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Macwan M, Paliwal H, Prajapati BG. A novel liposomal formulation for ocular delivery of caspofungin: an experimental study by quality by design-based approach. Ther Deliv 2024; 15:667-683. [PMID: 39101438 DOI: 10.1080/20415990.2024.2379756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study focuses on the development of a Caspofungin liposome for efficient ocular delivery by enhancing corneal penetration.Method: Quality by design (QbD) approach was adopted to identify critical factors that influence final liposomal formulation. The liposome developed using thin film hydration after optimization was subjected to characterization for physicochemical properties, irritation potential and corneal uptake.Results: The numerical optimization suggests an optimal formulation with a desirability value of 0.706, using CQAs as optimization goals with 95% prediction intervals. The optimized formulation showed no signs of irritation potential along with observation of significant corneal permeation.Conclusion: The liposomal formulation increased the permeability of Caspofungin, which could enhance the efficacy for the treatment of conditions, like fungal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy Macwan
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Ganpat University, Kherva, Gujarat, 384012, India
| | - Himanshu Paliwal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sanjivani College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Kopargaon, Maharashtra , 423603, India
| | - Bhupendra G Prajapati
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Ganpat University, Kherva, Gujarat, 384012, India
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand
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2
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Vatankhah M, Dadashzadeh S, Mahboubi A, Haeri A, Jandaghi Alaee K, Mostafavi Naeini SB, Abbasian Z. Preparation of multivesicular liposomes for the loco-regional delivery of Vancomycin hydrochloride using active loading method: drug release and antimicrobial properties. J Liposome Res 2024; 34:77-87. [PMID: 37287348 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2023.2220805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, among controlled-release delivery systems, multivesicular liposomes (MVLs) have attracted attention due to their unique benefits as a loco-regional drug delivery system. Considering the clinical limitations of the current treatment strategies for osteomyelitis, MVLs can be a suitable carrier for the local delivery of effective antibiotics. This study aimed to prepare vancomycin hydrochloride (VAN HL) loaded MVLs using the active loading method which to the best of our knowledge has not been previously reported. Empty MVLS were prepared by the double emulsion (w/o/w) method and VAN HL was loaded into the prepared liposomes by the ammonium gradient method. After full characterization, the release profile of VAN HL from MVLs was assessed at two different pH values (5.5 and 7.4), and compared with the release profile of the free drug and also passively loaded MVLs. In vitro antimicrobial activities were evaluated using the disc diffusion method. Our results demonstrated that the encapsulation efficiency was higher than 90% in the optimum actively loaded MVL. The free VAN HL was released within 6-8 h, while the passively loaded MVLs and the optimum actively loaded MVL formulation released the drug in 6 days and up to 19 days, respectively. The released drug showed effective antibacterial activity against osteomyelitis-causing pathogens. In conclusion, the prepared formulation offered the advantages of sustained-release properties, appropriate particle size as well as being composed of biocompatible materials, and thus could be a promising candidate for the loco-regional delivery of VAN HL and the management of osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Vatankhah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Dadashzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Mahboubi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Haeri
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Protein Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
| | - Kimia Jandaghi Alaee
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Baubak Mostafavi Naeini
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Abbasian
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Goel L, Das US, Gupta P, Velpandian T, Kumar L, Singh A, Luthra K, Gupta YK. Development and Validation of Highly Sensitive LC–ESI-MS/MS Method for Bortezomib and Its Applications for Plasma Levels and Drug Content of Branded and Generic Formulations in India. Chromatographia 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-021-04121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Arimitsu K, Iwasaki H, Kimura H, Yasui H. Strong Binding Affinity of d-Allulose and Allulosides to Boronic Acids and the Structural Characterization of Their Sugar-boronate Complexes. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Arimitsu
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Division of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iwasaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Chemistry, Division of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 1 Shichono-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kimura
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Division of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yasui
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Division of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
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5
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Baveloni FG, Riccio BVF, Di Filippo LD, Fernandes MA, Meneguin AB, Chorilli M. Nanotechnology-based Drug Delivery Systems as Potential for Skin Application: A Review. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3216-3248. [PMID: 32867631 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200831125656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Administration of substances through the skin represents a promising alternative, in relation to other drug administration routes, due to its large body surface area, in order to offer ideal and multiple sites for drug administration. In addition, the administration of drugs through the skin avoids the first-pass metabolism, allowing an increase in the bioavailability of drugs, as well as reducing their side effects. However, the stratum corneum (SC) comprises the main barrier of protection against external agents, mainly due to its structure, composition and physicochemical properties, becoming the main limitation for the administration of substances through the skin. In view of the above, pharmaceutical technology has allowed the development of multiple drug delivery systems (DDS), which include liquid crystals (LC), cubosomes, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles (PNP), nanoemulsions (NE), as well as cyclodextrins (CD) and dendrimers (DND). It appears that the DDS circumvents the problems of drug absorption through the SC layer of the skin, ensuring the release of the drug, as well as optimizing the therapeutic effect locally. This review aims to highlight the DDS that include LC, cubosomes, lipid systems, PNP, as well as CD and DND, to optimize topical skin therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Garcia Baveloni
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Sao Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara-Jau, km 01, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Bruno Vincenzo Fiod Riccio
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Sao Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara-Jau, km 01, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Delello Di Filippo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Sao Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara-Jau, km 01, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Mariza Aires Fernandes
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Sao Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara-Jau, km 01, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Andréia Bagliotti Meneguin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Sao Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara-Jau, km 01, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Sao Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara-Jau, km 01, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14800-903, Brazil
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6
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Abu Abed OS, Mulkala S, Sharif I, Abdin AM, Elkordy AA. Lyophilization-free proliposomes for sustained release oral delivery of hydrophobic drug (cinnarazine): a comparative study. PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY IN HOSPITAL PHARMACY 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/pthp-2021-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Cinnarizine is used for the treatment of vestibular disorders. However, its poor solubility limits its clinical uses due to many challenges. Liposomes were utilised to improve the release profile of many poorly soluble drugs. However, liposomes face many stability challenges during the storage period. This study aims to develop proliposomes designed for the oral delivery of cinnarizine with enhanced stability characteristics.
Methods
Three cinnarizine entrapping Proliposomal formulations were prepared with different ingredients and compared with their liposomal counterparts. Both vesicular approaches were characterised for their particle size, encapsulation efficiency, drug release and stability.
Results
The proliposomes were superior to liposomes in their stability and release profiles. Although no significant changes were noticed between the encapsulation efficiency percentage of the liposomal and proliposomal formulations on the day of preparation, storing the formulations for two weeks ended up with significant leakage of the drug from liposomes (p < 0.05) due to stability issues, but not in proliposomes. Moreover, the proliposomes released 100% of cinnarizine throughout the dissolution experiment in gastric fluid in comparison with the total released drug of 70% from the liposomes.
Conclusions
Proliposomes provided a successful approach to deliver lipophilic drugs orally to improve their pharmacokinetic properties by converting their crystalline nature into more amorphous agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar S. Abu Abed
- Department of Health Sciences , Arab American University , Al-Reehan , Ramallah 91000 , Palestine
- Department of Pharmacy and Wellbeing , University of Sunderland , Sunderland , UK
| | - Srilikha Mulkala
- Department of Pharmacy and Wellbeing , University of Sunderland , Sunderland , UK
| | - Israa Sharif
- Department of Health and Nutrition , Palestine Polytechnic University , Hebron , Palestine
| | - Asma M. Abdin
- Department of Pharmacy and Wellbeing , University of Sunderland , Sunderland , UK
| | - Amal A. Elkordy
- Department of Pharmacy and Wellbeing , University of Sunderland , Sunderland , UK
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7
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Rommasi F, Esfandiari N. Liposomal Nanomedicine: Applications for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 16:95. [PMID: 34032937 PMCID: PMC8149564 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-021-03553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of cancer, a disease in which rapid and uncontrollable cell growth causes complication and tissue dysfunction, is one of the serious and tense concerns of scientists and physicians. Nowadays, cancer diagnosis and especially its effective treatment have been considered as one of the biggest challenges in health and medicine in the last century. Despite significant advances in drug discovery and delivery, their many adverse effects and inadequate specificity and sensitivity, which usually cause damage to healthy tissues and organs, have been great barriers in using them. Limitation in the duration and amount of these therapeutic agents' administration is also challenging. On the other hand, the incidence of tumor cells that are resistant to typical methods of cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, highlights the intense need for innovation, improvement, and development in antitumor drug properties. Liposomes have been suggested as a suitable candidate for drug delivery and cancer treatment in nanomedicine due to their ability to store drugs with different physical and chemical characteristics. Moreover, the high flexibility and potential of liposome structure for chemical modification by conjugating various polymers, ligands, and molecules is a significant pro for liposomes not only to enhance their pharmacological merits but also to improve the effectiveness of anticancer drugs. Liposomes can increase the sensitivity, specificity, and durability of these anti-malignant cell agents in the body and provide remarkable benefits to be applied in nanomedicines. We reviewed the discovery and development of liposomes focusing on their clinical applications to treat diverse sorts of cancers and diseases. How the properties of liposomal drugs can be improved and their opportunity and challenges for cancer therapy were also considered and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foad Rommasi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Esfandiari
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Lankes K, Hassan Z, Doffo MJ, Schneeweis C, Lier S, Öllinger R, Rad R, Krämer OH, Keller U, Saur D, Reichert M, Schneider G, Wirth M. Targeting the ubiquitin-proteasome system in a pancreatic cancer subtype with hyperactive MYC. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:3048-3064. [PMID: 33099868 PMCID: PMC7718946 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The myelocytomatosis oncogene (MYC) is an important driver in a subtype of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, MYC remains a challenging therapeutic target; therefore, identifying druggable synthetic lethal interactions in MYC‐active PDAC may lead to novel precise therapies. First, to identify networks with hyperactive MYC, we profiled transcriptomes of established human cell lines, murine primary PDAC cell lines, and accessed publicly available repositories to analyze transcriptomes of primary human PDAC. Networks active in MYC‐hyperactive subtypes were analyzed by gene set enrichment analysis. Next, we performed an unbiased pharmacological screen to define MYC‐associated vulnerabilities. Hits were validated by analysis of drug response repositories and genetic gain‐ and loss‐of‐function experiments. In these experiments, we discovered that the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib triggers a MYC‐associated vulnerability. In addition, by integrating publicly available data, we found the unfolded protein response as a signature connected to MYC. Furthermore, increased sensitivity of MYC‐hyperactive PDACs to bortezomib was validated in genetically modified PDAC cells. In sum, we provide evidence that perturbing the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) might be an option to target MYC‐hyperactive PDAC cells. Our data provide the rationale to further develop precise targeting of the UPS as a subtype‐specific therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lankes
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zonera Hassan
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - María Josefina Doffo
- Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Schneeweis
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Svenja Lier
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rupert Öllinger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Keller
- Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Translational Cancer Research and Experimental Cancer Therapy, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Reichert
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Günter Schneider
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wirth
- Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Complete Tumor Regression by Liposomal Bortezomib in a Humanized Mouse Model of Multiple Myeloma. Hemasphere 2020; 4:e463. [PMID: 32923984 PMCID: PMC7455224 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text
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10
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Zhang C, Wang X, Cheng R, Zhong Z. A6 Peptide-Tagged Core-Disulfide-Cross-Linked Micelles for Targeted Delivery of Proteasome Inhibitor Carfilzomib to Multiple Myeloma In Vivo. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:2049-2059. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changjiang Zhang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuxiu Wang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ru Cheng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Korani M, Korani S, Zendehdel E, Jaafari MR, Sathyapalan T, Sahebkar A. Utilization of Lipid-based Nanoparticles to Improve the Therapeutic Benefits of Bortezomib. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:643-650. [PMID: 31985384 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200127141328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a condition where there is an uncontrolled growth of cells resulting in high mortality. It is the second most frequent cause of death worldwide. Bortezomib (BTZ) is a Proteasome Inhibitor (PI) that is used for the treatment of a variety of cancers. It is the first PI that has received the approval of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat mantle cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma. High incidence of sideeffects, limited dose, low water solubility, fast clearance, and drug resistance are the significant limitations of BTZ. Therefore, various drug delivery systems have been tried to overcome these limitations of BTZ in cancer therapy. Nanotechnology can potentially enhance the aqueous solubility of BTZ, increase its bioavailability, and control the release of BTZ at the site of administration. The lipid-based nanocarriers, such as liposomes, solid lipid NPs, and microemulsions, are some of the developments in nanotechnology, which could potentially enhance the therapeutic benefits of BTZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Korani
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shahla Korani
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Elham Zendehdel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Sciences, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud R Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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