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Therapeutic Advances in Small Cell Lung Cancer Management. Lung Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74028-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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2
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Levy A, Faivre-Finn C. Radiotherapy tumor volume for limited-stage small cell lung cancer: less is more. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1114. [PMID: 33145333 PMCID: PMC7575968 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.04.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Levy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut d'Oncologie Thoracique (IOT), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM U1030, Molecular Radiotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Corinne Faivre-Finn
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Jeremic B, Kiladze I, Jeremic M, Filipovic N. Radiotherapy target volume for limited-disease small cell lung cancer: good news from the dark side of the moon. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:891. [PMID: 32793735 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.03.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Jeremic
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia.,BioIRC R&D Center for Biomedical Research, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivane Kiladze
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Nenad Filipovic
- BioIRC R&D Center for Biomedical Research, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Watkins JM, Russo JK, Andresen N, Rountree CR, Zahra A, Mott SL, Herr DJ, O'Keefe J, Allen BG, Sharma AK, Buatti JM. Long-term outcome comparison for standard fractionation (>59 Gy) versus hyperfractionated (>45 Gy) radiotherapy plus concurrent chemotherapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2020; 25:489-493. [PMID: 32477014 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2020.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) is commonly employed in limited-stage small-cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC); however, the optimal radiotherapy regimen is still unknown. This 3-institution analysis compares long-term disease control and survival outcomes for once- (QD) versus twice-daily (BID) radiotherapy at contemporary doses. Methods and Materials Data were collected for LS-SCLC patients treated with platinum-based CCRT and planned RT doses of >5940 cGy at >180 cGy QD or >4500 cGy at 150 cGy BID. Comparative outcome analyses were performed for treatment groups. Results From 2005 through 2014, 132 patients met inclusion criteria for analysis (80 QD, 52 BID). Treatment groups were well-balanced, excepting higher rate of advanced mediastinal staging, longer interval from biopsy to treatment initiation, and lower rate of prophylactic cranial irradiation for the QD group, as well as institutional practice variation. At median survivor follow-up of 33.5 months (range, 4.6-105.8), 80 patients experienced disease failure (44 QD, 36 BID), and 106 died (62 QD, 44 BID). No differences in disease control or survival were demonstrated between treatment groups. Conclusion The present analysis did not detect a difference in disease control or survival outcomes for contemporary dose QD versus BID CCRT in LS-SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Kyle Russo
- Bismarck Cancer Center, Bismarck, North Dakota, US
| | - Nicholas Andresen
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, US
| | - Coyt R Rountree
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, US
| | - Amir Zahra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, US
| | - Sarah L Mott
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, US
| | - Daniel J Herr
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, US
| | - Jacy O'Keefe
- Bismarck Cancer Center, Bismarck, North Dakota, US
| | - Bryan G Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, US
| | - Anand K Sharma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, US
| | - John M Buatti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, US
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Farrell MJ, Yahya JB, Degnin C, Chen Y, Holland JM, Henderson MA, Jaboin JJ, Harkenrider MM, Thomas CR, Mitin T. Elective Nodal Irradiation for Limited-stage Small-cell Lung Cancer: Survey of US Radiation Oncologists on Practice Patterns. Clin Lung Cancer 2020; 21:443-449.e4. [PMID: 32245625 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2020.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditionally, elective nodal irradiation (ENI) has been used in clinical trials that have established thoracic radiotherapy as instrumental in improving survival for patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC). However, several reports have suggested that the omission of ENI might be appropriate. Current US practice patterns are unknown regarding ENI for patients with LS-SCLC. MATERIALS AND METHODS We surveyed US radiation oncologists via an institutional review board-approved questionnaire. The questions covered demographics, treatment recommendations, and self-assessed knowledge of key clinical trials. χ2 and Cochran-Armitage tests were used to evaluate for statistically significant correlations between responses. RESULTS We received 309 responses. Of the respondents, 21% recommended ENI for N0 LS-SCLC, 29% for N1, and 30% for N2; 64% did not recommend ENI for any of these clinical scenarios. The respondents who recommended ENI were more likely to have been practicing for > 10 years (P < .001), more likely to be in private practice (P = .04), and less likely to be familiar with the ongoing Cancer and Leukemia Group B 30610 trial (P = .04). Almost all respondents (93%) prescribed the same radiation dose to the primary disease and involved lymph nodes. When delivering ENI, 36% prescribed the same dose to the involved and elective nodes, and 64% prescribed a lower dose to the elective nodes. CONCLUSION Nearly two thirds of respondents did not recommend ENI, which represents a shift in practice. A recent large clinical trial that omitted ENI reported greater overall survival than previously reported and lower-than-expected radiation toxicities, lending further evidence that omitting ENI should be considered a standard treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Farrell
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Jehan B Yahya
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Catherine Degnin
- Knight Cancer Institute, Biostatistics Shared Resources, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Yiyi Chen
- Knight Cancer Institute, Biostatistics Shared Resources, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - John M Holland
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | | | - Jerry J Jaboin
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Matthew M Harkenrider
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Charles R Thomas
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Timur Mitin
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR.
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6
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Hu X, Bao Y, Xu YJ, Zhu HN, Liu JS, Zhang L, Guo Y, Jin Y, Wang J, Ma HL, Xu XL, Song ZB, Tang HR, Peng F, Fang M, Kong Y, Chen MY, Dong BQ, Zhu L, Yu C, Yu XM, Hong W, Fan Y, Zhang YP, Chen PC, Zhao Q, Jiang YH, Zhou XM, Chen QX, Sun WY, Mao WM, Chen M. Final report of a prospective randomized study on thoracic radiotherapy target volume for limited-stage small cell lung cancer with radiation dosimetric analyses. Cancer 2019; 126:840-849. [PMID: 31714592 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) target volume for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) has been controversial for decades. In this report, the final results of a prospective randomized trial on the TRT target volume before and after induction chemotherapy are presented. METHODS After 2 cycles of etoposide and cisplatin, patients arm were randomized to receive TRT to the postchemotherapy or prechemotherapy tumor volume in a study arm and a control arm. Involved-field radiotherapy was received in both arms. TRT consisted of 1.5 grays (Gy) twice daily in 30 fractions to up to a total dose of 45 Gy. Lymph node regions were contoured, and intentional and incidental radiation doses were recorded. RESULTS The study was halted early because of slow accrual. Between 2002 and 2017, 159 and 150 patients were randomized to the study arm or the control arm, respectively; and 21.4% and 19.1% of patients, respectively, were staged using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (P = .31). With a median follow-up of 54.1 months (range, 19.9-165.0 months) in survivors, the 3-year local/regional progression-free probability was 58.2% and 65.5% in the study and control arms, respectively (P = .44), and the absolute difference was -7.3% (95% CI, -18.2%, 3.7%). In the study and control arms, the median overall survival was 21.9 months and 26.6 months, respectively, and the 5-year overall survival rate was 22.8% and 28.1%, respectively (P = .26). Grade 3 esophagitis was observed in 5.9% of patients in the study arm versus 15.5% of those in the control arm (P = .01). The isolated out-of-field failure rate was 2.6% in the study arm versus 4.1% in the control arm (P = .46), and all such failures were located in the supraclavicular fossa or contralateral hilum. The regions 7, 3P, 4L, 6, 4R, 5, and 2L received incidental radiation doses >30 Gy. CONCLUSIONS TRT could be limited to the postchemotherapy tumor volume, and involved-field radiotherapy could be routinely applied for limited-stage SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Bao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Jin Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Neng Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Shi Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Clinical Trials Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Lian Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Bo Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Rong Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Peng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Fang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Kong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bai-Qiang Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang Yu
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Min Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Hong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Fan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ping Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - You-Hua Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Ming Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Xun Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Yong Sun
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Min Mao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences and University Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou, China
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[Lung cancer and elective nodal irradiation: A solved issue?]. Cancer Radiother 2019; 23:701-707. [PMID: 31501024 DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer treatment is a heavy workload for radiation oncologist and that field showed many evolutions over the last two decades. The issue about target volume was raised when treatment delivery became more precise with the development of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. Initially based upon surgical series, numerous retrospective and prospective studies aimed to evaluate the risk of elective nodal failure of involved-field radiotherapy compared to standard large field elective nodal irradiation. In every setting, locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer, localized non-small cell lung cancer, localized small cell lung cancer, exclusive chemoradiation or postoperative radiotherapy, most of the studies showed no significant difference between involved-field radiotherapy or elective nodal irradiation with elective nodal failure rate under 5% at 2 years, provided staging had been done with modern imaging and diagnostic techniques (positron emission tomography scan, endoscopy, etc.). Moreover, if reducing irradiated volumes are safe regarding recurrences, involved-field radiotherapy allowed dose escalation while reducing acute and late oesophageal, cardiac and pulmonary toxicities. Consequently, major clinical trials involving radiotherapy initiated in the last two decades and international clinical guidelines recommended omission of elective nodal irradiation in favour of in-field radiotherapy.
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Glatzer M, Schmid S, Radovic M, Früh M, Putora PM. The role of radiation therapy in the management of small cell lung cancer. Breathe (Sheff) 2017; 13:e87-e94. [PMID: 29928456 PMCID: PMC6003267 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.009617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a very aggressive form of lung cancer. SCLC treatment requires multidisciplinary management and timely treatment. Radiation therapy is an important part of management of all stages of SCLC, in the curative as well as in the palliative setting. The role of radiation therapy in all stages of SCLC has changed in recent years; this article describes these changes and highlights the role of radiation therapy in the management of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Glatzer
- Dept of Radiation Oncology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Schmid
- Dept of Oncology and Haematology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Marco Radovic
- Dept of Radiation Oncology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Martin Früh
- Dept of Oncology and Haematology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Paul Martin Putora
- Dept of Radiation Oncology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Qiu YF, Liu ZG, Yang WJ, Zhao Y, Tang J, Tang WZ, Jin Y, Li F, Zhong R, Wang H. Research progress in the treatment of small cell lung cancer. J Cancer 2017; 8:29-38. [PMID: 28123595 PMCID: PMC5264037 DOI: 10.7150/jca.16822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for approximately 10-15% of all lung cancers. No significant improvement has been made for patients with SCLC in the past several decades. The main progresses were the thoracic radiation and prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) that improved the patient survival rate. For patients with limited disease and good performance status (PS), concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) followed by PCI should be considered. For extensive disease, the combination of etoposide and platinum-based chemotherapy remains the standard treatment and consolidative thoracic radiotherapy is beneficial for patients who have a significant respond to initial chemotherapy. However, the prognosis still remains poor. Recently, efforts have been focused on molecular targets and immunotherapy. But numerous molecular targets methods have failed to show a significant clinical benefit in patients with SCLC. It is anticipated that further development of research will depend on the on-going trials for molecular targeted therapy and immunotherapy which are promising and may improve the outcomes for SCLC in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhi-gang Liu
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Hui Wang, M.D., Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University; E-mail: Fax: 0731-88651999. Zhi-gang Liu, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University. E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Province. Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Berberoğlu K. Use of Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in Radiation Treatment Planning for Lung Cancer. Mol Imaging Radionucl Ther 2016; 25:50-62. [PMID: 27277321 PMCID: PMC5096621 DOI: 10.4274/mirt.19870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) plays an important role in the treatment of lung cancer. Accurate diagnosis and staging are crucial in the delivery of RT with curative intent. Target miss can be prevented by accurate determination of tumor contours during RT planning. Currently, tumor contours are determined manually by computed tomography (CT) during RT planning. This method leads to differences in delineation of tumor volume between users. Given the change in RT tools and methods due to rapidly developing technology, it is now more significant to accurately delineate the tumor tissue. F18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT (F18 FDG PET/CT) has been established as an accurate method in correctly staging and detecting tumor dissemination in lung cancer. Since it provides both anatomic and biologic information, F18 FDG PET decreases inter-user variability in tumor delineation. For instance, tumor volumes may be decreased as atelectasis and malignant tissue can be more accurately differentiated, as well as better evaluation of benign and malignant lymph nodes given the difference in FDG uptake. Using F18 FDG PET/CT, the radiation dose can be escalated without serious adverse effects in lung cancer. In this study, we evaluated the contribution of F18 FDG PET/CT for RT planning in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezban Berberoğlu
- Anadolu Medical Center, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey, Phone: +90 532 584 62 56 E-mail:
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Shahi J, Wright JR, Gabos Z, Swaminath A. Management of small-cell lung cancer with radiotherapy-a pan-Canadian survey of radiation oncologists. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:184-95. [PMID: 27330347 DOI: 10.3747/co.23.3023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of small-cell lung cancer (sclc) with radiotherapy (rt) varies, with many treatment regimens having been described in the literature. We created a survey to assess patterns of practice and clinical decision-making in the management of sclc by Canadian radiation oncologists (ros). METHODS A 35-item survey was sent by e-mail to Canadian ros. The questions investigated the role of rt, the dose and timing of rt, target delineation, and use of prophylactic cranial irradiation (pci) in limited-stage (ls) and extensive-stage (es) sclc. RESULTS Responses were received from 52 eligible ros. For ls-sclc, staging (98%) and simulation or dosimetric (96%) computed tomography imaging were key determinants of rt suitability. The most common dose and fractionation schedule was 40-45 Gy in 15 once-daily fractions (40%), with elective nodal irradiation performed by 31% of ros. Preferred management of clinical T1/2aN0 sclc favoured primary chemoradiotherapy (64%). For es-sclc, consolidative thoracic rt was frequently offered (88%), with a preferred dose and fractionation schedule of 30 Gy in 10 once-daily fractions (70%). Extrathoracic consolidative rt would not be offered by 23 ros (44%). Prophylactic cranial irradiation was generally offered in ls-sclc (100%) and es-sclc (98%) after response to initial treatment. Performance status, baseline cognition, and pre-pci brain imaging were important patient factors assessed before an offer of pci. CONCLUSIONS Canadian ros show practice variation in sclc management. Future clinical trials and national treatment guidelines might reduce variability in the treatment of early-stage disease, optimization of dose and targeting in ls-sclc, and definition of suitability for pci or consolidative rt.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shahi
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON
| | - J R Wright
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON;; Juravinski Cancer Centre at Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON
| | - Z Gabos
- Department of Oncology, University of Edmonton, Edmonton, AB.; Cross Cancer Institute at Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB
| | - A Swaminath
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON;; Juravinski Cancer Centre at Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON
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Kepka L, Sprawka A, Casas F, Abdel-Wahab S, Agarwal JP, Jeremic B. Radiochemotherapy in small-cell lung cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 9:1379-87. [DOI: 10.1586/era.09.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Xia B, Wang JZ, Liu Q, Cheng JY, Zhu ZF, Fu XL. Quantitative analysis of tumor shrinkage due to chemotherapy and its implication for radiation treatment planning in limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. Radiat Oncol 2013; 8:216. [PMID: 24040865 PMCID: PMC3851276 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-8-216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The optimal timing of chemoradiotherapy in limited-stage small-cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC) hasn’t been established, although evidence from studies supported that patients can benefit from early radiation therapy. The purpose of this study was to quantify tumor shrinkage in response to induction chemotherapy (IC), evaluate the impact of tumor shrinkage on radiation dosimetric parameters and determine its implication for the timing of radiation therapy for patients with LS-SCLC. Methods Twenty patients with LS-SCLC who were treated with IC followed by concomitant radiation therapy were investigated retrospectively. Ten patients received 1 cycle of IC, and 10 patients received 2 cycles of IC. Pre-IC CT imaging was coregistered with a simulation CT, and virtual radiation plans were created for pre- and post-IC thoracic disease in each case. The changes in the gross target volume (GTV), planning target volume (PTV) and dosimetric factors associated with the lungs, esophagus and heart were analyzed. Results The mean GTV and PTV for all of the patients decreased by 60.9% and 40.2%, respectively, which resulted in a significant reduction in the radiation exposure to the lungs, esophagus and heart. Changes in the PTV and radiation exposure of normal tissue were not significantly affected by the number of chemotherapy cycles delivered, although patients who received 2 cycles of IC had a greater decrease in GTV than those who received only 1 cycle of IC (69.6% vs. 52.1%, p = 0.273). Conclusions Our data showed that targeting the tumor post-IC may reduce the radiation dose to normal tissue in patients with LS-SCLC. However, the benefit to the normal tissue was not increased by an additional cycle of IC. These findings suggest that the first cycle of chemotherapy is very important for tumor shrinkage and that initiating thoracic radiation therapy at the second cycle of chemotherapy may be a reasonable strategy for timing of radiation therapy in LS-SCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Reymen B, Van Loon J, van Baardwijk A, Wanders R, Borger J, Dingemans AMC, Bootsma G, Pitz C, Lunde R, Geraedts W, Lambin P, De Ruysscher D. Total Gross Tumor Volume Is an Independent Prognostic Factor in Patients Treated With Selective Nodal Irradiation for Stage I to III Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Identification of risk factors and characteristics of supraclavicular lymph node metastasis in patients with small cell lung cancer. Med Oncol 2013; 30:493. [PMID: 23397085 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0493-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Thoracic radiotherapy provides a survival benefit in patients with limited-stage disease of small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC), but inclusion and exclusion of prophylactic irradiation of the supraclavicular area are still controversial. This study analyses the risk factors and characteristics of lymph node metastases in the supraclavicular area of LS-SCLC patients, which could help in developing a better radiotherapy for the patients. A total of 239 patients with LS-SCLC were included in this retrospective analysis. Clinical characteristics and mediastinal lymph node metastasis were analyzed for association with SCM, and the SCM pattern was further analyzed based on the treatment planning CT scans. The SCM incidence was 34.7 % (83 of 239). The multivariate analysis showed that only the mediastinal level 2 (OR = 16.101, P = 0.000) and level 3 (OR = 5.597, P = 0.000) lymph node metastases were significantly associated with SCM. As the most frequently involved region, supraclavicular level I lymph node metastases were identified in 61 of 83 patients (73.5 %), followed by level III, level IV, level V, and level II lymph node metastases, accounting a total of 95.2 % for level I and/or III lymph node metastases, whereas the incidence of skip metastasis was only 4.8 %. SCLC patients with mediastinal level 2 and level 3 lymph node metastasis were at high risk of SCM. If prophylactic irradiation therapy is considered, the nodal clinical target volume of irradiation should include bilateral lower para-recurrent laryngeal neural region (level I) and the para-internal jugular venous region (level III).
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Han TJ, Kim HJ, Wu HG, Heo DS, Kim YW, Lee SH. Comparison of Treatment Outcomes Between Involved-field and Elective Nodal Irradiation in Limited-stage Small Cell Lung Cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2012; 42:948-54. [DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hys114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Use of FDG-PET in Radiation Treatment Planning for Thoracic Cancers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR IMAGING 2012; 2012:609545. [PMID: 22666581 PMCID: PMC3361167 DOI: 10.1155/2012/609545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment for thoracic cancers. Accurate diagnosis is essential to correctly perform curative radiotherapy. Tumor delineation is also important to prevent geographic misses in radiotherapy planning. Currently, planning is based on computed tomography (CT) imaging when radiation oncologists manually contour the tumor, and this practice often induces interobserver variability. F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) has been reported to enable accurate staging and detect tumor extension in several thoracic cancers, such as lung cancer and esophageal cancer. FDG-PET imaging has many potential advantages in radiotherapy planning for these cancers, because it can add biological information to conventional anatomical images and decrease the inter-observer variability. FDG-PET improves radiotherapy volume and enables dose escalation without causing severe side effects, especially in lung cancer patients. The main advantage of FDG-PET for esophageal cancer patients is the detection of unrecognized lymph node or distal metastases. However, automatic delineation by FDG-PET is still controversial in these tumors, despite the initial expectations. We will review the role of FDG-PET in radiotherapy for thoracic cancers, including lung cancer and esophageal cancer.
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Aridgides PD, Movsas B, Bogart JA. Thoracic radiotherapy for limited stage small cell lung carcinoma. Curr Probl Cancer 2012; 36:88-105. [PMID: 22495055 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Colaco R, Sheikh H, Lorigan P, Blackhall F, Hulse P, Califano R, Ashcroft L, Taylor P, Thatcher N, Faivre-Finn C. Omitting elective nodal irradiation during thoracic irradiation in limited-stage small cell lung cancer – Evidence from a phase II trial. Lung Cancer 2012; 76:72-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kepka L, Baumann M. Radiotherapy in small cell lung cancer: Limited volumes in limited disease and adding thoracic radiotherapy in extended disease? Radiother Oncol 2012; 102:165-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Is involved-field radiotherapy based on CT safe for patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer? Radiother Oncol 2012; 102:258-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Analysis of Incidental Radiation Dose to Uninvolved Mediastinal/Supraclavicular Lymph Nodes in Patients with Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated Without Elective Nodal Irradiation. Med Dosim 2011; 36:440-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meddos.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Van Houtte P, Roelandts M, Mornex F. [Radiotherapy of lung cancer: Any room left for elective mediastinal irradiation in 2011?]. Cancer Radiother 2011; 15:509-13. [PMID: 21873096 DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2011.07.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, the target volumes of curative-intent radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer include all uninvolved mediastinal nodes. However, an improvement in tumour control requires an increase of the total dose to the macroscopic target volume. This is only achievable if the irradiation of the organs at risk is reduced, i.e. elective irradiation of the mediastinum is omitted. The available data suggest that elective mediastinal irradiation may be safely omitted, provided that an adequate staging procedure, including FDG PET-CT, has been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Van Houtte
- Département de radiothérapie-oncologie, institut Jules-Bordet, Bruxelles, Belgique.
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Hu X, Bao Y, Zhang L, Guo Y, Chen YY, Li KX, Wang WH, Liu Y, He H, Chen M. Omitting elective nodal irradiation and irradiating postinduction versus preinduction chemotherapy tumor extent for limited-stage small cell lung cancer: interim analysis of a prospective randomized noninferiority trial. Cancer 2011; 118:278-87. [PMID: 21598237 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controversies exist with regard to thoracic radiotherapy volumes for limited-stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC). This study compared locoregional progression and overall survival between limited-stage SCLC patients who received thoracic radiotherapy to different target volumes after induction chemotherapy. METHODS Chemotherapy consisted of 6 cycles of etoposide and cisplatin. After 2 cycles of etoposide and cisplatin, patients were randomly assigned to receive thoracic radiotherapy to either the postchemotherapy or prechemotherapy tumor extent as study arm or control. Elective nodal irradiation was omitted for both arms. Forty-five Gy/30Fx/19 days thoracic radiotherapy was administered concurrently with cycle 3 chemotherapy. Prophylactic cranial irradiation was administered to patients who achieved complete remission. An interim analysis was planned when the first 80 patients had been followed for at least 6 months, for consideration of potential inferiority in the study arm. RESULTS Forty-two and 43 patients were randomly assigned to a study arm and a control, respectively. The local recurrence rates were 31.6% (12 of 38) and 28.6% (12 of 42), respectively (P = .81). The isolated nodal failure rates were 2.6% (1 of 38) and 2.4% (1 of 42), respectively (P = 1.00). All isolated nodal failure sites were in the ipsilateral supraclavicular fossa. Mediastinal N3 was the only factor to predict isolated nodal failure (P = .004; odds ratio [OR], 29.33; 95% CI, 2.94-292.38). One-year and 3-year overall survival rates were 80.6%, 36.2%, and 78.9%, 36.4%, respectively (P = .54). CONCLUSIONS Preliminary results indicated that irradiated postchemotherapy tumor extent and omitted elective nodal irradiation did not decrease locoregional control in the study arm, and the overall survival difference was not statistically significant between the 2 arms. Further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Xia B, Chen GY, Cai XW, Zhao JD, Yang HJ, Fan M, Zhao KL, Fu XL. The effect of bioequivalent radiation dose on survival of patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. Radiat Oncol 2011; 6:50. [PMID: 21592406 PMCID: PMC3117707 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-6-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the biological radiation dose-response for patients of limited-stage small-cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC) treated with high radiation dose. Methods Two hundred and five patients of LS-SCLC treated with sequential chemotherapy and thoracic radiotherapy with involved-field between 1997 and 2006 were reviewed retrospectively. Biologically effective dose (BED) was calculated for dose homogenization and was corrected with the factor of overall radiation time. Patients were divided into low BED group (n = 70) and high BED group (n = 135) with a cut-off of BED 57 Gy (equivalent to 60 Gy in 30 fractions over 40 days). Outcomes of the two groups were compared. Results Median follow-up was 20.7 months for all analyzable patients and 50.8 months for surviving patients. Considering all patients, median survival was 22.9 months (95% confidence interval, 20.6-25.2 months); 2- and 5-year survival rates were 47.2% and 22.3%, respectively. Patients in high BED group had a significantly better local control (p = 0.024), progression-free survival (p = 0.006) and overall survival (p = 0.005), with a trend toward improved distant-metastasis free survival (p = 0.196). Multivariable Cox regression demonstrated that age (p = 0.003), KPS (p = 0.009), weight loss (p = 0.023), and BED (p = 0.004) were significant predictors of overall survival. Conclusions Our data showed that a high BED was significantly associated with favourable outcomes in the Chinese LS-SCLC population, indicating that a positive BED-response relationship still existed even in a relatively high radiation dose range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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van Loon J, van Baardwijk A, Boersma L, Ollers M, Lambin P, De Ruysscher D. Therapeutic implications of molecular imaging with PET in the combined modality treatment of lung cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2011; 37:331-43. [PMID: 21320756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging with PET, and certainly integrated PET-CT, combining functional and anatomical imaging, has many potential advantages over anatomical imaging alone in the combined modality treatment of lung cancer. The aim of the current article is to review the available evidence regarding PET with FDG and other tracers in the combined modality treatment of locally advanced lung cancer. The following topics are addressed: tumor volume definition, outcome prediction and the added value of PET after therapy, and finally its clinical implications and future perspectives. The additional value of FDG-PET in defining the primary tumor volume has been established, mainly in regions with atelectasis or post-treatment effects. Selective nodal irradiation (SNI) of FDG-PET positive nodal stations is the preferred treatment in NSCLC, being safe and leading to decreased normal tissue exposure, providing opportunities for dose escalation. First results in SCLC show similar results. FDG-uptake on the pre-treatment PET scan is of prognostic value. Data on the value of pre-treatment FDG-uptake to predict response to combined modality treatment are conflicting, but the limited data regarding early metabolic response during treatment do show predictive value. The FDG response after radical treatment is of prognostic significance. FDG-PET in the follow-up has potential benefit in NSCLC, while data in SCLC are lacking. Radiotherapy boosting of radioresistant areas identified with FDG-PET is subject of current research. Tracers other than (18)FDG are promising for treatment response assessment and the visualization of intra-tumor heterogeneity, but more research is needed before they can be clinically implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith van Loon
- Maastricht University Medical Centre, Department of Radiation Oncology, MAASTRO Clinic, GROW Research Institute, The Netherlands.
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Watkins JM, Wahlquist AE, Zauls AJ, Shirai K, Garrett-Mayer E, Aguero EG, Silvestri GA, Sherman CA, Sharma AK. Involved-field radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: Disease control, patterns of failure and survival. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2010; 54:483-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1754-9485.2010.02201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hu X, Bao Y, Zhang L, Cheng Y, Li K, Wang W, Liu Y, He H, Sun Z, Zhuang T, Wang Y, Chen J, Liang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Wang F, Chen M. [A prospective randomized study of the radiotherapy volume for limited-stage small cell lung cancer: a preliminary report]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2010; 13:691-9. [PMID: 20673485 PMCID: PMC6000379 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2010.07.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Controversies exists with regard to target volumes as far as thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) is concerned in the multimodality treatment for limited-stage small cell lung cancer (LSCLC). The aim of this study is to prospectively compare the local control rate, toxicity profiles, and overall survival (OS) between patients received different target volumes irradiation after induction chemotherapy. METHODS LSCLC patients received 2 cycles of etoposide and cisplatin (EP) induction chemotherapy and were randomly assigned to receive TRT to either the post- or pre-chemotherapy tumor extent (GTV-T) as study arm and control arm, CTV-N included the positive nodal drainage area for both arms. One to 2 weeks after induction chemotherapy, 45 Gy/30 Fx/19 d TRT was administered concurrently with the third cycle of EP regimen. After that, additional 3 cycles of EP consolidation were administered. Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) was administered to patients with a complete response. RESULTS Thirty-seven and 40 patients were randomly assigned to study arm and control arm. The local recurrence rates were 32.4% and 28.2% respectively (P = 0.80); the isolated nodal failure (INF) rates were 3.0% and 2.6% respectively (P = 0.91); all INF sites were in the ipsilateral supraclavicular fossa. Medastinal N3 disease was the risk factor for INF (P = 0.02, OR = 14.13, 95% CI: 1.47-136.13). During radiotherapy, grade I, II weight loss was observed in 29.4%, 5.9% and 56.4%, 7.7% patients respectively (P = 0.04). Grade 0-I and II-III late pulmonary injury was developed in 97.1%, 2.9% and 86.4%, 15.4% patients respectively (P = 0.07). Median survival time was 22.1 months and 26.9 months respectively. The 1 to 3-year OS were 77.9%, 44.4%, 37.3% and 75.8%, 56.3%, 41.7% respectively (P = 0.79). CONCLUSIONS The preliminary results of this study indicate that irradiant the post-chemotherapy tumor extent (GTV-T) and positive nodal drainage area did not decrease local control and overall survival while radiation toxicity was reduced. But the current sample size has not met designed requirements, and further investigation is warranted before final conclusions could be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Kepka L, Olszyna-Serementa M. Palliative thoracic radiotherapy for lung cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2010; 10:559-69. [PMID: 20397921 DOI: 10.1586/era.10.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite an increasing use of chemotherapy in the palliative setting for lung cancer, the role of palliative thoracic radiotherapy should not be disregarded. It offers quick and efficient palliation, with improvement observed in approximately two-thirds of treated patients. There is evidence that the short and long radiotherapy schedules are equally effective for poor performance patients. Higher radiation doses delivered via protracted schedules give a modest survival benefit for good performance patients. The current review covers the issues related to the use of palliative thoracic radiotherapy, such as total dose, fractionation, delayed versus immediate use, external-beam radiotherapy versus endobronchial brachytherapy, combination with chemotherapy, re-irradiation and palliation with radiation in small-cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Kepka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, ul Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland.
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Watkins JM, Fortney JA, Wahlquist AE, Shirai K, Garrett-Mayer E, Aguero EG, Sherman CA, Turrisi AT, Sharma AK. Once-daily radiotherapy to > or =59.4 Gy versus twice-daily radiotherapy to > or =45.0 Gy with concurrent chemotherapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: a comparative analysis of toxicities and outcomes. Jpn J Radiol 2010; 28:340-8. [PMID: 20585921 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-010-0429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare toxicities, disease control, survival outcomes, and patterns of failure between groups of limited-stage small-cell lung cancer patients treated with once-daily versus twice-daily radiotherapy and concurrent chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS This single-institution retrospective analysis included a comparison of two of radiotherapy regimens to planned doses of (1) > or =59.4 Gy at 1.8-2.0 Gy per once-daily fraction or (2) > or =45 Gy at 1.5 Gy per twice-daily fractions with concurrent platinum-based chemotherapy. Comparative analyses of toxicities and disease control were performed. RESULTS A total of 71 patients were included in the present study (17 once-daily, 54 twice-daily). Patient, tumor, staging, and treatment factors were similar between the two treatment groups. Median planned radiotherapy doses were 60 Gy (range 59.4-70.0 Gy) and 45 Gy (range 45-51 Gy) for the once-daily and twice-daily groups, respectively. Acute toxicities were similar between the groups ( approximately 20% grade 3 esophagitis). At a median survival follow-up of 26.2 months (range 3.4-85.5 months), 42 patients had died. The 2-year overall survival estimates were similar at 43% and 49% for the once-daily versus twice-daily groups, respectively. Isolated in-field failures were similar between the two groups ( approximately 17%). CONCLUSION The present analysis did not detect a statistically significant difference in acute toxicities, disease control, or survival outcomes in limited-stage small-cell lung cancer patients treated with concurrent chemotherapy and once-daily versus twice-daily radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Watkins
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Casas F, Kepka L, Agarwal JP, Dawotola D, Gaye P, Abdel-Wahab S, Vashkevitch L, Saghatelyan T, Perin B, Jeremic B. Radiochemotherapy in the elderly with lung cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2009; 9:1405-11. [PMID: 19827999 DOI: 10.1586/era.09.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality with the median age of incidence being 69 years in males and 67 years in females. Radiochemotherapy (RT-CHT) is indicated in locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and limited-stage small-cell lung cancer; however, a significant under-representation of the elderly has been observed in patient recruitment in cancer treatment trials. In the last decades of the 20th Century, studies showed that elderly patients achieved the best quality-adjusted survival with radiotherapy alone, but recent trials have found that fit elderly patients benefit from concurrent RT-CHT, although with more short-term toxicity. Age alone should not exclude fit patients and deprive them of the standard treatment. Using tools, such as comprehensive geriatric assessment, a patient's tolerance to therapy can be assessed and monitoring can be performed. This review will focus on RT-CHT treatment in elderly patients with nonoperable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer and limited-stage small-cell lung cancer exclusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Casas
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villaroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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Selective nodal irradiation on basis of (18)FDG-PET scans in limited-disease small-cell lung cancer: a prospective study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 77:329-36. [PMID: 19782478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the results of selective nodal irradiation on basis of (18)F-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) scans in patients with limited-disease small-cell lung cancer (LD-SCLC) on isolated nodal failure. METHODS AND MATERIALS A prospective study was performed of 60 patients with LD-SCLC. Radiotherapy was given to a dose of 45 Gy in twice-daily fractions of 1.5 Gy, concurrent with carboplatin and etoposide chemotherapy. Only the primary tumor and the mediastinal lymph nodes involved on the pretreatment PET scan were irradiated. A chest computed tomography (CT) scan was performed 3 months after radiotherapy completion and every 6 months thereafter. RESULTS A difference was seen in the involved nodal stations between the pretreatment (18)F-deoxyglucose PET scans and computed tomography scans in 30% of patients (95% confidence interval, 20-43%). Of the 60 patients, 39 (65%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 52-76%) developed a recurrence; 2 patients (3%, 95% CI, 1-11%) experienced isolated regional failure. The median actuarial overall survival was 19 months (95% CI, 17-21). The median actuarial progression-free survival was 14 months (95% CI, 12-16). 12% (95% CI, 6-22%) of patients experienced acute Grade 3 (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0) esophagitis. CONCLUSION PET-based selective nodal irradiation for LD-SCLC resulted in a low rate of isolated nodal failures (3%), with a low percentage of acute esophagitis. These findings are in contrast to those from our prospective study of CT-based selective nodal irradiation, which resulted in an unexpectedly high percentage of isolated nodal failures (11%). Because of the low rate of isolated nodal failures and toxicity, we believe that our data support the use of PET-based SNI for LD-SCLC.
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Activities in the Field of Lung Cancer Coordinated by the Section of Applied Radiation Biology and Radiotherapy of the International Atomic Energy Agency. J Thorac Oncol 2009; 4:941-2. [DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3181ad8413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Belderbos JS, Kepka L, Kong FM(S, Martel MK, Videtic GM, Jeremic B. Elective Nodal Irradiation (ENI) in Locally Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Evidence Versus Opinion? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 74:322; author reply 322-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Stojkovski I. Elective nodal irradiation (ENI) does not appear to provide a clear benefit for patients with unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): in regard to Schild et al. (Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008;72:335-342). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 73:1604-5; author reply 1605. [PMID: 19306761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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In Reply to Dr. Stojkovski. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Isolated nodal failure after chemo-radiotherapy in limited disease small cell lung cancer (LD-SCLC). Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1507-1367(10)60023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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