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Elad VM, Anton T, Ganios NC, Rebecca VW. Undereducation is afoot: Assessing the lack of acral lentiginous melanoma educational materials for skin of color. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2023; 36:431-438. [PMID: 37171057 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) is a subtype of cutaneous melanoma notorious for poor outcomes that disproportionately affect individuals with skin of color (e.g., African-, Hispanic-, Asian-descent) when compared to mortality rates among non-Hispanic White populations. There are several societal factors that contribute to racial disparities in ALM, including a lack of representative educational material in the context of patient education and medical instruction. This gap in representative information for the US population includes risk of disease, patterns of incidence, and differences in disease presentation in skin of color. The atypical presentation of ALM on acral volar skin sites makes early detection challenging and necessitates an increased index of suspicion on the part of physicians and patients alike. Studies underscoring the importance of early detection in reducing mortality risk make the availability of adequate representative educational materials indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vissy M Elad
- College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Ohio, Rootstown, USA
| | - Trevena Anton
- College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Ohio, Rootstown, USA
| | - Natalie C Ganios
- College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Ohio, Rootstown, USA
| | - Vito W Rebecca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Maryland, Baltimore, USA
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Dermatology education resources on sun safety and skin cancer targeted at Spanish-speaking patients: a systematic review. Arch Dermatol Res 2022; 315:1083-1088. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-022-02465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Aleisa A, Veldhuizen I, Rossi AM, Nehal KS, Lee EH. Patient Education on Scarring Following Mohs Micrographic Surgery: Patient Preference for Information Delivery. Dermatol Surg 2022; 48:1155-1158. [PMID: 36342247 PMCID: PMC10231143 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000003557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are multiple modalities for patient education ranging from written to audiovisual formats. However, little is known regarding which modality is optimal. OBJECTIVE To assess patient preference for educational materials about scar care following surgery for facial skin cancer using the FACE-Q Skin Cancer patient reported outcome measure. MATERIALS AND METHODS On the day of Mohs surgery, patients were given a written handout or viewed a 3-minute animation video regarding best practices in scar improvement. Afterward, patients received the FACE-Q Skin Cancer-Satisfaction with Information: Appearance scale. Three months later, patients were called and given the same scale and additional questions regarding scar care. RESULTS A total of 75 patients were enrolled. There was no difference between the 2 groups' preoperative information scores (p = .85) and the three-month postoperative scores (p = .37). The change in preoperative and postoperative score showed no significant difference between the 2 groups (p = .21); but there was a trend of higher satisfaction in the video group on the day of Mohs surgery. After the 3-month timepoint, there was a higher satisfaction trend observed with the written handout group. CONCLUSION Patient preferences in information delivery and accessibility will contribute to greater information retention and satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Aleisa
- Dermatology Division, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Dermatology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Inge Veldhuizen
- Dermatology Division, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nutrim, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Anthony M. Rossi
- Dermatology Division, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kishwer S. Nehal
- Dermatology Division, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erica H. Lee
- Dermatology Division, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Olayiwola O, Lazovich D, Wipf A, Goldfarb N, Lindgren B, Bellefeuille G, Farah RS. The Use of the Video, "Dear 16-Year-Old Me," as a Melanoma Education Tool in Ambulatory Dermatology. Dermatol Surg 2021; 47:1551-1555. [PMID: 34750306 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000003248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin cancer continues to be the most common cancer in the United States. The rise of social media platforms and internet use offers an opportunity to present health information through video-based education. The video "Dear 16-Year-OldMe," addresses the risks associated with tanning and sun exposure, the importance of practicing sun protection, and shares stories from melanoma survivors. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the video "Dear 16-Year-Old Me," as a patient education tool in dermatology clinics and to investigate whether viewing a short educational video can change knowledge about skin cancer risks and intention to improve skin cancer prevention behavior. PATIENTS AND METHODS/MATERIALS AND METHODS/METHODS English-speaking clinic patients between the ages of 14 to 45 years old were recruited. Exclusion criteria include both a personal or family history of skin cancer, dysplastic nevi, or other medical comorbidities. Forty-five participants agreed to participate; 38 were eligible for analysis. RESULTS Comparison of prevideo and postvideo responses demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in participants reporting they were likely to tan outdoors (p-value = .001). A significant increase was observed in the reported likelihood to have a professional skin examination (p-value < .001) or self-examination (p-value < .001) in the future. CONCLUSION and Relevance: Viewing "Dear 16-Year-Old Me," resulted in reported participant changes in intention to tan outdoors and participate in skin surveillance. Although these are encouraging results, future studies with a comparison group are needed to elucidate whether these results correspond to changes in behavior. In the age of viral videos and readily accessible health information via the internet, continued investigation of video media on patient health behaviors should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatobi Olayiwola
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - DeAnn Lazovich
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Angela Wipf
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Noah Goldfarb
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bruce Lindgren
- University of Minnesota Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Ronda S Farah
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Hyatt A, Morkunas B, Davey D, Thai AA, Trewhella M, Duffy M, Dawson T, Gourlay P, Hutchison J, Milne D. Co-design and development of online video resources about immunotherapy with patients and their family. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2021; 104:290-297. [PMID: 32988686 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients receiving novel treatments like immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (ICI or immunotherapy) to treat their cancer require comprehensive information so they know what to expect and to encourage the identification and reporting of possible side-effects. Videos using patient stories can be reassuring and an effective method for conveying health information. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to use a co-design process to develop video resources about immunotherapy to identify a) the key informational and supportive care needs of patients and family carers and b) topics clinicians recommended be addressed during pre-treatment nurse-led education. PATIENT INVOLVEMENT Experience Based Co-design (EBCD) provided the framework for video development, to facilitate patient and carer involvement in every stage of research design and implementation, and video design and development. METHODS Data were collected and used in four stages: 1) qualitative interviews, 2) co-design workshop, 3) filming plan and 4) feedback and editing. RESULTS Thirty-five individuals contributed to the development of a suite of five videos called "Immunotherapy: What to Expect". Videos covered general treatment information, preparation for infusion, potential side-effects, balancing lifestyle with treatment and seeking support. Video run time ranges from 6 to 15 min. DISCUSSION The EBCD process ensured that videos were developed to meet patient and carer identified needs associated with commencing and managing ICI therapy. The structure of EBCD in facilitating patient and carer involvement throughout the research and video development process ensured transparency throughout the project, and continuity of message, scope and outcomes. PRACTICAL VALUE EBCD is a useful framework for developing patient-centred health resources. The videos developed are now available for patients and carers via YouTube, and provide education and support tailored to this groups' needs regarding ICI therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Hyatt
- Cancer Experiences Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Bryce Morkunas
- Cancer Experiences Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Diane Davey
- Day Therapies & Radiotherapy, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alesha A Thai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia, Melanoma and Skin Service, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Megan Trewhella
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia, Melanoma and Skin Service, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mary Duffy
- Lung Service, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tamara Dawson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia, Melanoma and Skin Service, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Lung Service, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Gourlay
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia, Melanoma and Skin Service, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Donna Milne
- Cancer Experiences Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia, Melanoma and Skin Service, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.
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Fischbach L, Faramawi MF, Girard D, Thapa S, Travers R. Training cosmetology students in Arkansas to help dermatologists find skin cancers earlier: results of a cluster-randomized controlled trial. J Public Health (Oxf) 2020; 43:789-796. [DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
We tested an educational video in cosmetology schools to increase students’ knowledge about skin cancer, sun-safety practices, identifying suspicious lesions and recommending clients consult a dermatologist when a suspicious lesion is observed.
Methods
We used a cluster-randomized controlled study design to randomize 22 cosmetology schools to receive our educational video or a publicly accessible healthy lifestyle video (control).
Results
Students who received the intervention were more likely than controls to increase their knowledge of skin cancer, risk factors and how to identify potential skin cancers (risk ratio [RR] and 95% confidence interval = 2.86 [1.58–5.20]). At follow-up, students in the intervention group were more likely than those in the control group to look for suspicious moles on their clients’ faces, scalps and necks (RRs = 1.75, 2.16 and 2.90, respectively). Additionally, students in the intervention group were more likely to communicate with clients about sun-safety practices (RR = 1.74 [1.11–2.73]) and consulting a dermatologist about suspicious moles (RR = 1.57 [1.03–2.41]).
Conclusions
Our educational video helped cosmetology students recognize potential skin cancers and talk with clients about sun safety and consulting a dermatologist about suspicious moles. Such videos may play a role in the public health surveillance of skin cancers in communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Fischbach
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Public Health, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Mohammed F Faramawi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Public Health, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Public Health, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Susan Thapa
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Public Health, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Robin Travers
- Skin Care Physicians of Chestnut Hill,Chestnut Hill,MA, USA
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Garcia D, Jefferson IS, Ramirez P, Palomino A, Adams W, Vera J, De La Torre R, Lee K, Elsensohn A, Kazbour H, Tung R. Video Education to Promote Skin Cancer Awareness and Identification in Spanish-speaking Patients. THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND AESTHETIC DERMATOLOGY 2020; 13:41-43. [PMID: 32082472 PMCID: PMC7028375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective: We sought to evaluate the efficacy of a Spanish-language educational video in teaching primary Spanish speaking patients to recognize benign and malignant lesions and to increase their awareness about skin cancer. Materials and Methods: Thirty-seven subjects were enrolled in study. An instructional video was developed to increase knowledge of benign and malignant lesions, skin cancer awareness, and prevention among Spanish-speaking patients. Two examples each of six common skin lesions (e.g., malignant melanoma, cherry angioma, seborrheic keratosis, benign melanocytic nevus, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma) were presented as high-quality images to the participants before and after watching the two-minute educational video. A pre- and postvideo survey was used to assess competency. Results: The prevideo baseline median score was six points (interquartile range [IQR]: 5-6 points); postviewing median score improved to 11 points (IQR: 11-12 points), which was statistically significant (Median=5 points, IQR: 4-6 points; p<.001). The ability of the participants to identify nonmelanoma skin cancers improved from 74 percent to 98 percent and from 35 percent to 99 percent for squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. Initially, only 30 percent of participants could identify melanoma prior to viewing the video. Afterwards, 97 percent of participants could identify this malignancy. However, the video format preferences were not statistically significant: 67.6 percent of the participants preferred the video format. Conclusion: These results suggest that this educational video is an effective and valuable method to enhance knowledge about skin health and improve identification of skin cancer among Spanish-speaking patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante Garcia
- Dr. Garcia is with the Department of Internal Medicine at Loma Linda University in Loma Linda, California
- Mr. Ramirez is with San Juan Bautista School of Medicine in Caguas, Puerto Rico
- Dr. Adams is with Biostatistics Core at Stritch School of Medicine of Loyola University Chicago
- Ms. Vera is with the Department of Dermatology at Northwestern University in Chicago, Illinois
- Dr. Lee and Mses. Jefferson, Palomino, and De La Torre are with the Division of Dermatology at Stritch School of Medicine of Loyola University Chicago in Chicago, Illinois
- Dr. Elsensohn is with the Department of Dermatology at the University of California Irvine in Irvine, California
- Dr. Kazbour is with the Department of Internal Medicine at Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine
- Dr. Tung is with Florida Dermatology and Skin Cancer Centers in Winter Haven, Florida
| | - Itisha S Jefferson
- Dr. Garcia is with the Department of Internal Medicine at Loma Linda University in Loma Linda, California
- Mr. Ramirez is with San Juan Bautista School of Medicine in Caguas, Puerto Rico
- Dr. Adams is with Biostatistics Core at Stritch School of Medicine of Loyola University Chicago
- Ms. Vera is with the Department of Dermatology at Northwestern University in Chicago, Illinois
- Dr. Lee and Mses. Jefferson, Palomino, and De La Torre are with the Division of Dermatology at Stritch School of Medicine of Loyola University Chicago in Chicago, Illinois
- Dr. Elsensohn is with the Department of Dermatology at the University of California Irvine in Irvine, California
- Dr. Kazbour is with the Department of Internal Medicine at Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine
- Dr. Tung is with Florida Dermatology and Skin Cancer Centers in Winter Haven, Florida
| | - Pablo Ramirez
- Dr. Garcia is with the Department of Internal Medicine at Loma Linda University in Loma Linda, California
- Mr. Ramirez is with San Juan Bautista School of Medicine in Caguas, Puerto Rico
- Dr. Adams is with Biostatistics Core at Stritch School of Medicine of Loyola University Chicago
- Ms. Vera is with the Department of Dermatology at Northwestern University in Chicago, Illinois
- Dr. Lee and Mses. Jefferson, Palomino, and De La Torre are with the Division of Dermatology at Stritch School of Medicine of Loyola University Chicago in Chicago, Illinois
- Dr. Elsensohn is with the Department of Dermatology at the University of California Irvine in Irvine, California
- Dr. Kazbour is with the Department of Internal Medicine at Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine
- Dr. Tung is with Florida Dermatology and Skin Cancer Centers in Winter Haven, Florida
| | - Angelina Palomino
- Dr. Garcia is with the Department of Internal Medicine at Loma Linda University in Loma Linda, California
- Mr. Ramirez is with San Juan Bautista School of Medicine in Caguas, Puerto Rico
- Dr. Adams is with Biostatistics Core at Stritch School of Medicine of Loyola University Chicago
- Ms. Vera is with the Department of Dermatology at Northwestern University in Chicago, Illinois
- Dr. Lee and Mses. Jefferson, Palomino, and De La Torre are with the Division of Dermatology at Stritch School of Medicine of Loyola University Chicago in Chicago, Illinois
- Dr. Elsensohn is with the Department of Dermatology at the University of California Irvine in Irvine, California
- Dr. Kazbour is with the Department of Internal Medicine at Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine
- Dr. Tung is with Florida Dermatology and Skin Cancer Centers in Winter Haven, Florida
| | - William Adams
- Dr. Garcia is with the Department of Internal Medicine at Loma Linda University in Loma Linda, California
- Mr. Ramirez is with San Juan Bautista School of Medicine in Caguas, Puerto Rico
- Dr. Adams is with Biostatistics Core at Stritch School of Medicine of Loyola University Chicago
- Ms. Vera is with the Department of Dermatology at Northwestern University in Chicago, Illinois
- Dr. Lee and Mses. Jefferson, Palomino, and De La Torre are with the Division of Dermatology at Stritch School of Medicine of Loyola University Chicago in Chicago, Illinois
- Dr. Elsensohn is with the Department of Dermatology at the University of California Irvine in Irvine, California
- Dr. Kazbour is with the Department of Internal Medicine at Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine
- Dr. Tung is with Florida Dermatology and Skin Cancer Centers in Winter Haven, Florida
| | - Jessica Vera
- Dr. Garcia is with the Department of Internal Medicine at Loma Linda University in Loma Linda, California
- Mr. Ramirez is with San Juan Bautista School of Medicine in Caguas, Puerto Rico
- Dr. Adams is with Biostatistics Core at Stritch School of Medicine of Loyola University Chicago
- Ms. Vera is with the Department of Dermatology at Northwestern University in Chicago, Illinois
- Dr. Lee and Mses. Jefferson, Palomino, and De La Torre are with the Division of Dermatology at Stritch School of Medicine of Loyola University Chicago in Chicago, Illinois
- Dr. Elsensohn is with the Department of Dermatology at the University of California Irvine in Irvine, California
- Dr. Kazbour is with the Department of Internal Medicine at Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine
- Dr. Tung is with Florida Dermatology and Skin Cancer Centers in Winter Haven, Florida
| | - Ruby De La Torre
- Dr. Garcia is with the Department of Internal Medicine at Loma Linda University in Loma Linda, California
- Mr. Ramirez is with San Juan Bautista School of Medicine in Caguas, Puerto Rico
- Dr. Adams is with Biostatistics Core at Stritch School of Medicine of Loyola University Chicago
- Ms. Vera is with the Department of Dermatology at Northwestern University in Chicago, Illinois
- Dr. Lee and Mses. Jefferson, Palomino, and De La Torre are with the Division of Dermatology at Stritch School of Medicine of Loyola University Chicago in Chicago, Illinois
- Dr. Elsensohn is with the Department of Dermatology at the University of California Irvine in Irvine, California
- Dr. Kazbour is with the Department of Internal Medicine at Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine
- Dr. Tung is with Florida Dermatology and Skin Cancer Centers in Winter Haven, Florida
| | - Kristin Lee
- Dr. Garcia is with the Department of Internal Medicine at Loma Linda University in Loma Linda, California
- Mr. Ramirez is with San Juan Bautista School of Medicine in Caguas, Puerto Rico
- Dr. Adams is with Biostatistics Core at Stritch School of Medicine of Loyola University Chicago
- Ms. Vera is with the Department of Dermatology at Northwestern University in Chicago, Illinois
- Dr. Lee and Mses. Jefferson, Palomino, and De La Torre are with the Division of Dermatology at Stritch School of Medicine of Loyola University Chicago in Chicago, Illinois
- Dr. Elsensohn is with the Department of Dermatology at the University of California Irvine in Irvine, California
- Dr. Kazbour is with the Department of Internal Medicine at Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine
- Dr. Tung is with Florida Dermatology and Skin Cancer Centers in Winter Haven, Florida
| | - Ashley Elsensohn
- Dr. Garcia is with the Department of Internal Medicine at Loma Linda University in Loma Linda, California
- Mr. Ramirez is with San Juan Bautista School of Medicine in Caguas, Puerto Rico
- Dr. Adams is with Biostatistics Core at Stritch School of Medicine of Loyola University Chicago
- Ms. Vera is with the Department of Dermatology at Northwestern University in Chicago, Illinois
- Dr. Lee and Mses. Jefferson, Palomino, and De La Torre are with the Division of Dermatology at Stritch School of Medicine of Loyola University Chicago in Chicago, Illinois
- Dr. Elsensohn is with the Department of Dermatology at the University of California Irvine in Irvine, California
- Dr. Kazbour is with the Department of Internal Medicine at Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine
- Dr. Tung is with Florida Dermatology and Skin Cancer Centers in Winter Haven, Florida
| | - Hana Kazbour
- Dr. Garcia is with the Department of Internal Medicine at Loma Linda University in Loma Linda, California
- Mr. Ramirez is with San Juan Bautista School of Medicine in Caguas, Puerto Rico
- Dr. Adams is with Biostatistics Core at Stritch School of Medicine of Loyola University Chicago
- Ms. Vera is with the Department of Dermatology at Northwestern University in Chicago, Illinois
- Dr. Lee and Mses. Jefferson, Palomino, and De La Torre are with the Division of Dermatology at Stritch School of Medicine of Loyola University Chicago in Chicago, Illinois
- Dr. Elsensohn is with the Department of Dermatology at the University of California Irvine in Irvine, California
- Dr. Kazbour is with the Department of Internal Medicine at Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine
- Dr. Tung is with Florida Dermatology and Skin Cancer Centers in Winter Haven, Florida
| | - Rebecca Tung
- Dr. Garcia is with the Department of Internal Medicine at Loma Linda University in Loma Linda, California
- Mr. Ramirez is with San Juan Bautista School of Medicine in Caguas, Puerto Rico
- Dr. Adams is with Biostatistics Core at Stritch School of Medicine of Loyola University Chicago
- Ms. Vera is with the Department of Dermatology at Northwestern University in Chicago, Illinois
- Dr. Lee and Mses. Jefferson, Palomino, and De La Torre are with the Division of Dermatology at Stritch School of Medicine of Loyola University Chicago in Chicago, Illinois
- Dr. Elsensohn is with the Department of Dermatology at the University of California Irvine in Irvine, California
- Dr. Kazbour is with the Department of Internal Medicine at Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine
- Dr. Tung is with Florida Dermatology and Skin Cancer Centers in Winter Haven, Florida
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Akhlaghi MS, Zahedi MJ, Ahmadnia S. Effects of Health Messages on Knowledge, Satisfaction, and Anxiety of Patients’ Companions Referring to Tehran Heart Center. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.21859/jech.5.3.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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