1
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Garcia LFC, Wowk PF, Albrecht L. Unraveling the Impact of Extracellular Vesicle-Depleted Serum on Endothelial Cell Characteristics over Time. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4761. [PMID: 38731980 PMCID: PMC11084606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by all kinds of cells, including endothelial cells. It has been observed that EVs present in fetal bovine serum (FBS), broadly used in cell culture, can be a confounding factor and lead to misinterpretation of results. To investigate this phenomenon, human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) were cultured for 2 or 24 h in the presence of EV-depleted FBS (EVdS). Cell death, gene and protein expression, and the presence of EVs isolated from these cells were evaluated. The uptake of EVs, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression, and monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells exposed to EVs were also evaluated. Our results revealed higher apoptosis rates in cells cultured with EVdS for 2 and 24 h. There was an increase in interleukin 8 (IL8) expression after 2 h and a decrease in interleukin 6 (IL6) and IL8 expression after 24 h of culture. Among the proteins identified in EVs isolated from cells cultured for 2 h (EV2h), several were related to ribosomes and carbon metabolism. EVs from cells cultured for 24 h (EV24h) presented a protein profile associated with cell adhesion and platelet activation. Additionally, HBMECs exhibited increased uptake of EV2h. Treatment of endothelial cells with EV2h resulted in greater ICAM-1 expression and greater adherence to monocytes than did treatment with EV24h. According to our data, HBMEC cultivated with EVdS produce EVs with different physical characteristics and protein levels that vary over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pryscilla Fanini Wowk
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz, Curitiba 81350-010, PR, Brazil;
| | - Letusa Albrecht
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Apicomplexa, ICC-Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba 81350-010, PR, Brazil;
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2
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Leong SY, Ong HB, Tay HM, Kong F, Upadya M, Gong L, Dao M, Dalan R, Hou HW. Microfluidic Size Exclusion Chromatography (μSEC) for Extracellular Vesicles and Plasma Protein Separation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104470. [PMID: 34984816 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are recognized as next generation diagnostic biomarkers due to their disease-specific biomolecular cargoes and importance in cell-cell communications. A major bottleneck in EV sample preparation is the inefficient and laborious isolation of nanoscale EVs (≈50-200 nm) from endogenous proteins in biological samples. Herein, a unique microfluidic platform is reported for EV-protein fractionation based on the principle of size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Using a novel rapid (≈20 min) replica molding technique, a fritless microfluidic SEC device (μSEC) is fabricated using thiol-ene polymer (UV glue NOA81, Young's modulus ≈1 GPa) for high pressure (up to 6 bar) sample processing. Controlled on-chip nanoliter sample plug injection (600 nL) using a modified T-junction injector is first demonstrated with rapid flow switching response time (<1.5 s). Device performance is validated using fluorescent nanoparticles (50 nm), albumin, and breast cancer cells (MCF-7)-derived EVs. As a proof-of-concept for clinical applications, EVs are directly isolated from undiluted human platelet-poor plasma using μSEC and show distinct elution profiles between EVs and proteins based on nanoparticle particle analysis (NTA), Western blot and flow cytometry analysis. Overall, the optically transparent μSEC can be readily automated and integrated with EV detection assays for EVs manufacturing and clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yuan Leong
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hong Boon Ong
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hui Min Tay
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Fang Kong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Megha Upadya
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Lingyan Gong
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ming Dao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Rinkoo Dalan
- Endocrine and Diabetes, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Clinical Sciences Building, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Han Wei Hou
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Clinical Sciences Building, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
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3
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Nucleic acid delivery with extracellular vesicles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:89-111. [PMID: 33746014 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed particles, heterogeneous in size, shape, contents, biogenesis and structure. They are released by eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and exert (patho-)physiological roles as mediators for transmitting molecular information from the producer (donor) to a recipient cell. This review focuses on the potential of EVs for delivering nucleic acids, as particularly problematic cargoes with regard to stability/protection and uptake efficacy. It highlights important properties of EVs for nucleic acid delivery and discusses their physiological and pathophysiological roles with regard to various cellular RNA species. It then describes the application of EVs for delivering a broad selection of nucleic acids/oligonucleotides, in particular giving a comprehensive overview of preclinical in vivo studies and the various strategies explored. In this context, different techniques for EV loading are discussed, as well as other important technical aspects related to EV preparation, characterization and in particular, the various approaches of artificial EV modification.
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4
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Zhao L, Ye Y, Gu L, Jian Z, Stary CM, Xiong X. Extracellular vesicle-derived miRNA as a novel regulatory system for bi-directional communication in gut-brain-microbiota axis. J Transl Med 2021; 19:202. [PMID: 33975607 PMCID: PMC8111782 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02861-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut-brain-microbiota axis (GBMAx) coordinates bidirectional communication between the gut and brain, and is increasingly recognized as playing a central role in physiology and disease. MicroRNAs are important intracellular components secreted by extracellular vesicles (EVs), which act as vital mediators of intercellular and interspecies communication. This review will present current advances in EV-derived microRNAs and their potential functional link with GBMAx. We propose that EV-derived microRNAs comprise a novel regulatory system for GBMAx, and a potential novel therapeutic target for modifying GBMAx in clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Creed M Stary
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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5
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Nicoliche CYN, de Oliveira RAG, da Silva GS, Ferreira LF, Rodrigues IL, Faria RC, Fazzio A, Carrilho E, de Pontes LG, Schleder GR, Lima RS. Converging Multidimensional Sensor and Machine Learning Toward High-Throughput and Biorecognition Element-Free Multidetermination of Extracellular Vesicle Biomarkers. ACS Sens 2020; 5:1864-1871. [PMID: 32597643 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a frontier class of circulating biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of different diseases. These lipid structures afford various biomarkers such as the concentrations of the EVs (CV) themselves and carried proteins (CP). However, simple, high-throughput, and accurate determination of these targets remains a key challenge. Herein, we address the simultaneous monitoring of CV and CP from a single impedance spectrum without using recognizing elements by combining a multidimensional sensor and machine learning models. This multidetermination is essential for diagnostic accuracy because of the heterogeneous composition of EVs and their molecular cargoes both within the tumor itself and among patients. Pencil HB cores acting as electric double-layer capacitors were integrated into a scalable microfluidic device, whereas supervised models provided accurate predictions, even from a small number of training samples. User-friendly measurements were performed with sample-to-answer data processing on a smartphone. This new platform further showed the highest throughput when compared with the techniques described in the literature to quantify EVs biomarkers. Our results shed light on a method with the ability to determine multiple EVs biomarkers in a simple and fast way, providing a promising platform to translate biofluid-based diagnostics into clinical workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Y. N. Nicoliche
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A. G. de Oliveira
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Giulia S. da Silva
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Larissa F. Ferreira
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Ian L. Rodrigues
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo C. Faria
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Fazzio
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Carrilho
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Letícia G. de Pontes
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Gabriel R. Schleder
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Renato S. Lima
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
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6
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Nazimek K, Bryniarski K. Perspectives in Manipulating EVs for Therapeutic Applications: Focus on Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134623. [PMID: 32610582 PMCID: PMC7369858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) receive special attention from oncologists due to their assumed usefulness as prognostic markers, vaccines to induce anti-cancer immune response, and physiological delivery tools. The latter application, which supports the reduction of side effects of treatment, is still fraught with many challenges, including established methods for loading EVs with selected cargo and directing them towards target cells. EVs could be loaded with selected cargo either in vitro using several physicochemical techniques, or in vivo by modification of parental cell, which may have an advantage over in vitro procedures, since some of them significantly influence EVs’ properties. Otherwise, our research findings suggest that EVs could be passively supplemented with micro RNAs (miRNAs) or miRNA antagonists to induce expected biological effect. Furthermore, our observations imply that antigen-specific antibody light chains could coat the surface of EVs to increase the specificity of cell targeting. Finally, the route of EVs’ administration also determines their bioavailability and eventually induced therapeutic effect. Besides, EV membrane lipids may possibly possess immune adjuvant activity. The review summarizes the current knowledge on the possibilities to manipulate EVs to use them as a delivery tool, with the special emphasis on anti-cancer therapy.
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7
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Behrouzi A, Mazaheri H, Falsafi S, Tavassol ZH, Moshiri A, Siadat SD. Intestinal effect of the probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 and its OMV. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:597-604. [PMID: 32550212 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00511-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several investigations have been conducted during the past years to examine the correlation between dysbiosis and both intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) is a nonpathogenic gram-negative strain utilized in numerous gastrointestinal issues, consisting of diarrhea, uncomplicated diverticular malady, IBD and specifically UC. Many investigations have been done to examine the capability of assertive bacteria, inclusive of commensal and probiotic strains to enhance IBD in clinical testing. Bacterial secreted factors have been investigated to detect the EcN agents that facilitate the regulation of tight junction. These agents candiffuse smoothly through the mucin layer before reaching intestinal epithelial cells. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are known as intercellular communicasomes as they facilitate the distal transfer of active compounds between cells. A few investigations have detailed immune-modulatory attributes for EcN through various systems that could be liable for its clinical viability in IBD. Today, the function of gut microbiota extracellular vesicles in health and disease has become a focus of attention as they serve as vehicles for the transmission of microorganisms to distal tissues of many bacterial effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Behrouzi
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoora Mazaheri
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran
| | - Sarvenaz Falsafi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Hoseini Tavassol
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arfa Moshiri
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Laboratory of Experimental Therapies in Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Nazimek K, Bryniarski K. Approaches to inducing antigen-specific immune tolerance in allergy and autoimmunity: Focus on antigen-presenting cells and extracellular vesicles. Scand J Immunol 2020; 91:e12881. [PMID: 32243636 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing prevalence of allergic and autoimmune diseases urges clinicians and researchers to search for new and efficient treatments. Strategies that activate antigen-specific immune tolerance and simultaneously maintain immune reactivity to all other antigens deserve special attention. Accordingly, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) seem to be the best suited for orchestrating these mechanisms by directing T cell immune responses towards a tolerant subtype. Recent advances in understanding cell-to-cell communication via extracellular vesicles (EVs) make the latter promising candidates for reprogramming APCs towards a tolerant phenotype, and for mediating tolerogenic APC function. Thus, comprehensive studies have been undertaken to describe the interactions of APCs and EVs naturally occurring during immune tolerance induction, as well as to develop EV-based manoeuvres enabling the induction of immune tolerance in an antigen-specific manner. In this review, we summarize the findings of relevant studies, with a special emphasis on future perspectives on their translation to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nazimek
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Immunology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Immunology, Krakow, Poland
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9
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Perrotte M, Haddad M, Le Page A, Frost EH, Fulöp T, Ramassamy C. Profile of pathogenic proteins in total circulating extracellular vesicles in mild cognitive impairment and during the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 86:102-111. [PMID: 31883770 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the propagation of hyperphosphorylation of tau protein and the amyloid-β peptide can be mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) and be associated with the onset and the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). As EVs may transfer between the brain and the blood, we have thus hypothesized that the total plasma EVs (pEVs) may contain potential markers to predict the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD progression. We have thus quantified AD-related proteins in isolated pEVs from controls, MCI and AD subjects. In pEVs, we observed early changes of total tau (tTau), amyloid precursor protein levels, and phospho-tau (pTau)-T181/tTau ratio from MCI subjects and late increases of Aβ42 and pTau-T181 levels from patients with moderate AD. Interestingly, abnormal amyloid precursor protein levels and pTau-T181/tTau ratio in pEVs demonstrated a high accuracy to define MCI and AD staging. Although larger samples sizes will be needed to generate well-powered investigations, these preliminary results highlighted the potential of AD-related proteins enriched in pEVs as a sensitive tool for differentiating patients with MCI to patients with AD and monitoring AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Perrotte
- Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique - Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC, Canada; Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Canada; Quebec Network for Research on Aging, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohamed Haddad
- Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique - Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC, Canada; Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Aurélie Le Page
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Division, Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Eric H Frost
- Department of Microbiology and Infectiology, Centre de Recherches Cliniques de CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Tamàs Fulöp
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Division, Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Charles Ramassamy
- Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique - Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC, Canada; Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Canada; Quebec Network for Research on Aging, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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10
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Fraire JC, Stremersch S, Bouckaert D, Monteyne T, De Beer T, Wuytens P, De Rycke R, Skirtach AG, Raemdonck K, De Smedt S, Braeckmans K. Improved Label-Free Identification of Individual Exosome-like Vesicles with Au@Ag Nanoparticles as SERS Substrate. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:39424-39435. [PMID: 31584796 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exosome-like vesicles (ELVs) are nanovectors released by cells that are endowed with a variety of molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and chemicals that reflect the molecular signature of the producing cell. Given their presence in many biofluids, they form an easily accessible biomarker for early disease detection. Previously we demonstrated the possibility of identifying individual ELVs by analyzing their molecular signatures with surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) after functionalization of ELVs with 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP)-stabilized gold nanoparticles (AuNP). Although this strategy was capable of distinguishing ELVs from different cellular origins, the quality of the SERS spectra was suboptimal due to high background coming from the DMAP stabilizing molecules at the AuNP surface. In this study we demonstrate that it is possible to eliminate interfering SERS signals from stabilizing molecules at the AuNP surface by overgrowing in situ the ELV-attached AuNPs with a silver layer so as to form a core-shell nanoparticle (Au@AgNPs) directly at the ELV surface. As such it represents the first known strategy to generate clear SERS spectral fingerprints of delicate biological structures without interference of linker molecules that are needed to ensure colloidal stability of the plasmonic NP and to allow them to associate to the ELV surface. This new strategy using core-shell plasmonic NPs as SERS substrate showed higher near-field enhancements than previous approaches, which resulted in SERS spectra with improved signal-to-noise ratio. This allowed us to discriminate individual vesicles derived from B16F10 melanoma cells and red blood cells (RBC) with an unprecedented sensitivity and specificity >90%. Importantly, thanks to the higher near field enhancement the acquisition time could be reduced by 20-fold in comparison to previously reported strategies, paving the way toward high-throughput label-free single ELV identification.
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11
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Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Underlying Casein Allergy Is Suppressed by Extracellular Vesicles Carrying miRNA-150. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040907. [PMID: 31018604 PMCID: PMC6521277 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with non-IgE-mediated milk allergy, a cellular mechanism of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) is considered. Recent findings prove that cell-mediated reactions can be antigen-specifically inhibited by extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying miRNA-150. We sought to establish a new mouse model of DTH to casein and test the possibility of antigen-specific suppression of the inflammatory reaction. To produce soluble antigenic peptides, casein was subjected to alkaline hydrolysis. DTH reaction to casein was induced in CBA, C57BL/6, and BALB/c mice by intradermal (id) injection of the antigen. Cells collected from spleens and lymph nodes were positively or negatively selected and transferred to naive recipients intravenously (iv). CBA mice were tolerized by iv injection of mouse erythrocytes conjugated with casein antigen and following id immunization with the same antigen. Suppressive EVs were harvested from cell cultures and serum of tolerized donors by means of ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation for further therapeutic utilization. The newly established mouse model of DTH to casein was mediated by CD4+ Th1 cells and macrophages, while EVs produced by casein-tolerized animals effectively suppressed effector cell response, in an miRNA-150-dependent manner. Altogether, our observations contribute to the current understanding of non-IgE-mediated allergy to casein and of the possibilities to downregulate this reaction.
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12
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Microbe-Host Communication by Small RNAs in Extracellular Vesicles: Vehicles for Transkingdom RNA Transportation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061487. [PMID: 30934547 PMCID: PMC6472211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are evolutionary well-conserved nano-sized membranous vesicles that are secreted by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Recently, they have gained great attention for their proposed roles in cell-to-cell communication, and as biomarkers for human disease. In particular, small RNAs (sRNAs) contained within EVs have been considered as candidate interspecies-communication molecules, due to their demonstrated capacity to modulate gene expression in multiple cell types and species. While research into this field is in its infancy, elucidating the mechanisms that underlie host–microbe interactions and communications promises to impact many fields of biological research, including human health and medicine. Thus, this review discussed the results of recent studies that have examined the ways in which EVs and sRNAs mediate ‘microbe–host’ and ‘host–microbe’ interspecies communication.
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13
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Qi J, Hu X, Dong X, Lu Y, Lu H, Zhao W, Wu W. Towards more accurate bioimaging of drug nanocarriers: turning aggregation-caused quenching into a useful tool. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 143:206-225. [PMID: 31158405 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the current challenges in the monitoring of drug nanocarriers lies in the difficulties in discriminating the carrier-bound signals from the bulk signals of probes. Environment-responsive probes that enable signal switching are making steps towards a solution to this problem. Aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ), a phenomenon generally regarded as unfavorable in bioimaging, has turned out to be a promising characteristic for achieving environment-responsiveness and eliminating free-probe interference. So-called ACQ probes emit fluorescence when dispersed molecularly within the carrier matrix but quench immediately and absolutely once they are released into the ambient aqueous environment upon the degradation of the nanocarriers. Therefore, the fluorescence observed represents integral nanocarriers. Based on this rationale, the in vivo fates of various nanocarriers have been explored using live imaging equipment, with very interesting findings revealing the role of the particles. The current applications are however restricted to nanocarriers with highly hydrophobic matrices (lipid or polyester nanoparticles) or with a hydrophobic core-hydrophilic shell structure (micelles). The ACQ-based bioimaging strategy is emerging as a promising tool to achieve more accurate bioimaging of drug nanocarriers. This review article provides an overview of the ACQ phenomenon and the rationale for and examples of applications, as well as the limitations of the ACQ-based strategy, with a focus on improving the accuracy of bioimaging of nanoparticles.
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14
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Khalyfa A, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D. Exosome and Macrophage Crosstalk in Sleep-Disordered Breathing-Induced Metabolic Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113383. [PMID: 30380647 PMCID: PMC6274857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent worldwide public health problem that is characterized by repetitive upper airway collapse leading to intermittent hypoxia, pronounced negative intrathoracic pressures, and recurrent arousals resulting in sleep fragmentation. Obesity is a major risk factor of OSA and both of these two closely intertwined conditions result in increased sympathetic activity, oxidative stress, and chronic low-grade inflammation, which ultimately contribute, among other morbidities, to metabolic dysfunction, as reflected by visceral white adipose tissue (VWAT) insulin resistance (IR). Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, are released by most cell types and their cargos vary greatly and reflect underlying changes in cellular homeostasis. Thus, exosomes can provide insights into how cells and systems cope with physiological perturbations by virtue of the identity and abundance of miRNAs, mRNAs, proteins, and lipids that are packaged in the EVs cargo, and are secreted from the cells into bodily fluids under normal as well as diseased states. Accordingly, exosomes represent a novel pathway via which a cohort of biomolecules can travel long distances and result in the modulation of gene expression in selected and targeted recipient cells. For example, exosomes secreted from macrophages play a critical role in innate immunity and also initiate the adaptive immune response within specific metabolic tissues such as VWAT. Under normal conditions, phagocyte-derived exosomes represent a large portion of circulating EVs in blood, and carry a protective signature against IR that is altered when secreting cells are exposed to altered physiological conditions such as those elicited by OSA, leading to emergence of IR within VWAT compartment. Consequently, increased understanding of exosome biogenesis and biology should lead to development of new diagnostic biomarker assays and personalized therapeutic approaches. Here, the evidence on the major biological functions of macrophages and exosomes as pathophysiological effectors of OSA-induced metabolic dysfunction is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelnaby Khalyfa
- Sections of Pediatric Sleep Medicine and Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Leila Kheirandish-Gozal
- Department of Child Health and the Child Health Research Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Child Health and the Child Health Research Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.
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15
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Alberti D, Grange C, Porta S, Aime S, Tei L, Geninatti Crich S. Efficient Route to Label Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:8097-8103. [PMID: 30087935 PMCID: PMC6072237 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent research results report that extracellular vesicles (EVs) have a central role in both physiological and pathological processes involving intercellular communication. Herein, a simple EVs labeling procedure based on the metabolic labeling of secreting cells (mesenchymal stroma cells, MSCs) with a fluorescein-containing bio-orthogonal dye is described. This procedure was carried out by incubating cells for 72 h with tetraacetylated N-azidoacetyl-d-mannosamine (Ac4ManNAz), a modified sugar containing an azido group that, upon incorporation on the external surface of the cytoplasmatic cell membrane, is specifically conjugated with cyclooctyne-modified fluorescein isothiocyanate (ADIBO-FITC). MSCs released fluorescent EVs did not need any further purification. Finally, cellular uptake and tracking of the fluorescein-labeled EVs were successfully assessed by targeting experiments with MSCs. The method appears of general applicability and it may be very useful opening new horizon on diagnostic and therapeutic protocols exploiting EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Alberti
- Department
of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Cristina Grange
- Department
of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Porta
- Department
of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Silvio Aime
- Department
of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tei
- Department
of Science and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Simonetta Geninatti Crich
- Department
of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
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16
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Haraszti RA, Miller R, Didiot MC, Biscans A, Alterman JF, Hassler MR, Roux L, Echeverria D, Sapp E, DiFiglia M, Aronin N, Khvorova A. Optimized Cholesterol-siRNA Chemistry Improves Productive Loading onto Extracellular Vesicles. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1973-1982. [PMID: 29937418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are promising delivery vesicles for therapeutic RNAs. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) conjugation to cholesterol enables efficient and reproducible loading of extracellular vesicles with the therapeutic cargo. siRNAs are typically chemically modified to fit an application. However, siRNA chemical modification pattern has not been specifically optimized for extracellular vesicle-mediated delivery. Here we used cholesterol-conjugated, hydrophobically modified asymmetric siRNAs (hsiRNAs) to evaluate the effect of backbone, 5'-phosphate, and linker chemical modifications on productive hsiRNA loading onto extracellular vesicles. hsiRNAs with a combination of 5'-(E)-vinylphosphonate and alternating 2'-fluoro and 2'-O-methyl backbone modifications outperformed previously used partially modified siRNAs in extracellular vesicle-mediated Huntingtin silencing in neurons. Between two commercially available linkers (triethyl glycol [TEG] and 2-aminobutyl-1-3-propanediol [C7]) widely used to attach cholesterol to siRNAs, TEG is preferred compared to C7 for productive exosomal loading. Destabilization of the linker completely abolished silencing activity of loaded extracellular vesicles. The loading of cholesterol-conjugated siRNAs was saturated at ∼3,000 siRNA copies per extracellular vesicle. Overloading impaired the silencing activity of extracellular vesicles. The data reported here provide an optimization scheme for the successful use of hydrophobic modification as a strategy for productive loading of RNA cargo onto extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reka Agnes Haraszti
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rachael Miller
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Marie-Cecile Didiot
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Annabelle Biscans
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Julia F Alterman
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Matthew R Hassler
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Loic Roux
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dimas Echeverria
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ellen Sapp
- Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marian DiFiglia
- Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Neil Aronin
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Anastasia Khvorova
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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