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Bonam SR, Rénia L, Tadepalli G, Bayry J, Kumar HMS. Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Vaccines and Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1072. [PMID: 34696180 PMCID: PMC8541031 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria-a parasite vector-borne disease-is a global health problem, and Plasmodium falciparum has proven to be the deadliest among Plasmodium spp., which causes malaria in humans. Symptoms of the disease range from mild fever and shivering to hemolytic anemia and neurological dysfunctions. The spread of drug resistance and the absence of effective vaccines has made malaria disease an ever-emerging problem. Although progress has been made in understanding the host response to the parasite, various aspects of its biology in its mammalian host are still unclear. In this context, there is a pressing demand for the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies, including new drugs and novel adjuvanted vaccines that elicit protective immunity. The present article provides an overview of the current knowledge of anti-malarial immunity against P. falciparum and different options of vaccine candidates in development. A special emphasis has been made on the mechanism of action of clinically used vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France;
| | - Laurent Rénia
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Ganesh Tadepalli
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India;
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France;
- Biological Sciences & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad 678623, India
| | - Halmuthur Mahabalarao Sampath Kumar
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India;
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Adegbite A, McCarthy PC. Recent and Future Advances in the Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Homogeneous Glycans for Bacterial Glycoconjugate Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1021. [PMID: 34579258 PMCID: PMC8473158 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are important in preventing disease outbreaks and controlling the spread of disease in a population. A variety of vaccines exist, including subunit, recombinant, and conjugate vaccines. Glycoconjugate vaccines have been an important tool to fight against diseases caused by a number of bacteria. Glycoconjugate vaccines are often heterogeneous. Vaccines of the future are becoming more rationally designed to have a defined oligosaccharide chain length and position of conjugation. Homogenous vaccines could play an important role in assessing the relationship between vaccine structure and immune response. This review focuses on recent advances in the chemoenzymatic production of defined bacterial oligosaccharides for vaccine development with a focus on Neisseria meningitidis and selected WHO-prioritized antibacterial resistant-pathogens. We also provide some perspective on future advances in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of well-defined oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayobami Adegbite
- Bioenvironmental Sciences Program, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
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Purification, Structural Characterization and Immunomodulatory Effects of Polysaccharides from Amomumvillosum Lour. on RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092672. [PMID: 34063301 PMCID: PMC8125432 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amomum Villosum Lour. (A. villosum) is a folk medicine that has been used for more than 1300 years. However, study of the polysaccharides of A. villosum is seriously neglected. The objectives of this study are to explore the structural characteristics of polysaccharides from A. villosum (AVPs) and their effects on immune cells. In this study, the acidic polysaccharides (AVPG-1 and AVPG-2) were isolated from AVPs and purified via anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The structural characteristics of the polysaccharides were characterized by methylation, HPSEC-MALLS-RID, HPLC, FT-IR, SEM, GC-MS and NMR techniques. AVPG-1 with a molecular weight of 514 kDa had the backbone of → 4)-α-d-Glcp-(1 → 3,4)-β-d-Glcp-(1 → 4)-α-d-Glcp-(1 →. AVPG-2 with a higher molecular weight (14800 kDa) comprised a backbone of → 4)-α-d-Glcp-(1 → 3,6)-β-d-Galp-(1 → 4)-α-d-Glcp-(1 →. RAW 264.7 cells were used to investigate the potential effect of AVPG-1 and AVPG-2 on macrophages, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used as a positive control. The results from bioassays showed that AVPG-2 exhibited stronger immunomodulatory activity than AVPG-1. AVPG-2 significantly induced nitric oxide (NO) production as well as the release of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and upregulated phagocytic capacities of RAW 264.7 cells. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that AVPG-2 was able to turn the polarization of macrophages to the M1 direction. These results suggested that AVPs could be explored as potential immunomodulatory agents of the functional foods or complementary medicine.
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Chandra KM, Goud NS, Arifuddin M, Alvala M, Alvala R, Angeli A, Supuran CT. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 4,7-disubstituted coumarins as selective tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase IX and XII inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 39:127877. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wui SR, Ko A, Ryu JI, Sim E, Lim SJ, Park SA, Kim KS, Kim H, Youn H, Lee NG. The Effect of a TLR4 Agonist/Cationic Liposome Adjuvant on Varicella-Zoster Virus Glycoprotein E Vaccine Efficacy: Antigen Presentation, Uptake, and Delivery to Lymph Nodes. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030390. [PMID: 33804176 PMCID: PMC8001429 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvant CIA09, composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP)-based cationic liposomes and the toll-like receptor 4 agonist de-O-acylated lipooligosaccharide (dLOS), has been shown to enhance antibody and cellular immune responses to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) glycoprotein E (gE), recombinant tuberculosis vaccine antigen, and inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine. In this study, we investigated its modes of action using VZV gE as a model antigen. Liposomes adsorbed gE and cooperatively with dLOS promoted endocytosis-mediated cellular uptake of gE by mouse dendritic cells in vitro. CIA09 increased the stability and cellular uptake of the antigen at the muscle site of injection, and induced immune cell recruitment and cytokine and chemokine production, which led to efficient antigen delivery to draining lymph nodes. Mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, pulsed with CIA09-adjuvanted gE, efficiently presented gE to antigen-specific T cells, inducing Th1-type biased immunity, as shown by high IFN-γ production. The data indicate that liposomes and dLOS cooperate in the adjuvant activity of CIA09 by promoting antigen uptake and delivery to lymph nodes as well as antigen presentation to T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Ri Wui
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (S.R.W.); (A.K.); (J.I.R.); (E.S.); (S.J.L.); (K.S.K.)
| | - Ara Ko
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (S.R.W.); (A.K.); (J.I.R.); (E.S.); (S.J.L.); (K.S.K.)
| | - Ji In Ryu
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (S.R.W.); (A.K.); (J.I.R.); (E.S.); (S.J.L.); (K.S.K.)
| | - Eojin Sim
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (S.R.W.); (A.K.); (J.I.R.); (E.S.); (S.J.L.); (K.S.K.)
| | - Soo Jeong Lim
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (S.R.W.); (A.K.); (J.I.R.); (E.S.); (S.J.L.); (K.S.K.)
| | | | - Kwang Sung Kim
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (S.R.W.); (A.K.); (J.I.R.); (E.S.); (S.J.L.); (K.S.K.)
- R & D Center, EyeGene, Goyang 10551, Korea;
| | - Ha Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (H.K.); (H.Y.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Imaging Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Hyewon Youn
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (H.K.); (H.Y.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Imaging Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Na Gyong Lee
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (S.R.W.); (A.K.); (J.I.R.); (E.S.); (S.J.L.); (K.S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3408-3765; Fax: +82-2-3408-3334
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Natural and Synthetic Saponins as Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030222. [PMID: 33807582 PMCID: PMC8001307 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponin adjuvants have been extensively studied for their use in veterinary and human vaccines. Among them, QS-21 stands out owing to its unique profile of immunostimulating activity, inducing a balanced Th1/Th2 immunity, which is valuable to a broad scope of applications in combating various microbial pathogens, cancers, and other diseases. It has recently been approved for use in human vaccines as a key component of combination adjuvants, e.g., AS01b in Shingrix® for herpes zoster. Despite its usefulness in research and clinic, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of QS-21 and other saponin adjuvants are poorly understood. Extensive efforts have been devoted to studies for understanding the mechanisms of QS-21 in different formulations and in different combinations with other adjuvants, and to medicinal chemistry studies for gaining mechanistic insights and development of practical alternatives to QS-21 that can circumvent its inherent drawbacks. In this review, we briefly summarize the current understandings of the mechanism underlying QS-21’s adjuvanticity and the encouraging results from recent structure-activity-relationship (SAR) studies.
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Akache B, Agbayani G, Stark FC, Jia Y, Dudani R, Harrison BA, Deschatelets L, Chandan V, Lam E, Hemraz UD, Régnier S, Krishnan L, McCluskie MJ. Sulfated Lactosyl Archaeol Archaeosomes Synergize with Poly(I:C) to Enhance the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a Synthetic Long Peptide-Based Vaccine in a Melanoma Tumor Model. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020257. [PMID: 33673382 PMCID: PMC7918940 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While novel treatments have improved survival outcomes for some patients, new treatment modalities/platforms are needed to combat a wider variety of tumor types. Cancer vaccines harness the power of the immune system to generate targeted tumor-specific immune responses. Liposomes composed of glycolipids derived from archaea (i.e., archaeosomes) have been shown to be potent adjuvants, inducing robust, long-lasting humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to a variety of antigens. Herein, we evaluated the ability of archaeosomes composed of sulfated lactosyl archaeol (SLA), a semi-synthetic archaeal glycolipid, to enhance the immunogenicity of a synthetic long peptide-based vaccine formulation containing the dominant CD8+ T cell epitope, SIINFEKL, from the weakly immunogenic model antigen ovalbumin. One advantage of immunizing with long peptides is the ability to include multiple epitopes, for example, the long peptide antigen was also designed to include the immediately adjacent CD4+ epitope, TEWTSSNVMEER. SLA archaeosomes were tested alone or in combination with the toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) agonist Poly(I:C). Overall, SLA archaeosomes synergized strongly with Poly(I:C) to induce robust antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses, which were highly functional in an in vivo cytolytic assay. Furthermore, immunization with this vaccine formulation suppressed tumor growth and extended mouse survival in a mouse melanoma tumor model. Overall, the combination of SLA archaeosomes and Poly(I:C) appears to be a promising adjuvant system when used along with long peptide-based antigens targeting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassel Akache
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Gerard Agbayani
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Felicity C. Stark
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Yimei Jia
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Renu Dudani
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Blair A. Harrison
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Lise Deschatelets
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Vandana Chandan
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Edmond Lam
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; (E.L.); (U.D.H.); (S.R.)
| | - Usha D. Hemraz
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; (E.L.); (U.D.H.); (S.R.)
| | - Sophie Régnier
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; (E.L.); (U.D.H.); (S.R.)
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Michael J. McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-613-993-9774
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Wang G, Zhao J, Zhao Y, Wang S, Feng S, Gu G. Immunogenicity Assessment of Different Segments and Domains of Group a Streptococcal C5a Peptidase and Their Application Potential as Carrier Protein for Glycoconjugate Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020139. [PMID: 33572233 PMCID: PMC7915350 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A streptococcal C5a peptidase (ScpA) is a highly conserved surface virulence factor present on group A streptococcus (GAS) cell surfaces. It has attracted much more attention as a promising antigenic target for GAS vaccine development due to its high antigenicity to stimulate specific and immunoprotective antibodies. In this study, a series of segments of ScpA were rationally designed according to the functional domains described in its crystal structure, efficiently prepared and immunologically evaluated so as to assess their potential as antigens for the development of subunit vaccines. Immunological studies revealed that Fn, Fn2, and rsScpA193 proteins were promising antigen candidates worthy for further exploration. In addition, the potential of Fn and Fn2 as carrier proteins to formulate effective glycoconjugate vaccine was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Guofeng Gu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-532-5863-1408
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9
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Goswami R, O’Hagan DT, Adamo R, Baudner BC. Conjugation of Mannans to Enhance the Potency of Liposome Nanoparticles for the Delivery of RNA Vaccines. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020240. [PMID: 33572332 PMCID: PMC7916126 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent approval of mRNA vaccines to combat COVID-19 have highlighted the potential of this platform. Lipid nanoparticles (LNP) is the delivery vehicle of choice for mRNA as they prevent its enzymatic degradation by encapsulation. We have recently shown that surface exposition of mannose, incorporated in LNPs as stable cholesterol-amine conjugate, enhances the potency of self-amplifying RNA (SAM) replicon vaccines through augmented uptake by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Here, we generated a new set of LNPs whose surface was modified with mannans of different length (from mono to tetrasaccharide), in order to study the effect on antibody response of model SAM replicon encoding for the respiratory syncytial virus fusion F protein. Furthermore, the impact of the mannosylated liposomal delivery through intradermal as well as intramuscular routes was investigated. The vaccine priming response showed to improve consistently with increase in the chain length of mannoses; however, the booster dose response plateaued above the length of disaccharide. An increase in levels of IgG1 and IgG2a was observed for mannnosylated lipid nanoparticles (MLNPs) as compared to LNPs. This work confirms the potential of mannosylated SAM LNPs for both intramuscular and intradermal delivery, and highlights a disaccharide length as sufficient to ensure improved immunogenicity compared to the un-glycosylated delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Goswami
- mAbxience, Julia Morros s/n, Armunia, 24009 León, Spain;
- GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Adamo
- GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (B.C.B.)
| | - Barbara C. Baudner
- GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (B.C.B.)
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Lozano JM, Rodríguez Parra Z, Hernández-Martínez S, Yasnot-Acosta MF, Rojas AP, Marín-Waldo LS, Rincón JE. The Search of a Malaria Vaccine: The Time for Modified Immuno-Potentiating Probes. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020115. [PMID: 33540947 PMCID: PMC7913233 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a deadly disease that takes the lives of more than 420,000 people a year and is responsible for more than 229 million clinical cases globally. In 2019, 95% of malaria morbidity occurred in African countries. The development of a highly protective vaccine is an urgent task that remains to be solved. Many vaccine candidates have been developed, from the use of the entire attenuated and irradiated pre-erythrocytic parasite forms (or recombinantly expressed antigens thereof) to synthetic candidates formulated in a variety of adjuvants and delivery systems, however these have unfortunately proven a limited efficacy. At present, some vaccine candidates are finishing safety and protective efficacy trials, such as the PfSPZ and the RTS,S/AS01 which are being introduced in Africa. We propose a strategy for introducing non-natural elements into target antigens representing key epitopes of Plasmodium spp. Accordingly, chemical strategies and knowledge of host immunity to Plasmodium spp. have served as the basis. Evidence is obtained after being tested in experimental rodent models for malaria infection and recognized for human sera from malaria-endemic regions. This encourages us to propose such an immune-potentiating strategy to be further considered in the search for new vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Lozano
- Grupo de Investigación Mimetismo Molecular de los Agentes Infecciosos, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia—Sede Bogotá, 111321 Bogota, Colombia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-3102-504-657
| | - Zully Rodríguez Parra
- Grupo de Investigación Mimetismo Molecular de los Agentes Infecciosos, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia—Sede Bogotá, 111321 Bogota, Colombia;
| | - Salvador Hernández-Martínez
- Dirección de Infección e Inmunidad, Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Maria Fernanda Yasnot-Acosta
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas y Biomédicas de Córdoba, Universidad de Córdoba, 230002 Monteria, Colombia;
| | - Angela Patricia Rojas
- Grupo de Investigación Biología Celular y Autoinmuniad, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, 111321 Bogota, Colombia;
| | | | - Juan Edilberto Rincón
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Mecatrónica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, 111321 Bogota, Colombia;
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Lirussi D, Weissmann SF, Ebensen T, Nitsche-Gloy U, Franz HBG, Guzmán CA. Cyclic Di-Adenosine Monophosphate: A Promising Adjuvant Candidate for the Development of Neonatal Vaccines. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020188. [PMID: 33535570 PMCID: PMC7912751 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Underdeveloped immunity during the neonatal age makes this period one of the most dangerous during the human lifespan, with infection-related mortality being one of the highest of all age groups. It is also discussed that vaccination during this time window may result in tolerance rather than in productive immunity, thus raising concerns about the overall vaccine-mediated protective efficacy. Cyclic di-nucleotides (CDN) are bacterial second messengers that are rapidly sensed by the immune system as a danger signal, allowing the utilization of these molecules as potent activators of the immune response. We have previously shown that cyclic di-adenosine monophosphate (CDA) is a potent and versatile adjuvant capable of promoting humoral and cellular immunity. We characterize here the cytokine profiles elicited by CDA in neonatal cord blood in comparison with other promising neonatal adjuvants, such as the imidazoquinoline resiquimod (R848), which is a synthetic dual TLR7 and TLR8 agonist. We observed superior activity of CDA in eliciting T helper 1 (Th1) and T follicular helper (TfH) cytokines in cells from human cord blood when compared to R848. Additional in vivo studies in mice showed that neonatal priming in a three-dose vaccination schedule is beneficial when CDA is used as a vaccine adjuvant. Humoral antibody titers were significantly higher in mice that received a neonatal prime as compared to those that did not. This effect was absent when using other adjuvants that were reported as suitable for neonatal vaccination. The biological significance of this immune response was assessed by a challenge with a genetically modified influenza H1N1 PR8 virus. The obtained results confirmed that CDA performed better than any other adjuvant tested. Altogether, our results suggest that CDA is a potent adjuvant in vitro on human cord blood, and in vivo in newborn mice, and thus a suitable candidate for the development of neonatal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío Lirussi
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (S.F.W.); (C.A.G.)
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (T.E.); Tel.: +49-531-61814607 (T.E.); Fax: +49-531-618414699 (T.E.)
| | - Sebastian Felix Weissmann
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (S.F.W.); (C.A.G.)
| | - Thomas Ebensen
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (S.F.W.); (C.A.G.)
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (T.E.); Tel.: +49-531-61814607 (T.E.); Fax: +49-531-618414699 (T.E.)
| | - Ursula Nitsche-Gloy
- Women’s Clinic, Hospital Marienstift GmbH, Helmstedter Strasse 35, 38102 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Heiko B. G. Franz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women’s Clinic, Braunschweig Central Hospital, Celler Strasse 38, 38114 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Carlos A. Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (S.F.W.); (C.A.G.)
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Goud NS, Ghouse MS, Nagaraju C, Bharath RD, Alvala M, Kumar P. Automated Radiosynthesis and Molecular Docking Studies of Coumarin-Triazole Hybrid with fluorine-18: A feasibility study. Curr Radiopharm 2021; 15:40-49. [PMID: 33511934 DOI: 10.2174/1874471014666210129141221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluorine-18 is one of the promising radiotracers that can report target specific information related to its physiology to understand the disease status through PET modality. In current study, the radiochemical synthesis, purification and molecular docking studies of fluorine-18 (18F) radiolabeled coumarin-triazole hybrid have been performed. OBJECTIVE To develop target specific fluorine-18 radiotracer for the diagnosis in oncology. METHODS GE Tracer-lab FX2N module with few modifications in the line connections was used for the radiosynthesis and purification of target molecule [18F]SG-2, 4-((2,6-dimethylmorpholino) methyl)-7-((1-(4-(fluoro-18F) benzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl) oxy)-2H-chromen-2-one, through the nucleophilic radiofluorination mechanism. The radiochemical purity was measured by HPLC, and TLC analytical methods. The kryptofix levels were also evaluated by using TLC method. The residual solvents like DMF, ethanol was measured using GC. The Schrödinger drug discovery suite 2018 was used to study the protein and ligand interactions. RESULTS The quality control parameters revealed the purity, chemical identity, and limits of residual solvents. The radiochemical purity was 95.5 ± 2.3 %, and dimethyl formamide solvent limit was 89 ± 3 ppm. The molecular docking results had suggested that the cold target molecule has made strong electronic interactions and showed the possible pharmacokinetic (ADME) properties with galectin-1 protein. Overall, these results showed that [18F]SG-2 radiolabeling with 18F radionuclide was feasible, and support of molecular docking studies suggest possible interactions with Galectin-1. CONCLUSION we reported feasibility study for labeling coumarin-triazole hybrid with fluorine-18 through aromatic nucleophilic fluorination reaction (SNAr).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerella Sridhar Goud
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NI & IR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS). India
| | - Mahammad S Ghouse
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad-500037. India
| | - Chandana Nagaraju
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NI & IR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS). India
| | - Rose Dawn Bharath
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NI & IR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS). India
| | - Mallika Alvala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad-500037. India
| | - Pardeep Kumar
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NI & IR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS). India
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