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Bi C, Wang D, Hao B, Yang T. Snhg14/miR-181a-5p axis-mediated "M1" macrophages aggravate LPS-induced myocardial cell injury. Heliyon 2024; 10:e37104. [PMID: 39309894 PMCID: PMC11414504 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have suggested that macrophages participate in sepsis-induced myocardial injury. Our study highlights the function and mechanism of the lncRNA Snhg14 in "M1" polarized macrophage-mediated myocardial cell damage. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to treat H9c2 cells to construct an in vitro myocardial injury model. M1 and M2 polarization of RAW264.7 cells were induced and the exosomes were obtained from the supernatant through ultracentrifugation. Moreover, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery was implemented to establish a mouse sepsis-induced myocardial injury model, and Snhg14 was knocked down with sh-Snhg14. The results showed that the conditioned medium (CM) and the exosomes (Exo) of M1 macrophages substantially augmented LPS-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in myocardial cells. Notably, M1-CM and M1-Exo contributed to nearly 50 % of myocardial cell viability decline. Snhg14 was highly expressed in M1 macrophages and exosomes derived from M1-MΦ (M1-Exo). Snhg14 overexpression aggravated myocardial cell damage and increased 10 to 50 times expression of proinflammatory cytokines in MΦ. Snhg14 knockdown reversed M1-Exo-mediated myocardial cell damage and inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines (50 %-75 % decline) of MΦ. Moreover, Snhg14 targeted and inhibited miR-181a-5p expression. miR-181a-5p upregulation partly reversed Snhg4 overexpression-mediated myocardial cell damage and MΦ activation. In vivo, sh-Snhg14 dramatically ameliorated cardiac damage in septic mice by enhancing miR-181a-5p and inhibiting the HMGB1/NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, "M1" macrophage-derived exosomal Snhg14 aggravates myocardial cell damage by modulating the miR-181a-5p/HMGB1/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Bi
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong University Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Dejin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong University Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Hao
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong University Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Tianxiao Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong University Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China
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Zhang D, Pan A, Gu J, Liao R, Chen X, Xu Z. Upregulation of miR-144-3p alleviates Doxorubicin-induced heart failure and cardiomyocytes apoptosis via SOCS2/PI3K/AKT axis. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 101:24-39. [PMID: 35730258 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are implicated in heart failure (HF). Thereby, we aim to uncover the role of miR-144-3p in HF. Doxorubicin (Dox)-induced HF model was constructed in rats and cardiomyocytes H9C2, and the cardiac function was determined using ultrasound cardiogram. Morphology of cardiac tissue was observed using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. The viability and apoptosis of Dox-treated and transfected cardiomyocytes were determined using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and flow cytometry. Relative expressions of the HF-associated miRs (including miR-144-3p), suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2), apoptosis- and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway-related factors (B-cell lymphoma 2, Bcl-2; Bcl-2 associated X protein, Bax; cleaved [C] capsase-3; phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PI3K; phosphorylated-PI3K, p-PI3K; p-AKT; AKT) were measured with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction or Western blot. Target gene of miR-144-3p was predicted by Starbase and TargetScan and confirmed with dual-luciferase reporter assay. Dox caused rat cardiac dysfunction, aggravated cardiac injury, decreased cardiomyocytes viability, and the expression of miR-144-3p, Bcl-2, and phosphorylation of both PI3K and AKT yet the upregulated those of Bax and C caspase-3, which was reversed by upregulating miR-144-3p, whereas downregulating miR-144-3p did oppositely. SOCS2 was the target gene of miR-144-3p, Dox promoted SOCS2 expression, which was reversed by upregulating miR-144-3p, while downregulating miR-144-3p did conversely. In addition, silencing SOCS2 reversed the effects of miR-144-3p downregulation in Dox-treated cardiomyocytes. Upregulating miR-144-3p alleviated Dox-induced cardiac dysfunction and cell apoptosis via targeting SOCS2, providing a novel evidence of miR-144-3p in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin Zhang
- Emergency Medicine Department, Meizhou People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Aiqin Pan
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Meizhou People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jianke Gu
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Meizhou People's Hospital, Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China
| | - Renfeng Liao
- Emergency Medicine Department, Meizhou People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xueyu Chen
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, Fengshun County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaozhu Xu
- Emergency Department, Meizhou People's Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Meizhou, China
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Zhang J, Zhang Z, Nie X, Liu Y, Qi Y, Wang J. Deregulated RNAs involved in sympathetic regulation of sepsis-induced acute lung injury based on whole transcriptome sequencing. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:836. [PMID: 36526959 PMCID: PMC9758828 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-09073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sympathetic nerves play essential roles in the regulation of lung inflammation, and we investigated the effect of sympathetic denervation (SD) on sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. Mice were randomized to the control, SD, ALI and SD + ALI, groups. SD and ALI were established through intratracheal 6-hydroxydopamine and intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide, respectively. Models and gene expressions levels were evaluated by HE staining, ELISA, Western blotting and RT-qPCR. RNA extraction, whole transcriptome sequencing and subsequent biostatistical analysis were performed. Sympathetic denervation in the lungs significantly attenuated lung TNF-ɑ and norepinephrine expression, alleviated sepsis-induced acute lung injury and inhibited NF-κB signaling. Compared with the ALI group, the SD + ALI group exhibited 629 DE circRNAs, 269 DE lncRNAs,7 DE miRNAs and 186 DE mRNAs, respectively. Some DE RNAs were validated by RT-qPCR. CircRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks in the SD + ALI group revealed enrichment of the B-cell receptor signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, CAM, primary immunodeficiency, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction terms. The lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network also revealed inflammation-related signaling pathways. Taken together, based on the successfully established models of SD and ALI, we show here that sympathetic nerves may regulate sepsis-induced ALI supposedly by affecting the expression of circRNAs, lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs in the lungs. These results may allow for further exploration of the roles of pulmonary sympathetic nerves in sepsis-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xinran Nie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Yingli Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Yong Qi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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Expression of MicroRNAs in Sepsis-Related Organ Dysfunction: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169354. [PMID: 36012630 PMCID: PMC9409129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a critical condition characterized by increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and proliferating cells such as neutrophils and macrophages in response to microbial pathogens. Such processes lead to an abnormal inflammatory response and multi-organ failure. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are single-stranded non-coding RNAs with the function of gene regulation. This means that miRNAs are involved in multiple intracellular pathways and thus contribute to or inhibit inflammation. As a result, their variable expression in different tissues and organs may play a key role in regulating the pathophysiological events of sepsis. Thanks to this property, miRNAs may serve as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in such life-threatening events. In this narrative review, we collect the results of recent studies on the expression of miRNAs in heart, blood, lung, liver, brain, and kidney during sepsis and the molecular processes in which they are involved. In reviewing the literature, we find at least 122 miRNAs and signaling pathways involved in sepsis-related organ dysfunction. This may help clinicians to detect, prevent, and treat sepsis-related organ failures early, although further studies are needed to deepen the knowledge of their potential contribution.
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Bi CF, Liu J, Yang LS, Zhang JF. Research Progress on the Mechanism of Sepsis Induced Myocardial Injury. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:4275-4290. [PMID: 35923903 PMCID: PMC9342248 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s374117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is an abnormal condition with multiple organ dysfunctions caused by the uncontrolled infection response and one of the major diseases that seriously hang over global human health. Besides, sepsis is characterized by high morbidity and mortality, especially in intensive care unit (ICU). Among the numerous subsequent organ injuries of sepsis, myocardial injury is one of the most common complications and the main cause of death in septic patients. To better manage septic inpatients, it is necessary to understand the specific mechanisms of sepsis induced myocardial injury (SIMI). Therefore, this review will elucidate the pathophysiology of SIMI from the following certain mechanisms: apoptosis, mitochondrial damage, autophagy, excessive inflammatory response, oxidative stress and pyroptosis, and outline current therapeutic strategies and potential approaches in SIMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Fei Bi
- Department of Emergency Medical, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
- Medical Experimental Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Shan Yang
- Department of Emergency Medical, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Li-Shan Yang; Jun-Fei Zhang, Email ;
| | - Jun-Fei Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medical, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Gong X, Li Y, He Y, Zhou F. USP7-SOX9-miR-96-5p-NLRP3 network regulates myocardial injury and cardiomyocyte pyroptosis in sepsis. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:1073-1090. [PMID: 35686454 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2022.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a common life-threatening pathology. This study investigated the role of transcription factor sex-determining region Y (SRY)-box 9 (SOX9) in sepsis-induced cardiomyocyte pyroptosis. A murine model of sepsis was established, followed by detection of cardiac functions and myocardial injury. HL-1 cells were induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The levels of IL-18, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, MDA, and SOD in myocardial tissues and HL-1 cells were determined. SOX9 ubiquitination level was measured. The binding relationships between SOX9-miR-96-5p and miR-96-5p-NLRP3 were analyzed, and the interaction between ubiquitin-specific peptidase 7 (USP7) and SOX9 was measured. SOX9 was highly expressed in septic mice and LPS-induced HL-1 cells. SOX9 silencing improved cardiac function, alleviated myocardial injury, reduced the levels of IL-1β, IL-18, cleaved caspase-1, GSDMD-N, TNF-α, IL-6, and MDA in myocardial tissues and HL-1 cells, increased the level of SOD, and alleviated cardiomyocyte pyroptosis. USP7 upregulated SOX9 expression through deubiquitination. SOX9 inhibited miR-96-5p expression and miR-96-5p targeted NLRP3. miR-96-5p silencing or USP7 overexpression reversed the inhibitory effect of SOX9 silencing on cardiomyocyte pyroptosis. Collectively, USP7 upregulated SOX9 expression through deubiquitination, and SOX9 suppressed miR-96-5p expression by binding to the miR-96-5p promoter region, thereby promoting NLRP3 expression and then exacerbating sepsis-induced myocardial injury and cardiomyocyte pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Gong
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences • Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China;
| | - Yao Li
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences • Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China;
| | - Yu He
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences • Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China;
| | - Fang Zhou
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences • Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, 32# W.Sec 2,1st Ring Rd, Qingyang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China, 610072;
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7
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Zhao H, Wang Y, Zhu X. Chrysophanol exerts a protective effect against sepsis-induced acute myocardial injury through modulating the microRNA-27b-3p/Peroxisomal proliferating-activated receptor gamma axis. Bioengineered 2022; 13:12673-12690. [PMID: 35599576 PMCID: PMC9275920 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2063560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, a leading contributor to the death of inpatients, results in severe organ dysfunction as complications. The heart is one of the major organs attacked by sepsis, and the effective control of the inflammatory cascade reaction in sepsis is of great significance in alleviating sepsis-associated acute myocardial injury (S-AMI). Chrysophanol, a natural anthraquinone, has been discovered to carry anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this paper is to probe the impact of Chrysophanol on S-AMI. An S-AMI model was engineered in rats via CLP. Pathological alterations in the myocardial tissues of rats were monitored. qRT-PCR, ELISA, and western blot measured the profiles of miR-27b-3p, Peroxisomal proliferating-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8), and inflammatory response proteins (NF-κB-p65, MAPK-p38, JNK1/2). Besides, miR-27b-3p mimics were transfected into cardiomyocytes, and the proliferation and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes were examined through MTT and flow cytometry. As evidenced by the experimental outcomes, chrysophanol suppressed sepsis-mediated acute myocardial injury and LPS-mediated apoptosis in myocardial cells and lessened the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory response proteins. Moreover, chrysophanol cramped miR-27b-3p expression and heightened PPARG expression. miR-27b-3p targeted PPARG and restrained its expression. On the other hand, the PPARG agonist (RGZ) partially eliminated the apoptosis and pro-inflammatory responses of myocardial cells elicited by LPS. Therefore, this study revealed that Chrysophanol guarded against sepsis-mediated acute myocardial injury through dampening inflammation and apoptosis via the miR-27b-3p-PPARG axis, adding to the references for treating sepsis-AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhao
- Dry Treatment Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Xishan, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Xichang, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhu
- Dry Treatment Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Xichang, China
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8
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Wu M, Huang Z, Huang W, Lin M, Liu W, Liu K, Li C. microRNA-124-3p attenuates myocardial injury in sepsis via modulating SP1/HDAC4/HIF-1α axis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:40. [PMID: 35091534 PMCID: PMC8799658 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00763-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction can lead to death in sepsis. In this case, we targeted to explore in detail the relative mechanism of microRNA (miR)-124-3p in sepsis-induced myocardial injury via the specific protein 1/histone deacetylase 4/hypoxia-inducing factor 1α (SP1/HDAC4/HIF-1α) axis. Septic rats were modeled by cecal ligation puncture while in vitro septic cardiomyocyte H9C2 were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). miR-124-3p/SP1/HDAC4/HIF-1α expression levels in myocardial tissues of septic rats and LPS-treated H9C2 cells were measured. miR-124-3p overexpression and SP1 silencing assays were implemented on LPS-treated H9C2 cells to explore theirs actions in inflammation, oxidative stress and cell apoptosis. The interactions of miR-124-3p, SP1, and HDAC4 were testified. miR-124-3p was lowly expressed while SP1, HDAC4, and HIF-1α were highly expressed in sepsis. Upregulation of miR-124-3p ameliorated inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis of LPS-treated H9C2 cells. Silencing SP1 improved LPS-induced damage to cardiomyocytes. miR-124-3p targeted SP1 and HDAC4 interacted with SP1. SP1 overexpression antagonized miR-124-3p upregulation-induced improvements in LPS-induced cardiomyocyte damage. This study illustrates that miR-124-3p improves myocardial injury in septic rats through targeted regulation of SP1 to mediate HDAC4/HIF-1α.
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Khoshbakht T, Hussen BM, Taheri M, Arefian N. Regulatory Role of Non-Coding RNAs on Immune Responses During Sepsis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:798713. [PMID: 34956235 PMCID: PMC8695688 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.798713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is resulted from a systemic inflammatory response to bacterial, viral, or fungal agents. The induced inflammatory response by these microorganisms can lead to multiple organ system failure with devastating consequences. Recent studies have shown altered expressions of several non-coding RNAs such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) during sepsis. These transcripts have also been found to participate in the pathogenesis of multiple organ system failure through different mechanisms. NEAT1, MALAT1, THRIL, XIST, MIAT and TUG1 are among lncRNAs that participate in the pathoetiology of sepsis-related complications. miR-21, miR-155, miR-15a-5p, miR-494-3p, miR-218, miR-122, miR-208a-5p, miR-328 and miR-218 are examples of miRNAs participating in these complications. Finally, tens of circRNAs such as circC3P1, hsa_circRNA_104484, hsa_circRNA_104670 and circVMA21 and circ-PRKCI have been found to affect pathogenesis of sepsis. In the current review, we describe the role of these three classes of noncoding RNAs in the pathoetiology of sepsis-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayyebeh Khoshbakht
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq.,Center of Research and Strategic Studies, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Normohammad Arefian
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Xia H, Zhao H, Yang W, Luo X, Wei J, Xia H. MiR-195-5p represses inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress in sepsis-induced myocardial injury by targeting activating transcription factor 6. Cell Biol Int 2021; 46:243-254. [PMID: 34816499 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial injury (MI) is a common complication of sepsis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been suggested as potential biomarkers of MI; however, their mechanisms in sepsis-induced MI remain unclear. A sepsis rat model was constructed by use of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The levels of miR-195-5p and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) expression were determined by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and cytokine levels were detected by ELISA. The levels of oxidative stress (OS)-related indicators and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related proteins were examined, and the regulatory effect of miR-195-5p on ATF6 was determined by using the luciferase reporter assay. Our results showed that miR-195-5p expression was downregulated and ATF6 expression was upregulated in lipopolysaccharide-induced cardiomyocytes and mice with CLP-induced sepsis. We also found that miR-195-5p could markedly attenuate the inflammation, apoptosis, OS, and ERS associated with sepsis-induced MI. Additionally, we verified that miR-195-5p could relieve sepsis-induced MI by targeting ATF6. This study identified potential targets for treating MI after sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Xia
- Department of Emergency, East Campus, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weize Yang
- Department of Emergency, East Campus, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomin Luo
- Department of Emergency, East Campus, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of Emergency, East Campus, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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11
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Wang J, Xin S, Yang R, Jiang J, Qiao Y. Knockdown of lncRNA LUCAT1 attenuates sepsis‑induced myocardial cell injury by sponging miR-642a. Mamm Genome 2021; 32:457-465. [PMID: 34272987 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09890-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The heart is one of the most common organs involved in sepsis-induced organ dysfunction and about 50% septic patients complicated with myocardial injury. So far, the molecular mechanisms underlying sepsis-induced cardiac damage remain unclear. In this study we aimed to evaluate the effect of miR-642a on sepsis-induced cardiac injury in vitro and explore the possible lncRNA-microRNA mechanism. We first downloaded GSE101639 to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in sepsis. The expression of miR-642a in LPS-induced H9C2 cells was detected by qRT-PCR. MTT assay, cell migration, flow cytometry analysis, ELISA, qRT-PCR and Western blotting analysis were applied to evaluating the effect of miR-642a mimic on LPS-induced H9C2 cells. The bioinformatics analysis and the rescue experiment were devoted to the underlying mechanism. The results showed miR-642a expression was decreased in septic patients and LPS-induced H9C2 cells. Besides, MiR-642a mimic promoted cell viability and migration, inhibited cell apoptosis of LPS-induced H9C2 cells. Bioinformatics analysis showed miR-642a directly targets with 3'-UTR of ROCK1. Moreover, LUCAT1 regulated ROCK1 expression act as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for miR-642a. Our data demonstrated that lncRNA LUCAT1 could function via sponging miR-642a to regulate ROCK1 expression in LPS-induced H9C2 cells. And knockdown of lncRNA LUCAT1 could suppress LPS-induced cardiac injury in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center, No.190, Jieyuan Road, Hongqiao, Tianjin, 300121, China
| | - Shaobin Xin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center, No.190, Jieyuan Road, Hongqiao, Tianjin, 300121, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Jiawei Jiang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Youjie Qiao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center, No.190, Jieyuan Road, Hongqiao, Tianjin, 300121, China.
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12
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Molecular pathways in sepsis-induced cardiomyocyte pyroptosis: Novel finding on long non-coding RNA ZFAS1/miR-138-5p/SESN2 axis. Immunol Lett 2021; 238:47-56. [PMID: 34271014 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ZNFX1 antisense RNA1 (ZFAS1) has been emerged as a tumor oncogene or suppressor. However, understanding the biological role and underlying molecular mechanism of ZFAS1 in sepsis induced myocardial injury (SIMI) requires more evidence. This study was assigned to probe the effect of lncRNA ZFAS1 on sepsis-induced pyroptosis in cardiomyocytes and its underlying mechanism. METHODS Serums of 22 patients with sepsis-induced myocardial injury (SIMI) and 24 healthy controls were collected to determine the expression levels of ZFAS1 and miR-138-5p. Cardiomyocytes (H9C2) or rats were treated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish in vivo and in vitro sepsis models. H&E staining was applied to observe myocardial injury of rats. The interactions between ZFAS1 and miR-138-5p as well as miR-138-5p and SESN2 were determined by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and RNA pull-down assay. TUNEL staining was applied to inspect apoptosis level and CCK-8 to measure cell viability. The mRNA levels of ZFAS1, miR-138-5p and SESN2 were measured by qRT-PCR, while the protein expressions of SESN2 and pyroptosis-related proteins (Caspase-1, ASC and NLRP3) were assessed by Western blotting. Levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-18) were evaluated by ELISA. RESULTS Patients with SIMI had suppressed ZFAS1 and increased miR-138-5p expression when compared with those in healthy controls. LPS treatment in rats triggered myocardial injury accompanied by interstitial edema and moderate inflammatory cell infiltration. Besides, LPS caused elevated cell apoptosis rate and enhanced cell pyroptosis and inflammation in sepsis cell models. However, ZFAS1 overexpression or SESN2 overexpression in LPS induced rats and in H9C2 cells had meliorated myocardial injury and inflammatory response, indicating that ZFAS1 and SESN2 can inhibit sepsis-induced pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes. MiR-138-5p is a target gene of ZFAS1, while miR-138-5p can negatively mediate SESN2. ZFAS1 alleviated sepsis induced cardiomyocyte pyroptosis by exerting competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) function to indirectly regulate SESN2, which evidenced by loss and gain functions of ZFAS1 and SESN2. CONCLUSION LncRNA ZFAS1 serves as a ceRNA of miR-138-5p to up-regulate the expression of SESN2, thereby ameliorating sepsis-induced cardiomyocyte pyroptosis.
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Wang X, Chen X, Xu H, Zhou S, Zheng Y, Keller BB, Cai L. Emerging roles of microRNA-208a in cardiology and reverse cardio-oncology. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2172-2194. [PMID: 33533026 DOI: 10.1002/med.21790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and cancer, which are the leading causes of mortality globally, have been viewed as two distinct diseases. However, the fact that cancer and CVDs may coincide has been noted by cardiologists when taking care of patients with CVDs caused by cancer chemotherapy; this entity is designated cardio-oncology. More recently, patients with CVDs have also been found to have increased risk of cancers, termed reverse cardio-oncology. Although reverse cardio-oncology has been highlighted as an important disease state in recent studies, how the diseased heart affects cancer and the potential mediators of the crosstalk between CVDs and cancer are largely unknown. Here, we focus on the roles of cardiac-specific microRNA-208a (miR-208a) in cardiac and cancer biology and explore its essential roles in reverse cardio-oncology. Accumulating evidence has shown that within the heart, increased miR-208a promotes myocardial injury, arrhythmia, cardiac remodeling, and dysfunction and that secreted miR-208a in the circulation may have novel roles in promoting tumor proliferation and invasion. This review, therefore, provides insights into the novel roles of miR-208a in reverse cardio-oncology and strategies to prevent secondary carcinogenesis in patients with early- or late-stage heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Department of Burn Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Bradley B Keller
- Cincinnati Children's Heart Institute, Greater Louisville and Western Kentucky Practice, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lu Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Zhang GQ, Wang SQ, Chen Y, Fu LY, Xu YN, Li L, Tao L, Shen XC. MicroRNAs Regulating Mitochondrial Function in Cardiac Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:663322. [PMID: 34122082 PMCID: PMC8194257 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.663322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the key organelles that supply cellular energy. As the most active organ in the body, the energy required to maintain the mechanical function of the heart requires a high quantity of high-quality mitochondria in cardiomyocytes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded noncoding RNAs, approximately 22 nt in length, which play key roles in mediating post-transcriptional gene silencing. Numerous studies have confirmed that miRNAs can participate in the occurrence and development of cardiac diseases by regulating mitochondrial function-related genes and signaling pathways. Therefore, elucidating the crosstalk that occurs between miRNAs and mitochondria is important for the prevention and treatment of cardiac diseases. In this review, we discuss the biogenesis of miRNAs, the miRNA-mediated regulation of major genes involved in the maintenance of mitochondrial function, and the effects of miRNAs on mitochondrial function in cardiac diseases in order to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical prevention and treatment of cardiac disease and the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Qiong Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Sheng-Quan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Ling-Yun Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Yi-Ni Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Ling Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Ling Tao
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiang-Chun Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
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Zhao S, Gao J, Li J, Wang S, Yuan C, Liu Q. PD-L1 Regulates Inflammation in LPS-Induced Lung Epithelial Cells and Vascular Endothelial Cells by Interacting with the HIF-1α Signaling Pathway. Inflammation 2021; 44:1969-1981. [PMID: 34014492 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis-induced lung injury was the most common cause of death in patients. This study aimed to investigate whether PD-L1 regulates the inflammation in LPS-induced lung epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells by interacting with the HIF-1α signaling pathway. Sepsis-induced lung injury mice were constructed by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) procedure, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells simulate the sepsis-induced lung injury model in vitro. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining detected the morphological changes of the lung tissues, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) detected the PD-L1 expression in lung tissues. Bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay determined the protein concentration in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The number of PD-1 (+) cells in blood was detected by flow cytometry. The apoptosis in lung tissues and LPS-induced cells was analyzed by TUNEL assay. The inflammatory factor levels and HIF-1α in lung tissues and LPS-induced cells were analyzed by ELISA. The transfection effects of KD-PDL1 or KD-HIF1A in lung epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells were confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis. The protein expression related to the PD-L1- and HIF-1α-related pathway was determined by Western blot analysis. As a result, LMT-28, as an IL-6 inhibitor, alleviated lung injury and suppressed the apoptosis and inflammation in lung tissues in BALF and the number of PD-1 (+) cells in blood. Sepsis-induced lung injury activated the PD-L1- and HIF-1α-related pathway, while LMT-28 could not completely inhibit the pathway. In addition, downregulation of PD-L1 or downregulation of HIF-1α suppressed the apoptosis and alleviated the inflammation in LPS-induced lung epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells. Downregulation of PD-L1 had significant effects on lung epithelial cells but had greater effects on vascular endothelial cells. Downregulation of HIF-1α could decrease PD-L1 expression, and downregulation of PD-L1 could also suppress the protein expression of HIF-1α and related pathways. In conclusion, downregulation of PD-L1 alleviated the inflammation in LPS-induced lung epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells by suppressing the HIF-1α signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Intensive Care Unit (ICU), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 JianShe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Respiratory Intensive Care Unit (ICU), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 JianShe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Respiratory Intensive Care Unit (ICU), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 JianShe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Shilei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Intensive Care Unit (ICU), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 JianShe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Congcong Yuan
- Department of Respiratory Intensive Care Unit (ICU), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 JianShe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Qiuhong Liu
- Department of Respiratory Intensive Care Unit (ICU), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 JianShe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan Province, China.
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Manetti AC, Maiese A, Paolo MD, De Matteis A, La Russa R, Turillazzi E, Frati P, Fineschi V. MicroRNAs and Sepsis-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010321. [PMID: 33396834 PMCID: PMC7794809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a severe condition characterized by systemic inflammation. One of the most involved organs in sepsis is the heart. On the other hand, heart failure and dysfunction are some of the most leading causes of death in septic patients. miRNAs are short single-strand non-coding ribonucleic acids involved in the regulation of gene expression on a post-transcriptional phase, which means they are a part of the epigenetic process. Recently, researchers have found that miRNA expression in tissues and blood differs depending on different conditions. Because of this property, their use as serum sepsis biomarkers has also been explored. A narrative review is carried out to gather and summarize what is known about miRNAs' influence on cardiac dysfunction during sepsis. When reviewing the literature, we found at least 77 miRNAs involved in cardiac inflammation and dysfunction during sepsis. In the future, miRNAs may be used as early sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction biomarkers or as new drug targets. This could help clinicians to early detect, prevent, and treat cardiac damage. The potential role of miRNAs as new diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies worth deepening the complex network between non-coding RNA and biological pathways. Additional studies are needed to further investigate their role in sepsis-induced myocardium injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Chiara Manetti
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa (PI), Italy; (A.C.M.); (A.M.); (M.D.P.); (E.T.)
| | - Aniello Maiese
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa (PI), Italy; (A.C.M.); (A.M.); (M.D.P.); (E.T.)
- IRCSS Neuromed Mediterranean Neurological Institute, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy; (R.L.R.); (P.F.)
| | - Marco Di Paolo
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa (PI), Italy; (A.C.M.); (A.M.); (M.D.P.); (E.T.)
| | - Alessandra De Matteis
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome (RM), Italy;
| | - Raffaele La Russa
- IRCSS Neuromed Mediterranean Neurological Institute, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy; (R.L.R.); (P.F.)
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome (RM), Italy;
| | - Emanuela Turillazzi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa (PI), Italy; (A.C.M.); (A.M.); (M.D.P.); (E.T.)
| | - Paola Frati
- IRCSS Neuromed Mediterranean Neurological Institute, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy; (R.L.R.); (P.F.)
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome (RM), Italy;
| | - Vittorio Fineschi
- IRCSS Neuromed Mediterranean Neurological Institute, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy; (R.L.R.); (P.F.)
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome (RM), Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0649912722
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