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Luo M, Xie D, Lin Z, Sun H, Liu Y. Toxicology evaluation of overdose hydroxychloroquine on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18259. [PMID: 36309536 PMCID: PMC9617536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential risks of treatment with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) include QT interval prolongation, hypoglycemia, a wide range of neuropsychiatric manifestations, hematotoxicity, and potential genetic defects. HCQ is extremely toxic when used in overdose and can lead to tachycardia, hypotension, known central nervous system, transmission defects, hypokalemia and other manifestations in individuals. The mechanism of excessive HCQ leading to these manifestations is still unclear. In this paper, overdose HCQ at different concentrations was used to treat zebrafish embryos, and the phenomena like human beings were obtained, such as increased heart rate and nervous system inhibition. With the increase of concentration to 100 μM, embryo mortality and malformation rate increased and hatching rate decreased, in situ hybridization showed abnormal differentiation of embryo germ layers and formation of vital organs. We selected embryos treated with 50 μM HCQ, in which concentration the mortality rate, hatching rate and malformation rate of the embryos were like those of the control group, for transcriptome analysis. Although the above indexes did not change significantly, the molecular changes related to the development of the heart, eye, nerve and other important organs were significant. This study provides useful information for further research on the toxicity mechanism of HCQ overdose, and provides some insight that can guide future studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Luo
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecologic, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Xie
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecologic, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyuan Lin
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaqin Sun
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecologic, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
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Hayes D, Shukla RK, Cheng Y, Gecili E, Merling MR, Szczesniak RD, Ziady AG, Woods JC, Hall-Stoodley L, Liyanage NP, Robinson RT. Tissue-localized immune responses in people with cystic fibrosis and respiratory nontuberculous mycobacteria infection. JCI Insight 2022; 7:157865. [PMID: 35536650 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.157865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are an increasingly common cause of respiratory infection in people with cystic fibrosis (PwCF). Relative to those with no history of NTM infection (CF-NTMNEG), PwCF and a history of NTM infection (CF-NTMPOS) are more likely to develop severe lung disease and experience complications over the course of treatment. In other mycobacterial infections (e.g. tuberculosis), an overexuberant immune response causes pathology and compromises organ function; however, since the immune profiles of CF-NTMPOS and CF-NTMNEG airways are largely unexplored, it is unknown which if any immune responses distinguish these cohorts or concentrate in damaged tissues. Here we evaluated lung lobe-specific immune profiles of three cohorts (CF-NTMPOS, CF-NTMNEG, and non-CF adults) and found that CF-NTMPOS airways are distinguished by a hyper-inflammatory cytokine profile. Importantly, the CF-NTMPOS airway immune profile was dominated by B cells, classical macrophages and the cytokines which support their accumulation. These and other immunological differences between cohorts, including the near absence of NK cells and complement pathway members, were enriched in the most damaged lung lobes. The implications of these findings for our understanding of lung disease in PwCF are discussed, as are how they may inform the development of host-directed therapies to improve NTM disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Hayes
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States of America
| | - Rajni Kant Shukla
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, columbus, United States of America
| | - Yizi Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States of America
| | - Emrah Gecili
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States of America
| | - Marlena R Merling
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, columbus, United States of America
| | - Rhonda D Szczesniak
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States of America
| | - Assem G Ziady
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States of America
| | - Jason C Woods
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States of America
| | - Luanne Hall-Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, columbus, United States of America
| | - Namal Pm Liyanage
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, columbus, United States of America
| | - Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, columbus, United States of America
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