed that MAP resides in CD11b+ macrophages. Importantly, sorted CD11b+CD11c− cells expressed high level of type 2 nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) but only low levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Correspondingly, MAP-infected MAC2 expressing myeloid cells in spleen and liver granuloma displayed strong expression of NOS2. In livers of infected Nos2−/−mice higher bacterial loads, more granuloma and larger areas of tissue damage were observed 5 weeks post infection compared to wild type mice. In vitro, MAP was sensitive to NO released by a NO-donor. Thus, a strong T cell response and concomitant NOS2/NO activity appears to control MAP infection, but allows development of chronicity and pathogen persistence. A similar mechanism might explain persistence of MAP in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketema Abdissa
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Wiebke Ahrend
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Nerlich
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Institute for Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kristin Laarmann
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nina Janze
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Lobermeyer
- Mouse Pathology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Abdulhadi Suwandi
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christine Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schleicher
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie Und Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie Und Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralph Goethe
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Phage Amplification Assay for Detection of Mycobacterial Infection: A Review. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020237. [PMID: 33498792 PMCID: PMC7912421 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An important prerequisite for the effective control, timely diagnosis, and successful treatment of mycobacterial infections in both humans and animals is a rapid, specific, and sensitive detection technique. Culture is still considered the gold standard in the detection of viable mycobacteria; however, mycobacteria are extremely fastidious and slow-growing microorganisms, and therefore cultivation requires a very long incubation period to obtain results. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) methods are also frequently used in the diagnosis of mycobacterial infections, providing faster and more accurate results, but are unable to distinguish between a viable and non-viable microorganism, which results in an inability to determine the success of tuberculosis patient treatment or to differentiate between an active and passive infection of animals. One suitable technique that overcomes these shortcomings mentioned is the phage amplification assay (PA). PA specifically detects viable mycobacteria present in a sample within 48 h using a lytic bacteriophage isolated from the environment. Nowadays, an alternative approach to PA, a commercial kit called Actiphage™, is also employed, providing the result within 6–8 h. In this approach, the bacteriophage is used to lyse mycobacterial cells present in the sample, and the released DNA is subsequently detected by PCR. The objective of this review is to summarize information based on the PA used for detection of mycobacteria significant in both human and veterinary medicine from various kinds of matrices.
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8
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Wibberg D, Price-Carter M, Rückert C, Blom J, Möbius P. Complete Genome Sequence of Ovine Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Strain JIII-386 (MAP-S/type III) and Its Comparison to MAP-S/type I, MAP-C, and M. avium Complex Genomes. Microorganisms 2020; 9:microorganisms9010070. [PMID: 33383865 PMCID: PMC7823733 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium (M. a.) subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a worldwide-distributed obligate pathogen in ruminants causing Johne’s disease. Due to a lack of complete subtype III genome sequences, there is not yet conclusive information about genetic differences between strains of cattle (MAP-C, type II) and sheep (MAP-S) type, and especially between MAP-S subtypes I, and III. Here we present the complete, circular genome of MAP-S/type III strain JIII-386 (DE) closed by Nanopore-technology and its comparison with MAP-S/type I closed genome of strain Telford (AUS), MAP-S/type III draft genome of strain S397 (U.S.), twelve closed MAP-C strains, and eight closed M.-a.-complex-strains. Structural comparative alignments revealed clearly the mosaic nature of MAP, emphasized differences between the subtypes and the higher diversity of MAP-S genomes. The comparison of various genomic elements including transposases and genomic islands provide new insights in MAP genomics. MAP type specific phenotypic features may be attributed to genes of known large sequence polymorphisms (LSPSs) regions I–IV and deletions #1 and #2, confirmed here, but could also result from identified frameshifts or interruptions of various virulence-associated genes (e.g., mbtC in MAP-S). Comprehensive core and pan genome analysis uncovered unique genes (e.g., cytochromes) and genes probably acquired by horizontal gene transfer in different MAP-types and subtypes, but also emphasized the highly conserved and close relationship, and the complex evolution of M.-a.-strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wibberg
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany; (D.W.); (C.R.)
| | - Marian Price-Carter
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Christian Rückert
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany; (D.W.); (C.R.)
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University Gießen, D-35390 Gießen, Germany;
| | - Petra Möbius
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)3641-8042280
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9
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Roller M, Hansen S, Knauf-Witzens T, Oelemann WMR, Czerny CP, Abd El Wahed A, Goethe R. Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Infection in Zoo Animals: A Review of Susceptibility and Disease Process. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:572724. [PMID: 33426014 PMCID: PMC7785982 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.572724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis (ParaTB or Johne's disease), a contagious, chronic and typically fatal enteric disease of domestic and non-domestic ruminants. Clinically affected animals present wasting and emaciation. However, MAP can also infect non-ruminant animal species with less specific signs. Zoological gardens harbor various populations of diverse animal species, which are managed on limited space at higher than natural densities. Hence, they are predisposed to endemic trans-species pathogen distribution. Information about the incidence and prevalence of MAP infections in zoological gardens and the resulting potential threat to exotic and endangered species are rare. Due to unclear pathogenesis, chronicity of disease as well as the unknown cross-species accuracy of diagnostic tests, diagnosis and surveillance of MAP and ParaTB is challenging. Differentiation between uninfected shedders of ingested bacteria; subclinically infected individuals; and preclinically diseased animals, which may subsequently develop clinical signs after long incubation periods, is crucial for the interpretation of positive test results in animals and the resulting consequences in their management. This review summarizes published data from the current literature on occurrence of MAP infection and disease in susceptible and affected zoo animal species as well as the applied diagnostic methods and measures. Clinical signs indicative for ParaTB, pathological findings and reports on detection, transmission and epidemiology in zoo animals are included. Furthermore, case reports were re-evaluated for incorporation into accepted consistent terminologies and case definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Roller
- Zoological-Botanical Gardens Wilhelma, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sören Hansen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Walter M. R. Oelemann
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claus-Peter Czerny
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Abd El Wahed
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Goethe
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Immunoinformatic-Based Prediction of Candidate Epitopes for the Diagnosis and Control of Paratuberculosis (Johne's Disease). Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090705. [PMID: 32867087 PMCID: PMC7558617 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is an infectious disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). MAP is an intracellular pathogen with a possible zoonotic potential since it has been successfully isolated from the intestine and blood of Crohn’s disease patients.Since no cure is available, after the detection of the disease, animal culling is the sole applicable containment strategy. However, the difficult detection of the disease in its subclinical form, facilitates its spread raising the need for the development of effective diagnosis and vaccination strategies. The prompt identification and isolation of the infected animals in the subclinical stage would prevent the spread of the infection.In the present study, an immunoinformatic approach has been used to investigate the immunogenic properties of 10 MAP proteins. These proteins were chosen according to a previously published immunoproteomics approach. For each previously-described immunoreactive protein, we predicted the epitopes capable of eliciting an immune response by binding both B-cells and/or class I MHC antigens. The retrieved peptide sequences were analyzed for their specificity and cross-reactivity. The final aim is to employ the discovered peptides sequences as a filtered library useful for early-stage diagnosis and/or to be used in novel multi-subunit or recombinant vaccine formulations.
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11
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"They've got to be testing and doing something about it": Farmer and veterinarian views on drivers for Johne's disease control in dairy herds in England. Prev Vet Med 2020; 182:105094. [PMID: 32688108 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There needs to be an understanding of the reasons why key stakeholders engage in disease control efforts if disease is to be successfully and sustainably controlled. It is increasingly recognised within veterinary epidemiology and policy making in animal health that these 'people factors' are important influences on the success or otherwise of animal disease control programmes. Research methodologies adopted from the social sciences offer ways to understand this important dimension through investigating the attitudes and opinions of the key actors involved. The study reported in this paper, based on qualitative interview research, investigates the views of dairy farmers and cattle veterinarians on the drivers and incentives for controlling Johne's disease in English dairy herds. Twenty semi-structured interviews involving 17 dairy farmers and seven veterinarians were conducted in two dairy-intensive regions of England. The findings demonstrate the varied influences of veterinary advice and encouragement; appreciation of the economic cost of the disease at herd level; a voluntary national control plan; and fear of a future consumer food scare as the main reasons to engage in Johne's disease control on dairy farms. The study demonstrates how a combination of a voluntary industry-led control scheme, compulsory participation through retailer and processor contractual requirements, and threats of reputational harm and market loss have strongly influenced farmer and veterinary behaviour in relation to Johne's control without statutory involvement. The findings illustrate the importance of considering the political economy and societal impact of animal disease.
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12
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Morales-Pablos MI, Mejía-Sánchez P, Díaz-Aparicio E, Palomares-Resendiz EG, Gutiérrez-Hernández JL, Reyna-Granados JR, Luna-Nevárez P, Munguía-Xóchihua JA, Segura-Correa JC, Leyva-Corona JC. Risk factors associated with the seroprevalence of paratuberculosis in sheep flocks in the hot-arid region of Sonora, México. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:1357-1363. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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A Novel Approach to Deliver a Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Antigen in Eukaryotic Cells. Mol Biotechnol 2019; 61:506-512. [PMID: 31020618 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-019-00180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to express and deliver a Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigen to macrophages using salmonella as carrier. The coding sequence of a fibronectin attachment protein which is expressed by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was cloned into pcDNA3.1 (+) plasmid. The construct was introduced into the attenuated Salmonella typhimurium strain SL7207 (ΔhisG, ΔaroA) as carrier. In order to evaluate the delivery capacity of Salmonella and gene expression by antigen-presenting cells, the THP-1 derived macrophages were infected with the salmonella carrier. SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis showed the successful delivery and expression of targeted gene in THP-1 cell line. Although, in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with Salmonella containing plasmid did not trigger IFNγ production significantly. But it seems that this carrier can increase plasmid uptake and antigen expression by host intestinal antigen-presenting cells after mucosal administration. So, the construct can be used for further in vivo studies on the Salmonella carrier's efficiency in mycobacterial DNA vaccines.
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14
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Cammi G, Ricchi M, Galiero A, Daminelli P, Cosciani-Cunico E, Dalzini E, Losio M, Savi R, Cerutti G, Garbarino C, Leo S, Arrigoni N. Evaluation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis survival during the manufacturing process of Italian raw milk hard cheeses (Parmigiano Reggiano and Grana Padano). Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 305:108247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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15
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Iarussi F, Paradies P, Sardaro R, Rubino G, Scaltrito D, Pieragostini E, Petazzi F. Epidemiology and risk factors of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in semi-extensive dairy sheep and goat farms of Apulia, southern Italy. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Safety and Immunogenicity of a Novel Recombinant Simian Adenovirus ChAdOx2 as a Vectored Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7020040. [PMID: 31096710 PMCID: PMC6630572 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus vectored vaccines are a highly effective strategy to induce cellular immune responses which are particularly effective against intracellular pathogens. Recombinant simian adenovirus vectors were developed to circumvent the limitations imposed by the use of human adenoviruses due to widespread seroprevalence of neutralising antibodies. We have constructed a replication deficient simian adenovirus-vectored vaccine (ChAdOx2) expressing 4 genes from the Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (AhpC, Gsd, p12 and mpa). Safety and T-cell immunogenicity results of the first clinical use of the ChAdOx2 vector are presented here. The trial was conducted using a ‘three-plus-three’ dose escalation study design. We demonstrate the vaccine is safe, well tolerated and immunogenic.
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Eslami M, Shafiei M, Ghasemian A, Valizadeh S, Al-Marzoqi AH, Shokouhi Mostafavi SK, Nojoomi F, Mirforughi SA. Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex and related subspecies as causative agents of zoonotic and occupational diseases. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:12415-12421. [PMID: 30673126 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) cause zoonotic infections transmitted by birds and livestock herds. These pathogens have remained as serious economic and health threats in most areas of the world. As zoonotic diseases, the risk of development of occupational disease and even death outcome necessitate implementation of control strategies to prevent its spread. Zoonotic MAP infections include Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, sarcoidosis, diabetes mellitus, and immune-related diseases (such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis). Paratuberculosis has classified as type B epidemic zoonotic disease according to world health organization which is transmitted to human through consumption of dairy and meat products. In addition, MAC causes pulmonary manifestations and lymphadenitis in normal hosts and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) progression (by serotypes 1, 4, and 8). Furthermore, other subspecies have caused respiratory abscesses, neck lymph nodes, and disseminated osteomyelitis in children and ulcers. However, the data over the occupational relatedness of these subspecies is rare. These agents can cause occupational infections in susceptible herd breeders. Several molecular methods have been recognized as proper strategies for tracking the infection. In this study, some zoonotic aspects, worldwide prevalence and control strategies regarding infections due to MAP and MAC and related subspecies has been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Eslami
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Morvarid Shafiei
- Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Ghasemian
- Department of Biology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Valizadeh
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | | | | | - Farshad Nojoomi
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyede Amene Mirforughi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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18
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Brito LF, Mallikarjunappa S, Sargolzaei M, Koeck A, Chesnais J, Schenkel F, Meade K, Miglior F, Karrow N. The genetic architecture of milk ELISA scores as an indicator of Johne's disease (paratuberculosis) in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:10062-10075. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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19
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Barratt AS, Arnoult MH, Ahmadi BV, Rich KM, Gunn GJ, Stott AW. A framework for estimating society's economic welfare following the introduction of an animal disease: The case of Johne's disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198436. [PMID: 29874292 PMCID: PMC5991423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal diseases are global issues affecting the productivity and financial profitability of affected farms. Johne’s disease is distributed on farms worldwide and is an endemic contagious bacterial infection in ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. In cattle, the clinical disease manifests itself as chronic enteritis resulting in reduced production, weight loss, and eventually death. Johne’s disease is prevalent in the UK, including Scotland. Direct costs and losses associated with Johne’s disease have been estimated in previous research, confirming an important economic impact of the disease in UK herds. Despite this, the distributional impact of Johne’s disease among milk consumers and producers in Scotland has not been estimated. In this paper, we evaluate the change in society’s economic welfare, namely to dairy producers (i.e. infected and uninfected herds) and milk consumers in Scotland induced by the introduction of Johne’s disease in the national Scottish dairy herd. At the national-level, we conclude that the economic burden falls mainly on producers of infected herds and, to a lesser extent, milk consumers, while producers of uninfected herds benefit from the presence of Johne’s. An infected producer’s loss per cow is approximately two times larger in magnitude than that of an uninfected producer’s gain. Such economic welfare estimates are an important comparison of the relative costs of national herd prevalence and the wider economic welfare implications for both producers and consumers. This is particularly important from a policy, public good, cost sharing, and human health perspective. The economic welfare framework presented in this paper can be applied to other diseases to examine the relative burden of society’s economic welfare of alternative livestock disease scenarios. In addition, the sensitivity analysis evaluates uncertainty in economic welfare given limited data and uncertainty in the national herd prevalence, and other input parameters, associated with Johne’s disease in Scotland. Therefore, until the prevalence of Johne’s is better understood, the full economic cost to Scottish dairy herds remains uncertain but in the meantime the sensitivity analysis evaluates the robustness of economic welfare to such uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson S. Barratt
- Land Economy, Environment and Society Research Group, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthieu H. Arnoult
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Bouda Vosough Ahmadi
- Land Economy, Environment and Society Research Group, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Karl M. Rich
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), East and Southeast Asia Regional Office, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - George J. Gunn
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair W. Stott
- Future Farming Systems Group, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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20
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Küntzel A, Oertel P, Fischer S, Bergmann A, Trefz P, Schubert J, Miekisch W, Reinhold P, Köhler H. Comparative analysis of volatile organic compounds for the classification and identification of mycobacterial species. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194348. [PMID: 29558492 PMCID: PMC5860768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Species of Mycobacteriaceae cause serious zoonotic diseases in mammals, for example tuberculosis in humans, dogs, parrots, and elephants (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and in ruminants and humans (caused by M. bovis and M. caprae). Pulmonary diseases, lymphadenitis, skin diseases, and disseminated diseases can be caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Diagnosis and differentiation among Mycobacterium species are currently done by culture isolation. The established diagnostic protocols comprise several steps that allow species identification. Detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) above bacterial cultures is a promising approach towards accelerating species identification via culture isolation. The aims of this project were to analyse VOCs in the headspace above 13 different species of mycobacteria, to define VOC profiles that are unique for each species, and to compile a set of substances that indicate the presence of growing mycobacteria in general. Materials & methods VOCs were measured in the headspace above 17 different mycobacterial strains, all cultivated on Herrold’s Egg Yolk Medium and above pure media slants that served as controls. For pre-concentration of VOCs, needle-trap micro-extraction was employed. Samples were subsequently analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. All volatiles were identified and calibrated by analysing pure reference substances. Results More than 130 VOCs were detected in headspace above mycobacteria-inoculated and control slants. Results confirmed significant VOC emissions above all mycobacterial species that had grown well. Concentration changes were measurable in vials with visually assessed bacterial growth and vials without apparent growth. VOCs above mycobacterial cultures could be grouped into substances that were either higher or equally concentrated, lower or equally concentrated, or both as those above control slants. Hence, we were able to identify 17 substances as potential biomarkers of the presence of growing mycobacteria in general. Conclusions This study revealed species-specific VOC profiles for eleven species of mycobacteria that showed visually apparent bacterial growth at the time point of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Küntzel
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at the ‘Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut‘ (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Oertel
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sina Fischer
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at the ‘Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut‘ (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Phillip Trefz
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jochen Schubert
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Wolfram Miekisch
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at the ‘Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut‘ (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Heike Köhler
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at the ‘Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut‘ (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
- National Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Jena, Germany
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21
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Marino R, Capoferri R, Panelli S, Minozzi G, Strozzi F, Trevisi E, Snel GGM, Ajmone-Marsan P, Williams JL. Johne's disease in cattle: an in vitro model to study early response to infection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis using RNA-seq. Mol Immunol 2017; 91:259-271. [PMID: 28988040 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Johne's disease is a chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratubercolosis (MAP) which affects ruminants worldwide and has a significant economic impact. MAP has also been associated with human Crohn's disease, although this connection is not well established. MAP is highly adapted for survival within host macrophages and prevents macrophage activation, blocks phagosome acidification and maturation, and attenuates presentation of antigens to the immune system. The consequence is a very long silent infection before clinical signs are observed. The present work examined the transcriptome of bovine monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) infected with the L1 strain of MAP at 2h, 6h and 24h post infection using RNA-seq. Pathway over-representation analysis of genes differentially expressed between infected vs. control MDM identified that immune related pathways were affected. Genes belonging to the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway and members of the JAK-STAT pathway, which is involved in the regulation of immune response, were up-regulated. However, in parallel inhibitors of immune functions were activated, including suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) and cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CISH), which most likely suppresses IFNγ and the JAK/STAT signaling cascade in infected MDM, which may favour MAP survival. After exposure, macrophages phagocytise pathogens, activate the complement cascade and the adaptive immune system through the antigen presentation process. However, data presented here suggest that genes related to phagocytosis and lysosome function are down regulated in MAP infected MDM. Genes of MHC class II and complement pathway were also down-regulated. This study therefore shows that MAP infection is associated with changes in expression of genes related to the host immune response that may affect its ability to survive and multiply inside the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Marino
- CREA Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Via Antonio Lombardo 11, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Istituto Sperimentale Italiano "Lazzaro Spallanzani", 26027, Rivolta d'Adda, Cremona, Italy; Institute of Zootechnics, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Rossana Capoferri
- Istituto Sperimentale Italiano "Lazzaro Spallanzani", 26027, Rivolta d'Adda, Cremona, Italy.
| | - Simona Panelli
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
| | | | | | - Erminio Trevisi
- Institute of Zootechnics, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; Nutrigenomics and Proteomic Research Center - PRONUTRIGEN, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | | | - Paolo Ajmone-Marsan
- Institute of Zootechnics, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; Nutrigenomics and Proteomic Research Center - PRONUTRIGEN, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - John L Williams
- Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia.
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22
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Gut biofilm forming bacteria in inflammatory bowel disease. Microb Pathog 2017; 112:5-14. [PMID: 28942174 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) symbolizes a group of intestinal disorders in which prolonged inflammation occur in the digestive tract (esophagus, large intestine, small intestine mouth, stomach). Both genetic and environmental factors (infections, stress, diet) are involved in the development of IBD. As we know that bacteria are found in the intestinal mucosa of human and clinical observations revealed bacterial biofilms associated with patients of IBD. Various factors and microbes are found to play an essential role in biofilm formation and mucosal colonization during IBD. Biofilm formation in the digestive tract is dependent on an extracellular matrix synthesized by the bacteria and it has an adverse effect on the immune response of the host. There is no satisfactory and safe treatment option for IBD. Therefore, the current research aims to disrupt biofilm in IBD and concentrates predominantly on improving the drug. Here, we review the literature on bacterial biofilm and IBD to gather new knowledge on the current understanding of biofilm formation in IBD, host immune deregulation and dysbiosis in IBD, molecular mechanism, bacteria involved in biofilm formation, current and future regimen. It is urgently required to plan new ways to control and eradicate bacteria in biofilms that will open up novel diagnostic and therapeutic avenues for IBD. This article includes the mechanism of signaling molecules with respect to the biofilm-related genes as well as the diagnostic methods and new technologies involved in the treatment of IBD.
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Zancanaro G, Beltrán-Beck B, Kohnle L, Morgado J, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): paratuberculosis. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04960. [PMID: 32625604 PMCID: PMC7010113 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of paratuberculosis to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of paratuberculosis according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to paratuberculosis. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, paratuberculosis can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease would comply with the criteria in Sections 3, 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (c), (d) and (e) of Article 9(1). The animal species to be listed for paratuberculosis according to Article 8(3) criteria are several species of mammals and birds as susceptible species and some species of the families Bovidae, Cervidae and Leporidae as reservoirs.
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Acharya KR, Dhand NK, Whittington RJ, Plain KM. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in powdered infant formula using IS900 quantitative PCR and liquid culture media. Int J Food Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28646666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) has been implicated in Crohn's disease in humans resulting in public concern over the presence of MAP in powdered infant formula, which could contribute towards early human exposure to MAP or MAP components. Testing of representative powdered infant formula samples using effective tests is required to provide information on contamination of infant formula with MAP, so that consumers can make informed decisions. This study aimed to test representative powdered infant formula samples for the presence of MAP using a quantitative PCR and liquid culture method. For this purpose, an efficient DNA extraction method was developed and an optimum decontamination protocol for culture method was identified. A total of 122 powdered infant formula samples were tested, comprising 72 brands produced by 12 manufacturers from 9 countries. Powdered infant formula samples were reconstituted and centrifuged to separate the casein pellet, cream layer and whey fraction. A sensitive qPCR test was performed on DNA extracted from the casein pellet. In addition, the cream layer and casein pellet were cultured in liquid media, following decontamination with the optimum protocol. Of the 122 samples tested, 6 were positive for MAP DNA but none were positive for growth in culture at 12 and 20 weeks. The limit of detection of the quantitative PCR was less than 5 MAP organisms per 1.5g milk powder. The methods developed in the study could be used for quality assurance testing for infant formula and calf milk replacers. The low contamination level of MAP and absence of viable forms in our study suggests a relatively low risk of exposure of infants to MAP components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal R Acharya
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, 2570, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Navneet K Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, 2570, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard J Whittington
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, 2570, New South Wales, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, 2570, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karren M Plain
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, 2570, New South Wales, Australia.
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Increased seroreactivity to proinsulin and homologous mycobacterial peptides in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176584. [PMID: 28472070 PMCID: PMC5417489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) is a slowly progressing form of immune-mediated diabetes that combines phenotypical features of type 2 diabetes (T2D) with the presence of islet cell antigens detected in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Heterogeneous clinical picture have led to the classification of patients based on the levels of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GADA) that correlate with clinical phenotypes closer to T1D or T2D when GADA titers are high or low, respectively. To date, LADA etiology remains elusive despite numerous studies investigating on genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors. To our knowledge, this is the first study aimed at evaluation of a putative role played by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) as an infective agent in LADA pathogenesis. MAP is known to cause chronic enteritis in ruminants and has been associated with autoimmune disorders in humans. We analyzed seroreactivity of 223 Sardinian LADA subjects and 182 healthy volunteers against MAP-derived peptides and their human homologs of proinsulin and zinc transporter 8 protein. A significantly elevated positivity for MAP/proinsulin was detected among patients, with the highest prevalence in the 32-41-year-old T1D-like LADA subgroup, supporting our hypothesis of a possible MAP contribution in the development of autoimmunity.
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Bharathy S, Gunaseelan L, Porteen K. Exploring the potential hazard of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis as a cause for Crohn's disease. Vet World 2017; 10:457-460. [PMID: 28507419 PMCID: PMC5422251 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.457-460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne’s disease (JD), or paratuberculosis in ruminants has been suspected to be implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease (CD) in humans with chronic inflammatory intestinal changes. As the hypothesis is now fast being recognized that MAP could possibly be the etiological agent of CD which is found to be excreted in milk of dairy animals subclinically or terminally ill with JD. Aim: The present study was aimed to detect MAP in milk by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting IS900 and to describe the excretion pattern of MAP in milk from asymptomatic lactating cows and does with relevance to the public health significance. Materials and Methods: A total of 77 milk samples were collected randomly from lactating animals which include cows (45) and does (32). All the 77 milk samples were processed to identify the presence of MAP by employing the direct IS900 PCR as per the standard protocol. Results: Out of 77 milk samples from asymptomatic lactating animals, 12 (15.58%) were showed positivity for IS900 PCR in which 5 (11.11%) were from lactating cows and 7 (21.87%) were from lactating does. Conclusion: In our study, 15.58% of milk samples showed IS900 positivity which indicates the presence of subclinical MAP infection in lactating animals. Hence, there is a possibility for excretion of MAP through milk which can be a potential threat for CD in humans by raw milk consumption. Therefore, the prevention of MAP in the food chain need to be assured by sourcing raw products from animal herds free of MAP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumar Bharathy
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai - 600 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lakshmanasami Gunaseelan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai - 600 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kannan Porteen
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai - 600 007, Tamil Nadu, India
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Fechner K, Mätz-Rensing K, Lampe K, Kaup FJ, Czerny CP, Schäfer J. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in non-human primates. J Med Primatol 2017; 46:211-217. [PMID: 28444886 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to a sporadic occurrence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in non-human primates (NHP), the susceptibility of different NHP to MAP should be investigated. METHODS Fecal and tissue samples (ileum, ileocecal lymph node, bone marrow) of 20 animals (seven species) were analyzed by IS900-based PCRs and sequenced. Samples of MAP PCR positive NHP were further cultivated. RESULTS MAP DNA was detectable in two animals; the ileum of a cottontop tamarin and the bone marrow of a common marmoset. Cultivation of MAP failed. Sequence analysis revealed 100% homology to the MAP-K10 sequence. Pathohistological examinations offered no direct correlation to a MAP infection. CONCLUSIONS MAP was detected for the first time in a common marmoset. But as both NHP suffered from other diseases, an asymptomatic infection with MAP was assumed. The detection of MAP in the bone marrow might play a role in establishing latent paratuberculosis, as known from tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Fechner
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Karen Lampe
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center (DPZ), Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Claus-Peter Czerny
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jenny Schäfer
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis – An Overview of the Publications from 2011 to 2016. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-017-0054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pathogens of Food Animals: Sources, Characteristics, Human Risk, and Methods of Detection. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2017; 82:277-365. [PMID: 28427535 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens associated with food production (livestock) animals come in many forms causing a multitude of disease for humans. For the purpose of this review, these infectious agents can be divided into three broad categories: those that are associated with bacterial disease, those that are associated with viruses, and those that are parasitic in nature. The goal of this chapter is to provide the reader with an overview of the most common pathogens that cause disease in humans through exposure via the food chain and the consequence of this exposure as well as risk and detection methods. We have also included a collection of unusual pathogens that although rare have still caused disease, and their recognition is warranted in light of emerging and reemerging diseases. These provide the reader an understanding of where the next big outbreak could occur. The influence of the global economy, the movement of people, and food makes understanding production animal-associated disease paramount to being able to address new diseases as they arise.
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Fernández Silva JA, Ramirez Vásquez NF, Correa Valencia NM. Factors associated with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy cows from Northern Antioquia, Colombia. REV COLOMB CIENC PEC 2017. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.rccp.v30n1a06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Sardaro R, Pieragostini E, Rubino G, Petazzi F. Impact of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis on profit efficiency in semi-extensive dairy sheep and goat farms of Apulia, southern Italy. Prev Vet Med 2016; 136:56-64. [PMID: 28010908 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A recent study on paratubercolosis in semi-extensive dairy sheep and goat farms in Apulia revealed a flock positivity of 60.5% and a seroprevalence of 3.0% for sheep and 14.5% for goat, with peaks of 50%. In such a context, providing detailed economic information is crucial for the implementation of a suitable control plan. In this paper we investigated the impact of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) on profit efficiency of the Apulian dairy sheep and goat farms. Empirical results through a stochastic frontier model showed that the uninfected farms had a mean level of profit efficiency of 84%, which dropped to 64% in the presence of paratubercolosis as it negatively affected the productivity of feeding, veterinary and labour factors. Structural, managerial and production aspects were involved in the greater inefficiency of the infected farms compared to the uninfected ones: lower experience and schooling of farmers, no access to credit, fewer family members (women in particular) participating in the farming activities, high density of animals per hectare, small flocks, high number of goats in mixed flocks, no confinement practices for young and purchased animals and no pasture rotation. Hence, targeted interventions on these factors by decision makers can ensure effectiveness and efficiency to veterinary and economic action plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruggiero Sardaro
- DETO - Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, University of Bari, Italy.
| | - Elisa Pieragostini
- DETO - Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rubino
- DETO - Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Petazzi
- DETO - Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, University of Bari, Italy
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Ricchi M, Savi R, Bolzoni L, Pongolini S, Grant IR, De Cicco C, Cerutti G, Cammi G, Garbarino CA, Arrigoni N. Estimation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis load in raw bulk tank milk in Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy) by qPCR. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:551-9. [PMID: 26991108 PMCID: PMC4985589 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of milk and dairy products is considered one of the main routes of human exposure to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Quantitative data on MAP load in raw cows' milk are essential starting point for exposure assessment. Our study provides this information on a regional scale, estimating the load of MAP in bulk tank milk (BTM) produced in Emilia-Romagna region (Italy). The survey was carried out on 2934 BTM samples (88.6% of the farms herein present) using two different target sequences for qPCR (f57 and IS900). Data about the performances of both qPCRs are also reported, highlighting the superior sensitivity of IS900-qPCR. Seven hundred and eighty-nine samples tested MAP-positive (apparent prevalence 26.9%) by IS900 qPCR. However, only 90 of these samples were quantifiable by qPCR. The quantifiable samples contained a median load of 32.4 MAP cells mL(-1) (and maximum load of 1424 MAP cells mL(-1) ). This study has shown that a small proportion (3.1%) of BTM samples from Emilia-Romagna region contained MAP in excess of the limit of detection (1.5 × 10(1) MAP cells mL(-1) ), indicating low potential exposure for consumers if the milk subsequently undergoes pasteurization or if it is destined to typical hard cheese production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ricchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaNational Reference Centre for ParatuberculosisStrada Faggiola 1, loc.Gariga ‐ Podenzano (PC)29027Italy
| | - Roberto Savi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaNational Reference Centre for ParatuberculosisStrada Faggiola 1, loc.Gariga ‐ Podenzano (PC)29027Italy
| | - Luca Bolzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaCentro di Referenza Nazionale per i Rischi Emergenti in Sicurezza Alimentare20133MilanItaly
- Risk Analysis UnitIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaVia dei Mercati 13/AParma43121Italy
| | - Stefano Pongolini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaCentro di Referenza Nazionale per i Rischi Emergenti in Sicurezza Alimentare20133MilanItaly
- Risk Analysis UnitIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaVia dei Mercati 13/AParma43121Italy
| | - Irene R Grant
- Institute for Global Food SecuritySchool of Biological SciencesQueen's University Belfast97 Lisburn RoadBelfastBT9 7BLNorthern IrelandUnited Kingdom
| | - Caterina De Cicco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaNational Reference Centre for ParatuberculosisStrada Faggiola 1, loc.Gariga ‐ Podenzano (PC)29027Italy
| | - Giulia Cerutti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaNational Reference Centre for ParatuberculosisStrada Faggiola 1, loc.Gariga ‐ Podenzano (PC)29027Italy
| | - Giuliana Cammi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaNational Reference Centre for ParatuberculosisStrada Faggiola 1, loc.Gariga ‐ Podenzano (PC)29027Italy
| | - Chiara A. Garbarino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaNational Reference Centre for ParatuberculosisStrada Faggiola 1, loc.Gariga ‐ Podenzano (PC)29027Italy
| | - Norma Arrigoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaNational Reference Centre for ParatuberculosisStrada Faggiola 1, loc.Gariga ‐ Podenzano (PC)29027Italy
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de Farias Brito M, Dos Santos Belo-Reis A, Barbosa JD, Ubiali DG, de Castro Pires AP, de Medeiros ES, de Melo RPB, de Albuquerque PPF, Yamasaki E, Mota RA. Paratuberculosis in buffaloes in Northeast Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48:1497-501. [PMID: 27334632 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several farms in the Northeast of Brazil were investigated for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in order to identify the occurrence of paratuberculosis in buffaloes. Samples were obtained from 17 farms, two slaughter houses, and a quarantine area in the Northeast. About 15,000 buffaloes of the Murrah, Mediterranean, and Jafarabadi breed as well as their crossbreeds were evaluated for meat, dairy, and mixed farms with semi-intensive or extensive breeding practices. For diagnostic purposes, postmortem and histopathological examination, including Ziehl-Neelsen test of fecal smears and scraped intestinal mucosa were performed. PCR was applied for fecal samples, mesenteric lymph nodes, and intestines. Six Johne's disease-positive farms, which together with those previously identified, indicate that the disease is spread through the Brazilian Northeast, similar to what occurs in cattle herds in other regions of the country. The increase in prevalence of paratuberculosis is a consequence of introduction of animals from other regions without adequate veterinary assistance and due to the little official attention paid to this initially silent and chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilene de Farias Brito
- Setor de Anatomia Patológica, Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Rodovia BR465 Km7, Seropédica, RJ, 23891-000, Brazil.
| | - Alessandra Dos Santos Belo-Reis
- Centro de Diagnóstico Veterinário, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Campus Castanhal, Rua Maximino Porpino da Silva 1000, Centro, Castanhal, PA, 68740-080, Brazil
| | - José Diomedes Barbosa
- Centro de Diagnóstico Veterinário, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Campus Castanhal, Rua Maximino Porpino da Silva 1000, Centro, Castanhal, PA, 68740-080, Brazil
| | - Daniel Guimarães Ubiali
- Setor de Anatomia Patológica, Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Rodovia BR465 Km7, Seropédica, RJ, 23891-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula de Castro Pires
- Setor de Anatomia Patológica, Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Rodovia BR465 Km7, Seropédica, RJ, 23891-000, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Sampaio de Medeiros
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, 51171-900, Brazil
| | - Renata Pimentel Bandeira de Melo
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, 51171-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro Paulo Feitosa de Albuquerque
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, 51171-900, Brazil
| | - Elise Yamasaki
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, 51171-900, Brazil
| | - Rinaldo Aparecido Mota
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, 51171-900, Brazil
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Milk yield and lactation stage are associated with positive results to ELISA for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy cows from Northern Antioquia, Colombia: a preliminary study. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48:1191-200. [PMID: 27165342 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a slow-developing infectious disease characterized by chronic granulomatous enterocolitis. This disease has a variable incubation period from 6 months to over 15 years and is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Some studies have been conducted in cattle during the last decades in Colombia. However, those studies were designed using relatively small populations and were not aimed to establish prevalence. This study aimed to determine the MAP seroprevalence in selected dairy herds and to explore risk factors associated with the serology results. Serum samples and related data were collected from 696 randomly selected bovines in 28 dairy herds located in 12 different districts in one of the main dairy municipalities in Colombia (San Pedro de los Milagros). The samples were analyzed using a commercial ELISA kit. The information on risk factors was analyzed using a logistic regression. The apparent seroprevalence was 3.6 % (1/28) at the herd level and 2 % (14/696) at the animal level. The number of days in milk production between 100 and 200 days, and over 200 days as well as the daily milk production between 20 and 40 L/cow, and over 40 L/cow were associated with MAP seropositivity with odds ratios of 4.42, 3.45, 2.53, and 20.38, respectively. This study demonstrates the MAP seroprevalence in dairy herds from Antioquia, Colombia and the possible relationship between MAP seropositivity, milk yield, and lactation stage.
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Detection of viable Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in powdered infant formula by phage-PCR and confirmed by culture. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 216:91-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Wolf R, Barkema H, De Buck J, Orsel K. Factors affecting management changes on farms participating in a Johne’s disease control program. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7784-96. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Möbius P, Hölzer M, Felder M, Nordsiek G, Groth M, Köhler H, Reichwald K, Platzer M, Marz M. Comprehensive insights in the Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis genome using new WGS data of sheep strain JIII-386 from Germany. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 7:2585-2601. [PMID: 26384038 PMCID: PMC4607514 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium (M. a.) subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP)—the etiologic agent of Johne’s disease—affects cattle, sheep, and other ruminants worldwide. To decipher phenotypic differences among sheep and cattle strains (belonging to MAP-S [Type-I/III], respectively, MAP-C [Type-II]), comparative genome analysis needs data from diverse isolates originating from different geographic regions of the world. This study presents the so far best assembled genome of a MAP-S-strain: Sheep isolate JIII-386 from Germany. One newly sequenced cattle isolate (JII-1961, Germany), four published MAP strains of MAP-C and MAP-S from the United States and Australia, and M. a. subsp. hominissuis (MAH) strain 104 were used for assembly improvement and comparisons. All genomes were annotated by BacProt and results compared with NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) annotation. Corresponding protein-coding sequences (CDSs) were detected, but also CDSs that were exclusively determined by either NCBI or BacProt. A new Shine–Dalgarno sequence motif (5′-AGCTGG-3′) was extracted. Novel CDSs including PE-PGRS family protein genes and about 80 noncoding RNAs exhibiting high sequence conservation are presented. Previously found genetic differences between MAP-types are partially revised. Four of ten assumed MAP-S-specific large sequence polymorphism regions (LSPSs) are still present in MAP-C strains; new LSPSs were identified. Independently of the regional origin of the strains, the number of individual CDSs and single nucleotide variants confirms the strong similarity of MAP-C strains and shows higher diversity among MAP-S strains. This study gives ambiguous results regarding the hypothesis that MAP-S is the evolutionary intermediate between MAH and MAP-C, but it clearly shows a higher similarity of MAP to MAH than to Mycobacterium intracellulare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Möbius
- NRL for Paratuberculosis, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Hölzer
- RNA Bioinformatics and High Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Leutragraben 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Marius Felder
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Gabriele Nordsiek
- Department of Genome Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Heike Köhler
- NRL for Paratuberculosis, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kathrin Reichwald
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Platzer
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Manja Marz
- RNA Bioinformatics and High Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Leutragraben 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Vilar AL, Santos CS, Pimenta CL, Freitas TD, Brasil AW, Clementino IJ, Alves CJ, Bezerra CS, Riet-Correa F, Oliveira TS, Azevedo SS. Herd-level prevalence and associated risk factors for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cattle in the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. Prev Vet Med 2015; 121:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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McNees AL, Markesich D, Zayyani NR, Graham DY. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis as a cause of Crohn's disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 9:1523-34. [PMID: 26474349 PMCID: PMC4894645 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2015.1093931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease of unknown cause, affecting approximately 1.4 million North American people. Due to the similarities between Crohn's disease and Johne's disease, a chronic enteritis in ruminant animals caused by Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) infection, MAP has long been considered to be a potential cause of Crohn's disease. MAP is an obligate intracellular pathogen that cannot replicate outside of animal hosts. MAP is widespread in dairy cattle and because of environmental contamination and resistance to pasteurization and chlorination, humans are frequently exposed through contamination of food and water. MAP can be cultured from the peripheral mononuclear cells from 50-100% of patients with Crohn's disease, and less frequently from healthy individuals. Association does not prove causation. We discuss the current data regarding MAP as a potential cause of Crohn's disease and outline what data will be required to firmly prove or disprove the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne L. McNees
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Najah R. Zayyani
- Bahrain Gastroenterology and Hepatology Center at Bahrain Specialist Hospital, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - David Y. Graham
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas USA
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Wieler LH. "One Health"--linking human, animal and environmental health. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:775-6. [PMID: 25260716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lothar H Wieler
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
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Meißner T, Eckelt E, Basler T, Meens J, Heinzmann J, Suwandi A, Oelemann WMR, Trenkamp S, Holst O, Weiss S, Bunk B, Spröer C, Gerlach GF, Goethe R. The Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis specific mptD gene is required for maintenance of the metabolic homeostasis necessary for full virulence in mouse infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:110. [PMID: 25177550 PMCID: PMC4132290 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's disease, a chronic granulomatous enteritis in ruminants. Furthermore, infections of humans with MAP have been reported and a possible association with Crohn's disease and diabetes type I is currently discussed. MAP owns large sequence polymorphisms (LSPs) that were exclusively found in this mycobacteria species. The relevance of these LSPs in the pathobiology of MAP is still unclear. The mptD gene (MAP3733c) of MAP belongs to a small group of functionally uncharacterized genes, which are not present in any other sequenced mycobacteria species. mptD is part of a predicted operon (mptABCDEF), encoding a putative ATP binding cassette-transporter, located on the MAP-specific LSP14. In the present study, we generated an mptD knockout strain (MAPΔmptD) by specialized transduction. In order to investigate the potential role of mptD in the host, we performed infection experiments with macrophages. By this, we observed a significantly reduced cell number of MAPΔmptD early after infection, indicating that the mutant was hampered with respect to adaptation to the early macrophage environment. This important role of mptD was supported in mouse infection experiments where MAPΔmptD was significantly attenuated after peritoneal challenge. Metabolic profiling was performed to determine the cause for the reduced virulence and identified profound metabolic disorders especially in the lipid metabolism of MAPΔmptD. Overall our data revealed the mptD gene to be an important factor for the metabolic adaptation of MAP required for persistence in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Meißner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover, Germany
| | - Elke Eckelt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover, Germany
| | - Tina Basler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Meens
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Heinzmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover, Germany
| | - Abdulhadi Suwandi
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Molecular Immunology Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Walter M R Oelemann
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Division of Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Otto Holst
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences Borstel, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Molecular Immunology Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Boyke Bunk
- Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures Braunschweig, Germany ; German Centre of Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cathrin Spröer
- Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures Braunschweig, Germany ; German Centre of Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gerald-F Gerlach
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralph Goethe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover, Germany
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