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Sjölander I, Borgström A, Nerfeldt P, Friberg D. Adenotonsillotomy versus adenotonsillectomy in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: A 5-year RCT. Sleep Med X 2022; 4:100055. [PMID: 36124223 PMCID: PMC9482134 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleepx.2022.100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Adenotonsillectomy (ATE) is a common treatment for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Intracapsular adenotonsillotomy (ATT) is associated with less postoperative morbidity. Our previous randomized controlled trial (RCT) compared ATE and ATT in otherwise healthy children with moderate to severe OSA. No differences in polysomnographic (PSG) and OSA-18 were found between the groups at one-year follow-up. This study presents the long-term results of the RCT. Methods Non-obese children (n = 79, 2–6 years) who had undergone either ATE (n = 40) or ATT (n = 39) were offered PSG and OSA-18 questionnaire five-years after surgery. Primary outcome was the group difference in postoperative Obstructive Apnea/Hypopnea Index (OAHI). ATE was recommended to the ATT group if they had a relapse of OSA. Results The follow-up was completed by 45 of 79 (57%) children; 28 (35%) drop-outs, and six of 39(15%) in the ATT group were excluded after ATE. After ATE(n = 17), OAHI decreased from mean 12.3(SD 8.0) to 0.6(0.7), and after ATT(n = 28) from 12.6(7.4) to 0.5(0.6), a mean difference in postoperative OAHI of 0.1(95% CI -0.3 – 0.5). Sensitivity analyses did not change the results. The median OSA-18 decreased in the ATE group from 57(interquartile range 47–79) to 27(22–36), and in the ATT group from 67(53–79) to 32(25–44), without group differences for postoperative values. Conclusion The results of this five-year follow-up of otherwise healthy OSA-children showed a high drop-out rate, but indicates that ATT could be an effective treatment for pediatric OSA. However, ATT warrants follow-up due to the risk of recurrence, and further studies are needed. Adenotonsillotomy is an effective treatment for Obstructive sleep apnea in otherwise healthy children. Six children out of 39 were reoperated with adenotonsillectomy within three years. Follow-up after adenotonsillotomy is recommended.
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Blackshaw H, Springford LR, Zhang LY, Wang B, Venekamp RP, Schilder AG. Tonsillectomy versus tonsillotomy for obstructive sleep-disordered breathing in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 4:CD011365. [PMID: 32347984 PMCID: PMC7193676 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011365.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep-disordered breathing (oSDB) is a condition encompassing breathing problems when asleep due to upper airway obstruction. In children, hypertrophy of the tonsils and/or adenoids is thought to be the commonest cause. As such, (adeno)tonsillectomy has long been the treatment of choice. A rise in partial removal of the tonsils over the last decade is due to the hypothesis that tonsillotomy is associated with lower postoperative morbidity and fewer complications. OBJECTIVES To assess whether partial removal of the tonsils (intracapsular tonsillotomy) is as effective as total removal of the tonsils (extracapsular tonsillectomy) in relieving signs and symptoms of oSDB in children, and has lower postoperative morbidity and fewer complications. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane ENT Trials Register; Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); MEDLINE; EMBASE; CINAHL; Web of Science; ClinicalTrials.gov; ICTRP and additional sources for published and unpublished trials. The search date was 22 July 2019. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effectiveness of (adeno)tonsillectomy with (adeno)tonsillotomy in children aged 2 to 16 years with oSDB. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard Cochrane methods and assessed the certainty of the evidence for our pre-defined outcomes using GRADE. Our primary outcomes were disease-specific quality of life, peri-operative blood loss and the proportion of children requiring postoperative medical intervention (with or without hospitalisation). Secondary outcomes included postoperative pain, return to normal activity, recurrence of oSDB symptoms as a result of tonsil regrowth and reoperation rates. MAIN RESULTS We included 22 studies (1984 children), with predominantly unclear or high risk of bias. Three studies used polysomnography as part of their inclusion criteria. Follow-up duration ranged from six days to six years. Although 19 studies reported on some of our outcomes, we could only pool the results from a few due both to the variety of outcomes and the measurement instruments used, and an absence of combinable data. Disease-specific quality of life Four studies (540 children; 484 (90%) analysed) reported this outcome; data could not be pooled due to the different outcome measurement instruments used. It is very uncertain whether there is any difference in disease-specific quality of life between the two surgical procedures in the short (0 to 6 months; 3 studies, 410 children), medium (7 to 13 months; 2 studies, 117 children) and long term (13 to 24 months; 1 study, 67 children) (very low-certainty evidence). Peri-operative blood loss We are uncertain whether tonsillotomy reduces peri-operative blood loss by a clinically meaningful amount (mean difference (MD) 14.06 mL, 95% CI 1.91 to 26.21 mL; 8 studies, 610 children; very low-certainty evidence). In sensitivity analysis (restricted to three studies with low risk of bias) there was no evidence of a difference between the groups. Postoperative complications requiring medical intervention (with or without hospitalisation) The risk of postoperative complications in the first week after surgery was probably lower in children who underwent tonsillotomy (4.9% versus 2.6%, risk ratio (RR) 1.75, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.91; 16 studies, 1416 children; moderate-certainty evidence). Postoperative pain Eleven studies (1017 children) reported this outcome. Pain was measured using various scales and scored by either children, parents, clinicians or study personnel. When considering postoperative pain there was little or no difference between tonsillectomy and tonsillotomy at 24 hours (10-point scale) (MD 1.09, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.29; 4 studies, 368 children); at two to three days (MD 0.93, 95% CI -0.14 to 2.00; 3 studies, 301 children); or at four to seven days (MD 1.07, 95% CI -0.40 to 2.53; 4 studies, 370 children) (all very low-certainty evidence). In sensitivity analysis (restricted to studies with low risk of bias), we found no evidence of a difference in mean pain scores between groups. Return to normal activity Tonsillotomy probably results in a faster return to normal activity. Children who underwent tonsillotomy were able to return to normal activity four days earlier (MD 3.84 days, 95% CI 0.23 to 7.44; 3 studies, 248 children; moderate-certainty evidence). Recurrence of oSDB and reoperation rates We are uncertain whether there is a difference between the groups in the short (RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.03 to 2.22; 3 studies, 186 children), medium (RR 0.35, 95% CI 0.04 to 3.23; 4 studies, 206 children) or long term (RR 0.21 95% CI 0.01 to 4.13; 1 study, 65 children) (all very low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS For children with oSDB selected for tonsil surgery, tonsillotomy probably results in a faster return to normal activity (four days) and in a slight reduction in postoperative complications requiring medical intervention in the first week after surgery. This should be balanced against the clinical effectiveness of one operation over the other. However, this is not possible to determine in this review as data on the long-term effects of the two operations on oSDB symptoms, quality of life, oSDB recurrence and need for reoperation are limited and the evidence is of very low quality leading to a high degree of uncertainty about the results. More robust data from high-quality cohort studies, which may be more appropriate for detecting differences in less common events in the long term, are required to inform guidance on which tonsil surgery technique is best for children with oSDB requiring surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Blackshaw
- evidENT, Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK
- National Institute of Health Research, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Laurie R Springford
- evidENT, Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK
- National Institute of Health Research, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Lai-Ying Zhang
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Betty Wang
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Roderick P Venekamp
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anne Gm Schilder
- evidENT, Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK
- National Institute of Health Research, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care & Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Kumar S, Padiyar B, Rai A. Cold Dissection Tonsillectomy and Radiofrequency Tonsil Ablation: A Prospective Comparative Study. DUBAI MEDICAL JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1159/000493513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
<b><i>Background:</i></b> Over the last few years, various techniques have been proposed for performing tonsillectomy in an attempt to lower the morbidity of this surgery. However, controversy still exists regarding the optimal technique involving the least postoperative morbidity. More recently, temperature-controlled radiofrequency has been introduced as a much more effective and safe device for tonsil reduction. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> To compare the effectiveness of conventional tonsillectomy versus radiofrequency tonsil ablation with respect to duration of surgery, amount of intraoperative bleeding, recovery time, and postsurgical pain. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> 60 patients were randomly divided into two groups. One group underwent conventional cold ablation tonsillectomy while radiofrequency tonsillectomy was performed in the second group. Duration of surgery, amount of intraoperative bleeding, recovery time, and postsurgical pain (using the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale®) were measured. All patients were followed for 24 months. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Comparing the radiofrequency tonsillectomy group to the cold dissection tonsillectomy group, the mean duration of surgery was 6.92 versus 18 min, the amount of intraoperative bleeding was 2.75 versus 39.88 mL, and the difference on the postoperative pain scale between the two groups was statistically significant (<i>p</i> < 0.005). There was no recurrence of tonsillitis episodes in either of the 2 groups during the 2-year follow-up period. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> After adequate training, the radiofrequency technique is beneficial to both the surgeon and the patient, including the possibility to excise tissue and coagulate bleeding vessels with the same device. Postoperative morbidity and complications are lower as compared to the conventional cold dissection technique.
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Zhang LY, Zhong L, David M, Cervin A. Tonsillectomy or tonsillotomy? A systematic review for paediatric sleep-disordered breathing. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 103:41-50. [PMID: 29224763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence has challenged the practice of tonsillectomy in children with sleep-disordered breathing. Tonsillotomy (subtotal/partial/intracapsular tonsillectomy) has been proposed as an alternative with equivalent effectiveness and decreased post-operative morbidity, thus improving cost-effectiveness. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the literature comparing clinical efficacy, post-operative morbidity, and cost-effectiveness of tonsillotomy and tonsillectomy in paediatric (<16yo) patients with sleep-disordered breathing. DATA SOURCES A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL (1984-July 2014) was conducted. Papers in English directly comparing post-operative outcomes in tonsillectomy and tonsillotomy in children undergoing surgery for sleep-disordered breathing were included. REVIEW METHODS Two authors independently assessed abstracts for relevance, with disagreements resolved by a third author. Selected studies were independently assessed regarding inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS Thirty-two studies satisfied inclusion and exclusion criteria (19 randomised, 13 non-randomised). Patient satisfaction, quality-of-life, and polysomnographic improvement post-surgery did not vary between tonsillotomy and tonsillectomy. Tonsillotomy reduced the odds of a secondary haemorrhage by 79% (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.17-0.27, p < 0.01), decreased post-operative pain and reduced return to normal oral intake by 2.8 days (95% CI 1.08-4.52, p < 0.01). The odds of readmission were decreased by 62% (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.23-0.60, p < 0.01). Tonsillotomy had a slightly higher rate of symptom recurrence (4.51%) than tonsillectomy (2.55%), the long-term impact of which was unclear. CONCLUSION Current evidence supports tonsillotomy in children with obstructive surgical indications. It is likely to reduce post-operative haemorrhage, pain, and facilitate a faster return to normal diet and activity. Healthcare burden is decreased due to fewer post-operative complications and reduced need for medical re-contact. More research is necessary to assess the risk of recurrence, and further classification of secondary haemorrhage severity is required to fully clarify the clinical benefit of tonsillotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael David
- School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anders Cervin
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Francis DO, Fonnesbeck C, Sathe N, McPheeters M, Krishnaswami S, Chinnadurai S. Postoperative Bleeding and Associated Utilization following Tonsillectomy in Children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 156:442-455. [PMID: 28094660 PMCID: PMC5639328 DOI: 10.1177/0194599816683915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective To assess posttonsillectomy hemorrhage (PTH), associated nonoperative readmissions/revisits, and reoperations in children. Data Sources MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. Review Methods Two investigators independently screened studies against predetermined criteria and extracted key data. Investigators independently assessed study risk of bias and the strength of the evidence of the body of literature. We calculated unadjusted pooled estimates of PTH frequency and conducted a Bayesian meta-analysis to estimate frequency of primary and secondary PTH and PTH-associated reoperation and revisits/readmissions by partial and total tonsillectomy and surgical approach. Results In meta-analysis, the frequency of primary and secondary PTH associated with total and partial tonsillectomy was <4% for any technique and with overlapping confidence bounds. Pooled frequencies of PTH were also <5% overall (4.2% for total tonsillectomy, 1.5% for partial tonsillectomy) in comparative studies. Fewer PTH episodes occurred with tonsillectomy for obstructive sleep-disordered breathing than for throat infection. In meta-analysis, frequency of PTH-associated nonoperative revisits/readmission or reoperation ranged from 0.2% to 5.7% for total tonsillectomy and from 0.1% to 3.7% for partial tonsillectomy. At least 4 deaths were reported in case series including 1,778,342 children. Conclusions PTH occurred in roughly 4% of tonsillectomies in studies included in this review. Although studies typically did not report bleeding severity or amount, relatively few episodes of PTH necessitated reoperation for hemostasis. Nonetheless, tonsillectomy is not without risk of harm. Frequency of PTH across techniques was similar; thus, we cannot conclude that a given technique is superior.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O. Francis
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Chris Fonnesbeck
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Nila Sathe
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt Evidence-based Practice Center, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Melissa McPheeters
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt Evidence-based Practice Center, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Shanthi Krishnaswami
- Vanderbilt Evidence-based Practice Center, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Siva Chinnadurai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
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Papaspyrou G, Linxweiler M, Knöbber D, Schick B, Al Kadah B. Laser CO 2 tonsillotomy versus argon plasma coagulation (APC) tonsillotomy: A retrospective study with 10-year follow-up. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 92:56-60. [PMID: 28012534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tonsillotomy is increasingly gaining acceptance as the treatment for tonsillar hyperplasia resulting in obstructive symptoms. The aim of this study was to compare the long-term results of CO2 laser tonsillotomy with those of argon plasma coagulation (APC) tonsillotomy. METHODS The data of 64 children, aged 2-10 years (mean 4.7 years), treated in the Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, in Homburg, Germany with APC (36 patients) or CO2 laser (28 patients) for tonsillar hyperplasia between June 2004 and December 2004 were available for analysis. RESULTS Forty-five (APC: 26 patients, CO2: 19 patients) of the 64 patients (70.3%) could be contacted and were available for follow-up in a telephone survey conducted 10 years after surgery. The mean operation time was 17 min (range 10-25 min) in the APC group and 23 min (range 13-32 min) in the CO2 group (p = 0.0003). No case of intra- or postoperative bleeding was documented. One minor intraoperative complication in the form of a superficial lip burn was documented in the APC group. During the minimum 10 years of follow-up, 1 patient treated with APC underwent a surgical revision because of tonsillar regrowth, whereas in the group of patients treated with CO2, no surgical revision was needed. Regarding the parents' assessment of their children's symptoms, 89.4% of the parents of the CO2 laser group and 84.6% of the parents of the APC group reported that the overall long-term operation results of their children to be "very satisfying." Regarding complications, the need for secondary tonsillectomy, and parents' satisfaction, no statistically significant differences were found. CONCLUSIONS Both CO2 laser tonsillotomy and APC tonsillotomy are safe procedures leading to very satisfying results with respect to intra- and postoperative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgos Papaspyrou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Centre, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Linxweiler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Centre, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Dirk Knöbber
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Centre, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schick
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Centre, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Basel Al Kadah
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Centre, Homburg, Saar, Germany
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Kordeluk S, Goldbart A, Novack L, Kaplan DM, El-Saied S, Alwalidi M, Shapira-Parra A, Segal N, Slovik Y, Max P, Joshua BZ. Randomized study comparing inflammatory response after tonsillectomy versus tonsillotomy. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 273:3993-4001. [PMID: 27216303 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-016-4083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To determine if there was a difference in the inflammatory reaction after tonsil surgery with "traditional" techniques (tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy or TA) compared to partial intracapsular tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (PITA). DESIGN Randomized, double-blind study. SETTING tertiary care academic hospital. Children under the age of 16 years with a diagnosis of obstructive sleep disordered breathing were randomly allocated into three study groups: TA with electrocautery (n = 34), PITA with CO2 laser (n = 30) and PITA with debrider (n = 28). All of the children underwent adenoidectomy with a current at the same surgical procedure. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE c-reactive protein level (CRP) was the primary endpoint. In addition, the following were assessed: white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils (NEU), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Pre- and post-procedure measurements were compared between the groups. Parents filled out a questionnaire daily during the first postoperative week assessing pain, swallowing and snoring. CRP levels ascended higher in the PITA groups after surgery (p = 0.023), WBC and NEU showed the same pattern, IL-6 levels were higher in PITA group and there was no difference in TNF-alpha levels between the two types of procedures. Postoperative pain and postoperative hemorrhage were significantly lower in the PITA groups as compared to the TA group (p = 0.01 and 0.048). PITA in comparison to TA is associated with lower morbidity; however, the inflammatory response does not differ significantly in the first 24 h after surgery. Additional long-term studies assessing efficacy of PITA are warranted. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 1, prospective randomized controlled trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Kordeluk
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soroka University Medical Center, Box 151, 84101, Beersheva, Israel.
| | - Aviv Goldbart
- Department of Pediatrics and Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Lena Novack
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Ben-Gurion University in the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Daniel Michael Kaplan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soroka University Medical Center, Box 151, 84101, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Sabri El-Saied
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soroka University Medical Center, Box 151, 84101, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Musa Alwalidi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soroka University Medical Center, Box 151, 84101, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Angelica Shapira-Parra
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soroka University Medical Center, Box 151, 84101, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Nili Segal
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soroka University Medical Center, Box 151, 84101, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Yuval Slovik
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soroka University Medical Center, Box 151, 84101, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Puterman Max
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soroka University Medical Center, Box 151, 84101, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Ben-Zion Joshua
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soroka University Medical Center, Box 151, 84101, Beersheva, Israel
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Clinical practice guideline: tonsillitis II. Surgical management. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 273:989-1009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-016-3904-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ericsson E, Graf J, Lundeborg-Hammarstrom I, Hultcrantz E. Tonsillotomy versus tonsillectomy on young children: 2 year post surgery follow-up. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014; 43:26. [PMID: 25064139 PMCID: PMC6389138 DOI: 10.1186/s40463-014-0026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To study the long-term effect of tonsillotomy and tonsillectomy in young children after two years in comparison to the results after six months. Method Children, age 4-5 with Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) and tonsil hyperplasia, were randomized to TE (32) or TT (35). TT was performed ad modum Hultcrantz with radiofrequency technique (Ellman). An adenoidectomy with cold steel was performed in the same session for 80% of cases. The patients were assessed prior to surgery, at six and 24 months postoperatively. Effects of surgery were evaluated clinically, through questionnaire (general health/snoring/ENT-infections), Quality of Life (QoL), survey of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea with OSA-18, and children’s behavior with the Child Behavior Checklist. Results After two years there was still no difference between the groups with respect to snoring and frequency or severity of upper airway infections. Both TT and TE had resulted in large improvement in short and long term QoL and behavior. Three TT-children and one TE child had been re-operated due to recurrence of obstructive problems, the TE-child and one of the TT-children with adenoidectomy and two of the TT-children with tonsillectomy. Three of the TT-children had tonsil tissue protruding slightly out of the tonsil pouch and twelve TE-children had small tonsil remnants within the tonsil pouches, but with no need for surgery. Conclusion Younger children have a small risk of symptom-recurrence requiring re-surgery within two years after TT. For the majority, the positive effect on snoring, infections, behavior and quality of life remain and is similar to TE. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40463-014-0026-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Windfuhr JP, Savva K, Dahm JD, Werner JA. Tonsillotomy: facts and fiction. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 272:949-969. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-014-3010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Windfuhr JP, Werner JA. Tonsillotomy: it's time to clarify the facts. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 270:2985-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-013-2577-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Morinière S, Roux A, Bakhos D, Trijolet JP, Pondaven S, Pinlong E, Lescanne E. Radiofrequency tonsillotomy versus bipolar scissors tonsillectomy for the treatment of OSAS in children: a prospective study. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2013; 130:67-72. [PMID: 23352732 DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tonsillotomy is an effective treatment for the management of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) in children with tonsillar hypertrophy and appears to be associated with less pain and postoperative morbidity. OBJECTIVE To compare postoperative morbidity and short-term and intermediate-term efficacy of radiofrequency tonsillotomy (TT) and bipolar scissors tonsillectomy (TE) in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS Children with OSAS due to tonsillar hypertrophy were included in a prospective, non-randomized study between February 4, 2008 and March 20, 2010. Exclusion criteria were recurrent tonsillitis (≥ 3 episodes per year), clotting disorders and age less than 2 years. Postoperative complications, efficacy on OSAS, and operating times were evaluated. Pain was evaluated by the Postoperative Pain Measure for Parents score on D0, D1, D7 and D30. RESULTS One hundred and ninety-three children were included: 105 in the TE group (age: 4.75 ± 2.37 years) and 88 in the TT group (age: 4.88 ± 2.6 years). The pain score was significantly lower in the TT group than in the TE group during the first postoperative week (P<0.05). A significant difference was observed for the secondary postoperative bleeding rate (1 after TT versus 8 after TE). No significant difference was observed between the two techniques in terms of the efficacy on OSAS. At 1 year, the tonsil regrowth rate in the TT group was 4.5%. CONCLUSION Radiofrequency tonsillotomy is a safe technique for the treatment of obstructive tonsillar hypertrophy in children with good results on OSAS and a reduction of postoperative pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morinière
- Service d'oto-rhino-laryngologie et de chirurgie cervico-faciale, hôpital pédiatrique Clocheville, CHRU, 37044 Tours cedex 9, France.
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Chaidas KS, Kaditis AG, Papadakis CE, Papandreou N, Koltsidopoulos P, Skoulakis CE. Tonsilloplasty versus tonsillectomy in children with sleep-disordered breathing: short- and long-term outcomes. Laryngoscope 2012; 123:1294-9. [PMID: 23254758 DOI: 10.1002/lary.23860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy (TE) is the standard treatment for obstructive sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Tonsilloplasty (TP) is a new surgical technique that includes partial TE. The purpose of this study was to assess the short- and long-term outcomes of TP compared to TE. STUDY DESIGN A comparison study. METHODS Children with SDB and tonsillar hypertrophy underwent TP or TE. The two groups were compared regarding immediate postoperative course and long-term effects. RESULTS Fifty-one children (age, 6.3 ± 2.5 years) underwent TE, and 50 children (age, 5.9 ± 2.1 years) had TP. The TP group had significantly less intraoperative bleeding compared to the TE group (25.6 ± 8.2 vs. 38.3 ± 12.3 mL, P < .001). Subjects with TP were pain free earlier than children with TE (4.5 ± 0.4 vs. 7.7 ± 0.4 days, P < .001) and returned to a normal diet sooner (3.8 ± 0.2 vs. 7.1 ± 0.3 days, P < .001). By the 3rd to 4th postoperative night, upper airway obstruction was relieved in all participants. Six years postoperatively, 48 of 51 children in the TE group and 43 of 50 children in the TP group participated in a telephone survey. No significant differences were found between the two groups regarding the frequency of recurrent snoring (30.2% in TP vs. 25% in TE), apneas (4.7% vs. 0%), and upper airway infections per year (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS TP is an alternative surgical method for treatment of SDB related to tonsillar hypertrophy with favorable postoperative course and comparable long-term results. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos S Chaidas
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, General Hospital of Volos, Volos, Greece.
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Acevedo JL, Shah RK, Brietzke SE. Systematic review of complications of tonsillotomy versus tonsillectomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012; 146:871-9. [PMID: 22394550 DOI: 10.1177/0194599812439017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intracapsular tonsillotomy continues to gain acceptance as an alternative to traditional tonsillectomy. Despite large clinical studies, there is a lack of consensus as to which technique offers lower complication rates. This study seeks to analyze the available data and surmise the complication rates of partial tonsillectomy as compared with traditional tonsillectomy. Data Sources. MEDLINE was searched using multiple search terms. REVIEW METHODS After the MEDLINE search, the following inclusion criteria were applied: English language, human subjects, and related to partial tonsillectomy. Multiple tonsillotomy techniques were included. The results of these studies were summated and the results analyzed. Subgroup analysis was then performed. RESULTS Thirty-three studies met inclusion criteria. Tonsillotomy had a lower postoperative bleeding rate, lower postoperative dehydration rate requiring medical care, reduced days of analgesic use, and reduced days to return to normal diet compared with tonsillectomy. When separated into higher versus lower quality studies, the differences in bleeding and dehydration were negligible, while differences in return to diet and days of analgesic use persisted. Mean intraoperative blood loss was similar for both techniques. Insufficient data were available to assess tonsil regrowth rates. CONCLUSIONS Tonsillotomy appears to be a safe technique that may offer some advantages over tonsillectomy in terms of postoperative morbidity, but differences in hemorrhage and dehydration were not evident in high-quality studies. Data regarding tonsil regrowth rates and efficacy in treating sleep-disordered breathing are not yet sufficient for formal analysis, which may preclude widespread acceptance of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Acevedo
- Reynolds Army Community Hospital, Fort Sill, Oklahoma 73505, USA.
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Zagólski O, Kulisiewicz J. Perioperative antibiotic in adenoidectomy with partial tonsillectomy: a randomized trial. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2012; 74:86-92. [PMID: 22378321 DOI: 10.1159/000336744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine potential benefits of perioperative antibiotic therapy in children undergoing adenotonsillotomy. METHODS Adenoidectomy with tonsillotomy was performed in 124 children with obstructive symptoms, aged 5-7 years. Of these, 120 completed the study. Intraoperative intravenous and postoperative oral clindamycin, or placebo for 7 days, were administered. RESULTS There were significant differences between the groups regarding pain intensity (p < 0.001) and duration (p < 0.05), day of return to normal physical activity (p < 0.05), occurrence and duration of oral malodor (p < 0.001), number of doses of additional analgesic (p < 0.001), healing grading (p < 0.05) and parents'/caregivers' satisfaction scores on the 4th postoperative day. There were indications for antibiotic in 2 individuals in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS There are significant differences in the course of convalescence related to perioperative antibiotic in children after adenotonsillotomy, but strict indications for antibiotics in these patients are rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Zagólski
- ENT Department, St. John Grande's Hospital, Kraków, Poland.
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Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent condition characterized by repetitive airway obstruction during sleep with associated increased morbidity and mortality. Although CPAP is the preferred treatment, poor compliance is common. Patients intolerant of conventional OSA medical treatment may benefit from surgical therapy to alleviate pharyngeal obstruction. Case series suggest that maxillomandibular advancement has the highest surgical efficacy (86%) and cure rate (43%). Soft palate surgical techniques are less successful, with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty having an OSA surgical success rate of 50% and cure rate of 16%. Further research is needed to more thoroughly assess clinical outcomes (eg, quality of life, morbidity), better identify key preoperative patient and clinical characteristics that predict success, and confirm long-term effectiveness of surgical modalities to treat OSA.
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18
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Why do palatine tonsils grow back after partial tonsillectomy in children? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2010; 267:1613-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-010-1261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zagólski O. Do diet and activity restrictions influence recovery after adenoidectomy and partial tonsillectomy? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2010; 74:407-11. [PMID: 20171745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2010.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if restrictions of postoperative diet concerning hard food and hot drinks as well as excessive physical exertion influence recovery during 14 days after T&A surgery. METHODS 800 patients aged 3-13 years (median 6) underwent curette adenoidectomy with or without scissors tonsillotomy. 413 adenoidectomies and 387 adenotonsillotomies were performed. Caregivers of the children completed a questionnaire reporting their child's postoperative activity, diet, pain level, peak and duration, episodes of nausea and fever, medication and caregivers' satisfaction scores. The children were enrolled to food and effort restricted (FER), food non-restricted (FnR), effort non-restricted (EnR), and food and effort non-restricted (FEnR) groups at the end of follow-up. RESULTS Two hemorrhages requiring repeat surgery under general anesthesia in FER group and 42 mild episodes of spontaneously subsiding bleeding from nose or mouth occurred. More than one episodes of hemorrhage were observed in other 8 individuals (total incidence of hemorrhages 9.7%). No hemorrhages were noted in the FEnR and FnR groups. There were 23 (4.4%) participants with episodes of bleeding, among them 21 mild hemorrhages, in the FER group and 21 (12.0%) in the EnR group (p<0.001). Peak pain level was lowest in FEnR group (p<0.001) and indications for antibiotics most frequent in FnR group (p<0.001). Parental satisfaction level was highest in FnR and FEnR groups (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The majority of caregivers reported care of children after T&A surgery according to the instructions. Most frequently disobeyed instructions were those concerning physical exertion. Diet and activity restrictions seem to influence postoperative recovery. Parental satisfaction scores were highest in non-restricted groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Zagólski
- Medical Center 'Medicina', Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 30-307 Kraków, ul. Barska 12, Poland.
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Vlastos IM, Hajiioannou JK. Clinical practice: diagnosis and treatment of childhood snoring. Eur J Pediatr 2010; 169:261-7. [PMID: 19621244 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-009-1019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep-disordered breathing in children is a relatively common problem, presenting in various ways, from primary snoring, without an apparent decrease in quality of life, to obstructive sleep apnea with cognitive, cardiac, and growth abnormalities. History, clinical examination, radiologic evaluations, sleep studies, and other diagnostic modalities are reviewed. Since application and interpretation of these methods are not consistent in studies of snoring, a consensus on optimal treatment options has not been established. Traditionally, adenotonsillectomy has long been the treatment of choice. Treatment failures or recurrences as well as the existence of causes and contributing factors other than adenotonsillar hypertrophy, like obesity, facial malformations, and Down syndrome, have changed the concept of adenotonsillectomy as the ultimate cure. Several other treatment options have been proposed on their own or in combination. Continuous positive airway pressure, anti-inflammatory medications, maxillofacial, and orthodontic treatments are reviewed suggesting the need of a multidisciplinary approach in some cases. Finally, at the end of the chapter, a diagnostic and treatment work up based on current evidence is proposed for otherwise normal children or children with specific conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis M Vlastos
- Department of Otolaryngology, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital of Athens, 26 Kirprion Agoniston, Dasos Haidariou, Athens, Greece.
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Child behavior and quality of life before and after tonsillotomy versus tonsillectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 73:1254-62. [PMID: 19539380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 05/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Compare two techniques for pediatric tonsil surgery with respect to postoperative pain and morbidity and changes in sleep behavior, health related quality of life (HRQL) and benefits due to surgery. METHODS 67 children (4.5-5.5 years) with tonsillar hypertrophy and obstructive sleep-disordered breathing with or without recurrent tonsillitis were randomized to either regular tonsillectomy (TE) (n=32) or intracapsular tonsillectomy/tonsillotomy (TT) (n=35) with Radiofrequency surgical technique (ellman Int.). Before TT/TE, the parents completed a validated Quality of Life survey of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea, the OSA-18 (Obstructive Sleep Apnea-18) and a standardized assessment of their children's behavior with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Six months after surgery, the parents repeated these measurements, and assessed the health related benefits of the surgery using the Glasgow Children's Benefit Inventory (GCBI). RESULTS In the TT group, the children recorded less pain from the first day after surgery onwards, used fewer doses of painkillers and were pain-free 3 days earlier than the children in the TE group. Six months after surgery, there were no significant difference between TT and TE with regard to snoring and ENT-infections. The differences in the total scores and in all the individual domains between the initial OSA-18 and post-surgery scores were all significant (P<0.0001). The improvement in the total problem score measured with CBCL was also significant (P<0.01) and there was no difference between the TT and TE children. The improvements in all subscores of the GCBI indicated a significant health benefit of both TT and TE. CONCLUSIONS TT with RF-surgery causes less pain and postoperative morbidity than regular TE and has an equal effect on snoring and recurrent infections. Pre-school children with tonsillar hypertrophy and obstructive sleep-disordered breathing all show an impact on HRQL and behavior before surgery and improve dramatically just as much after TT as after TE. Therefore TT would be considered for treatment of small children.
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Eviatar E, Kessler A, Shlamkovitch N, Vaiman M, Zilber D, Gavriel H. Tonsillectomy vs. partial tonsillectomy for OSAS in children--10 years post-surgery follow-up. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 73:637-40. [PMID: 19167099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2008] [Revised: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Today, obstructive hypertrophic tonsils are completely resected to remove the obstruction. Since tonsillar tissue has important protective characteristics, it is more logical to resect only the obstructive tonsillar tissue and leave remnants in the tonsillar beds, thereby presuming to preserve the immunological function of the tonsillar tissue. However, it is as yet unclear whether or not rehypertrophy of this remnant of the tonsils and/or tonsillitis reoccur in the long-term. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the remnants of the tonsils 10-14 years post-tonsillotomy in children who suffered from obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) due to obstructive tonsils. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study, telephone survey and selective physical examination of 33 children who had obstructive hypertrophic tonsils (suffered from OSAS due to hypertrophic tonsils), and underwent tonsillotomy (TT) at Assaf Harofeh Medical Center between July 1990 and April 1993, and compared them with a group of 16 children treated by tonsillectomy (TE) for the same diagnosis. RESULTS No statistically significant difference was found between the TT and TE groups in all parameters compared: non-obstructing tonsils recurred (97% vs. 87%); snoring (3% vs. 12.5%); recurrent tonsillitis (6% vs. 6.25%); and recurrent obstruction and unilateral enlargement (3% vs. 12.5%). CONCLUSIONS TT is as effective as TE for the long-term treatment of children suffering from OSAS due to hypertrophic tonsils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephraim Eviatar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin 70300, Israel
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