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Jing H, Saed B, Pálmai M, Gunasekara H, Snee PT, Hu YS. Fluorescent Artificial Antigens Revealed Extended Membrane Networks Utilized by Live Dendritic Cells for Antigen Uptake. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4020-4027. [PMID: 35499493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) can infiltrate tight junctions of the epithelium to collect remote antigens during immune surveillance. While elongated membrane structures represent a plausible structure to perform this task, their functional mechanisms remain elusive owing to the lack of high-resolution characterizations in live DCs. Here, we developed fluorescent artificial antigens (FAAs) based on quantum dots coated with polyacrylic acid. Single-particle tracking of FAAs enables us to superresolve the membrane fiber network responsible for the antigen uptake. Using the DC2.4 cell line as a model system, we discovered the extensive membrane network approaching 200 μm in length with tunnel-like cavities about 150 nm in width. The membrane fiber network also contained heterogeneous circular migrasomes. Disconnecting the membrane network from the cell body decreased the intracellular FAA density. Our study enables mechanistic investigations of DC membrane networks and nanocarriers that target this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Jing
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, United States
| | - Badeia Saed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, United States
| | - Marcell Pálmai
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, United States
| | - Hirushi Gunasekara
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, United States
| | - Preston T Snee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, United States
| | - Ying S Hu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, United States
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2
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Wang H, Li J, Wu G, Zhang F, Yin J, He Y. The effect of intrinsic factors and mechanisms in shaping human gut microbiota. MEDICINE IN MICROECOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmic.2022.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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3
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Shi J, Weng JH, Mitchison TJ. Immunomodulatory drug discovery from herbal medicines: Insights from organ-specific activity and xenobiotic defenses. eLife 2021; 10:e73673. [PMID: 34779403 PMCID: PMC8592567 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional herbal medicines, which emphasize a holistic, patient-centric view of disease treatment, provide an exciting starting point for discovery of new immunomodulatory drugs. Progress on identification of herbal molecules with proven single agent activity has been slow, in part because of insufficient consideration of pharmacology fundamentals. Many molecules derived from medicinal plants exhibit low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance, leading to low systemic exposure. Recent research suggests that such molecules can act locally in the gut or liver to activate xenobiotic defense pathways that trigger beneficial systemic effects on the immune system. We discuss this hypothesis in the context of four plant-derived molecules with immunomodulatory activity: indigo, polysaccharides, colchicine, and ginsenosides. We end by proposing research strategies for identification of novel immunomodulatory drugs from herbal medicine sources that are informed by the possibility of local action in the gut or liver, leading to generation of systemic immune mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Shi
- Centre for Quantitative Systems Biology, Department of Physics and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist UniversityHong KongChina
| | - Jui-Hsia Weng
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
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4
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Li Z, He C, Zhang J, Zhang H, Wei H, Wu S, Jiang W. P2Y6 Deficiency Enhances Dendritic Cell–Mediated Th1/Th17 Differentiation and Aggravates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:387-397. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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5
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Eftychi C, Schwarzer R, Vlantis K, Wachsmuth L, Basic M, Wagle P, Neurath MF, Becker C, Bleich A, Pasparakis M. Temporally Distinct Functions of the Cytokines IL-12 and IL-23 Drive Chronic Colon Inflammation in Response to Intestinal Barrier Impairment. Immunity 2019; 51:367-380.e4. [PMID: 31350179 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial barrier defects are implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, the role of microbiome dysbiosis and the cytokine networks orchestrating chronic intestinal inflammation in response to barrier impairment remain poorly understood. Here, we showed that altered Schaedler flora (ASF), a benign minimal microbiota, was sufficient to trigger colitis in a mouse model of intestinal barrier impairment. Colitis development required myeloid-cell-specific adaptor protein MyD88 signaling and was orchestrated by the cytokines IL-12, IL-23, and IFN-γ. Colon inflammation was driven by IL-12 during the early stages of the disease, but as the mice aged, the pathology shifted toward an IL-23-dependent inflammatory response driving disease chronicity. These findings reveal that IL-12 and IL-23 act in a temporally distinct, biphasic manner to induce microbiota-driven chronic intestinal inflammation. Similar mechanisms might contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD particularly in patients with underlying intestinal barrier defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Eftychi
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Robin Schwarzer
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Katerina Vlantis
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Laurens Wachsmuth
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Marijana Basic
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Prerana Wagle
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Manolis Pasparakis
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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6
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Kono M, Komeda Y, Sakurai T, Okamoto A, Minaga K, Kamata K, Hagiwara S, Inoue H, Enoki E, Matsumura I, Watanabe T, Kudo M. Induction of Complete Remission by Azacitidine in a Patient with Myelodysplastic Syndrome-Associated Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2018; 12:499-502. [PMID: 29253109 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome [MDS] is a clonal disorder of bone marrow [BM] cells, caused by acquired chromosomal abnormalities and gene mutations. Pro-inflammatory antigen-presenting cells [APCs] originating from BM cells bearing chromosomal abnormalities and gene mutations can cause immune-mediated disorders including inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. Here, we report the first case with MDS-associated IBD that was successfully treated with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, azacitidine [AZA]. A 75-year-old man with a 5-year history of MDS was admitted for examination of diarrhoea and high fever. Blood examination revealed pancytopenia and a marked elevation of C-reactive protein. Colonoscopy revealed multiple round ulcers from the terminal ileum to the sigmoid colon. Pathological examination of the endoscopic biopsy specimens showed destruction of crypt architecture and infiltration of CD3+ T cells and CD68+ macrophages. Surprisingly, administration of AZA, which has been approved for the treatment of high-risk MDS, improved the symptoms, and the multiple round ulcers disappeared. AZA treatment markedly decreased the expressions of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-12 (IL-12)/23p40 and IL-17 in colonic biopsy samples, as assessed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In contrast, AZA treatment did not change the expression of forkhead box P3, a master regulator of regulatory T cells. These data suggest that AZA treatment led to complete remission in MDS-associated IBD through suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kono
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoriaki Komeda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Sakurai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayana Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Minaga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken Kamata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoru Hagiwara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Inoue
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eisuke Enoki
- Department of Pathology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Itaru Matsumura
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Chandrakasan S, Venkateswaran S, Kugathasan S. Nonclassic Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Young Infants: Immune Dysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, Enteropathy, X-Linked Syndrome, and Other Disorders. Pediatr Clin North Am 2017; 64:139-160. [PMID: 27894441 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses non-classical forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mainly occurs in infants and very young children. Defects in every aspect of the immune system, such as neutrophils, T-cell and B-cell lymphocytes, and macrophages are associated with IBD in infants. Also, non lympho-hematopoietic defects with primary defects in enterocytes can also lead to IBD-like manifestations. Clinical vignettes are presented and the genetic origins and possible management strategies are outlined. Early evaluation of these patients is important because identification of underlying immune defects would facilitate the use of better-targeted therapy for the specific genetic defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmuganathan Chandrakasan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Health Care of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Hematology, Oncology and BMT, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suresh Venkateswaran
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Health Care of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Subra Kugathasan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Health Care of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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8
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OKUMURA R, TAKEDA K. Maintenance of gut homeostasis by the mucosal immune system. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2016; 92:423-435. [PMID: 27840390 PMCID: PMC5328791 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.92.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are represented by ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), both of which involve chronic intestinal inflammation. Recent evidence has indicated that gut immunological homeostasis is maintained by the interaction between host immunity and intestinal microbiota. A variety of innate immune cells promote or suppress T cell differentiation and activation in response to intestinal bacteria or their metabolites. Some commensal bacteria species or bacterial metabolites enhance or repress host immunity by inducing T helper (Th) 17 cells or regulatory T cells. Intestinal epithelial cells between host immune cells and intestinal microbiota contribute to the separation of these populations and modulate host immune responses to intestinal microbiota. Therefore, the imbalance between host immunity and intestinal microbiota caused by host genetic predisposition or abnormal environmental factors promote susceptibility to intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryu OKUMURA
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi TAKEDA
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: K. Takeda, Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (e-mail: )
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9
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Abstract
Oral tolerance is an active process of local and systemic immune unresponsiveness to orally ingested antigens such as food. The gut immune system must balance responses to commensal bacteria (microbiome), innocuous antigens, and pathogens. Although it is clear that specialized populations of immune cells and lymph nodes create a unique environment in the gut, there remains evidence to suggest that systemic effector sites also are critical to establishing and maintaining oral tolerance.
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10
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Kayama H, Takeda K. Functions of innate immune cells and commensal bacteria in gut homeostasis. J Biochem 2015; 159:141-9. [PMID: 26615026 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal immune system remains unresponsive to beneficial microbes and dietary antigens while activating pro-inflammatory responses against pathogens for host defence. In intestinal mucosa, abnormal activation of innate immunity, which directs adaptive immune responses, causes the onset and/or progression of inflammatory bowel diseases. Thus, innate immunity is finely regulated in the gut. Multiple innate immune cell subsets have been identified in both murine and human intestinal lamina propria. Some innate immune cells play a key role in the maintenance of gut homeostasis by preventing inappropriate adaptive immune responses while others are associated with the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation through development of Th1 and Th17 cells. In addition, intestinal microbiota and their metabolites contribute to the regulation of innate/adaptive immune responses. Accordingly, perturbation of microbiota composition can trigger intestinal inflammation by driving inappropriate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Kayama
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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11
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Chistiakov DA, Bobryshev YV, Kozarov E, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN. Intestinal mucosal tolerance and impact of gut microbiota to mucosal tolerance. Front Microbiol 2015; 5:781. [PMID: 25628617 PMCID: PMC4292724 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal barriers are very sensitive to pathogenic infection, thereby assuming the capacity of the mucosal immune system to induce protective immunity to harmful antigens and tolerance against harmless substances. This review provides current information about mechanisms of induction of mucosal tolerance and about impact of gut microbiota to mucosal tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University , Moscow, Russia ; The Mount Sinai Community Clinical Oncology Program, Mount Sinai Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mount Sinai Medical Center , Miami Beach, FL, USA ; Research Center for Children's Health , Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow, Russia ; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW, Australia ; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney , Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Emil Kozarov
- Department of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, Columbia University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Igor A Sobenin
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow, Russia ; Department of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, Columbia University , New York, NY, USA ; Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex , Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow, Russia
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12
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13
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Kayama H, Takeda K. Regulation of intestinal inflammation through interaction of intestinal environmental factors and innate immune cells. Inflamm Regen 2015. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.35.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Kayama
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Weinstock JV, Elliott DE. Helminth infections decrease host susceptibility to immune-mediated diseases. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3239-47. [PMID: 25240019 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Helminthic infection has become rare in highly industrialized nations. Concurrent with the decline in helminthic infection has been an increase in the prevalence of inflammatory disease. Removal of helminths from our environment and their powerful effects on host immunity may have contributed to this increase. Several helminth species can abrogate disease in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and other conditions. Helminths evoke immune regulatory pathways often involving dendritic cells, regulatory T cells, and macrophages that help to control disease. Cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β, have a role. Notable is the helminthic modulatory effect on innate immunity, which impedes development of aberrant adaptive immunity. Investigators are identifying key helminth-derived immune modulatory molecules that may have therapeutic usefulness in the control of inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel V Weinstock
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111; and
| | - David E Elliott
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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15
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NOD2 stimulation by Staphylococcus aureus-derived peptidoglycan is boosted by Toll-like receptor 2 costimulation with lipoproteins in dendritic cells. Infect Immun 2014; 82:4681-8. [PMID: 25156723 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02043-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) play an important role in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. NOD2 is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that senses bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN) structures, e.g., muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Here we focused on the effect of more-cross-linked, polymeric PGN fragments (PGNpol) in the activation of the innate immune system. In this study, the effect of combined NOD2 and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) stimulation was examined compared to single stimulation of the NOD2 receptor alone. PGNpol species derived from a lipoprotein-containing Staphylococcus aureus strain (SA113) and a lipoprotein-deficient strain (SA113 Δlgt) were isolated. While PGNpol constitutes a combined NOD2 and TLR2 ligand, lipoprotein-deficient PGNpolΔlgt leads to activation of the immune system only via the NOD2 receptor. Murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), J774 cells, and Mono Mac 6 (MM6) cells were stimulated with these ligands. Cytokines (interleukin-6 [IL-6], IL-12p40, and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]) as well as DC activation and maturation parameters were measured. Stimulation with PGNpolΔlgt did not lead to enhanced cytokine secretion or DC activation and maturation. However, stimulation with PGNpol led to strong cytokine secretion and subsequent DC maturation. These results were confirmed in MM6 and J774 cells. We showed that the NOD2-mediated activation of DCs with PGNpol was dependent on TLR2 costimulation. Therefore, signaling via both receptors leads to a more potent activation of the immune system than that with stimulation via each receptor alone.
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16
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Su L, Qi Y, Zhang M, Weng M, Zhang X, Su C, Shi HN. Development of fatal intestinal inflammation in MyD88 deficient mice co-infected with helminth and bacterial enteropathogens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2987. [PMID: 25010669 PMCID: PMC4091940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with intestinal helminth and bacterial pathogens, such as enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, continue to be a major global health threat for children. To determine whether and how an intestinal helminth parasite, Heligomosomoides polygyrus, might impact the TLR signaling pathway during the response to a bacterial enteropathogen, MyD88 knockout and wild-type C57BL/6 mice were infected with H. polygyrus, the bacterial enteropathogen Citrobacter rodentium, or both. We found that MyD88 knockout mice co-infected with H. polygyrus and C. rodentium developed more severe intestinal inflammation and elevated mortality compared to the wild-type mice. The enhanced susceptibility to C. rodentium, intestinal injury and mortality of the co-infected MyD88 knockout mice were found to be associated with markedly reduced intestinal phagocyte recruitment, decreased expression of the chemoattractant KC, and a significant increase in bacterial translocation. Moreover, the increase in bacterial infection and disease severity were found to be correlated with a significant downregulation of antimicrobial peptide expression in the intestinal tissue in co-infected MyD88 knockout mice. Our results suggest that the MyD88 signaling pathway plays a critical role for host defense and survival during helminth and enteric bacterial co-infection. Infections with intestinal helminths and enteric bacterial pathogens such as enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) continue to be major global health problems, especially for children. The ability of the host to control bacterial enteropathogens may be influenced by host immune status and by concurrent infections. Helminth parasites are of particular interest in this context because of their ability to modulate host immune responses, and because their geographic distribution coincides with those parts of the world where infections caused by bacterial enteropathogens are most problematic. In this study, we determined how intestinal helminth infection regulates host innate immunity against bacterial enteropathogens by using a murine co-infection model. This model involves co-infection with the intestinal nematode parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus and the Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, the murine equivalent of EPEC. The infections were carried out in wild-type mice and in mice lacking MyD88, a protein required for signaling by the Toll-like receptors. We found that co-infection with the helminth parasite significantly worsened Citrobacter-induced colitis in the MyD88-deficient mice, in association with increased mortality and compromised innate immune responses. Our observations demonstrate an important role for MyD88-dependent and -independent signaling in host survival during helminth and enteric bacterial co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yujuan Qi
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Qinghai University Medical School, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Meiqian Weng
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xichen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chienwen Su
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hai Ning Shi
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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CX3CR1⁺ cells facilitate the activation of CD4 T cells in the colonic lamina propria during antigen-driven colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:533-48. [PMID: 24129164 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages populate the intestinal lamina propria to initiate immune responses required for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. To investigate whether CX3CR1(+) phagocytes communicate with CD4 T cells during the development of transfer colitis, we established an antigen-driven colitis model induced by the adoptive transfer of DsRed OT-II cells in CX3CR1(GFP/+) × RAG(-/-) recipients challenged with Escherichia coli expressing ovalbumin (OVA) fused to a cyan fluorescent protein (CFP). After colonization of CX3CR1(GFP/+) × RAG(-/-) animals with red fluorescent E. coli pCherry-OVA, colonic CX3CR1(+) cells but not CD103(+) DCs phagocytosed E. coli pCherry-OVA. Degraded bacterial-derived antigens are transported by CD103(+) DCs to mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), where CD103(+) DCs prime naive T cells. In RAG(-/-) recipients reconstituted with OT II cells and gavaged with OVA-expressing E. coli, colonic CX3CR1(+) phagocytes are in close contact with CD4 T cells and presented bacterial-derived antigens to CD4 T cells to activate and expand effector T cells.
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The differences in colonic mucosal microbiota between normal individual and colon cancer patients by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2014; 48:138-44. [PMID: 24162169 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0b013e3182a26719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in the intestinal composition between normal individuals and colon cancer patients. METHODS To establish the criteria for screening a normal individual for colon cancer, human colonic biopsies were obtained at routine colonoscopy. For patients with colon cancer, samples were obtained from cancerous regions. For normal individuals, colonic biopsies were taken from 3 sites of large intestine (descending, transverse, and ascending colon). Thereafter, a comparison of the microbiota structure by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) was carried out. At last, bacterial species were identified by sequencing special bands from DGGE gels and comparing data with sequence databases. RESULT With PCR-DGGE, we have discovered that the diversity and richness of the bacterial community from colon cancer patient's colonic mucosa were lower than that of the normal individual's sample. Then, a special DGGE band was found in the colon cancer patients. After sequencing, we confirmed that it had a high level of similarity with bacteroides. CONCLUSIONS Colon cancers are closely related with the alteration of intestinal flora such as the reduction of biodiversity and richness of the bacterial community. Furthermore, the increase in proportion of bacteroides may be directly associated with colon cancer.
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Kayama H, Nishimura J, Takeda K. Regulation of intestinal homeostasis by innate immune cells. Immune Netw 2013; 13:227-34. [PMID: 24385940 PMCID: PMC3875780 DOI: 10.4110/in.2013.13.6.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal immune system has an ability to distinguish between the microbiota and pathogenic bacteria, and then activate pro-inflammatory pathways against pathogens for host defense while remaining unresponsive to the microbiota and dietary antigens. In the intestine, abnormal activation of innate immunity causes development of several inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Thus, activity of innate immunity is finely regulated in the intestine. To date, multiple innate immune cells have been shown to maintain gut homeostasis by preventing inadequate adaptive immune responses in the murine intestine. Additionally, several innate immune subsets, which promote Th1 and Th17 responses and are implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD, have recently been identified in the human intestinal mucosa. The demonstration of both murine and human intestinal innate immune subsets contributing to regulation of adaptive immunity emphasizes the conserved innate immune functions across species and might promote development of the intestinal innate immunity-based clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Kayama
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. ; Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. ; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Junichi Nishimura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. ; Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. ; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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20
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Côté SC, Plante A, Tardif MR, Tremblay MJ. Dectin-1/TLR2 and NOD2 agonists render dendritic cells susceptible to infection by X4-using HIV-1 and promote cis-infection of CD4(+) T cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67735. [PMID: 23844079 PMCID: PMC3699635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 pathogenesis is intimately linked with microbial infections and innate immunity during all stages of the disease. While the impact of microbial-derived products in transmission of R5-using virus to CD4+ T cells by dendritic cells (DCs) has been addressed before, very limited data are available on the effect of such compounds on DC-mediated dissemination of X4-tropic variant. Here, we provide evidence that treatment of DCs with dectin-1/TLR2 and NOD2 ligands increases cis-infection of autologous CD4+ T cells by X4-using virus. This phenomenon is most likely associated with an enhanced permissiveness of DCs to productive infection with X4 virus, which is linked to increased surface expression of CXCR4 and the acquisition of a maturation profile by DCs. The ensuing DC maturation enhances susceptibility of CD4+ T cells to productive infection with HIV-1. This study highlights the crucial role of DCs at different stages of HIV-1 infection and particularly in spreading of viral strains displaying a X4 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C. Côté
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Pavillon CHUL, Québec, Canada
| | - Audrey Plante
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Pavillon CHUL, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélanie R. Tardif
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Pavillon CHUL, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel J. Tremblay
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Pavillon CHUL, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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21
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Zanello M, Vincenzi M, Di Mauro L, Gualdani S. Gut and sepsis: Victim of circumstance or prime mover. TRENDS IN ANAESTHESIA AND CRITICAL CARE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tacc.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Manta C, Heupel E, Radulovic K, Rossini V, Garbi N, Riedel CU, Niess JH. CX(3)CR1(+) macrophages support IL-22 production by innate lymphoid cells during infection with Citrobacter rodentium. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:177-88. [PMID: 22854708 PMCID: PMC3534171 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune cells, such as intestinal epithelial cells, dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, granulocytes, and innate lymphoid cells provide a first line of defence to enteric pathogens. To study the role of CX(3)CR1(+) DCs and macrophages in host defence, we infected CX(3)CR1-GFP animals with Citrobacter rodentium. When transgenic CX(3)CR1-GFP animals are infected with the natural mouse pathogen C. rodentium, CX(3)CR1(-/-) animals showed a delayed clearance of C. rodentium as compared with (age- and sex-matched) wild-type B6 animals. The delayed clearance of C. rodentium is associated with reduced interleukin (IL)-22 expression. In C. rodentium-infected CX(3)CR1-GFP animals, IL-22 producing lymphoid-tissue inducer cells (LTi cells) were selectively reduced in the absence of CX(3)CR1. The reduced IL-22 expression correlates with decreased expression of the antimicrobial peptides RegIIIβ and RegIIIγ. The depletion of CX(3)CR1(+) cells by diphtheria toxin injection in CX(3)CR1-GFP × CD11c.DOG animals confirmed the role of CX(3)CR1(+) phagocytes in establishing IL-22 production, supporting the clearance of a C. rodentium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Manta
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - E Heupel
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - K Radulovic
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - V Rossini
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - N Garbi
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology IMMEI, Bonn, Germany
| | - C U Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - J H Niess
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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23
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Duluc D, Gannevat J, Joo H, Ni L, Upchurch K, Boreham M, Carley M, Stecher J, Zurawski G, Oh S. Dendritic cells and vaccine design for sexually-transmitted diseases. Microb Pathog 2012. [PMID: 23201532 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are major antigen presenting cells (APCs) that can initiate and control host immune responses toward either immunity or tolerance. These features of DCs, as immune orchestrators, are well characterized by their tissue localizations as well as by their subset-dependent functional specialties and plasticity. Thus, the level of protective immunity to invading microbial pathogens can be dependent on the subsets of DCs taking up microbial antigens and their functional plasticity in response to microbial products, host cellular components and the cytokine milieu in the microenvironment. Vaccines are the most efficient and cost-effective preventive medicine against infectious diseases. However, major challenges still remain for the diseases caused by sexually-transmitted pathogens, including HIV, HPV, HSV and Chlamydia. We surmise that the establishment of protective immunity in the female genital mucosa, the major entry and transfer site of these pathogens, will bring significant benefit for the protection against sexually-transmitted diseases. Recent progresses made in DC biology suggest that vaccines designed to target proper DC subsets may permit us to establish protective immunity in the female genital mucosa against sexually-transmitted pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Duluc
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
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Kayama H, Takeda K. Regulation of intestinal homeostasis by innate and adaptive immunity. Int Immunol 2012; 24:673-80. [PMID: 22962437 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxs094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is a unique tissue where an elaborate balance is maintained between tolerance and immune responses against a variety of environmental factors such as food and the microflora. In a healthy individual, the microflora stimulates innate and adaptive immune systems to maintain gut homeostasis. However, the interaction of environmental factors with particular genetic backgrounds can lead to dramatic changes in the composition of the microflora (i.e. dysbiosis). Many of the specific commensal-bacterial products and the signaling pathways they trigger have been characterized. The role of T(h)1, T(h)2 and T(h)17 cells in inflammatory bowel disease has been widely investigated, as has the contribution of epithelial cells and subsets of dendritic cells and macrophages. To date, multiple regulatory cells in adaptive immunity, such as regulatory T cells and regulatory B cells, have been shown to maintain gut homeostasis by preventing inappropriate innate and adaptive immune responses to commensal bacteria. Additionally, regulatory myeloid cells have recently been identified that prevent intestinal inflammation by inhibiting T-cell proliferation. An increasing body of evidence has shown that multiple regulatory mechanisms contribute to the maintenance of gut homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Kayama
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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25
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Feng T, Cong Y, Alexander K, Elson CO. Regulation of Toll-like receptor 5 gene expression and function on mucosal dendritic cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35918. [PMID: 22545147 PMCID: PMC3335826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 5 has been shown to maintain intestinal homeostasis and regulate host defense against enterobacterial infection. However, how TLR5 expression is regulated and its function in the intestine have not been fully elucidated. Here we demonstrate that mucosal dendritic cells (DCs), but not splenic DCs, express high levels of TLR5 protein. Alternatively spliced Tlr5 transcripts were identified but it did not explain the selective expression of TLR5 on mucosal DCs. Treatment with various bacterial ligands downregulated BMDC TLR5 expression, while retinoic acid and host stromal cell-derived signals promoted TLR5 expression in a TGF-β-independent mechanism. Signaling through TLR5 restrained regulatory T (Treg) cell generation, and accordingly, TLR5−/− mice displayed increased frequencies of Foxp3+ Treg cells in the intestinal lamina propria. Our data indicate that bacterial and host factors differentially regulate DC TLR5 expression. TLR5 signaling regulates immune responses towards the microbiota via modulation of the Treg/effector T cell balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Feng
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Departments of Microbiology/Immunology and Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Katie Alexander
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Charles O. Elson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Lough D, Abdo J, Guerra-Castro JF, Matsumoto C, Kaufman S, Shetty K, Kwon YK, Zasloff M, Fishbein TM. Abnormal CX3CR1⁺ lamina propria myeloid cells from intestinal transplant recipients with NOD2 mutations. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:992-1003. [PMID: 22233287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although progress has been made in intestinal transplantation, chronic inflammation remains a challenge. We have reported that the risk of immunological graft loss is almost 100-fold greater in recipients who carry any of the prevalent NOD2 polymorphisms associated with Crohn's disease, and have shown that the normal levels of a key antimicrobial peptide produced by the Paneth cells of the allograft, fall as the graft becomes repopulated by hematopoietic cells of the NOD2 mutant recipient. These studies are extended in this report. Within several months following engraftment into a NOD2 mutant recipient the allograft loses its capacity to prevent adherence of lumenal microbes. Despite the significantly increased expression of CX3CL1, a stress protein produced by the injured enterocyte, NOD2 mutant CX3CR1(+) myeloid cells within the lamina propria fail to exhibit the characteristic morphological phenotype, and fail to express key genes required expressed by NOD2 wild-type cells, including Wnt 5a. We propose that the CX3CR1(+) myeloid cell within the lamina propria supports normal Paneth cell function through expression of Wnt 5a, and that this function is impaired in the setting of intestinal transplantation into a NOD2 mutant recipient. The therapeutic value of Wnt 5a administration in this setting is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lough
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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27
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Intestinal CX3C chemokine receptor 1(high) (CX3CR1(high)) myeloid cells prevent T-cell-dependent colitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:5010-5. [PMID: 22403066 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1114931109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate activation of CD4(+) T lymphocytes is essential for host defense against invading pathogens; however, exaggerated activity of effector CD4(+) T cells induces tissue damage, leading to inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases. Several unique subsets of intestinal innate immune cells have been identified. However, the direct involvement of innate immune cell subsets in the suppression of T-cell-dependent intestinal inflammation is poorly understood. Here, we report that intestinal CX(3)C chemokine receptor 1(high) (CX(3)CR1(high)) CD11b(+) CD11c(+) cells are responsible for prevention of intestinal inflammation through inhibition of T-cell responses. These cells inhibit CD4(+) T-cell proliferation in a cell contact-dependent manner and prevent T-cell-dependent colitis. The suppressive activity is abrogated in the absence of the IL-10/Stat3 pathway. These cells inhibit T-cell proliferation by two steps. Initially, CX(3)CR1(high) CD11b(+) CD11c(+) cells preferentially interact with T cells through highly expressed intercellular adhesion molecule-1/vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; then, they fail to activate T cells because of defective expression of CD80/CD86. The IL-10/Stat3 pathway mediates the reduction of CD80/CD86 expression. Transfer of wild-type CX(3)CR1(high) CD11b(+) CD11c(+) cells prevents development of colitis in myeloid-specific Stat3-deficient mice. Thus, these cells are regulatory myeloid cells that are responsible for maintaining intestinal homeostasis.
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28
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Pancreatic islet expression of chemokine CCL2 suppresses autoimmune diabetes via tolerogenic CD11c+ CD11b+ dendritic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:3457-62. [PMID: 22328150 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1115308109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of type 1 diabetes in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse is preceded by an immune cell infiltrate in the pancreatic islets. The exact role of the attracted cells is still poorly understood. Chemokine CCL2/MCP-1 is known to attract CCR2(+) monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs). We have previously shown that transgenic expression of CCL2 in pancreatic islets via the rat insulin promoter induces nondestructive insulitis on a nonautoimmune background. We report here an unexpected reduction of diabetes development on the NOD background despite an increased islet cell infiltrate with markedly increased numbers of CD11c(+) CD11b(+) DCs. These DCs exhibited a hypoactive phenotype with low CD40, MHC II, CD80/CD86 expression, and reduced TNF-α but elevated IL-10 secretions. They failed to induce proliferation of diabetogenic CD4(+) T cells in vitro. Pancreatic lymph node CD4(+) T cells were down-regulated ex vivo and expressed the anergy marker Grail. By using an in vivo transfer system, we show that CD11c(+) CD11b(+) DCs from rat insulin promoter-CCL2 transgenic NOD mice were the most potent cells suppressing diabetes development. These findings support an unexpected beneficial role for CCL2 in type 1 diabetes with implications for current strategies interfering with the CCL2/CCR2 axis in humans, and for dendritic cell biology in autoimmunity.
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29
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Khan MW, Kale AA, Bere P, Vajjala S, Gounaris E, Pakanati KC. Microbes, intestinal inflammation and probiotics. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 6:81-94. [PMID: 22149584 DOI: 10.1586/egh.11.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is known for causing disturbed homeostatic balance among the intestinal immune compartment, epithelium and microbiota. Owing to the emergence of IBD as a major cause of morbidity and mortality, great efforts have been put into understanding the sequence of intestinal inflammatory events. Intestinal macrophages and dendritic cells act in a synergistic fashion with intestinal epithelial cells and microbiota to initiate the triad that governs the intestinal immune responses (whether inflammatory or regulatory). In this review, we will discuss the interplay of intestinal epithelial cells, bacteria and the innate immune component. Moreover, whether or not genetic intervention of probiotic bacteria is a valid approach for attenuating/mitigating exaggerated inflammation and IBD will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad W Khan
- The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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30
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Elliott DE, Weinstock JV. Helminth-host immunological interactions: prevention and control of immune-mediated diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1247:83-96. [PMID: 22239614 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to commensal and pathogenic organisms strongly influences our immune system. Exposure to helminths was frequent before humans constructed their current highly hygienic environment. Today, in highly industrialized countries, contact between humans and helminths is rare. Congruent with the decline in helminth infections is an increase in the prevalence of autoimmune and inflammatory disease. It is possible that exclusion of helminths from the environment has permitted the emergence of immune-mediated disease. We review the protective effects of helminths on expression of inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, and animal models of these and other inflammatory diseases. We also review the immune pathways altered by helminths that may afford protection from these illnesses. Helminth exposure tends to inhibit IFN-γ and IL-17 production, promote IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β release, induce CD4(+) T cell Foxp3 expression, and generate regulatory macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells. Helminths enable protective pathways that may vary by specific species and disease model. Helminths or their products likely have therapeutic potential to control or prevent immune-mediated illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Elliott
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Differential targeting of the E-Cadherin/β-Catenin complex by gram-positive probiotic lactobacilli improves epithelial barrier function. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 78:1140-7. [PMID: 22179242 DOI: 10.1128/aem.06983-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal ecosystem is balanced by dynamic interactions between resident and incoming microbes, the gastrointestinal barrier, and the mucosal immune system. However, in the context of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), where the integrity of the gastrointestinal barrier is compromised, resident microbes contribute to the development and perpetuation of inflammation and disease. Probiotic bacteria have been shown to exert beneficial effects, e.g., enhancing epithelial barrier integrity. However, the mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects are only poorly understood. Here, we comparatively investigated the effects of four probiotic lactobacilli, namely, Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. fermentum, L. gasseri, and L. rhamnosus, in a T84 cell epithelial barrier model. Results of DNA microarray experiments indicating that lactobacilli modulate the regulation of genes encoding in particular adherence junction proteins such as E-cadherin and β-catenin were confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). Furthermore, we show that epithelial barrier function is modulated by Gram-positive probiotic lactobacilli via their effect on adherence junction protein expression and complex formation. In addition, incubation with lactobacilli differentially influences the phosphorylation of adherence junction proteins and the abundance of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms such as PKCδ that thereby positively modulates epithelial barrier function. Further insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms triggered by these probiotics might also foster the development of novel strategies for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases (e.g., IBD).
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Thomas S, Metzke D, Schmitz J, Dörffel Y, Baumgart DC. Anti-inflammatory effects of Saccharomyces boulardii mediated by myeloid dendritic cells from patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G1083-92. [PMID: 21903765 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00217.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Saccharomyces boulardii (Sb) is a probiotic yeast that has demonstrated efficacy in pilot studies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Microbial antigen handling by dendritic cells (DC) is believed to be of critical importance for immunity and tolerance in IBD. The aim was to characterize the effects of Sb on DC from IBD patients. Highly purified (>95%), lipopolysaccharide-stimulated CD1c(+)CD11c(+)CD123(-) myeloid DC (mDC) from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC; n = 36), Crohn's disease (CD; n = 26), or infectious controls (IC; n = 4) were cultured in the presence or absence of fungal supernatant from Sb (SbS). Phenotype and cytokine production and/or secretion of IBD mDC were measured by flow cytometry and cytometric bead arrays, respectively. T cell phenotype and proliferation were assessed in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) with allogenic CD4(+)CD45RA(+) naïve T cells from healthy donors. Mucosal healing was investigated in epithelial wounding and migration assays with IEC-6 cells. SbS significantly decreased the frequency of CD40-, CD80-, and CD197 (CCR7; chemokine receptor-7)-expressing IBD mDC and reduced their secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 while increasing IL-8. In the MLR, SbS significantly inhibited T cell proliferation induced by IBD mDC. Moreover, SbS inhibited T(H)1 (TNF-α and interferon-γ) polarization induced by UC mDC and promoted IL-8 and transforming growth factor-β-dependent mucosal healing. In summary, we provide novel evidence of synergistic mechanisms how Sb controls inflammation (inhibition of T cell costimulation and inflammation-associated migration and mobilization of DC) and promotes epithelial restitution relevant in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Thomas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Charité Medical Center-Virchow Hospital, Medical School of the Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Hoshino S, Kurishima A, Inaba M, Ando Y, Fukui T, Uchida K, Nishio A, Iwai H, Yokoi T, Ito T, Hasegawa-Ishii S, Shimada A, Li M, Okazaki K, Ikehara S. Amelioration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in mice by immunoregulatory dendritic cells. J Gastroenterol 2011; 46:1368-81. [PMID: 21922185 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-011-0460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) are widely distributed throughout the lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues, and are important initiators of acquired immunity. They also serve as regulators by inducing self-tolerance. However, it has not been thoroughly clarified whether DCs are somehow involved in the regulation or treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. METHODS We established an ileitis model by transmurally injecting 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) into the lumen of the ileocolonic junction. The kinetic movement of DCs at the inflammatory sites was analyzed histologically and by flow cytometry, and DCs obtained from the small intestine were analyzed in order to determine the expression of paired immunoglobulin-like receptor-A/B (PIR-A/B) by flow cytometry and quantitative RT-PCR. Furthermore, the regulatory role of DCs was directly determined by a transfer experiment using TNBS-induced colitis model mice. RESULTS We observed three DC subsets (PIR-A/B(high), PIR-A/B(med), and PIR-A/B(-) DCs) in the conventional DCs (cDCs) from day 3, and the number of PIR-A/B(med) cDCs increased from the time the inflammatory responses ceased (day 7). PIR-A/B(med) cDCs actually migrated to the inflamed colon, and ameliorated the colitis induced by TNBS when transferred to colitis-induced recipients. The colitis was greatly exacerbated when mice had been treated with the indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor 1-methyltryptophan (1-mT) at the time PIR-A/B(med) cDCs were transferred, indicating that the therapeutic ability of PIR-A/B(med) cDCs is partially dependent on IDO. CONCLUSION The PIR-A/B(med) cDCs, which increase in number during the final stages of inflammation, can be used to treat colitis via an IDO-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Hoshino
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan.
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Takata K, Kinoshita M, Okuno T, Moriya M, Kohda T, Honorat JA, Sugimoto T, Kumanogoh A, Kayama H, Takeda K, Sakoda S, Nakatsuji Y. The lactic acid bacterium Pediococcus acidilactici suppresses autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inducing IL-10-producing regulatory T cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27644. [PMID: 22110705 PMCID: PMC3217013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Certain intestinal microflora are thought to regulate the systemic immune response. Lactic acid bacteria are one of the most studied bacteria in terms of their beneficial effects on health and autoimmune diseases; one of which is Multiple sclerosis (MS) which affects the central nervous system. We investigated whether the lactic acid bacterium Pediococcus acidilactici, which comprises human commensal bacteria, has beneficial effects on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. Methodology/Principal Findings P. acidilactici R037 was orally administered to EAE mice to investigate the effects of R037. R037 treatment suppressed clinical EAE severity as prophylaxis and therapy. The antigen-specific production of inflammatory cytokines was inhibited in R037-treated mice. A significant increase in the number of CD4+ Interleukin (IL)-10-producing cells was observed in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and spleens isolated from R037-treated naive mice, while no increase was observed in the number of these cells in the lamina propria. Because only a slight increase in the CD4+Foxp3+ cells was observed in MLNs, R037 may primarily induce Foxp3− IL10-producing T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells in MLNs, which contribute to the beneficial effect of R037 on EAE. Conclusions/Significance An orally administered single strain of P. acidilactici R037 ameliorates EAE by inducing IL10-producing Tr1 cells. Our findings indicate the therapeutic potential of the oral administration of R037 for treating multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushiro Takata
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Kinoshita
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsusada Okuno
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Moriya
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tohru Kohda
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Josephe A. Honorat
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Sugimoto
- Department of Bio-medical statistics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisako Kayama
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Saburo Sakoda
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Toneyama National Hospital, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakatsuji
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Xue X, Feng T, Yao S, Wolf KJ, Liu CG, Liu X, Elson CO, Cong Y. Microbiota downregulates dendritic cell expression of miR-10a, which targets IL-12/IL-23p40. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:5879-86. [PMID: 22068236 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Commensal flora plays important roles in the regulation of the gene expression involved in many intestinal functions and the maintenance of immune homeostasis, as well as in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. The microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small, noncoding RNAs, act as key regulators in many biological processes. The miRNAs are highly conserved among species and appear to play important roles in both innate and adaptive immunity, as they can control the differentiation of various immune cells, as well as their functions. However, it is still largely unknown how microbiota regulates miRNA expression, thereby contributing to intestinal homeostasis and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. In our current study, we found that microbiota negatively regulated intestinal miR-10a expression, because the intestines, as well as intestinal epithelial cells and dendritic cells of specific pathogen-free mice, expressed much lower levels of miR-10a compared with those in germ-free mice. Commensal bacteria downregulated dendritic cell miR-10a expression via TLR-TLR ligand interactions through a MyD88-dependent pathway. We identified IL-12/IL-23p40, a key molecule for innate immune responses to commensal bacteria, as a target of miR-10a. The ectopic expression of the miR-10a precursor inhibited, whereas the miR-10a inhibitor promoted, the expression of IL-12/IL-23p40 in dendritic cells. Mice with colitis expressing higher levels of IL-12/IL-23p40 exhibited lower levels of intestinal miR-10a compared with control mice. Collectively, our data demonstrated that microbiota negatively regulates host miR-10a expression, which may contribute to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis by targeting IL-12/IL-23p40 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochang Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) is an intracellular sensor for small peptides derived from the bacterial cell wall component, peptidoglycan. Recent studies have uncovered unexpected functions of NOD2 in innate immune responses such as induction of type I interferon and facilitation of autophagy; moreover, they have disclosed extensive cross-talk between NOD2 and Toll-like receptors, which has an indispensable role both in host defense against microbial infection and in the development of autoimmunity. Of particular interest, polymorphisms of CARD15 encoding NOD2 are associated with Crohn's disease and other autoimmune states such as graft vs. host disease. In this review, we summarize recent findings regarding normal functions of NOD2 and discuss the mechanisms by which NOD2 polymorphisms associated with Crohn's disease lead to intestinal inflammation.
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Koch S, Nusrat A. The life and death of epithelia during inflammation: lessons learned from the gut. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 7:35-60. [PMID: 21838548 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011811-120905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells form protective barriers that physically separate an organism from the outside world. Rather than being merely static, impregnable shields, epithelia are highly dynamic structures that can adjust their proliferation, differentiation, and death in response to intrinsic and extrinsic signals. The advantages as well as pitfalls of this flexibility are highlighted in inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases and psoriasis, which are characterized by a chronically dysregulated homeostasis of the epithelium. In recent years, it has become increasingly apparent that epithelial cells communicate with their surroundings through converging, integrated signaling cascades and that even minor alterations in these pathways can have dramatic pathologic consequences. In this review, we discuss how inflammatory cytokines and other signaling molecules, directly or through cross talk, regulate epithelial homeostasis in the intestine, and we highlight parallels and differences in a few other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Koch
- Epithelial Pathobiology Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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van der Straaten HM, Paquay MM, Tilanus MG, van Geloven N, Verdonck LF, Huisman C. NOD2/CARD15 Variants Are Not a Risk Factor for Clinical Outcome after Nonmyeloablative Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2011; 17:1231-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2010.12.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Abstract
The gut-associated lymphoid tissue is the largest immune organ in the body and is the primary route by which we are exposed to antigens. Tolerance induction is the default immune pathway in the gut, and the type of tolerance induced relates to the dose of antigen fed: anergy/deletion (high dose) or regulatory T-cell (Treg) induction (low dose). Conditioning of gut dendritic cells (DCs) by gut epithelial cells and the gut flora, which itself has a major influence on gut immunity, induces CD103(+) retinoic acid-dependent DC that induces Tregs. A number of Tregs are induced at mucosal surfaces. Th3 type Tregs are transforming growth factor-β dependent and express latency-associated peptide (LAP) on their surface and were discovered in the context of oral tolerance. Tr1 type Tregs (interleukin-10 dependent) are induced by nasal antigen and forkhead box protein 3(+) iTregs are induced by oral antigen and by oral administration of aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands. Oral or nasal antigen ameliorates autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in animal models by inducing Tregs. Furthermore, anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody is active at mucosal surfaces and oral or nasal anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody induces LAP(+) Tregs that suppresses animal models (experimental autoimmune encephalitis, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, lupus, arthritis, atherosclerosis) and is being tested in humans. Although there is a large literature on treatment of animal models by mucosal tolerance and some positive results in humans, this approach has yet to be translated to the clinic. The successful translation will require defining responsive patient populations, validating biomarkers to measure immunologic effects, and using combination therapy and immune adjuvants to enhance Treg induction. A major avenue being investigated for the treatment of autoimmunity is the induction of Tregs and mucosal tolerance represents a non-toxic, physiologic approach to reach this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard L Weiner
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Agrawal A, Gupta S. Impact of aging on dendritic cell functions in humans. Ageing Res Rev 2011; 10:336-45. [PMID: 20619360 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a paradox of reduced immunity and chronic inflammation. Dendritic cells are central orchestrators of the immune response with a key role in the generation of immunity and maintenance of tolerance. The functions of DCs are compromised with age. There is no major effect on the numbers and phenotype of DC subsets in aged subjects; nevertheless, their capacity to phagocytose antigens and migrate is impaired with age. There is aberrant cytokine secretion by various DC subsets with CDCs secreting increased basal level of pro-inflammatory cytokines but the response on stimulation to foreign antigens is decreased. In contrast, the response to self-antigens is increased suggesting erosion of peripheral self tolerance. PDC subset also secretes reduced IFN-α in response to viruses. The capacity of DCs to prime T cell responses is also affected. Aging thus has a profound affect on DC functions. Present review summarizes the effect of advancing age on DC functions in humans in the context of both immunity and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Agrawal
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Med. Sci. I C-240A, University of California, Irvine 92697, CA, USA.
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Feng T, Cao AT, Weaver CT, Elson CO, Cong Y. Interleukin-12 converts Foxp3+ regulatory T cells to interferon-γ-producing Foxp3+ T cells that inhibit colitis. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:2031-43. [PMID: 21419767 PMCID: PMC3109200 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Regulatory T (Treg) cells are plastic, but the in vivo mechanisms by which they are converted into foxhead box p3 (Foxp3+) interferon (IFN)-γ+ T cells and whether these converted cells retain the ability to inhibit colitis are not clear. METHODS Foxp3+ Treg cells were generated by culture of naïve CD4+ T cells from Foxp3GFP CBir1 T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic (Tg) (CBir1-Tg) mice, which are specific for CBir1 flagellin (an immunodominant microbiota antigen), with transforming growth factor-β. Foxp3GFP+ CBir1-Tg Treg cells were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and transferred into TCRβxδ-/- mice. Colitis was induced by transfer of naïve CBir1-Tg CD4+ T cells into immunodeficient mice. RESULTS Microbiota antigen-specific Foxp3+ Treg cells were converted, in the intestine, to IFN-γ+ T-helper (Th)1 cells, interleukin (IL)-17+ Th17 cells, and Foxp3+ T cells that coexpress IFN-γ and/or IL-17. Conversion of Treg cells into IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells and Foxp3+IFN-γ+ T cells required innate cell production of IL-12 in the intestine; blocking IL-12 with an antibody inhibited their conversion to Th1 and Foxp3+IFN-γ+ T cells in the intestines of mice that were recipients of Treg cells. Addition of IL-12, but not IL-23, promoted conversion of Treg cells into Th1 and Foxp3+IFN-γ+ T cells, in vitro. Foxp3+IFN-γ+ T cells had regulatory activity because they suppressed proliferation of naïve T cells, in vitro, and inhibited induction of colitis by microbiota antigen-specific T cells. IFN-γ+ Th1 cells were not converted into Treg cells; Foxp3+IFN-γ+ T cells differentiated into IFN-γ+ but not Foxp3+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS IL-12 promotes conversion of Treg cells into IFN-γ-expressing cells; Foxp3+IFN-γ+ T cells retain their regulatory functions and develop during the transition of Foxp3+ Treg cells into IFN-γ+ Th1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Feng
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294,Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294,Department of Microbiology/Immunology, and Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Anthony T. Cao
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, and Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Casey T. Weaver
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Charles O. Elson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294,Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294,Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294,Department of Microbiology/Immunology, and Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
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Abstract
'Gut health' is a term increasingly used in the medical literature and by the food industry. It covers multiple positive aspects of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, such as the effective digestion and absorption of food, the absence of GI illness, normal and stable intestinal microbiota, effective immune status and a state of well-being. From a scientific point of view, however, it is still extremely unclear exactly what gut health is, how it can be defined and how it can be measured. The GI barrier adjacent to the GI microbiota appears to be the key to understanding the complex mechanisms that maintain gut health. Any impairment of the GI barrier can increase the risk of developing infectious, inflammatory and functional GI diseases, as well as extraintestinal diseases such as immune-mediated and metabolic disorders. Less clear, however, is whether GI discomfort in general can also be related to GI barrier functions. In any case, methods of assessing, improving and maintaining gut health-related GI functions are of major interest in preventive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan C Bischoff
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr 12, Stuttgart D 70599, Germany.
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Devriendt B, De Geest BG, Cox E. Designing oral vaccines targeting intestinal dendritic cells. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:467-83. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.561312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Kovarik JJ, Tillinger W, Hofer J, Hölzl MA, Heinzl H, Saemann MD, Zlabinger GJ. Impaired anti-inflammatory efficacy of n-butyrate in patients with IBD. Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41:291-8. [PMID: 21070220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) characteristically shows a high degree of inflammation when compared to healthy subjects. This appears to be attributable to an imbalance in local reactivity of inflammatory cells. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that immune cells from patients with IBD are less sensitive to anti-inflammatory agents in the gut as exemplified by the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) n-butyrate. MATERIAL AND METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with IBD (22 Crohn`s Disease, CD; 9 Ulcerative Colitis, UC) and 20 healthy individuals were stimulated through TLR-4 and TLR-2 engagement, respectively, and the anti-inflammatory activity of n-butyrate (0·06-1 mM) on cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12/23p40, TNF-α) was assessed. Inhibition curves were generated, and effective doses (ED20-ED80) were determined. RESULTS Hyperresponsiveness to TLR-2 activation reflected by increased IL-12/23p40 and TNF-α production was observed in patients with IBD. To inhibit the release of IL-12/23p40 from PBMC after activation via TLR2-agonists, higher concentrations of n-butyrate were required in patients with IBD , when compared to healthy subjects. With regard to TLR-4 activation, PBMC from patients with IBD and controls were equally responsive to the immunoregulatory effects of n-butyrate. Further analysis revealed that the impaired sensitivity of PBMC to the anti-inflammatory action of n-butyrate was independent from hyperreactivity of immunocompetent cells. CONCLUSIONS Impaired sensitivity to the inhibitory action of n-butyrate in IBD may constitute a determinant in the pathogenesis of these inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes J Kovarik
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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McFarland AP, Savan R, Wagage S, Addison A, Ramakrishnan K, Karwan M, Duong T, Young HA. Localized delivery of interferon-β by Lactobacillus exacerbates experimental colitis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16967. [PMID: 21365015 PMCID: PMC3041828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been conflicting reports of the role of Type I interferons (IFN) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clinical trials have shown potent efficacy of systemic interferon-beta (IFN-β) in inducing remission of ulcerative colitis. Likewise, IFNAR1(-/-) mice display an increased sensitivity to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, suggesting Type I IFN play a protective role during inflammation of the gut. Curiously, however, there have also been reports detailing the spontaneous development of IBD in patients receiving systemic IFN-β therapy for multiple sclerosis or hepatitis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To investigate the effects of local administration of IFN-β on a murine model of colitis, we developed a transgenic Lactobacillus acidophilus strain that constitutively expresses IFN-β (La-IFN-β). While pretreatment of mice with control Lactobacillus (La-EV) provided slight protective benefits, La-IFN-β increased sensitivity to DSS. Analysis showed colitic mice pretreated with La-IFN-β had increased production of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17A and IL-13 by intestinal tissues and decreased regulatory T cells (Tregs) in their small intestine. Examination of CD103(+) dendritic cells (DCs) in the Peyer's patches revealed that IFNAR1 expression was dramatically reduced by La-IFN-β. Similarly, bone marrow-derived DCs matured with La-IFN-β experienced a 3-fold reduction of IFNAR1 and were impaired in their ability to induce Tregs. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our IFNAR1 expression data identifies a correlation between the loss/downregulation of IFNAR1 on DCs and exacerbation of colitis. Our data show that Lactobacillus secreting IFN-β has an immunological effect that in our model results in the exacerbation of colitis. This study underscores that the selection of therapeutics delivered by a bacterial vehicle must take into consideration the simultaneous effects of the vehicle itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelle P. McFarland
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ram Savan
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sagie Wagage
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Augustina Addison
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karthika Ramakrishnan
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Megan Karwan
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tri Duong
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Howard A. Young
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
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Graves DT, Oates T, Garlet GP. Review of osteoimmunology and the host response in endodontic and periodontal lesions. J Oral Microbiol 2011; 3. [PMID: 21547019 PMCID: PMC3087239 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v3i0.5304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both lesions of endodontic origin and periodontal diseases involve the host response to bacteria and the formation of osteolytic lesions. Important for both is the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines that initiate and sustain the inflammatory response. Also important are chemokines that induce recruitment of leukocyte subsets and bone-resorptive factors that are largely produced by recruited inflammatory cells. However, there are differences also. Lesions of endodontic origin pose a particular challenge since that bacteria persist in a protected reservoir that is not readily accessible to the immune defenses. Thus, experiments in which the host response is inhibited in endodontic lesions tend to aggravate the formation of osteolytic lesions. In contrast, bacteria that invade the periodontium appear to be less problematic so that blocking arms of the host response tend to reduce the disease process. Interestingly, both lesions of endodontic origin and periodontitis exhibit inflammation that appears to inhibit bone formation. In periodontitis, the spatial location of the inflammation is likely to be important so that a host response that is restricted to a subepithelial space is associated with gingivitis, while a host response closer to bone is linked to bone resorption and periodontitis. However, the persistence of inflammation is also thought to be important in periodontitis since inflammation present during coupled bone formation may limit the capacity to repair the resorbed bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana T Graves
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Abstract
The intestinal tract represents the largest mucosal surface and is a major site of multifaceted interactions between the host mucosal immune system and components of the intestinal microbiota. Host immune responses to the commensal microbiota are tightly controlled and, meanwhile, the microbiota actively shapes intestinal immune responses to itself. Appreciation of these interactions during health and disease may direct therapeutic approaches to a broad range of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders in humans. In this review, we will discuss findings on how the intestinal immune system, especially adaptive immune cells, helps accommodate the large number of resident bacteria, and in turn how the microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses to achieve mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Feng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Charles O. Elson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Abstract
Recently, an unprecedented effort has been directed at understanding the interplay between chronic inflammation and development of cancer, with the case of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-associated colorectal cancer at the forefront of this research endeavor. The last decade has been particularly fertile, with the discovery of numerous innovative paradigms linking various inflammatory, proliferative, and innate and adaptive immune signaling pathways to the development of colorectal cancer. Because of the preponderant role of the intestinal microbiota in the initiation and progression of IBD, recent efforts have been directed at understanding the relationship between bacteria and colorectal cancer. The microbiota and its collective genome, the microbiome, form a diverse and complex ecological community that profoundly impacts intestinal homeostasis and disease states. This review will discuss the differential influence of the microbiota on the development of IBD-associated colorectal cancer and highlight the role of innate immune sensor-dependent as well as -independent mechanisms in this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle C Arthur
- Department of Medicine and the Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7080, USA
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Inside the microbial and immune labyrinth: Gut microbes: friends or fiends? Nat Med 2010; 16:1195-7. [PMID: 21052070 DOI: 10.1038/nm1110-1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Feng T, Elson CO, Cong Y. Treg cell-IgA axis in maintenance of host immune homeostasis with microbiota. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 11:589-92. [PMID: 21111079 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The intestine is the home to a vast diversity of microbiota and a complex of mucosal immune system. Multiple regulatory mechanisms control host immune responses to microbiota and maintain intestinal immune homeostasis. This mini review will provide evidence indicating a Treg cell-IgA axis and such axis playing a major role in maintenance of intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1019, USA
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