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Juárez-Estrada MA, Tellez-Isaias G, Graham DM, Laverty L, Gayosso-Vázquez A, Alonso-Morales RA. Identification of Eimeria tenella sporozoite immunodominant mimotopes by random phage-display peptide libraries-a proof of concept study. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1223436. [PMID: 37554540 PMCID: PMC10405736 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1223436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coccidiosis, caused by parasites of numerous Eimeria species, has long been recognized as an economically significant disease in the chicken industry worldwide. The rise of anti-coccidian resistance has driven a search for other parasite management techniques. Recombinant antigen vaccination presents a highly feasible alternative. Properly identifying antigens that might trigger a potent immune response is one of the major obstacles to creating a viable genetically modified vaccine. METHODS This study evaluated a reverse immunology approach for the identification of B-cell epitopes. Antisera from rabbits and hens inoculated with whole-sporozoites of E. tenella were used to identify Western blot antigens. The rabbit IgG fraction from the anti-sporozoite serum exhibited the highest reactogenicity; consequently, it was purified and utilized to screen two random Phage-display peptide libraries (12 mer and c7c mer). After three panning rounds, 20 clones from each library were randomly selected, their nucleotide sequences acquired, and their reactivity to anti-sporozoite E. tenella serum assessed. The selected peptide clones inferred amino acid sequences matched numerous E. tenella proteins. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor-like (EGF-like) repeats, and the thrombospondin type-I (TSP-1) repeats of E. tenella micronemal protein 4 (EtMIC4) matched with the c7c mer selected clones CNTGSPYEC (2/20) and CMSTGLSSC (1/20) respectively. The clone CSISSLTHC that matched with a conserved hypothetical protein of E. tenella was widely selected (3/20). Selected clones from the 12-mer phage display library AGHTTQFNSKTT (7/20), GPNSAFWAGSER (2/20) and HFAYWWNGVRGP (8/20) showed similarities with a cullin homolog, elongation factor-2 and beta-dynein chain a putative E. tenella protein, respectively. Four immunodominant clones were previously selected and used to immunize rabbits. By ELISA and Western blot, all rabbit anti-clone serums detected E. tenella native antigens. DISCUSSION Thus, selected phagotopes contained recombinant E. tenella antigen peptides. Using antibodies against E. tenella sporozoites, this study demonstrated the feasibility of screening Phage-display random peptide libraries for true immunotopes. In addition, this study looked at an approach for finding novel candidates that could be used as an E. tenella recombinant epitope-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Juárez-Estrada
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Danielle M. Graham
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Lauren Laverty
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Amanda Gayosso-Vázquez
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio A. Alonso-Morales
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Development of cross-protective Eimeria-vectored vaccines based on apical membrane antigens. Int J Parasitol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Recombinant anticoccidial vaccines - a cup half full? INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 55:358-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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From the Macro to the Micro: Gel Mapping to Differentiate between Sporozoites of Two Immunologically Distinct Strains of Eimeria maxima (Strains M6 and Guelph). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143232. [PMID: 26641262 PMCID: PMC4671645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two immunologically distinct strains of E. maxima were examined in this study: the M6 strain and the Guelph strain. The differential expression between the sporozoites of the two strains of E. maxima was determined by image analysis of 100 μg of protein from each strain separated by standard one- and conventional two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In addition to differences in both molecular weight and the electrophoretic mobility, differences in the intensity of polypeptide bands for example, GS 136.4 and M6 169 were explored. Pooled gels were prepared from each strain. A representative 2D-PAGE gel spanning a non-linear pH range of 3-10 of E. maxima strain M6 consisted of approximately 694 polypeptide spots with about 67 (9.6%) of the polypeptide spots being unique relative to the other strain. E. maxima strain GS had about 696 discernable polypeptide spots with 69 spots (9.9%) that differed from those of the M6 strain. In-depth characterization of the variable polypeptide spots; unique polypeptide spots (absence or presence) and shared polypeptide spots with modifications may lead to novel vaccine target in the form of multi-component, multi-stage, multi-immunovariant strains, multi-species subunit vaccine, and diagnostic probe for E. maxima.
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Huang J, Zhang Z, Li M, Song X, Yan R, Xu L, Li X. Eimeria maxima microneme protein 2 delivered as DNA vaccine and recombinant protein induces immunity against experimental homogenous challenge. Parasitol Int 2015; 64:408-16. [PMID: 26072304 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
E. maxima is one of the seven species of Eimeria that infects chicken. Until now, only a few antigenic genes of E. maxima have been reported. In the present study, the immune protective effects against E. maxima challenge of recombinant protein and DNA vaccine encoding EmMIC2 were evaluated. Two-week-old chickens were randomly divided into five groups. The experimental group of chickens was immunized with 100 μg DNA vaccine pVAX1-MIC2 or 200 μg rEmMIC2 protein while the control group of chickens was injected with pVAX1 plasmid or sterile PBS. The results showed that the anti-EmMIC2 antibody titers of both rEmMIC2 protein and pVAX1-MIC2 groups were significantly higher as compared to PBS and pVAX1 control (P<0.05). The splenocytes from both vaccinated groups of chickens displayed significantly greater proliferation compared with the controls (P<0.05). Serum from chickens immunized with pVAX1-MIC2 and rEmMIC2 protein displayed significantly high levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-17, TGF-β and IL-4 (P<0.05) compared to those of negative controls. The challenge experiment results showed that both the recombinant protein and the DNA vaccine could obviously alleviate jejunum lesions, body weight loss, increase oocyst, decrease ratio and provide ACIs of more than 165. All the above results suggested that immunization with EmMIC2 was effective in imparting partial protection against E. maxima challenge and it could be an effective antigen candidate for the development of new vaccines against E. maxima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Zhenchao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Menghui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Lixin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China.
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Shivaramaiah C, Barta JR, Hernandez-Velasco X, Téllez G, Hargis BM. Coccidiosis: recent advancements in the immunobiology of Eimeria species, preventive measures, and the importance of vaccination as a control tool against these Apicomplexan parasites. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2014; 5:23-34. [PMID: 32670843 PMCID: PMC7337151 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s57839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis, caused by parasites of the genus Eimeria, is probably the most expensive parasitic disease of poultry. Species of Eimeria are ubiquitous where poultry are raised and are known to cause drastic reductions in performance and induce mortality, thereby affecting the overall health status of poultry. Chemotherapy has been the predominant form of disease control for many years, even though vaccination is steadily gaining importance as a feasible control method. The objective of this review is to highlight recent advancements in understanding the role of host immunity against coccidiosis. In addition, pros and cons associated with chemotherapy and the role of vaccination as an increasingly popular disease control method are discussed. Finally, the role played by recombinant vaccines as a potential vaccination tool is highlighted. With interest growing rapidly in understanding host–parasite biology, recent developments in designing recombinant vaccines and potential epitopes that have shown promise are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John R Barta
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Guillermo Téllez
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Billy M Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Abstract
SUMMARYCoccidiosis, a serious disease resulting from infection with parasitic protozoa of the genusEimeria, causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry, where intensive rearing facilitates transmission of infectious oocysts via the fecal/oral route. Current control relies primarily on prophylactic drugs in feed but, whilst cost effective, the rise of drug resistance and public demands for residue-free meat has encouraged development of alternative control strategies. Chickens that recover from infection withEimeriadevelop solid immunity that is directed against the early asexual stages of the parasite life cycle. This has allowed development of a number of vaccines that utilize deliberate infection with controlled doses of virulent oocysts or reproductively attenuated lines ofEimeria.The latter are immunogenic but non-pathogenic. The realization that both prophylactic drugs and attenuated vaccines control but do not eradicate infection withEimeriaencouraged development of a vaccine based upon maternal immunity. Laying hens exposed toEimeriaare able to transfer protective antibodies to hatchlings via egg yolks and these antibodies have been used to identify parasite proteins that are conserved across the genus. When delivered maternally, these provide an economical means of preventing coccidiosis, offering immediate protection to newly hatched chicks.
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Securing poultry production from the ever-present Eimeria challenge. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:12-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Comparison of protective immune responses to apicomplexan parasites. J Parasitol Res 2011; 2012:852591. [PMID: 21876783 PMCID: PMC3159010 DOI: 10.1155/2012/852591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the phylum Apicomplexa, which includes the species Plasmodium, Eimeria, Toxoplasma, and Babesia amongst others, are the most successful intracellular pathogens known to humankind. The widespread acquisition of antimicrobial resistance to most drugs used to date has sparked a great deal of research and commercial interest in the development of vaccines as alternative control strategies. A few antigens from the asexual and sexual stages of apicomplexan development have been identified and their genes characterised; however, the fine cellular and molecular details of the effector mechanisms crucial for parasite inhibition and stimulation of protective immunity are still not entirely understood. This paper provides an overview of what is currently known about the protective immune response against the various types of apicomplexan parasites and focuses mainly on the similarities of these pathogens and their host interaction. Finally, the evolutionary relationships of these parasites and their hosts, as well as the modulation of immune functions that are critical in determining the outcome of the infection by these pathogenic organisms, are discussed.
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Sheiner L, Santos JM, Klages N, Parussini F, Jemmely N, Friedrich N, Ward GE, Soldati-Favre D. Toxoplasma gondii transmembrane microneme proteins and their modular design. Mol Microbiol 2010; 77:912-29. [PMID: 20545864 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Host cell invasion by the Apicomplexa critically relies on regulated secretion of transmembrane micronemal proteins (TM-MICs). Toxoplasma gondii possesses functionally non-redundant MIC complexes that participate in gliding motility, host cell attachment, moving junction formation, rhoptry secretion and invasion. The TM-MICs are released onto the parasite's surface as complexes capable of interacting with host cell receptors. Additionally, TgMIC2 simultaneously connects to the actomyosin system via binding to aldolase. During invasion these adhesive complexes are shed from the surface notably via intramembrane cleavage of the TM-MICs by a rhomboid protease. Some TM-MICs act as escorters and assure trafficking of the complexes to the micronemes. We have investigated the properties of TgMIC6, TgMIC8, TgMIC8.2, TgAMA1 and the new micronemal protein TgMIC16 with respect to interaction with aldolase, susceptibility to rhomboid cleavage and presence of trafficking signals. We conclude that several TM-MICs lack targeting information within their C-terminal domains, indicating that trafficking depends on yet unidentified proteins interacting with their ectodomains. Most TM-MICs serve as substrates for a rhomboid protease and some of them are able to bind to aldolase. We also show that the residues responsible for binding to aldolase are essential for TgAMA1 but dispensable for TgMIC6 function during invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilach Sheiner
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Joana M Santos
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Natacha Klages
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Fabiola Parussini
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Noelle Jemmely
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Nikolas Friedrich
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Gary E Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Wallach M. Role of antibody in immunity and control of chicken coccidiosis. Trends Parasitol 2010; 26:382-7. [PMID: 20452286 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Research has been carried out worldwide to try to elucidate the mechanism of protective immunity against coccidiosis. It was concluded from early studies that cellular immunity is the key to protection against Eimeria, whereas humoral immunity plays a very minor role in resistance against infection. By contrast, other studies have pointed towards the ability of antibody to block parasite invasion, development and transmission and to provide passive and maternal immunity against challenge infection. Herein, recent results demonstrate the ability of antibodies (raised by live immunization or against purified stage-specific Eimeria antigens) to inhibit parasite development in vitro and in vivo and readdress the question of the role of antibody in protection against coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wallach
- Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, New South Wales, 2007, Australia.
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Zhou J, Fukumoto S, Jia H, Yokoyama N, Zhang G, Fujisaki K, Lin J, Xuan X. Characterization of the Babesia gibsoni P18 as a homologue of thrombospondin related adhesive protein☆. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006; 148:190-8. [PMID: 16675041 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thrombospondin related adhesive proteins (TRAPs) are well conserved among several apicomplexans. In this study, we reported the identification of the Babesia gibsoni P18, designated by our group previously, as a homologue of TRAP and renamed the P18 as the B. gibsoni TRAP (BgTRAP). The amino acid sequence of BgTRAP consists of several typical regions, including a signal peptide, a vonWillebrand factor A domain, a thrombospondin type 1 domain, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic C-terminus. The B. gibsoni infected dog serum recognized recombinant BgTRAP expressed in E. coli by Western blotting. The antiserum against recombinant BgTRAP recognized an 80kDa protein in the lysate of infected erythrocytes (RBCs), which was detectable in the micronemal area of the parasites by confocal microscopic observation. The BgTRAP showed a bivalent cation-independent binding to canine RBC, and the specific antiserum was found to inhibit the growth of B. gibsoni in the infected severe combined immune deficiency mice given canine RBC. These results suggest that the BgTRAP is a new member of TRAP family identified from the merozoites of B. gibsoni and functionally important in merozoite invasion; this protein may be useful as a vaccine candidate against canine B. gibsoni infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Zhou
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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