1
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Aints A, Šunina M, Uibo R. HLA-A02 restricted T-cell cross-reactivity to a microbial antigen. J Immunotoxicol 2024; 21:2373247. [PMID: 39066679 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2024.2373247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular mimicry has been proposed to be a possible mechanism of induction of autoimmunity. In some cases, it is believed that such events could lead to a disease such as Type 1 diabetes (T1D). One of the primary MHC-I epitopes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of T1D has been identified as a peptide from the islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP) protein. In humans, the most common MHC-I model allele is HLA-A02; based on this, the study here identified a potential HLA-A0201-restricted human IGRP epitope as YLKTNLFLFL and also found a homologous A0201-restricted peptide in an Enterococcal protein. Using cells obtained from healthy human donors, it was seen that after a 2-week incubation with the synthetic bacterial protein, healthy A0201+ donor CD8+ cells displayed increased staining for human IGRP-peptide-dextramer. On the other hand, in control cultures, no significant levels of dextramer-staining CD8+ T-cells were detectable. From these outcomes, it is possible to conclude that certain bacterial proteins may initiate CD8+ T-cell-mediated immune reaction toward homologous human antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alar Aints
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marina Šunina
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Raivo Uibo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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2
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Van Der Byl W, Nüssing S, Peters TJ, Ahn A, Li H, Ledergor G, David E, Koh AS, Wagle MV, Deguit CDT, de Menezes MN, Travers A, Sampurno S, Ramsbottom KM, Li R, Kallies A, Beavis PA, Jungmann R, Bastings MMC, Belz GT, Goel S, Trapani JA, Crabtree GR, Chang HY, Amit I, Goodnow CC, Luciani F, Parish IA. The CD8 + T cell tolerance checkpoint triggers a distinct differentiation state defined by protein translation defects. Immunity 2024; 57:1324-1344.e8. [PMID: 38776918 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral CD8+ T cell tolerance is a checkpoint in both autoimmune disease and anti-cancer immunity. Despite its importance, the relationship between tolerance-induced states and other CD8+ T cell differentiation states remains unclear. Using flow cytometric phenotyping, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), and chromatin accessibility profiling, we demonstrated that in vivo peripheral tolerance to a self-antigen triggered a fundamentally distinct differentiation state separate from exhaustion, memory, and functional effector cells but analogous to cells defectively primed against tumors. Tolerant cells diverged early and progressively from effector cells, adopting a transcriptionally and epigenetically distinct state within 60 h of antigen encounter. Breaching tolerance required the synergistic actions of strong T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and inflammation, which cooperatively induced gene modules that enhanced protein translation. Weak TCR signaling during bystander infection failed to breach tolerance due to the uncoupling of effector gene expression from protein translation. Thus, tolerance engages a distinct differentiation trajectory enforced by protein translation defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Van Der Byl
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simone Nüssing
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy J Peters
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Antonio Ahn
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hanjie Li
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Guy Ledergor
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal David
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Andrew S Koh
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mayura V Wagle
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Maria N de Menezes
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Avraham Travers
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shienny Sampurno
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kelly M Ramsbottom
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rui Li
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Axel Kallies
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ralf Jungmann
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Maartje M C Bastings
- Institute of Materials, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Interfaculty Bioengineering Institute, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- The Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shom Goel
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gerald R Crabtree
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Chris C Goodnow
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fabio Luciani
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ian A Parish
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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3
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Wu T, Womersley HJ, Wang JR, Scolnick J, Cheow LF. Time-resolved assessment of single-cell protein secretion by sequencing. Nat Methods 2023; 20:723-734. [PMID: 37037998 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-01841-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Secreted proteins play critical roles in cellular communication. Methods enabling concurrent measurement of cellular protein secretion, phenotypes and transcriptomes are still unavailable. Here we describe time-resolved assessment of protein secretion from single cells by sequencing (TRAPS-seq). Released proteins are trapped onto the cell surface and probed by oligonucleotide-barcoded antibodies before being simultaneously sequenced with transcriptomes in single cells. We demonstrate that TRAPS-seq helps unravel the phenotypic and transcriptional determinants of the secretion of pleiotropic TH1 cytokines (IFNγ, IL-2 and TNF) in activated T cells. In addition, we show that TRAPS-seq can be used to track the secretion of multiple cytokines over time, uncovering unique molecular signatures that govern the dynamics of single-cell cytokine secretions. Our results revealed that early central memory T cells with CD45RA expression (TCMRA) are important in both the production and maintenance of polyfunctional cytokines. TRAPS-seq presents a unique tool for seamless integration of secretomics measurements with multi-omics profiling in single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjin Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Howard John Womersley
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jonathan Scolnick
- Singleron Biotechnologies Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lih Feng Cheow
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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4
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Turner M. Regulation and function of poised mRNAs in lymphocytes. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2200236. [PMID: 37009769 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Pre-existing but untranslated or 'poised' mRNA exists as a means to rapidly induce the production of specific proteins in response to stimuli and as a safeguard to limit the actions of these proteins. The translation of poised mRNA enables immune cells to express quickly genes that enhance immune responses. The molecular mechanisms that repress the translation of poised mRNA and, upon stimulation, enable translation have yet to be elucidated. They likely reflect intrinsic properties of the mRNAs and their interactions with trans-acting factors that direct poised mRNAs away from or into the ribosome. Here, I discuss mechanisms by which this might be regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Turner
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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5
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Stelekati E, Cai Z, Manne S, Chen Z, Beltra JC, Buchness LA, Leng X, Ristin S, Nzingha K, Ekshyyan V, Niavi C, Abdel-Hakeem MS, Ali MA, Drury S, Lau CW, Gao Z, Ban Y, Zhou SK, Ansel KM, Kurachi M, Jordan MS, Villarino AV, Ngiow SF, Wherry EJ. MicroRNA-29a attenuates CD8 T cell exhaustion and induces memory-like CD8 T cells during chronic infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2106083119. [PMID: 35446623 PMCID: PMC9169946 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106083119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells mediate protection against intracellular pathogens and tumors. However, persistent antigen during chronic infections or cancer leads to T cell exhaustion, suboptimal functionality, and reduced protective capacity. Despite considerable work interrogating the transcriptional regulation of exhausted CD8 T cells (TEX), the posttranscriptional control of TEX remains poorly understood. Here, we interrogated the role of microRNAs (miRs) in CD8 T cells responding to acutely resolved or chronic viral infection and identified miR-29a as a key regulator of TEX. Enforced expression of miR-29a improved CD8 T cell responses during chronic viral infection and antagonized exhaustion. miR-29a inhibited exhaustion-driving transcriptional pathways, including inflammatory and T cell receptor signaling, and regulated ribosomal biogenesis. As a result, miR-29a fostered a memory-like CD8 T cell differentiation state during chronic infection. Thus, we identify miR-29a as a key regulator of TEX and define mechanisms by which miR-29a can divert exhaustion toward a more beneficial memory-like CD8 T cell differentiation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erietta Stelekati
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Zhangying Cai
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sasikanth Manne
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Zeyu Chen
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jean-Christophe Beltra
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Lance Alec Buchness
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Xuebing Leng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Svetlana Ristin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Kito Nzingha
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Viktoriya Ekshyyan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Christina Niavi
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Mohamed S. Abdel-Hakeem
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Mohammed-Alkhatim Ali
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sydney Drury
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Chi Wai Lau
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Zhen Gao
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Yuguang Ban
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Simon K. Zhou
- Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - K. Mark Ansel
- Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Makoto Kurachi
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Martha S. Jordan
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alejandro V. Villarino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Shin Foong Ngiow
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - E. John Wherry
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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6
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Philip M, Schietinger A. CD8 + T cell differentiation and dysfunction in cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:209-223. [PMID: 34253904 PMCID: PMC9792152 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00574-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 201.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells specific for cancer cells are detected within tumours. However, despite their presence, tumours progress. The clinical success of immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive T cell therapy demonstrates the potential of CD8+ T cells to mediate antitumour responses; however, most patients with cancer fail to achieve long-term responses to immunotherapy. Here we review CD8+ T cell differentiation to dysfunctional states during tumorigenesis. We highlight similarities and differences between T cell dysfunction and other hyporesponsive T cell states and discuss the spatio-temporal factors contributing to T cell state heterogeneity in tumours. An important challenge is predicting which patients will respond to immunotherapeutic interventions and understanding which T cell subsets mediate the clinical response. We explore our current understanding of what determines T cell responsiveness and resistance to immunotherapy and point out the outstanding research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Philip
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Department of Medicine/Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,;
| | - Andrea Schietinger
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,;
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7
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Marchingo JM, Cantrell DA. Protein synthesis, degradation, and energy metabolism in T cell immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:303-315. [PMID: 34983947 PMCID: PMC8891282 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00792-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation into effector and memory states involve massive remodeling of T cell size and molecular content and create a massive increase in demand for energy and amino acids. Protein synthesis is an energy- and resource-demanding process; as such, changes in T cell energy production are intrinsically linked to proteome remodeling. In this review, we discuss how protein synthesis and degradation change over the course of a T cell immune response and the crosstalk between these processes and T cell energy metabolism. We highlight how the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry to analyze T cell proteomes can improve our understanding of how these processes are regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Marchingo
- Cell Signalling and Immunology Division, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Doreen A Cantrell
- Cell Signalling and Immunology Division, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.
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8
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Wang Y, Feng W, Liu P. Genotype-immunophenotype analysis reveals the immunogenomic subtype and prognosis of multiple myeloma. Carcinogenesis 2021; 41:1746-1754. [PMID: 32278317 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune dysfunction plays an important role in tumour development, recurrence, therapeutic responses and overall survival (OS). Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal B-cell malignancy which characterized by anti-tumoural immune dysfunction. In this study, we analysed 28 tumour-immune-related pathways and calculated the immune pathway score through published microarray data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) data portal. A training set of 345 patients and a validation set of 214 patients with primary MM were chosen. We performed least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analysis to identify prognostic factors. Then, we used cluster analysis to divide patients into three immunogenomic subtypes, which named abnormal immune activated type, common type and anti-myeloma immune activated type. Log‑rank tests showed that anti-myeloma immune activated type had the best prognosis and abnormal immune activated type had the shortest OS (P = 0.000) and event-free survival (EFS) (P = 0.000). Multivariate Cox also indicated that the immunogenomic subtype was an independent predictor of OS (P = 0.001) and EFS (P = 0.000). We also analysed the characteristics and the immune-response patterns of different subtypes. Then, we established a mathematical model to classify patients in the validation set. In the validation set, patients with different immunogenomic subtypes also had a significantly different OS (P = 0.001) and EFS (P = 0.005). Our study explored tumour-immune-related pathways at a multi-dimensional level and found the immunogenomic subtype of MM. Potential mechanisms on the genetic level of how tumour-immunity influences the prognosis and therapeutic responses are provided. The immunogenomic subtype may be feasible for deciding clinical treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanjing Feng
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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9
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ElTanbouly MA, Noelle RJ. Rethinking peripheral T cell tolerance: checkpoints across a T cell's journey. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:257-267. [PMID: 33077935 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-00454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Following their exit from the thymus, T cells are endowed with potent effector functions but must spare host tissue from harm. The fate of these cells is dictated by a series of checkpoints that regulate the quality and magnitude of T cell-mediated immunity, known as tolerance checkpoints. In this Perspective, we discuss the mediators and networks that control the six main peripheral tolerance checkpoints throughout the life of a T cell: quiescence, ignorance, anergy, exhaustion, senescence and death. At the naive T cell stage, two intrinsic checkpoints that actively maintain tolerance are quiescence and ignorance. In the presence of co-stimulation-deficient T cell activation, anergy is a dominant hallmark that mandates T cell unresponsiveness. When T cells are successfully stimulated and reach the effector stage, exhaustion and senescence can limit excessive inflammation and prevent immunopathology. At every stage of the T cell's journey, cell death exists as a checkpoint to limit clonal expansion and to terminate unrestrained responses. Here, we compare and contrast the T cell tolerance checkpoints and discuss their specific roles, with the aim of providing an integrated view of T cell peripheral tolerance and fate regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A ElTanbouly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Randolph J Noelle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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10
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Bucheli OTM, Sigvaldadóttir I, Eyer K. Measuring single-cell protein secretion in immunology: Technologies, advances, and applications. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1334-1347. [PMID: 33734428 PMCID: PMC8252417 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics, nature, strength, and ultimately protective capabilities of an active immune response are determined by the extracellular constitution and concentration of various soluble factors. Generated effector cells secrete such mediators, including antibodies, chemo‐ and cytokines to achieve functionality. These secreted factors organize the individual immune cells into functional tissues, initiate, orchestrate, and regulate the immune response. Therefore, a single‐cell resolved analysis of protein secretion is a valuable tool for studying the heterogeneity and functionality of immune cells. This review aims to provide a comparative overview of various methods to characterize immune reactions by measuring single‐cell protein secretion. Spot‐based and cytometry‐based assays, such as ELISpot and flow cytometry, respectively, are well‐established methods applied in basic research and clinical settings. Emerging novel technologies, such as microfluidic platforms, offer new ways to measure and exploit protein secretion in immune reactions. Further technological advances will allow the deciphering of protein secretion in immunological responses with unprecedented detail, linking secretion to functionality. Here, we summarize the development and recent advances of tools that allow the analysis of protein secretion at the single‐cell level, and discuss and contrast their applications within immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia T M Bucheli
- ETH Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ingibjörg Sigvaldadóttir
- ETH Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Eyer
- ETH Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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11
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Džafo E, Bianchi N, Monticelli S. Cell-intrinsic mechanisms to restrain inflammatory responses in T lymphocytes. Immunol Rev 2021; 300:181-193. [PMID: 33507562 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A mechanistic understanding of the regulatory circuits that control the effector responses of memory T helper lymphocytes, and in particular their ability to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, may lead to effective therapeutic interventions in all immune-related diseases. Activation of T lymphocytes induces robust immune responses that in most cases lead to the complete eradication of invading pathogens or tumor cells. At the same time, however, such responses must be both highly controlled in magnitude and limited in time to avoid unnecessary damage. To achieve such sophisticated level of control, T lymphocytes have at their disposal an array of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that ensure the acquisition of a phenotype that is tailored to the incoming stimulus while restraining unwarranted activation, eventually leading to the resolution of the inflammatory response. Here, we will discuss some of these cell-intrinsic mechanisms that control T cell responses and involve transcription factors, microRNAs, and RNA-binding proteins. We will also explore how the same mechanisms can be involved both in anti-tumor responses and in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emina Džafo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Niccolò Bianchi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Monticelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
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12
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Kongsomboonvech AK, Rodriguez F, Diep AL, Justice BM, Castallanos BE, Camejo A, Mukhopadhyay D, Taylor GA, Yamamoto M, Saeij JPJ, Reese ML, Jensen KDC. Naïve CD8 T cell IFNγ responses to a vacuolar antigen are regulated by an inflammasome-independent NLRP3 pathway and Toxoplasma gondii ROP5. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008327. [PMID: 32853276 PMCID: PMC7480859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Host resistance to Toxoplasma gondii relies on CD8 T cell IFNγ responses, which if modulated by the host or parasite could influence chronic infection and parasite transmission between hosts. Since host-parasite interactions that govern this response are not fully elucidated, we investigated requirements for eliciting naïve CD8 T cell IFNγ responses to a vacuolar resident antigen of T. gondii, TGD057. Naïve TGD057 antigen-specific CD8 T cells (T57) were isolated from transnuclear mice and responded to parasite-infected bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in an antigen-dependent manner, first by producing IL-2 and then IFNγ. T57 IFNγ responses to TGD057 were independent of the parasite’s protein export machinery ASP5 and MYR1. Instead, host immunity pathways downstream of the regulatory Immunity-Related GTPases (IRG), including partial dependence on Guanylate-Binding Proteins, are required. Multiple T. gondii ROP5 isoforms and allele types, including ‘avirulent’ ROP5A from clade A and D parasite strains, were able to suppress CD8 T cell IFNγ responses to parasite-infected BMDMs. Phenotypic variance between clades B, C, D, F, and A strains suggest T57 IFNγ differentiation occurs independently of parasite virulence or any known IRG-ROP5 interaction. Consistent with this, removal of ROP5 is not enough to elicit maximal CD8 T cell IFNγ production to parasite-infected cells. Instead, macrophage expression of the pathogen sensors, NLRP3 and to a large extent NLRP1, were absolute requirements. Other members of the conventional inflammasome cascade are only partially required, as revealed by decreased but not abrogated T57 IFNγ responses to parasite-infected ASC, caspase-1/11, and gasdermin D deficient cells. Moreover, IFNγ production was only partially reduced in the absence of IL-12, IL-18 or IL-1R signaling. In summary, T. gondii effectors and host machinery that modulate parasitophorous vacuolar membranes, as well as NLR-dependent but inflammasome-independent pathways, determine the full commitment of CD8 T cells IFNγ responses to a vacuolar antigen. Parasites are excellent “students” of our immune system as they can deflect, antagonize and confuse the immune response making it difficult to vaccinate against these pathogens. In this report, we analyzed how a widespread parasite of mammals, Toxoplasma gondii, manipulates an immune cell needed for immunity to many intracellular pathogens, the CD8 T cell. Host pathways that govern CD8 T cell production of the immune protective cytokine, IFNγ, were also explored. We hypothesized the secreted T. gondii virulence factor, ROP5, work to inhibit the MHC 1 antigen presentation pathway therefore making it difficult for CD8 T cells to see T. gondii antigens sequestered inside a parasitophorous vacuole. However, manipulation through T. gondii ROP5 does not fully explain how CD8 T cells commit to making IFNγ in response to infection. Importantly, CD8 T cell IFNγ responses to T. gondii require the pathogen sensor NLRP3 to be expressed in the infected cell. Other proteins associated with NLRP3 activation, including members of the conventional inflammasome activation cascade pathway, are only partially involved. Our results identify a novel pathway by which NLRP3 regulates T cell function and underscore the need for NLRP3-activating adjuvants in vaccines aimed at inducing CD8 T cell IFNγ responses to parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel K. Kongsomboonvech
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Felipe Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Anh L. Diep
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Brandon M. Justice
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Brayan E. Castallanos
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Ana Camejo
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Debanjan Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Taylor
- Departments of Medicine; Molecular Genetics and Microbiology; and Immunology; and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jeroen P. J. Saeij
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Reese
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kirk D. C. Jensen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Tortola L, Jacobs A, Pohlmeier L, Obermair FJ, Ampenberger F, Bodenmiller B, Kopf M. High-Dimensional T Helper Cell Profiling Reveals a Broad Diversity of Stably Committed Effector States and Uncovers Interlineage Relationships. Immunity 2020; 53:597-613.e6. [PMID: 32735846 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T helper (Th) cells are fundamental players in immunity. Based on the expression of signature cytokines and transcription factors, several Th subsets have been defined. Th cells are thought to be far more heterogeneous and multifunctional than originally believed, but characterization of the full diversity has been hindered by technical limitations. Here, we employ mass cytometry to analyze the diversity of Th cell responses generated in vitro and in animal disease models, revealing a vast heterogeneity of effector states with distinct cytokine footprints. The diversities of cytokine responses established during primary antigen encounters in Th1- and Th2-cell-polarizing conditions are largely maintained after secondary challenge, regardless of the new inflammatory environment, highlighting many of the identified states as stable Th cell sublineages. We also find that Th17 cells tend to upregulate Th2-cell-associated cytokines upon challenge, indicating a closer developmental connection between Th17 and Th2 cells than previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Tortola
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Jacobs
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lea Pohlmeier
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Bernd Bodenmiller
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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14
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Hashimoto H, McCallion O, Kempkes RWM, Hester J, Issa F. Distinct metabolic pathways mediate regulatory T cell differentiation and function. Immunol Lett 2020; 223:53-61. [PMID: 32360534 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of the cellular metabolic pathways of immune cells, or immunometabolism, is a field of increasing interest. An understanding of immunometabolism provides routes to modifying T cell function for therapeutic purposes. Here, we review immunometabolism with a specific focus on regulatory T cells (Tregs). While T cells are known to switch their metabolic profile from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis upon activation, in vitro-induced Tregs display alternate metabolic characteristics which may be related to their specialised suppressive function. Recent data suggest that the preferential pathways employed by Tregs differ in vivo and ex vivo. Metabolic 'harshness', particularly the deterioration of glycolysis, positively affects Treg differentiation and function, while negatively correlating with Treg clonal expansion and migratory capacity. These context-dependent findings provide new insights into the behaviour of Tregs with implications for both tumour immunology and autoimmunity. This review examines the field in detail, offering an overview of our current understanding of Treg immunometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Hashimoto
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Level 6, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver McCallion
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Level 6, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalie W M Kempkes
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Level 6, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Hester
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Level 6, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Fadi Issa
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Level 6, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.
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15
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Salerno F, Turner M, Wolkers MC. Dynamic Post-Transcriptional Events Governing CD8+ T Cell Homeostasis and Effector Function. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:240-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Knipper JA, Ivens A, Taylor MD. Helminth-induced Th2 cell dysfunction is distinct from exhaustion and is maintained in the absence of antigen. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007908. [PMID: 31815932 PMCID: PMC6922449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-intrinsic regulation, such as anergy, adaptive tolerance and exhaustion, is central to immune regulation. In contrast to Type 1 and Type 17 settings, knowledge of the intrinsic fate and function of Th2 cells in chronic Type 2 immune responses is lacking. We previously showed that Th2 cells develop a PD-1/PD-L2-dependent intrinsically hypo-responsive phenotype during infection with the filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis, denoted by impaired functionality and parasite killing. This study aimed to elucidate the transcriptional changes underlying Th2 cell-intrinsic hypo-responsiveness, and whether it represents a unique and stable state of Th2 cell differentiation. We demonstrated that intrinsically hypo-responsive Th2 cells isolated from L. sigmodontis infected mice stably retained their dysfunctional Th2 phenotype upon transfer to naïve recipients, and had a divergent transcriptional profile to classical Th2 cells isolated prior to hypo-responsiveness and from mice exposed to acute Type 2 stimuli. Hypo-responsive Th2 cells displayed a distinct transcriptional profile to exhausted CD4+ T cells, but upregulated Blimp-1 and the anergy/regulatory-associated transcription factors Egr2 and c-Maf, and shared characteristics with tolerised T cells. Hypo-responsive Th2 cells increased mRNA expression of the soluble regulatory factors Fgl2, Cd38, Spp1, Areg, Metrnl, Lgals3, and Csf1, and a subset developed a T-bet+IFN-γ+ Th2/Th1 hybrid phenotype, indicating that they were not functionally inert. Contrasting with their lost ability to produce Th2 cytokines, hypo-responsive Th2 cells gained IL-21 production and IL-21R blockade enhanced resistance to L. sigmodontis. IL-21R blockade also increased the proportion of CD19+PNA+ germinal centre B cells and serum levels of parasite specific IgG1. This indicates a novel regulatory role for IL-21 during filarial infection, both in controlling protection and B cell responses. Thus, Th2 cell-intrinsic hypo-responsiveness is a distinct and stable state of Th2 cell differentiation associated with a switch from a classically active IL-4+IL-5+ Th2 phenotype, to a non-classical dysfunctional and potentially regulatory IL-21+Egr2+c-Maf+Blimp-1+IL-4loIL-5loT-bet+IFN-γ+ Th2 phenotype. This divergence towards alternate Th2 phenotypes during chronicity has broad implications for the outcomes and treatment of chronic Type 2-related infections and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna A. Knipper
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Ivens
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew D. Taylor
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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17
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Tilstra JS, Avery L, Menk AV, Gordon RA, Smita S, Kane LP, Chikina M, Delgoffe GM, Shlomchik MJ. Kidney-infiltrating T cells in murine lupus nephritis are metabolically and functionally exhausted. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4884-4897. [PMID: 30130253 DOI: 10.1172/jci120859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While T cells are important for the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis, little is known about how T cells function after infiltrating the kidney. The current paradigm suggests that kidney-infiltrating T cells (KITs) are activated effector cells contributing to tissue damage and ultimately organ failure. Herein, we demonstrate that the majority of CD4+ and CD8+ KITs in 3 murine lupus models are not effector cells, as hypothesized, but rather express multiple inhibitory receptors and are highly dysfunctional, with reduced cytokine production and proliferative capacity. In other systems, this hypofunctional profile is linked directly to metabolic and specifically mitochondrial dysfunction, which we also observed in KITs. The T cell phenotype was driven by the expression of an "exhausted" transcriptional signature. Our data thus reveal that the tissue parenchyma has the capability of suppressing T cell responses and limiting damage to self. These findings suggest avenues for the treatment of autoimmunity based on selectively exploiting the exhausted phenotype of tissue-infiltrating T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lyndsay Avery
- Department of Immunology.,Infectious Disease and Microbiology Graduate Program
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Chikina
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Greg M Delgoffe
- Department of Immunology.,Tumor Microenvironment Center.,Cancer Immunology Program, and
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18
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Moyes KW, Davis A, Hoglund V, Haberthur K, Lieberman NA, Kreuser SA, Deutsch GH, Franco S, Locke D, Carleton MO, Gilbertson DG, Simmons R, Winter C, Silber J, Gonzalez-Cuyar LF, Ellenbogen RG, Crane CA. Effects of tumor grade and dexamethasone on myeloid cells in patients with glioma. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1507668. [PMID: 30377570 PMCID: PMC6204983 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1507668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to reduce immunosuppression in the solid tumor microenvironment by blocking the recruitment or polarization of tumor associated macrophages (TAM), or myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), have gained momentum in recent years. Expanding our knowledge of the immune cell types, cytokines, or recruitment factors that are associated with high-grade disease, both within the tumor and in circulation, is critical to identifying novel targets for immunotherapy. Furthermore, a better understanding of how therapeutic regimens, such as Dexamethasone (Dex), chemotherapy, and radiation, impact these factors will facilitate the design of therapies that can be targeted to the appropriate populations and retain efficacy when administered in combination with standard of care regimens. Here we perform quantitative analysis of tissue microarrays made of samples taken from grades I-III astrocytoma and glioblastoma (GBM, grade IV astrocytoma) to evaluate infiltration of myeloid markers CD163, CD68, CD33, and S100A9. Serum, flow cytometric, and Nanostring analysis allowed us to further elucidate the impact of Dex treatment on systemic biomarkers, circulating cells, and functional markers within tumor tissue. We found that common myeloid markers were elevated in Dex-treated grade I astrocytoma and GBM compared to non-neoplastic brain tissue and grade II-III astrocytomas. Cell frequencies in these samples differed significantly from those in Dex-naïve patients in a pattern that depended on tumor grade. In contrast, observed changes in serum chemokines or circulating monocytes were independent of disease state and were due to Dex treatment alone. Furthermore, these changes seen in blood were often not reflected within the tumor tissue. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the importance of considering perioperative treatment as well as disease grade when assessing novel therapeutic targets or biomarkers of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara W Moyes
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amira Davis
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Virginia Hoglund
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kristen Haberthur
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicole Ap Lieberman
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shannon A Kreuser
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gail H Deutsch
- Department of Pathology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie Franco
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Conrad Winter
- Department of Pathology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John Silber
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | | | | | - Courtney A Crane
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
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19
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Jain A, Song R, Wakeland EK, Pasare C. T cell-intrinsic IL-1R signaling licenses effector cytokine production by memory CD4 T cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3185. [PMID: 30093707 PMCID: PMC6085393 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05489-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate cytokines are critical drivers of priming and differentiation of naive CD4 T cells, but their functions in memory T cell response are largely undefined. Here we show that IL-1 acts as a licensing signal to permit effector cytokine production by pre-committed Th1 (IFN-γ), Th2 (IL-13, IL-4, and IL-5) and Th17 (IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22) lineage cells. This licensing function of IL-1 is conserved across effector CD4 T cells generated by diverse immunological insults. IL-1R signaling stabilizes cytokine transcripts to enable productive and rapid effector functions. We also demonstrate that successful lineage commitment does not translate into productive effector functions in the absence of IL-1R signaling. Acute abrogation of IL-1R signaling in vivo results in reduced IL-17A production by intestinal Th17 cells. These results extend the role of innate cytokines beyond CD4 T cell priming and establish IL-1 as a licensing signal for memory CD4 T cell function. CD4 T cell polarizations and functions are regulated by cytokines from innate cells. Here the authors show that IL-1 deficiency does not impair the differentiation of Th1, Th2 and Th17, but IL-1 signaling is required for maintaining the expressions of their respective key cytokines to ‘license’ the functions of these T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakanksha Jain
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ran Song
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Edward K Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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20
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Baumjohann D, Heissmeyer V. Posttranscriptional Gene Regulation of T Follicular Helper Cells by RNA-Binding Proteins and microRNAs. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1794. [PMID: 30108596 PMCID: PMC6079247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are critically involved in the establishment of potent antibody responses against infectious pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria, but their dysregulation may also result in aberrant antibody responses that frequently coincide with autoimmune diseases or allergies. The fate and identity of Tfh cells is tightly controlled by gene regulation on the transcriptional and posttranscriptional level. Here, we provide deeper insights into the posttranscriptional mechanisms that regulate Tfh cell differentiation, function, and plasticity through the actions of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and small endogenously expressed regulatory RNAs called microRNAs (miRNAs). The Roquin family of RBPs has been shown to dampen spontaneous activation and differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into Tfh cells, since CD4+ T cells with Roquin mutations accumulate as Tfh cells and provide inappropriate B cell help in the production of autoantibodies. Moreover, Regnase-1, an endoribonuclease that regulates a set of targets, which strongly overlaps with that of Roquin, is crucial for the prevention of autoantibody production. Interestingly, both Roquin and Regnase-1 proteins are cleaved and inactivated after TCR stimulation by the paracaspase MALT1. miRNAs are expressed in naïve CD4+ T cells and help preventing spontaneous differentiation into effector cells. While most miRNAs are downregulated upon T cell activation, several miRNAs have been shown to regulate the fate of these cells by either promoting (e.g., miR-17-92 and miR-155) or inhibiting (e.g., miR-146a) Tfh cell differentiation. Together, these different aspects highlight a complex and dynamic regulatory network of posttranscriptional gene regulation in Tfh cells that may also be active in other T helper cell populations, including Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Baumjohann
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Vigo Heissmeyer
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Research Unit Molecular Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
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21
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Kontoyiannis DL. An RNA checkpoint that keeps immunological memory at bay. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:795-797. [PMID: 29988088 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris L Kontoyiannis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Biology, Department of Genetics, Development & Molecular Biology, Thessaloniki, Greece. .,Biomedical Sciences Research Centre 'Alexander Fleming', Division of Immunology, Vari, Greece.
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22
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Translational repression of pre-formed cytokine-encoding mRNA prevents chronic activation of memory T cells. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:828-837. [PMID: 29988089 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Memory T cells are critical for the immune response to recurring infections. Their instantaneous reactivity to pathogens is empowered by the persistent expression of cytokine-encoding mRNAs. How the translation of proteins from pre-formed cytokine-encoding mRNAs is prevented in the absence of infection has remained unclear. Here we found that protein production in memory T cells was blocked via a 3' untranslated region (3' UTR)-mediated process. Germline deletion of AU-rich elements (AREs) in the Ifng-3' UTR led to chronic cytokine production in memory T cells. This aberrant protein production did not result from increased expression and/or half-life of the mRNA. Instead, AREs blocked the recruitment of cytokine-encoding mRNA to ribosomes; this block depended on the ARE-binding protein ZFP36L2. Thus, AREs mediate repression of translation in mouse and human memory T cells by preventing undesirable protein production from pre-formed cytokine-encoding mRNAs in the absence of infection.
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23
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Díaz-Muñoz MD, Turner M. Uncovering the Role of RNA-Binding Proteins in Gene Expression in the Immune System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1094. [PMID: 29875770 PMCID: PMC5974052 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fighting external pathogens requires an ever-changing immune system that relies on tight regulation of gene expression. Transcriptional control is the first step to build efficient responses while preventing immunodeficiencies and autoimmunity. Post-transcriptional regulation of RNA editing, location, stability, and translation are the other key steps for final gene expression, and they are all controlled by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Nowadays we have a deep understanding of how transcription factors control the immune system but recent evidences suggest that post-transcriptional regulation by RBPs is equally important for both development and activation of immune responses. Here, we review current knowledge about how post-transcriptional control by RBPs shapes our immune system and discuss the perspective of RBPs being the key players of a hidden immune cell epitranscriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel D Díaz-Muñoz
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, INSERM UMR1043/CNRS U5282, Toulouse, France
| | - Martin Turner
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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24
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Kwon E, Todorova K, Wang J, Horos R, Lee KK, Neel VA, Negri GL, Sorensen PH, Lee SW, Hentze MW, Mandinova A. The RNA-binding protein YBX1 regulates epidermal progenitors at a posttranscriptional level. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1734. [PMID: 29712925 PMCID: PMC5928080 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrity of stratified epithelia depends on the ability of progenitor cells to maintain a balance between proliferation and differentiation. While much is known about the transcriptional pathways underlying progenitor cells’ behavior in the epidermis, the role of posttranscriptional regulation by mRNA binding proteins—a rate-limiting step in sculpting the proteome—remains poorly understood. Here we report that the RNA binding protein YBX1 (Y-box binding protein-1) is a critical effector of progenitors’ function in the epidermis. YBX1 expression is restricted to the cycling keratinocyte progenitors in vivo and its genetic ablation leads to defects in the architecture of the skin. We further demonstrate that YBX1 negatively controls epidermal progenitor senescence by regulating the translation of a senescence-associated subset of cytokine mRNAs via their 3′ untranslated regions. Our study establishes YBX1 as a posttranscriptional effector required for maintenance of epidermal homeostasis. The integrity of the stratified epithelia relies on controlled cell turnover but it is unclear how mRNA binding proteins regulates this. Here, the authors show that the RNA binding protein Y-box binding protein-1 translationally represses cytokines, so preventing senescence and maintaining epidermal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjeong Kwon
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Kristina Todorova
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Rastislav Horos
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kevin K Lee
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Victor A Neel
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Gian Luca Negri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Sam W Lee
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Matthias W Hentze
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Mandinova
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA. .,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 7 Divinity Avenue Cambridge, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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Guo L, Louis IVS, Bohjanen PR. Post-transcriptional regulation of cytokine expression and signaling. CURRENT TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 19:33-40. [PMID: 30568341 PMCID: PMC6296478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines and cytokine signaling pathways are crucial for regulating cellular functions, including cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. Cytokines regulate physiological processes such as immune responses and maintain immune homeostasis, and they also mediate pathological conditions such as autoimmune diseases and cancer. Hence, the precise control of the expression of cytokines and the transduction of cytokine signals is tightly regulated at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. In particular, post-transcriptional regulation at the level of mRNA stability is critical for coordinating cytokine expression and cytokine signaling. Numerous cytokine transcripts contain AU-rich elements (AREs), whereas transcripts encoding numerous components of cytokine signaling pathways contain GU-rich elements (GREs). AREs and GREs are mRNA decay elements that mediate rapid mRNA degradation. Through ARE- and GRE-mediated decay mechanisms, immune cells selectively and specifically regulate cytokine networks during immune responses. Aberrant expression and stability of ARE- or GRE-containing transcripts that encode cytokines or components of cytokine signaling pathways are observed in disease states, including cancer. In this review, we focus on the role of AREs and GREs in regulating cytokine expression and signal transduction at the level of mRNA stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Program in Infection and Immunity, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology Training Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Graduate Program in Comparative and Molecular Bioscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Irina Vlasova-St. Louis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Program in Infection and Immunity, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Paul R. Bohjanen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Program in Infection and Immunity, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology Training Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Graduate Program in Comparative and Molecular Bioscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Nicolet BP, Guislain A, Wolkers MC. Combined Single-Cell Measurement of Cytokine mRNA and Protein Identifies T Cells with Persistent Effector Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:962-970. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Vlasova-St Louis I, Bohjanen PR. Post-transcriptional regulation of cytokine and growth factor signaling in cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 33:83-93. [PMID: 27956133 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines and growth factors regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis, and play important roles in coordinating growth signal responses during development. The expression of cytokine genes and the signals transmitted through cytokine receptors are tightly regulated at several levels, including transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. A majority of cytokine mRNAs, including growth factor transcripts, contain AU-rich elements (AREs) in their 3' untranslated regions that control gene expression by regulating mRNA degradation and changing translational rates. In addition, numerous proteins involved in transmitting signals downstream of cytokine receptors are regulated at the level of mRNA degradation by GU-rich elements (GREs) found in their 3' untranslated regions. Abnormal stabilization and overexpression of ARE or GRE-containing transcripts had been observed in many malignancies, which is a consequence of the malfunction of RNA-binding proteins. In this review, we briefly summarize the role of AREs and GREs in regulating mRNA turnover to coordinate cytokine and growth factor expression, and we describe how dysregulation of mRNA degradation mechanisms contributes to the development and progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul R Bohjanen
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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28
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Peng M, Yin N, Chhangawala S, Xu K, Leslie CS, Li MO. Aerobic glycolysis promotes T helper 1 cell differentiation through an epigenetic mechanism. Science 2016; 354:481-484. [PMID: 27708054 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf6284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect) is a metabolic hallmark of activated T cells and has been implicated in augmenting effector T cell responses, including expression of the proinflammatory cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ), via 3' untranslated region (3'UTR)-mediated mechanisms. Here, we show that lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) is induced in activated T cells to support aerobic glycolysis but promotes IFN-γ expression independently of its 3'UTR. Instead, LDHA maintains high concentrations of acetyl-coenzyme A to enhance histone acetylation and transcription of Ifng Ablation of LDHA in T cells protects mice from immunopathology triggered by excessive IFN-γ expression or deficiency of regulatory T cells. These findings reveal an epigenetic mechanism by which aerobic glycolysis promotes effector T cell differentiation and suggest that LDHA may be targeted therapeutically in autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Peng
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Na Yin
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sagar Chhangawala
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Physiology Biophysics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ke Xu
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA. Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christina S Leslie
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ming O Li
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA.
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29
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Villegas-Mendez A, Inkson CA, Shaw TN, Strangward P, Couper KN. Long-Lived CD4+IFN-γ+ T Cells rather than Short-Lived CD4+IFN-γ+IL-10+ T Cells Initiate Rapid IL-10 Production To Suppress Anamnestic T Cell Responses during Secondary Malaria Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3152-3164. [PMID: 27630165 PMCID: PMC5055201 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells that produce IFN-γ are the source of host-protective IL-10 during primary infection with a number of different pathogens, including Plasmodium spp. The fate of these CD4+IFN-γ+IL-10+ T cells following clearance of primary infection and their subsequent influence on the course of repeated infections is, however, presently unknown. In this study, utilizing IFN-γ-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and IL-10-GFP dual reporter mice, we show that primary malaria infection-induced CD4+YFP+GFP+ T cells have limited memory potential, do not stably express IL-10, and are disproportionately lost from the Ag-experienced CD4+ T cell memory population during the maintenance phase postinfection. CD4+YFP+GFP+ T cells generally exhibited a short-lived effector rather than effector memory T cell phenotype postinfection and expressed high levels of PD-1, Lag-3, and TIGIT, indicative of cellular exhaustion. Consistently, the surviving CD4+YFP+GFP+ T cell-derived cells were unresponsive and failed to proliferate during the early phase of secondary infection. In contrast, CD4+YFP+GFP- T cell-derived cells expanded rapidly and upregulated IL-10 expression during secondary infection. Correspondingly, CD4+ T cells were the major producers within an accelerated and amplified IL-10 response during the early stage of secondary malaria infection. Notably, IL-10 exerted quantitatively stronger regulatory effects on innate and CD4+ T cell responses during primary and secondary infections, respectively. The results in this study significantly improve our understanding of the durability of IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells postinfection and provide information on how IL-10 may contribute to optimized parasite control and prevention of immune-mediated pathology during repeated malaria infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Villegas-Mendez
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Colette A Inkson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Tovah N Shaw
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Strangward
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin N Couper
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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La Porta J, Matus-Nicodemos R, Valentín-Acevedo A, Covey LR. The RNA-Binding Protein, Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein 1 (PTBP1) Is a Key Regulator of CD4 T Cell Activation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158708. [PMID: 27513449 PMCID: PMC4981342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the RNA binding protein, polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTBP1) plays a critical role in regulating the expression of CD40L in activated CD4 T cells. This is achieved mechanistically through message stabilization at late times of activation as well as by altered distribution of CD40L mRNA within distinct cellular compartments. PTBP1 has been implicated in many different processes, however whether PTBP1 plays a broader role in CD4 T cell activation is not known. To examine this question, experiments were designed to introduce shRNA into primary human CD4 T cells to achieve decreased, but not complete ablation of PTBP1 expression. Analyses of shPTB-expressing CD4 T cells revealed multiple processes including cell proliferation, activation-induced cell death and expression of activation markers and cytokines that were regulated in part by PTBP1 expression. Although there was an overall decrease in the steady-state level of several activation genes, only IL-2 and CD40L appeared to be regulated by PTBP1 at the level of RNA decay suggesting that PTBP1 is critical at different regulatory steps of expression that is gene-specific. Importantly, even though the IL-2 protein levels were reduced in cells with lowered PTBP1, the steady-state level of IL-2 mRNA was significantly higher in these cells suggesting a block at the translational level. Evaluation of T cell activation in shPTB-expressing T cells revealed that PTBP1 was linked primarily to the activation of the PLCγ1/ERK1/2 and the NF-κB pathways. Overall, our results reveal the importance of this critical RNA binding protein in multiple steps of T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James La Porta
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Rodrigo Matus-Nicodemos
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Aníbal Valentín-Acevedo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Lori R. Covey
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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T-cells require post-transcriptional regulation for accurate immune responses. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 43:1201-7. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20150154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-cells are crucial to protect us from intracellular pathogens and malignant cells. When T-cells become activated, they rapidly secrete cytokines, chemokines and cytotoxic granules that are critical to clear infected cells. However, when not properly regulated, these toxic effector molecules become one of the key mediators of autoimmune diseases. Therefore, a tight and multi-layered regulation of gene expression and protein production is required to ensure a protective yet balanced immune response. In this review, we describe how post-transcriptional events modulate the production of effector molecules in T-cells. In particular, we will focus on the role of cis-regulatory elements within the 3′-UTR of specific mRNAs and on RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and non-coding RNAs that control the initiation and resolution of T-cell responses.
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Mahne AE, Klementowicz JE, Chou A, Nguyen V, Tang Q. Therapeutic regulatory T cells subvert effector T cell function in inflamed islets to halt autoimmune diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3147-55. [PMID: 25732730 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic regulatory T cells (Tregs) can reverse pre-established autoimmune pathology. In this study, using a mouse model of autoimmune diabetes, we aimed to determine the means by which therapeutic Tregs control islet inflammation. Islet Ag-specific Tregs infiltrated inflamed islets soon after infusion into prediabetic mice, which was quickly followed by a selective reduction of mRNA associated with effector T cells in the islets. This change was partially due to decreased CD8(+) T cell accumulation in the tissue. CD8(+) T cells that remained in the islets after Treg treatment were able to engage dendritic cells in a manner similar to that found in untreated mice, consistent with the retention of an activated phenotype by islet dendritic cells shortly after Treg treatment. Nonetheless, Treg treatment abrogated IFN-γ production by intraislet CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells at the protein level with minimal effect on IFN-γ mRNA. Sustained expression of IFN-γ protein by effector T cells was dependent on common γ-chain cytokine activation of the mTOR pathway, which was suppressed in islet CD8(+) T cells in vivo after Treg treatment. These multifaceted mechanisms underlie the efficacy of therapeutic Treg subversion of effector T cell functions at the site of inflammation to restore normal tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Mahne
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Joanna E Klementowicz
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Annie Chou
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Vinh Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Qizhi Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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33
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Uncoupling Malt1 Threshold Function from Paracaspase Activity Results in Destructive Autoimmune Inflammation. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1292-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Shi Y, Yu P, Zeng D, Qian F, Lei X, Zhao Y, Tang B, Hao Y, Luo H, Chen J, Tan Y. Suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor abrogates the immunosuppressive capability of murine gastric cancer cells and elicits antitumor immunity. FEBS J 2014; 281:3882-93. [PMID: 25041128 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying immune evasion by gastric cancer have not been well described due to a lack of gastric tumor models in immunocompetent mice. In the current study, we found that supernatants from MFC cells, a murine gastric cancer line, inhibited the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced maturation and cross-presentation of bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Moreover, MFC tumor-derived factors markedly altered the cytokine profiles of BMDCs, leading to a trend of increased levels of interleukin 4 (IL4), IL6, IL23 and transforming growth factor β, as well as decreased levels of tumor necrosis factor α. qPCR and ELISA revealed that MFC cells expressed a high level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Downregulating VEGF expression abrogated the inhibitory effect of MFC-derived factors on the maturation and cross-presentation of BMDCs. In addition, VEGF knockdown greatly impaired the tumorigenicity of MFC cells in immunocompetent mice. Compared with parental MFC tumors, VEGF-low MFC tumors grew much more slowly and the survival of tumor-inoculated mice was significantly improved. More importantly, mice rejecting inoculated VEGF-low MFC tumor cells gained resistance to re-challenged parental tumors, which was attributed to an antitumor immunity response against parental MFC tumors. These results reveal an immunosuppressive role for VEGF in murine gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Kafasla P, Skliris A, Kontoyiannis DL. Post-transcriptional coordination of immunological responses by RNA-binding proteins. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:492-502. [PMID: 24840980 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunological reactions are propelled by ever-changing signals that alter the translational ability of the RNA in the cells involved. Such alterations are considered to be consequential modifications in the transcriptomic decoding of the genetic blueprint. The identification of RNA-binding protein (RBP) assemblies engaged in the coordinative regulation of state-specific RNAs indicates alternative and exclusive means for determining the activation, plasticity and tolerance of cells of the immune system. Here we review current knowledge about RBP-regulated post-transcriptional events involved in the reactivity of cells of the immune system and the importance of their alteration during chronic inflammatory pathology and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Kafasla
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | - Antonis Skliris
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | - Dimitris L Kontoyiannis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
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36
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Translational control of immune responses: from transcripts to translatomes. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:503-11. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.2891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
One of the mechanisms that are in place to control the activation of mature T cells that bear self-reactive antigen receptors is anergy, a long-term state of hyporesponsiveness that is established in T cells in response to suboptimal stimulation. T cells receive signals that result not only from antigen recognition and costimulation but also from other sources, including cytokine receptors, inhibitory receptors or metabolic sensors. Integration of those signals will determine T cell fate. Under conditions that induce anergy, T cells activate a program of gene expression that leads to the production of proteins that block T cell receptor signaling and inhibit cytokine gene expression. In this review we will examine those signals that determine functional outcome following antigen encounter, review current knowledge of the factors that ensure signaling inhibition and epigenetic gene silencing in anergic cells and explore the mechanisms that lead to the reversal of anergy and the reacquisition of effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Valdor
- Department of Pathology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Bronx, NY. USA
| | - Fernando Macian
- Department of Pathology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Bronx, NY. USA
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38
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Tolerance and exhaustion: defining mechanisms of T cell dysfunction. Trends Immunol 2013; 35:51-60. [PMID: 24210163 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CD8 T cell activation and differentiation are tightly controlled, and dependent on the context in which naïve T cells encounter antigen, can either result in functional memory or T cell dysfunction, including exhaustion, tolerance, anergy, or senescence. With the identification of phenotypic and functional traits shared in different settings of T cell dysfunction, distinctions between such dysfunctional states have become blurred. Here, we discuss distinct states of CD8 T cell dysfunction, with an emphasis on: (i) T cell tolerance to self-antigens (self-tolerance); (ii) T cell exhaustion during chronic infections; and (iii) tumor-induced T cell dysfunction. We highlight recent findings on cellular and molecular characteristics defining these states, cell-intrinsic regulatory mechanisms that induce and maintain them, and strategies that can lead to their reversal.
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Yuan J, Muljo SA. Exploring the RNA world in hematopoietic cells through the lens of RNA-binding proteins. Immunol Rev 2013; 253:290-303. [PMID: 23550653 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of microRNAs has renewed interest in posttranscriptional modes of regulation, fueling an emerging view of a rich RNA world within our cells that deserves further exploration. Much work has gone into elucidating genetic regulatory networks that orchestrate gene expression programs and direct cell fate decisions in the hematopoietic system. However, the focus has been to elucidate signaling pathways and transcriptional programs. To bring us one step closer to reverse engineering the molecular logic of cellular differentiation, it will be necessary to map posttranscriptional circuits as well and integrate them in the context of existing network models. In this regard, RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) may rival transcription factors as important regulators of cell fates and represent a tractable opportunity to connect the RNA world to the proteome. ChIP-seq has greatly facilitated genome-wide localization of DNA-binding proteins, helping us to understand genomic regulation at a systems level. Similarly, technological advances such as CLIP-seq allow transcriptome-wide mapping of RBP binding sites, aiding us to unravel posttranscriptional networks. Here, we review RBP-mediated posttranscriptional regulation, paying special attention to findings relevant to the immune system. As a prime example, we highlight the RBP Lin28B, which acts as a heterochronic switch between fetal and adult lymphopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Yuan
- Integrative Immunobiology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA
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40
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Eric Gershwin M, Shoenfeld Y. Abul Abbas: An epitome of scholarship. J Autoimmun 2013; 45:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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41
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Chang CH, Curtis JD, Maggi LB, Faubert B, Villarino AV, O'Sullivan D, Huang SCC, van der Windt GJW, Blagih J, Qiu J, Weber JD, Pearce EJ, Jones RG, Pearce EL. Posttranscriptional control of T cell effector function by aerobic glycolysis. Cell 2013; 153:1239-51. [PMID: 23746840 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1601] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A "switch" from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to aerobic glycolysis is a hallmark of T cell activation and is thought to be required to meet the metabolic demands of proliferation. However, why proliferating cells adopt this less efficient metabolism, especially in an oxygen-replete environment, remains incompletely understood. We show here that aerobic glycolysis is specifically required for effector function in T cells but that this pathway is not necessary for proliferation or survival. When activated T cells are provided with costimulation and growth factors but are blocked from engaging glycolysis, their ability to produce IFN-γ is markedly compromised. This defect is translational and is regulated by the binding of the glycolysis enzyme GAPDH to AU-rich elements within the 3' UTR of IFN-γ mRNA. GAPDH, by engaging/disengaging glycolysis and through fluctuations in its expression, controls effector cytokine production. Thus, aerobic glycolysis is a metabolically regulated signaling mechanism needed to control cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hao Chang
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Chang CH, Curtis JD, Maggi LB, Faubert B, Villarino AV, O'Sullivan D, Huang SCC, van der Windt GJW, Blagih J, Qiu J, Weber JD, Pearce EJ, Jones RG, Pearce EL. Posttranscriptional control of T cell effector function by aerobic glycolysis. Cell 2013. [PMID: 23746840 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.016.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A "switch" from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to aerobic glycolysis is a hallmark of T cell activation and is thought to be required to meet the metabolic demands of proliferation. However, why proliferating cells adopt this less efficient metabolism, especially in an oxygen-replete environment, remains incompletely understood. We show here that aerobic glycolysis is specifically required for effector function in T cells but that this pathway is not necessary for proliferation or survival. When activated T cells are provided with costimulation and growth factors but are blocked from engaging glycolysis, their ability to produce IFN-γ is markedly compromised. This defect is translational and is regulated by the binding of the glycolysis enzyme GAPDH to AU-rich elements within the 3' UTR of IFN-γ mRNA. GAPDH, by engaging/disengaging glycolysis and through fluctuations in its expression, controls effector cytokine production. Thus, aerobic glycolysis is a metabolically regulated signaling mechanism needed to control cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hao Chang
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Gómez-Martín D, Ibarra-Sánchez M, Romo-Tena J, Cruz-Ruíz J, Esparza-López J, Galindo-Campos M, Díaz-Zamudio M, Alcocer-Varela J. Casitas B lineage lymphoma b is a key regulator of peripheral tolerance in systemic lupus erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1032-42. [PMID: 23280105 DOI: 10.1002/art.37833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze whether the expression and modulation of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling is dependent on Casitas B lineage lymphoma b (Cbl-b) in T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) upon stimulation with a tolerogenic substance. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from 20 patients with SLE (active disease or in remission) and 20 healthy controls. Levels of Cbl-b expression were measured using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting in peripheral CD4+ T cells from SLE patients and healthy controls upon anergy induction. Cell proliferation was measured using the carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester dilution method. Cytokine production was analyzed by luminometry, and surface expression of activation markers was assessed by flow cytometry. Transfection assays were performed to induce overexpression of Cbl-b, and phosphorylation of TCR-associated kinases was evaluated. RESULTS CD4+ T cells from SLE patients displayed resistance to anergy (as evidenced by increased cell proliferation, interleukin-2 production, and expression of activation and costimulatory markers), and this was associated with altered Cbl-b expression. Upon ionomycin treatment, primary T cells showed enhanced MAPK activity and decreased Akt phosphorylation, which was representative of the anergic state. In T cells from lupus patients, Cbl-b overexpression led to increased expression of phosphorylated MAPK, thus indicating the reversibility of anergy resistance. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that abnormal peripheral tolerance in SLE is caused by a deficiency in Cbl-b, and that this ubiquitin ligase plays a key role in regulating TCR signaling during the induction of peripheral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gómez-Martín
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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44
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Bjur E, Larsson O, Yurchenko E, Zheng L, Gandin V, Topisirovic I, Li S, Wagner CR, Sonenberg N, Piccirillo CA. Distinct translational control in CD4+ T cell subsets. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003494. [PMID: 23658533 PMCID: PMC3642068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 play indispensable roles for the induction and maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. Genome-wide mRNA expression studies have defined canonical signatures of T cell subsets. Changes in steady-state mRNA levels, however, often do not reflect those of corresponding proteins due to post-transcriptional mechanisms including mRNA translation. Here, we unveil a unique translational signature, contrasting CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (T(Foxp3+)) and CD4(+)Foxp3(-) non-regulatory T (TFoxp3-) cells, which imprints subset-specific protein expression. We further show that translation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is induced during T cell activation and, in turn, regulates translation of cell cycle related mRNAs and proliferation in both T(Foxp3)- and T(Foxp3+) cells. Unexpectedly, eIF4E also affects Foxp3 expression and thereby lineage identity. Thus, mRNA-specific translational control directs both common and distinct cellular processes in CD4(+) T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bjur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- FOCIS Centre of Excellence, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ola Larsson
- Department of Biochemistry, and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Yurchenko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- FOCIS Centre of Excellence, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- FOCIS Centre of Excellence, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Valentina Gandin
- Department of Biochemistry, and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ivan Topisirovic
- Department of Biochemistry, and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Shui Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Carston R. Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ciriaco A. Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- FOCIS Centre of Excellence, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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van der Werf N, Redpath SA, Azuma M, Yagita H, Taylor MD. Th2 cell-intrinsic hypo-responsiveness determines susceptibility to helminth infection. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003215. [PMID: 23516361 PMCID: PMC3597521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The suppression of protective Type 2 immunity is a principal factor driving the chronicity of helminth infections, and has been attributed to a range of Th2 cell-extrinsic immune-regulators. However, the intrinsic fate of parasite-specific Th2 cells within a chronic immune down-regulatory environment, and the resultant impact such fate changes may have on host resistance is unknown. We used IL-4gfp reporter mice to demonstrate that during chronic helminth infection with the filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis, CD4+ Th2 cells are conditioned towards an intrinsically hypo-responsive phenotype, characterised by a loss of functional ability to proliferate and produce the cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-2. Th2 cell hypo-responsiveness was a key element determining susceptibility to L. sigmodontis infection, and could be reversed in vivo by blockade of PD-1 resulting in long-term recovery of Th2 cell functional quality and enhanced resistance. Contrasting with T cell dysfunction in Type 1 settings, the control of Th2 cell hypo-responsiveness by PD-1 was mediated through PD-L2, and not PD-L1. Thus, intrinsic changes in Th2 cell quality leading to a functionally hypo-responsive phenotype play a key role in determining susceptibility to filarial infection, and the therapeutic manipulation of Th2 cell-intrinsic quality provides a potential avenue for promoting resistance to helminths. Helminth parasites mount chronic infections in over 1 billion people worldwide, of which filarial nematode infections account for 120 million. A major barrier to the development of protective Th2 immunity lies in the dominant down-regulatory immune responses invoked during infection. Although this immune suppression is linked with a range of Th2 cell-extrinsic immune regulators, the fate of CD4+ Th2 cells during chronic infection, and the role of Th2 cell-intrinsic regulation in defining protective immunity to infection is largely unknown. In this study, we use a murine model of filarial nematode infection to show that as infection progresses the Th2 effector cells responsible for killing helminths become functionally hypo-responsive, developing a phenotype similar to adaptive tolerance or exhaustion, and their ability to clear infection becomes impaired. We further demonstrate that we can therapeutically manipulate the intrinsic functional quality of hypo-responsive Th2 cells via the PD-1/PD-L2 co-inhibitory pathway to reawaken them and enhance resistance to infection. Thus, our data provide the first demonstration that Th2 cell-intrinsic hypo-responsiveness plays a key role in determining susceptibility to helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke van der Werf
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Bronevetsky Y, Villarino AV, Eisley CJ, Barbeau R, Barczak AJ, Heinz GA, Kremmer E, Heissmeyer V, McManus MT, Erle DJ, Rao A, Ansel KM. T cell activation induces proteasomal degradation of Argonaute and rapid remodeling of the microRNA repertoire. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:417-32. [PMID: 23382546 PMCID: PMC3570096 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cell activation–induced Argonaute degradation and global miRNA downregulation promotes acquisition of helper T cell effector functions. Activation induces extensive changes in the gene expression program of naive CD4+ T cells, promoting their differentiation into helper T cells that coordinate immune responses. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in this process, and miRNA expression also changes dramatically during T cell differentiation. Quantitative analyses revealed that T cell activation induces global posttranscriptional miRNA down-regulation in vitro and in vivo. Argonaute (Ago) proteins, the core effector proteins of the miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC), were also posttranscriptionally down-regulated during T cell activation. Ago2 was inducibly ubiquitinated in activated T cells and its down-regulation was inhibited by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Therefore, activation-induced miRNA down-regulation likely occurs at the level of miRISC turnover. Measurements of miRNA-processing intermediates uncovered an additional layer of activation-induced, miRNA-specific transcriptional regulation. Thus, transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms cooperate to rapidly reprogram the miRNA repertoire in differentiating T cells. Altering Ago2 expression in T cells revealed that Ago proteins are limiting factors that determine miRNA abundance. Naive T cells with reduced Ago2 and miRNA expression differentiated more readily into cytokine-producing helper T cells, suggesting that activation-induced miRNA down-regulation promotes acquisition of helper T cell effector functions by relaxing the repression of genes that direct T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Bronevetsky
- Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Christie DA, Mitsopoulos P, Blagih J, Dunn SD, St-Pierre J, Jones RG, Hatch GM, Madrenas J. Stomatin-like Protein 2 Deficiency in T Cells Is Associated with Altered Mitochondrial Respiration and Defective CD4+T Cell Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4349-60. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Bandyopadhyay S, Montagna C, Macian F. Silencing of the Il2 gene transcription is regulated by epigenetic changes in anergic T cells. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2471-83. [PMID: 22684523 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Anergy is induced in T cells as a consequence of a partial or suboptimal stimulation. Anergic T cells become unresponsive and fail to proliferate and produce cytokines. We had previously shown that in anergic CD4(+) T cells, Ikaros participates in the transcriptional repression of the Il2 gene by recruiting histone deacetylases that cause core histone deacetylation at the Il2 promoter. Here we show that deacetylation at the Il2 promoter is the initial step in a process that leads to the stable silencing of the Il2 gene transcription in anergic T cells. We have found that anergy-induced deacetylation of the Il2 promoter permits binding of the histone methyl-transferase Suv39H1, which trimethylates lysine-9 of histone H3 (Me3H3-K9). Furthermore, the establishment of the Me3H3-K9 mark allows the recruitment of the heterochromatin protein HP1, allowing the silenced Il2 loci to reposition close to heterochromatin-rich regions. Our results indicate that silencing of Il2 transcription in anergic T cells is attained through a series of epigenetic changes that involve the establishment of repressive marks and the subsequent nuclear repositioning of the Il2 loci, which become juxtaposed to transcriptionally silent regions. This mechanism may account for the stable nature of the inhibition of IL-2 production in anergic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanmay Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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49
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The duration of antigen-stimulation significantly alters the diversity of multifunctional CD4 T cells measured by intracellular cytokine staining. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38926. [PMID: 22719990 PMCID: PMC3373578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of antigen-specific T cell responses by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) has become a routine technique in studies of vaccination and immunity. Here, we highlight how the duration of in vitro antigen pre-stimulation, combined with the cytokine accumulation period, are critical parameters of these methods. The effect of varying these parameters upon the diversity and frequency of multifunctional CD4 T cell subsets has been investigated using a murine model of TB vaccination and in cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. We demonstrate a substantial influence of the duration of the antigen pre-stimulation period on the repertoire of the antigen-specific CD4 T cell responses. Increasing pre-stimulation from 2 to 6 hours amplified the diversity of the seven potential multifunctional CD4 T cell subsets that secreted any combination of IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α. However, increasing pre-stimulation from 6 to 16 hours markedly altered the multifunctional CD4 T cell repertoire to a dominant IFN-γ(+) only response. This was observed in both murine and cattle models.Whilst these data are of particular relevance to the measurement of vaccine and infection induced immunity in TB, more generally, they demonstrate the importance of the empirical determination of the optimum duration of the individual culture steps of ICS assays for any model. We highlight the potential significance of variations in these parameters, particularly when comparing data between studies and/or models including clinical trials.
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50
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Baitsch L, Fuertes-Marraco SA, Legat A, Meyer C, Speiser DE. The three main stumbling blocks for anticancer T cells. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:364-72. [PMID: 22445288 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Memory and effector T cells have the potential to counteract cancer progression, but often fail to control the disease, essentially because of three main stumbling blocks. First, clonal deletion leads to relatively low numbers or low-to-intermediate T cell receptor (TCR) affinity of self/tumor-specific T cells. Second, the poor innate immune stimulation by solid tumors is responsible for inefficient priming and boosting. Third, T cells are suppressed in the tumor microenvironment by inhibitory signals from other immune cells, stroma and tumor cells, which induces T cell exhaustion, as demonstrated in metastases of melanoma patients. State-of-the-art adoptive cell transfer and active immunotherapy can partially overcome the three stumbling blocks. The reversibility of T cell exhaustion and novel molecular insights provide the basis for further improvements of clinical immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Baitsch
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, and Service of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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