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Akmal Shukri AM, Wang SM, Feng C, Chia SL, Mohd Nawi SFA, Citartan M. In silico selection of aptamers against SARS-CoV-2. Analyst 2024. [PMID: 39221970 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00812j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Aptamers are molecular recognition elements that have been extensively deployed in a wide array of applications ranging from diagnostics to therapeutics. Due to their unique properties as compared to antibodies, aptamers were also largely isolated during the COVID-19 pandemic for multiple purposes. Typically generated by conventional SELEX, the inherent drawbacks of the process including the time-consuming, cumbersome and resource-intensive nature catalysed the move to adopt in silico approaches to isolate aptamers. Impressive performances of these in silico-derived aptamers in their respective assays have been documented thus far, bearing testimony to the huge potential of the in silico approaches, akin to the traditional SELEX in isolating aptamers. In this study, we provide an overview of the in silico selection of aptamers against SARS-CoV-2 by providing insights into the basic steps involved, which comprise the selection of the initial single-stranded nucleic acids, determination of the secondary and tertiary structures and in silico approaches that include both rigid docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The different approaches involving aptamers against SARS-CoV-2 were illuminated and the need to verify these aptamers by experimental validation was also emphasized. Cognizant of the need to continuously improve aptamers, the strategies embraced thus far for post-in silico selection modifications were enumerated. Shedding light on the steps involved in the in silico selection can set the stage for further improvisation to augment the functionalities of the aptamers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Muhaimin Akmal Shukri
- Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia.
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology (IMMB), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seok Mui Wang
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology (IMMB), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
- Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Center, Smart Manufacturing Research Institute (SMRI), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chaoli Feng
- Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Suet Lin Chia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Malaysia Genome and Vaccine Institute, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Jalan Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Farah Alwani Mohd Nawi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Marimuthu Citartan
- Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia.
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Rabiei P, Mohabatkar H, Behbahani M. A label-free G-quadruplex aptamer/gold nanoparticle-based colorimetric biosensor for rapid detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus genotype 1. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293561. [PMID: 39078832 PMCID: PMC11288453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is the cause of bovine viral diarrhea disease, one of the most economically important livestock diseases worldwide. The majority of BVD disease control programs rely on the detection and then elimination of persistent infection (PI) cattle, as the continuing source of disease. The main purpose of this study was to design and develop an accurate G-quadruplex-based aptasensor for rapid and simple detection of BVDV-1. In this work, we utilized in silico techniques to design a G-quadruplex aptamer specific for the detection of BVDV-1. Also, the rationally designed aptamer was validated experimentally and was used for developing a colorimetric biosensor based on an aptamer-gold nanoparticle system. Firstly, a pool of G-quadruplex forming ssDNA sequences was constructed. Then, based on the stability score in secondary and tertiary structures and molecular docking score, an aptamer (Apt31) was selected. In the experimental part, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with an average particle size of 31.7 nm were synthesized and electrostatically linked with the Apt31. The colorimetric test showed that salt-induced color change of AuNPs from red to purple-blue occurs only in the presence of BVDV-Apt31 complex, after 20 min. These results approved the specificity of Apt31 for BVDV. Furthermore, our biosensor could detect the virus at as low as 0.27 copies/ml, which is an acceptable value in comparison to the qPCR method. The specificity of the aptasensor was confirmed through cross-reactivity testing, while its selectivity was confirmed through plasma testing. The sample analysis showed 90% precision and 94% accuracy. It was concluded that the biosensor was adequately sensitive and specific for the detection of BVDV in plasma samples and could be used as a simple and rapid method on the farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Rabiei
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hassan Mohabatkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mandana Behbahani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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Selvam R, Lim IHY, Lewis JC, Lim CH, Yap MKK, Tan HS. Selecting antibacterial aptamers against the BamA protein in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by incorporating genetic algorithm to optimise computational screening method. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7582. [PMID: 37164985 PMCID: PMC10170454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest threats to global health resulting in an increasing number of people suffering from severe illnesses or dying due to infections that were once easily curable with antibiotics. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major pathogen that has rapidly developed antibiotic resistance and WHO has categorised this pathogen under the critical list. DNA aptamers can act as a potential candidate for novel antimicrobial agents. In this study, we demonstrated that an existing aptamer is able to affect the growth of P. aeruginosa. A computational screen for aptamers that could bind to a well-conserved and essential outer membrane protein, BamA in Gram-negative bacteria was conducted. Molecular docking of about 100 functional DNA aptamers with BamA protein was performed via both local and global docking approaches. Additionally, genetic algorithm analysis was carried out to rank the aptamers based on their binding affinity. The top hits of aptamers with good binding to BamA protein were synthesised to investigate their in vitro antibacterial activity. Among all aptamers, Apt31, which is known to bind to an antitumor, Daunomycin, exhibited the highest HADDOCK score and resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in P. aeruginosa growth. Apt31 also induced membrane disruption that resulted in DNA leakage. Hence, computational screening may result in the identification of aptamers that bind to the desired active site with high affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupany Selvam
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ian Han Yan Lim
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Chern Hong Lim
- School of Information Technology, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Hock Siew Tan
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.
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Nabati F, kamyabiamineh A, Kosari R, Ghasemi F, Seyedebrahimi S, Mohammadi S, Moradi M. Virtual screening based on the structure of more than 105 compounds against four key proteins of SARS-CoV-2: MPro, SRBD, RdRp, and PLpro. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2022; 35:101134. [PMID: 36406927 PMCID: PMC9652154 DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2022.101134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 initially originated in Wuhan (China) around December 2019, and spread all over the world. Currently, WHO (Word Health Organization) has licensed several vaccines for this viral infection. However, not everyone can be vaccinated. People with underlying health conditions that weaken their immune systems or those with severe allergies to some vaccine components, may not be able to be vaccinated. Moreover, no vaccination is 100% safe, and the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 mutations may reduce the efficacy of immunizations. Therefore, it is urgent to develop effective drugs to protect people against this virus. Material and method We performed structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) of a library that was built from ChemDiv and PubChem databases against four SARS-CoV-2 target proteins: S-protein (spike), main protease (MPro), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and PLpro. A virtual screening study was performed using PyRx and AutoDock tools. Results Our results suggest that twenty-five top-ranked drugs with the highest energy binding as the potential inhibitors against four SARS-CoV-2 targets, relative to the reference molecules. Based on the energy binding, we suggest that these compounds could be used to produce effective anti-viral drugs against SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion The discovery of novel compounds for COVID-19 using computer-aided drug discovery tools requires knowledge of the structure of coronavirus and various target proteins of the virus. These compounds should be further assessed in experimental assays and clinical trials to validate their actual activity against the disease. These findings may contribute to the drug design studies against COVID-19.
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Lin YC, Chen WY, Hwu ET, Hu WP. In-Silico Selection of Aptamer Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105810. [PMID: 35628622 PMCID: PMC9143595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are single-stranded, short DNA or RNA oligonucleotides that can specifically bind to various target molecules. To diagnose the infected cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in time, numerous conventional methods are applied for viral detection via the amplification and quantification of DNA or antibodies specific to antigens on the virus. Herein, we generated a large number of mutated aptamer sequences, derived from a known sequence of receptor-binding domain (RBD)-1C aptamer, specific to the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S protein). Structural similarity, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) were utilized to screen aptamers and characterize the detailed interactions between the selected aptamers and the S protein. We identified two mutated aptamers, namely, RBD-1CM1 and RBD-1CM2, which presented better docking results against the S protein compared with the RBD-1C aptamer. Through the MD simulation, we further confirmed that the RBD-1CM1 aptamer can form the most stable complex with the S protein based on the number of hydrogen bonds formed between the two biomolecules. Based on the experimental data of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), the RBD-1CM1 aptamer could produce larger signals in mass change and exhibit an improved binding affinity to the S protein. Therefore, the RBD-1CM1 aptamer, which was selected from 1431 mutants, was the best potential candidate for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. The RBD-1CM1 aptamer can be an alternative biological element for the development of SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chao Lin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404333, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yih Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhong-Li 32001, Taiwan;
| | - En-Te Hwu
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Wen-Pin Hu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Moradi M, Golmohammadi R, Najafi A, Moosazadeh Moghaddam M, Fasihi-Ramandi M, Mirnejad R. A contemporary review on the important role of in silico approaches for managing different aspects of COVID-19 crisis. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2022; 28:100862. [PMID: 35079621 PMCID: PMC8776350 DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2022.100862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last century, the emergence of in silico tools has improved the quality of healthcare studies by providing high quality predictions. In the case of COVID-19, these tools have been advantageous for bioinformatics analysis of SARS-CoV-2 structures, studying potential drugs and introducing drug targets, investigating the efficacy of potential natural product components at suppressing COVID-19 infection, designing peptide-mimetic and optimizing their structure to provide a better clinical outcome, and repurposing of the previously known therapeutics. These methods have also helped medical biotechnologists to design various vaccines; such as multi-epitope vaccines using reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics methods, among which some of them have showed promising results through in vitro, in vivo and clinical trial studies. Moreover, emergence of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms have helped to classify the previously known data and use them to provide precise predictions and make plan for future of the pandemic condition. At this contemporary review, by collecting related information from the collected literature on valuable data sources; such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, we tried to provide a brief outlook regarding the importance of in silico tools in managing different aspects of COVID-19 pandemic infection and how these methods have been helpful to biomedical researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moradi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Golmohammadi
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases (BRCGL), Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Najafi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Fasihi-Ramandi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mirnejad
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Haberland A, Müller J. Aptamers Against COVID-19: An Untested Opportunity. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:1708-1715. [PMID: 35023454 PMCID: PMC9896377 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220112094951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Given the lack of success in the development of effective drugs to treat COVID-19, which show "game-changing" potential, it is necessary to explore drugs with different modes of action. Single mode-of-action drugs have not been succeeded in curing COVID-19, which is a highly complex disease. This is the case for direct antivirals and anti-inflammatory drugs, both of which treat different phases of the disease. Aptamers are molecules that deliver different modes of action, allowing their effects to be bundled, which, when combined, support their therapeutic efficacy. In this minireview, we summarise the current activities in the development of aptamers for the treatment of COVID-19 and long-COVID. A special emphasis is placed on the capability of their multiple modes of action, which is a promising approach for treating complex diseases such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annekathrin Haberland
- Berlin Cures GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany;,Address correspondence to this author at the Berlin Cures GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; E-mail:
| | - Johannes Müller
- Berlin Cures GmbH, Knesebeckstr. 59-61, 10719 Berlin, Germany
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Svobodova M, Skouridou V, Jauset-Rubio M, Viéitez I, Fernández-Villar A, Cabrera Alvargonzalez JJ, Poveda E, Bofill CB, Sans T, Bashammakh A, Alyoubi AO, O’Sullivan CK. Aptamer Sandwich Assay for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Antigen. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:35657-35666. [PMID: 34957366 PMCID: PMC8691202 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged at the end of 2019, resulting in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The high transmissibility of the virus and the substantial number of asymptomatic individuals have led to an exponential rise in infections worldwide, urgently requiring global containment strategies. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction is the gold standard for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Antigen tests, targeting the spike (S) or nucleocapsid (N) viral proteins, are considered as complementary tools. Despite their shortcomings in terms of sensitivity and specificity, antigen tests could be deployed for the detection of potentially contagious individuals with high viral loads. In this work, we sought to develop a sandwich aptamer-based assay for the detection of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2. A detailed study on the binding properties of aptamers to the receptor-binding domain of the S protein in search of aptamer pairs forming a sandwich is presented. Screening of aptamer pairs and optimization of assay conditions led to the development of a laboratory-based sandwich assay able to detect 21 ng/mL (270 pM) of the protein with negligible cross-reactivity with the other known human coronaviruses. The detection of 375 pg of the protein in viral transport medium demonstrates the compatibility of the assay with clinical specimens. Finally, successful detection of the S antigen in nasopharyngeal swab samples collected from suspected patients further establishes the suitability of the assay for screening purposes as a complementary tool to assist in the control of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Svobodova
- INTERFIBIO
Research Group, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans
26, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Vasso Skouridou
- INTERFIBIO
Research Group, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans
26, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Miriam Jauset-Rubio
- INTERFIBIO
Research Group, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans
26, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Irene Viéitez
- Rare
Diseases & Pediatric Medicine Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-Uvigo, Vigo 36213, Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández-Villar
- Pneumology
Service, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute
(IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-Uvigo, Vigo 36213, Spain
| | | | - Eva Poveda
- Group
of Virology and Pathogenesis, Galicia Sur
Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur)-Complexo Hospitalario
Universitario de Vigo, SERGAS-UVigo, Vigo 36213, Spain
| | - Clara Benavent Bofill
- Laboratori
Clinic ICS Camp de Tarragona, Hospital Universitari
de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Avda. Dr. Mallafré Guasch, 4, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Teresa Sans
- Laboratori
Clinic ICS Camp de Tarragona, Hospital Universitari
de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Avda. Dr. Mallafré Guasch, 4, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Abdulaziz Bashammakh
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz
University, Jeddah 80215, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman O. Alyoubi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz
University, Jeddah 80215, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ciara K. O’Sullivan
- INTERFIBIO
Research Group, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans
26, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
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Moradi M, Golmohammadi R, Najafi A, Moosazadeh Moghaddam M, Fasihi-Ramandi M, Mirnejad R. In Silico Analysis of Inhibiting Papain-like Protease from SARS-CoV-2 by Using Plant-Derived Peptides. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021; 28:24. [PMID: 34903959 PMCID: PMC8655715 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a corona virus that has been the cause for one of the deadliest pandemics of history, started since 2019. Suppressing the activity of the critical enzymes in the SARS-CoV-2 could potentially inhibit a vital step in viral life cycle. Papain-like protease (PLpro) could be regarded as a critical enzyme in viral replication of SARS-CoV-2. In this research, it was aimed to suppress the activity of PLpro enzyme by using potential plant-derived protease inhibitor peptides. For this purpose, 11 plant derived peptides that could potentially inhibit protease activity were selected from literature. The structures of the PLpro and the peptide ligands were acquired from PDB (protein data bank) and after structural optimization, were docked by using HADDOCK 2.4 program. Analyzing the results indicated that VcTI from Veronica hederifolia provides effective molecular interactions at both liable Zn site and classic active site of PLpro, making it a potential inhibitory ligand for this enzyme that could be used for halting the replication of SARS-CoV-2. Molecular dynamic assay confirmed that the selected receptor and ligand complex was stable. Future in vitro and in vivo investigations are required to verify the efficiency of this compound as a potential therapeutic against SARS-CoV-2 infection. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10989-021-10331-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moradi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Golmohammadi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Najafi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Fasihi-Ramandi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mirnejad
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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