1
|
Bolinger AA, Li J, Xie X, Li H, Zhou J. Lessons learnt from broad-spectrum coronavirus antiviral drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:1023-1041. [PMID: 39078037 PMCID: PMC11390334 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2385598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Highly pathogenic coronaviruses (CoVs), such as severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV), and the most recent SARS-CoV-2 responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, pose significant threats to human populations over the past two decades. These CoVs have caused a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to severe distress syndromes (ARDS), resulting in high morbidity and mortality. AREAS COVERED The accelerated advancements in antiviral drug discovery, spurred by the COVID-19 pandemic, have shed new light on the imperative to develop treatments effective against a broad spectrum of CoVs. This perspective discusses strategies and lessons learnt in targeting viral non-structural proteins, structural proteins, drug repurposing, and combinational approaches for the development of antivirals against CoVs. EXPERT OPINION Drawing lessons from the pandemic, it becomes evident that the absence of efficient broad-spectrum antiviral drugs increases the vulnerability of public health systems to the potential onslaught by highly pathogenic CoVs. The rapid and sustained spread of novel CoVs can have devastating consequences without effective and specifically targeted treatments. Prioritizing the effective development of broad-spectrum antivirals is imperative for bolstering the resilience of public health systems and mitigating the potential impact of future highly pathogenic CoVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A. Bolinger
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Hongmin Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gaweł P, Łukianowski B, Kościelska-Kasprzak K, Bartoszek D, Krajewska M, Królak-Olejnik B. Colostrum Lactoferrin Following Active and Recovered SARS-CoV-2 Infections during Pregnancy. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1120. [PMID: 38791082 PMCID: PMC11118264 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf), which is particularly abundant in human breast milk during the early stages of lactation, provides protection against a variety of infections, including viral infections, and has demonstrated activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The objective of this study was to measure the concentrations of Lf in the colostrum of mothers with active coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections during delivery, in mothers with a history of COVID-19 during pregnancy, and in non-infected controls. In this cross-sectional study, colostrum samples from 41 lactating mothers with a confirmed history of SARS-CoV-2 infection (asymptomatic or symptomatic) (both active and past infections) were collected. Twenty-eight colostrum samples collected during the pre-pandemic period served as a control group. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to analyze the Lf concentrations. Concentrations of Lf in the colostrum samples were closely related to virus infection. Colostrum samples from mothers with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections contained higher concentrations of lactoferrin compared with samples from mothers from the control group. The highest concentrations of Lf were found in the colostrum samples of mothers with active SARS-CoV-2 infection during delivery when compared with the post-infection and control samples. This observed increase in lactoferrin suggests that it may be an important protective factor for breastfed infants, a finding which was particularly relevant during the pandemic period and remains relevant whenever a breastfeeding mother is infected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Gaweł
- Department of Neonatology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Błażej Łukianowski
- Department of Pathomorphology and Clinical Cytology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Kościelska-Kasprzak
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.K.-K.); (D.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Dorota Bartoszek
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.K.-K.); (D.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Magdalena Krajewska
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.K.-K.); (D.B.); (M.K.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Y, Li J, Dong Y, Wang C, Cai Z. Bovine lactoferrin inhibits inflammatory response and apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by targeting the PPAR-γ pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:492. [PMID: 38578368 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09436-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding multifunctional cationic glycoprotein. Previous studies have demonstrated that LF may be a potential drug for treating acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In this study, we explored the anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) in ALI using the RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology and transcriptome analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS Based on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) obtained from RNA-seq of the Lung from mouse model, the bioinformatics workflow was implemented using the BGISEQ-500 platform. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was obtained using STRING, and the hub gene was screened using Cytoscape. To verify the results of transcriptome analysis, the effects of bLF on Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BEAS-2B cells and its anti-reactive oxygen species (ROS), anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects were studied via Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) test, active oxygen detection test, ELISA, and western blot assay. Transcriptome analysis revealed that two hub gene modules of DEGs were screened via PPI analysis using the STRING and MCODE plug-ins of Cytoscape. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed that these core modules are enriched in the PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) and AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) signaling pathways. Through cell experiments, our study shows that bLF can inhibit ROS, inflammatory reaction, and LPS-induced BEAS-2B cell apoptosis, which are significantly antagonized by the PPAR-γ inhibitor GW9662. CONCLUSION This study has suggested that the PPAR-γ pathway is the critical target of bLF in anti-inflammatory reactions and apoptosis of ALI, which provides a direction for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Li
- The First Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Junhu Li
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Can Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Zhigang Cai
- The First Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, No. 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China.
- Hebei Institute of Respiratory Diseases, No. 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Naidu AS, Wang CK, Rao P, Mancini F, Clemens RA, Wirakartakusumah A, Chiu HF, Yen CH, Porretta S, Mathai I, Naidu SAG. Precision nutrition to reset virus-induced human metabolic reprogramming and dysregulation (HMRD) in long-COVID. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:19. [PMID: 38555403 PMCID: PMC10981760 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-024-00261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, is devoid of any metabolic capacity; therefore, it is critical for the viral pathogen to hijack host cellular metabolic machinery for its replication and propagation. This single-stranded RNA virus with a 29.9 kb genome encodes 14 open reading frames (ORFs) and initiates a plethora of virus-host protein-protein interactions in the human body. These extensive viral protein interactions with host-specific cellular targets could trigger severe human metabolic reprogramming/dysregulation (HMRD), a rewiring of sugar-, amino acid-, lipid-, and nucleotide-metabolism(s), as well as altered or impaired bioenergetics, immune dysfunction, and redox imbalance in the body. In the infectious process, the viral pathogen hijacks two major human receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 and/or neuropilin (NRP)-1, for initial adhesion to cell surface; then utilizes two major host proteases, TMPRSS2 and/or furin, to gain cellular entry; and finally employs an endosomal enzyme, cathepsin L (CTSL) for fusogenic release of its viral genome. The virus-induced HMRD results in 5 possible infectious outcomes: asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe to fatal episodes; while the symptomatic acute COVID-19 condition could manifest into 3 clinical phases: (i) hypoxia and hypoxemia (Warburg effect), (ii) hyperferritinemia ('cytokine storm'), and (iii) thrombocytosis (coagulopathy). The mean incubation period for COVID-19 onset was estimated to be 5.1 days, and most cases develop symptoms after 14 days. The mean viral clearance times were 24, 30, and 39 days for acute, severe, and ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients, respectively. However, about 25-70% of virus-free COVID-19 survivors continue to sustain virus-induced HMRD and exhibit a wide range of symptoms that are persistent, exacerbated, or new 'onset' clinical incidents, collectively termed as post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) or long COVID. PASC patients experience several debilitating clinical condition(s) with >200 different and overlapping symptoms that may last for weeks to months. Chronic PASC is a cumulative outcome of at least 10 different HMRD-related pathophysiological mechanisms involving both virus-derived virulence factors and a multitude of innate host responses. Based on HMRD and virus-free clinical impairments of different human organs/systems, PASC patients can be categorized into 4 different clusters or sub-phenotypes: sub-phenotype-1 (33.8%) with cardiac and renal manifestations; sub-phenotype-2 (32.8%) with respiratory, sleep and anxiety disorders; sub-phenotype-3 (23.4%) with skeleto-muscular and nervous disorders; and sub-phenotype-4 (10.1%) with digestive and pulmonary dysfunctions. This narrative review elucidates the effects of viral hijack on host cellular machinery during SARS-CoV-2 infection, ensuing detrimental effect(s) of virus-induced HMRD on human metabolism, consequential symptomatic clinical implications, and damage to multiple organ systems; as well as chronic pathophysiological sequelae in virus-free PASC patients. We have also provided a few evidence-based, human randomized controlled trial (RCT)-tested, precision nutrients to reset HMRD for health recovery of PASC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Satyanarayan Naidu
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA.
- N-terminus Research Laboratory, 232659 Via del Rio, Yorba Linda, CA, 92887, USA.
| | - Chin-Kun Wang
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Pingfan Rao
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, No.1, Campus New Village, Longjiang Street, Fuqing City, Fujian, China
| | - Fabrizio Mancini
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- President-Emeritus, Parker University, 2540 Walnut Hill Lane, Dallas, TX, 75229, USA
| | - Roger A Clemens
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- University of Southern California, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy/D. K. Kim International Center for Regulatory & Quality Sciences, 1540 Alcazar St., CHP 140, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Aman Wirakartakusumah
- International Union of Food Science and Technology (IUFoST), Guelph, ON, Canada
- IPMI International Business School Jakarta; South East Asian Food and Agriculture Science and Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Hui-Fang Chiu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health & Well-being, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hua Yen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sebastiano Porretta
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- President, Italian Association of Food Technology (AITA), Milan, Italy
- Experimental Station for the Food Preserving Industry, Department of Consumer Science, Viale Tanara 31/a, I-43121, Parma, Italy
| | - Issac Mathai
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- Soukya International Holistic Health Center, Whitefield, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sreus A G Naidu
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- N-terminus Research Laboratory, 232659 Via del Rio, Yorba Linda, CA, 92887, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pillai U J, Cherian L, Taunk K, Iype E, Dutta M. Identification of antiviral phytochemicals from cranberry as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M pro). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129655. [PMID: 38266830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Cranberry phytochemicals are known to possess antiviral activities. In the current study, we explored the therapeutic potential of cranberry against SARS-CoV-2 by targeting its main protease (Mpro) enzyme. Firstly, phytochemicals of cranberry origin were identified from three independent databases. Subsequently, virtual screening, using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation approaches, led to the identification of three lead phytochemicals namely, cyanidin 3-O-galactoside, β-carotene and epicatechin. Furthermore, in vitro enzymatic assays revealed that cyanidin 3-O-galactoside had the highest inhibitory potential with IC50 of 9.98 μM compared to the other two phytochemicals. Cyanidin 3-O-galactoside belongs to the class of anthocyanins. Anthocyanins extracted from frozen cranberry also exhibited the highest inhibitory potential with IC50 of 23.58 μg/ml compared to the extracts of carotenoids and flavanols, the class for β-carotene and epicatechin, respectively. Finally, we confirm the presence of the phytochemicals in the cranberry extracts using targeted LC-MS/MS analysis. Our results, therefore, indicate that the identified cranberry-derived bioactive compounds as well as cranberry could be used for therapeutic interventions against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jisha Pillai U
- Department of Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani-Dubai Campus, Academic City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lucy Cherian
- Department of Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani-Dubai Campus, Academic City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khushman Taunk
- Proteomics Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Eldhose Iype
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | - Mainak Dutta
- Department of Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani-Dubai Campus, Academic City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pasinato A, Fama M, Tripepi G, Egan CG, Baraldi E. Lactoferrin in the Prevention of Recurrent Respiratory Infections in Preschool Children: A Prospective Randomized Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:249. [PMID: 38397361 PMCID: PMC10887729 DOI: 10.3390/children11020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Few studies have evaluated the effect of bovine lactoferrin (bLf) on reducing respiratory infections in preschool children. This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effect of bLf in preschool children with recurrent respiratory infections. Participants were randomly assigned bLf (n = 25) or control (n = 25). Outcomes included respiratory infection episodes (RIEs), symptom duration, school absence and medication. Fifty children aged 4.2 ± 0.1 years were included. During the active 4-month phase, median number of RIEs was reduced by 50% in the bLf group [1-episode, interquartile range (IQR): 0-2] vs. control (2, IQR: 1-3; p = 0.02). The proportion of participants with >3 RIEs was significantly lower in bLf (n = 1, 4%) vs. control (n = 7, 28%) with 80% lower odds of upper RIEs in the bLf arm (odds ratio: 0.20, 95% CI:0.06-0.74, p = 0.015). The duration of symptoms (3 vs. 6, p = 0.009) and days absent from school (3 vs. 6, p = 0.15) were lower in the active arm. Over the 2-month follow-up, no significant differences were observed between groups for infection episodes, symptom duration or school absence. However, bLf-treated children received significantly less corticosteroids over the entire 6-month study period (32% vs. 60%; p = 0.047). bLf supplementation significantly reduced the frequency and duration of RIEs in children with decreased corticosteroid use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pasinato
- Società Italiana Cure Pediatriche Primarie (SICuPP), Veneto Region, 20126 Milano, Italy; (A.P.); (M.F.)
| | - Mario Fama
- Società Italiana Cure Pediatriche Primarie (SICuPP), Veneto Region, 20126 Milano, Italy; (A.P.); (M.F.)
| | - Giovanni Tripepi
- National Research Council (CNR), Ospedali Riuniti, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy;
| | | | - Eugenio Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alves NS, Azevedo AS, Dias BM, Horbach IS, Setatino BP, Denani CB, Schwarcz WD, Lima SMB, Missailidis S, Ano Bom APD, Silva AMV, Barreto Vieira DF, Silva MAN, Barros CA, Carvalho CAM, Gonçalves RB. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Vero Cells by Bovine Lactoferrin under Different Iron-Saturation States. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1352. [PMID: 37895823 PMCID: PMC10609673 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the rapid mass vaccination against COVID-19, the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, such as omicron, is still a great distress, and new therapeutic options are needed. Bovine lactoferrin (bLf), a multifunctional iron-binding glycoprotein available in unsaturated (apo-bLf) and saturated (holo-bLf) forms, has been shown to exert broad-spectrum antiviral activity against many viruses. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of both forms of bLf at 1 mg/mL against infection of Vero cells by SARS-CoV-2. As assessed with antiviral assays, an equivalent significant reduction in virus infection by about 70% was observed when either form of bLf was present throughout the infection procedure with the SARS-CoV-2 ancestral or omicron strain. This inhibitory effect seemed to be concentrated during the early steps of virus infection, since a significant reduction in its efficiency by about 60% was observed when apo- or holo-bLf were incubated with the cells before or during virus addition, with no significant difference between the antiviral effects of the distinct iron-saturation states of the protein. However, an ultrastructural analysis of bLf treatment during the early steps of virus infection revealed that holo-bLf was somewhat more effective than apo-bLf in inhibiting virus entry. Together, these data suggest that bLf mainly acts in the early events of SARS-CoV-2 infection and is effective against the ancestral virus as well as its omicron variant. Considering that there are no effective treatments to COVID-19 with tolerable toxicity yet, bLf shows up as a promising candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia S. Alves
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (N.S.A.); (A.S.A.); (B.M.D.); (I.S.H.); (B.P.S.); (C.B.D.); (W.D.S.); (S.M.B.L.); (S.M.); (A.P.D.A.B.); (A.M.V.S.)
| | - Adriana S. Azevedo
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (N.S.A.); (A.S.A.); (B.M.D.); (I.S.H.); (B.P.S.); (C.B.D.); (W.D.S.); (S.M.B.L.); (S.M.); (A.P.D.A.B.); (A.M.V.S.)
| | - Brenda M. Dias
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (N.S.A.); (A.S.A.); (B.M.D.); (I.S.H.); (B.P.S.); (C.B.D.); (W.D.S.); (S.M.B.L.); (S.M.); (A.P.D.A.B.); (A.M.V.S.)
| | - Ingrid S. Horbach
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (N.S.A.); (A.S.A.); (B.M.D.); (I.S.H.); (B.P.S.); (C.B.D.); (W.D.S.); (S.M.B.L.); (S.M.); (A.P.D.A.B.); (A.M.V.S.)
| | - Bruno P. Setatino
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (N.S.A.); (A.S.A.); (B.M.D.); (I.S.H.); (B.P.S.); (C.B.D.); (W.D.S.); (S.M.B.L.); (S.M.); (A.P.D.A.B.); (A.M.V.S.)
| | - Caio B. Denani
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (N.S.A.); (A.S.A.); (B.M.D.); (I.S.H.); (B.P.S.); (C.B.D.); (W.D.S.); (S.M.B.L.); (S.M.); (A.P.D.A.B.); (A.M.V.S.)
| | - Waleska D. Schwarcz
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (N.S.A.); (A.S.A.); (B.M.D.); (I.S.H.); (B.P.S.); (C.B.D.); (W.D.S.); (S.M.B.L.); (S.M.); (A.P.D.A.B.); (A.M.V.S.)
| | - Sheila Maria B. Lima
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (N.S.A.); (A.S.A.); (B.M.D.); (I.S.H.); (B.P.S.); (C.B.D.); (W.D.S.); (S.M.B.L.); (S.M.); (A.P.D.A.B.); (A.M.V.S.)
| | - Sotiris Missailidis
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (N.S.A.); (A.S.A.); (B.M.D.); (I.S.H.); (B.P.S.); (C.B.D.); (W.D.S.); (S.M.B.L.); (S.M.); (A.P.D.A.B.); (A.M.V.S.)
| | - Ana Paula D. Ano Bom
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (N.S.A.); (A.S.A.); (B.M.D.); (I.S.H.); (B.P.S.); (C.B.D.); (W.D.S.); (S.M.B.L.); (S.M.); (A.P.D.A.B.); (A.M.V.S.)
| | - Andréa M. V. Silva
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (N.S.A.); (A.S.A.); (B.M.D.); (I.S.H.); (B.P.S.); (C.B.D.); (W.D.S.); (S.M.B.L.); (S.M.); (A.P.D.A.B.); (A.M.V.S.)
| | - Débora F. Barreto Vieira
- Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (D.F.B.V.); (M.A.N.S.)
| | - Marcos Alexandre N. Silva
- Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (D.F.B.V.); (M.A.N.S.)
| | - Caroline A. Barros
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20270-021, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto M. Carvalho
- Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém 66095-662, PA, Brazil
| | - Rafael B. Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20211-040, RJ, Brazil;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Khazdooz L, Zarei A, Meletharayil G, Kapoor R, Abbaspourrad A. Synthesis of a Cation-Exchange Resin by Inverse Suspension Polymerization for Lactoferrin Extraction from Whey. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:30966-30975. [PMID: 37663523 PMCID: PMC10468889 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF), the main iron-binding protein of milk, has important nutritional, biological, and pharmaceutical properties. It is an essential nutritional component of newborn diets and also for adult health. Small amounts of lactoferrin can be found in whey, a nutritionally and biologically useful byproduct of the dairy industry. Although the amount of lactoferrin in whey is less than that in other sources like milk and bovine colostrum, the extraction of LF from this underused source has many economic and environmental benefits. The most common technique for the isolation of LF from dairy products is the use of cation-exchange resins. Here, we present the synthesis of a strong cation-exchange resin for the extraction of high-purity lactoferrin from whey. This resin was synthesized by inverse suspension copolymerization of aqueous solutions of sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate and N,N-methylenebisacrylamide in corn oil. The adsorption efficiency of this resin showed selective extraction of lactoferrin from four different whey sources. The adsorption efficiency of lactoferrin from these whey samples ranged from 93.8 to 97.4%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Khazdooz
- Department
of Food Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Amin Zarei
- Department
of Food Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | - Rohit Kapoor
- Dairy
Management Inc., Rosemont, Illinois 60018, United States
| | - Alireza Abbaspourrad
- Department
of Food Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
El-Fakharany EM, El-Gendi H, El-Maradny YA, Abu-Serie MM, Abdel-Wahhab KG, Shabana ME, Ashry M. Inhibitory effect of lactoferrin-coated zinc nanoparticles on SARS-CoV-2 replication and entry along with improvement of lung fibrosis induced in adult male albino rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 245:125552. [PMID: 37356684 PMCID: PMC10290166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2019-new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a major global challenge caused by a pandemic disease, named 'COVID-19' with no effective and selective therapy available so far. COVID-19-associated mortality is directly related to the inability to suppress the viral infection and the uncontrolled inflammatory response. So, we investigated the antiviral efficiency of the nanofabricated and well-characterized lactoferrin-coated zinc nanoparticles (Lf-Zn-NPs) on SARS-CoV-2 replication and entry into host cells. Lf-Zn-NPs showed potent inhibition of the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host cells by inhibition of ACE2, the SARS-CoV-2 receptor. This inhibitory activity of Lf-Zn-NPs to target the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the ACE2 receptor offers potent protection against COVID-19 outbreaks. Moreover, the administration of Lf-Zn-NPs markedly improved lung fibrosis disorders, as supported by histopathological findings and monitored by the significant reduction in the values of CRP, LDH, ferritin, and D-dimer, with a remarkable rise in CD4+, lung SOD, GPx, GSH, and CAT levels. Lf-Zn-NPs revealed therapeutic efficiency against lung fibrosis owing to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and ACE2-inhibiting activities. These findings suggest a promising nanomedicine agent against COVID-19 and its complications, with improved antiviral and immunomodulatory properties as well as a safer mode of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esmail M El-Fakharany
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA- City), New Borg El-Arab City 21934, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Hamada El-Gendi
- Bioprocess Development Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City 21934, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Yousra A El-Maradny
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA- City), New Borg El-Arab City 21934, Alexandria, Egypt; Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT), Alamein 51718, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Abu-Serie
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mahmoud Ashry
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assuit, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li Q, Chen Z, Zhou X, Li G, Zhang C, Yang Y. Ferroptosis and multi-organ complications in COVID-19: mechanisms and potential therapies. Front Genet 2023; 14:1187985. [PMID: 37303950 PMCID: PMC10250669 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1187985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, with respiratory symptoms as primary manifestations. It can progress to severe illness, leading to respiratory failure and multiple organ dysfunction. Recovered patients may experience persistent neurological, respiratory, or cardiovascular symptoms. Mitigating the multi-organ complications of COVID-19 has been highlighted as a crucial part of fighting the epidemic. Ferroptosis is a type of cell death linked to altered iron metabolism, glutathione depletion, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) inactivation, and increased oxidative stress. Cell death can prevent virus replication, but uncontrolled cell death can also harm the body. COVID-19 patients with multi-organ complications often exhibit factors related to ferroptosis, suggesting a possible connection. Ferroptosis inhibitors can resist SARS-CoV-2 infection from damaging vital organs and potentially reduce COVID-19 complications. In this paper, we outline the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and, based on this, discuss multi-organ complications in COVID-19, then explore the potential of ferroptosis inhibitors as a supplementary intervention for COVID-19. This paper will provide a reference for the possible treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infected disease to reduce the severity of COVID-19 and its subsequent impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zeyuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Luxian People’s Hospital, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaoshi Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Guolin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changji Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kaczyńska K, Jampolska M, Wojciechowski P, Sulejczak D, Andrzejewski K, Zając D. Potential of Lactoferrin in the Treatment of Lung Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:192. [PMID: 37259341 PMCID: PMC9960651 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is a multifunctional iron-binding glycoprotein that exhibits a variety of properties, such as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer, that can be used to treat numerous diseases. Lung diseases continue to be the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Many of the therapies currently used to treat these diseases have limited efficacy or are associated with side effects. Therefore, there is a constant pursuit for new drugs and therapies, and LF is frequently considered a therapeutic agent and/or adjunct to drug-based therapies for the treatment of lung diseases. This article focuses on a review of the existing and most up-to-date literature on the contribution of the beneficial effects of LF on the treatment of lung diseases, including asthma, viral infections, cystic fibrosis, or lung cancer, among others. Although in vitro and in vivo studies indicate significant potency of LF in the treatment of the listed diseases, only in the case of respiratory tract infections do human studies seem to confirm them by demonstrating the effectiveness of LF in reducing episodes of illness and shortening the recovery period. For lung cancer, COVID-19 and sepsis, the reports are conflicting, and for other diseases, there is a paucity of human studies conclusively confirming the beneficial effects of LF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kaczyńska
- Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Jampolska
- Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Wojciechowski
- Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Sulejczak
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kryspin Andrzejewski
- Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Zając
- Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Naidu SAG, Clemens RA, Naidu AS. SARS-CoV-2 Infection Dysregulates Host Iron (Fe)-Redox Homeostasis (Fe-R-H): Role of Fe-Redox Regulators, Ferroptosis Inhibitors, Anticoagulants, and Iron-Chelators in COVID-19 Control. J Diet Suppl 2023; 20:312-371. [PMID: 35603834 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2022.2075072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe imbalance in iron metabolism among SARS-CoV-2 infected patients is prominent in every symptomatic (mild, moderate to severe) clinical phase of COVID-19. Phase-I - Hypoxia correlates with reduced O2 transport by erythrocytes, overexpression of HIF-1α, altered mitochondrial bioenergetics with host metabolic reprogramming (HMR). Phase-II - Hyperferritinemia results from an increased iron overload, which triggers a fulminant proinflammatory response - the acute cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Elevated cytokine levels (i.e. IL6, TNFα and CRP) strongly correlates with altered ferritin/TF ratios in COVID-19 patients. Phase-III - Thromboembolism is consequential to erythrocyte dysfunction with heme release, increased prothrombin time and elevated D-dimers, cumulatively linked to severe coagulopathies with life-threatening outcomes such as ARDS, and multi-organ failure. Taken together, Fe-R-H dysregulation is implicated in every symptomatic phase of COVID-19. Fe-R-H regulators such as lactoferrin (LF), hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1), erythropoietin (EPO) and hepcidin modulators are innate bio-replenishments that sequester iron, neutralize iron-mediated free radicals, reduce oxidative stress, and improve host defense by optimizing iron metabolism. Due to its pivotal role in 'cytokine storm', ferroptosis is a potential intervention target. Ferroptosis inhibitors such as ferrostatin-1, liproxstatin-1, quercetin, and melatonin could prevent mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, up-regulate antioxidant/GSH levels and abrogate iron overload-induced apoptosis through activation of Nrf2 and HO-1 signaling pathways. Iron chelators such as heparin, deferoxamine, caffeic acid, curcumin, α-lipoic acid, and phytic acid could protect against ferroptosis and restore mitochondrial function, iron-redox potential, and rebalance Fe-R-H status. Therefore, Fe-R-H restoration is a host biomarker-driven potential combat strategy for an effective clinical and post-recovery management of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger A Clemens
- Department of International Regulatory Science, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Einerhand AWC, van Loo-Bouwman CA, Weiss GA, Wang C, Ba G, Fan Q, He B, Smit G. Can Lactoferrin, a Natural Mammalian Milk Protein, Assist in the Battle against COVID-19? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245274. [PMID: 36558432 PMCID: PMC9782828 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Notwithstanding mass vaccination against specific SARS-CoV-2 variants, there is still a demand for complementary nutritional intervention strategies to fight COVID-19. The bovine milk protein lactoferrin (LF) has attracted interest of nutraceutical, food and dairy industries for its numerous properties-ranging from anti-viral and anti-microbial to immunological-making it a potential functional ingredient in a wide variety of food applications to maintain health. Importantly, bovine LF was found to exert anti-viral activities against several types of viruses, including certain SARS-CoV-2 variants. LF's potential effect on COVID-19 patients has seen a rapid increase of in vitro and in vivo studies published, resulting in a model on how LF might play a role during different phases of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Aim of this narrative review is two-fold: (1) to highlight the most relevant findings concerning LF's anti-viral, anti-microbial, iron-binding, immunomodulatory, microbiota-modulatory and intestinal barrier properties that support health of the two most affected organs in COVID-19 patients (lungs and gut), and (2) to explore the possible underlying mechanisms governing its mode of action. Thanks to its potential effects on health, bovine LF can be considered a good candidate for nutritional interventions counteracting SARS-CoV-2 infection and related COVID-19 pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Caiyun Wang
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Genna Ba
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Qicheng Fan
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Baoping He
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Gerrit Smit
- Yili Innovation Center Europe, 6708 WH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cipriano M, Ruberti E, Tovani-Palone MR. Combined use of lactoferrin and vitamin D as a preventive and therapeutic supplement for SARS-CoV-2 infection: Current evidence. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:11665-11670. [PMID: 36405280 PMCID: PMC9669848 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i32.11665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is a multifunctional protein that exhibits anti-inflammatory, immune regulating and anti-infective properties. One of its receptor sites is located on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The binding of lactoferrin with heparin sulfate proteoglycans may prevent the first contact between the virus and host cells, thus preventing subsequent infection. Given that lactoferrin may act as a natural mucosal barrier, an intranasal treatment together with its oral intake can be hypothesized to prevent the spread, infection and inflammation caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Moreover, the literature reports that vitamin D plays an essential role in promoting immune response. With its anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties, vitamin D is critical for activating the immune system’s defenses, improving immune cell function. Different studies also demonstrate that lactoferrin is a potential activator of the vitamin D receptor. In this sense, the combined use of lactoferrin (through an association of oral intake and a nasal spray formulation) and vitamin D could represent a valuable therapy for COVID-19 treatment and prevention. However, further randomized clinical trials are needed before recommending/prescribing them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Cipriano
- Department of Laparoscopic Surgery, Umberto I General Hospital, Medical School Sapienza University, Rome 161, Italy
| | - Enzo Ruberti
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone
- Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600 077, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bolat E, Eker F, Kaplan M, Duman H, Arslan A, Saritaş S, Şahutoğlu AS, Karav S. Lactoferrin for COVID-19 prevention, treatment, and recovery. Front Nutr 2022; 9:992733. [PMID: 36419551 PMCID: PMC9676636 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.992733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a unique beta-coronavirus, has caused the most serious outbreak of the last century at the global level. SARS-CoV-2 infections were firstly reported in the city of Wuhan in China in 2019 and this new disease was named COVID-19 by World Health Organization (WHO). As this novel disease can easily be transmitted from one individual to another via respiratory droplets, many nations around the world have taken several precautions regarding the reduction in social activities and quarantine for the limitation of the COVID-19 transmission. SARS-CoV-2 is known to cause complications that may include pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ failure, septic shock, and death. To prevent and treat COVID-19, some significant studies have been conducted since the outbreak. One of the most noticeable therapeutic approaches is related to a multifunctional protein, lactoferrin. Lactoferrin (Lf) is an 80 kDa cationic glycoprotein that has a great range of benefits from improving the immunity to antiviral effects due to its unique characteristics such as the iron-binding ability. This review summarizes the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and the potential applications of Lf for the prevention, treatment, and recovery of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ecem Bolat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Furkan Eker
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Merve Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Hatice Duman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Ayşenur Arslan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Sümeyye Saritaş
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | | | - Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
An impedimetric immunosensor based on PAMAM decorated electrospun polystyrene fibers for detection of interleukin-10 cytokine. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
17
|
Anti-hepatitis B virus activity of food nutrients and potential mechanisms of action. Ann Hepatol 2022:100766. [PMID: 36179798 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2022.100766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is endemic in many parts of the world and is a significant cause of chronic liver damage and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV therapeutics vary according to the disease stage. The best therapeutic option for patients with end-stage liver disease is liver transplantation, while for chronic patients, HBV infection is commonly managed using antivirals (nucleos(t)ides analogs or interferons). However, due to the accessibility issues and the high cost of antivirals, most HBV patients do not have access to treatment. These complications have led researchers to reconsider treatment approaches, such as nutritional therapy. This review summarizes the nutrients reported to have antiviral activity against HBV and their possible mechanism of action. Recent studies suggest resveratrol, vitamin E, lactoferrin, selenium, curcumin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, moringa extracts, chlorogenic acid, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate may be beneficial for patients with hepatitis B. The anti-HBV effect of most of these nutrients has been analyzed in vitro and in animal models. Different antiviral and hepatoprotective mechanisms have been proposed for these nutrients, such as the activation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways, regulation of metabolic homeostasis, epigenetic control, activation of the p53 gene, inhibition of oncogenes, inhibition of virus entry, and induction of autophagosomes. In conclusion, scientific evidence indicates that HBV replication, transcription, and expression of viral antigens can be affected directly by nutrients. In the future, these nutrients may be considered to develop appropriate nutritional management for patients with hepatitis B.
Collapse
|
18
|
Kell DB, Pretorius E. The potential role of ischaemia-reperfusion injury in chronic, relapsing diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Long COVID, and ME/CFS: evidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications. Biochem J 2022; 479:1653-1708. [PMID: 36043493 PMCID: PMC9484810 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischaemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury, initiated via bursts of reactive oxygen species produced during the reoxygenation phase following hypoxia, is well known in a variety of acute circumstances. We argue here that I-R injury also underpins elements of the pathology of a variety of chronic, inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, ME/CFS and, our chief focus and most proximally, Long COVID. Ischaemia may be initiated via fibrin amyloid microclot blockage of capillaries, for instance as exercise is started; reperfusion is a necessary corollary when it finishes. We rehearse the mechanistic evidence for these occurrences here, in terms of their manifestation as oxidative stress, hyperinflammation, mast cell activation, the production of marker metabolites and related activities. Such microclot-based phenomena can explain both the breathlessness/fatigue and the post-exertional malaise that may be observed in these conditions, as well as many other observables. The recognition of these processes implies, mechanistically, that therapeutic benefit is potentially to be had from antioxidants, from anti-inflammatories, from iron chelators, and via suitable, safe fibrinolytics, and/or anti-clotting agents. We review the considerable existing evidence that is consistent with this, and with the biochemical mechanisms involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 200, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xu Y, Wang Y, He J, Zhu W. Antibacterial properties of lactoferrin: A bibliometric analysis from 2000 to early 2022. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:947102. [PMID: 36060777 PMCID: PMC9428516 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.947102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundHere, a bibliometric and knowledge map analysis are used to analyze the research hot spots and development trends regarding the antibacterial effect of lactoferrin (LF). By looking for research hot spots and new topics, we provide new clues and research directions for future research.MethodsArticles and reviews regarding the antibacterial effect of LF were retrieved and from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) on 25 June 2022. CiteSpace and VOSviewer were used to conduct the bibliometric and knowledge map analysis.ResultsIn total, 8,292 authors at 2,151 institutions from 86 countries published 1,923 articles in 770 academic journals. The United States was the leader regarding research on the antibacterial effects of LF, while the Netherlands was a pioneer in conducting research in this field. The University of California system contributed the most publications. Bolscher JGM published most articles, while Wayne Bellamy had most cocitations. However, there was insufficient cooperation among the various institutions and authors. BioMetals published most LF-antibacterial activity-related articles, whereas Infection and Immunity was most commonly cocited journal. The most influential research hot spots about the antibacterial effect of LF focused on antimicrobial peptides, casein, human milk, expression, and Escherichia coli-related research. The latest hot spots and research frontier included COVID-19, antibiofilm activity, and immune defense.ConclusionsLF is a multifunctional protein with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities. The related field of antibacterial properties of LF will remain a research hot spot in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunling Xu
- Department of Basic Medical, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuji Wang
- Department of Basic Medical, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaolong He
- Department of Intensive Care, First Affiliated Hospital of Jishou University, Jishou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaolong He
| | - Wanping Zhu
- Department of Basic Medical, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Wanping Zhu
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rosa L, Cutone A, Conte MP, Campione E, Bianchi L, Valenti P. An overview on in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of lactoferrin: its efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Biometals 2022; 36:417-436. [PMID: 35920949 PMCID: PMC9362590 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Beyond the absolute and indisputable relevance and efficacy of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the rapid transmission, the severity of infection, the absence of the protection on immunocompromised patients, the propagation of variants, the onset of infection and/or disease in vaccinated subjects and the lack of availability of worldwide vaccination require additional antiviral treatments. Since 1987, lactoferrin (Lf) is well-known to possess an antiviral activity related to its physico-chemical properties and to its ability to bind to both heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) of host cells and/or surface components of viral particles. In the present review, we summarize in vitro and in vivo studies concerning the efficacy of Lf against DNA, RNA, enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Recent studies have revealed that the in vitro antiviral activity of Lf is also extendable to SARS-CoV-2. In vivo, Lf oral administration in early stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection counteracts COVID-19 pathogenesis. In particular, the effect of Lf on SARS-CoV-2 entry, inflammatory homeostasis, iron dysregulation, iron-proteins synthesis, reactive oxygen formation, oxidative stress, gut-lung axis regulation as well as on RNA negativization, and coagulation/fibrinolysis balance will be critically reviewed. Moreover, the molecular mechanisms underneath, including the Lf binding to HSPGs and spike glycoprotein, will be disclosed and discussed. Taken together, present data not only support the application of the oral administration of Lf alone in asymptomatic COVID-19 patients or as adjuvant of standard of care practice in symptomatic ones but also constitute the basis for enriching the limited literature on Lf effectiveness for COVID-19 treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Antimo Cutone
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Conte
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Campione
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Bianchi
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Insights into whey protein-based carriers for targeted delivery and controlled release of bioactive components. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
22
|
Pang Z, Hu R, Tian L, Lou F, Chen Y, Wang S, He S, Zhu S, An X, Song L, Liu F, Tong Y, Fan H. Overview of Breastfeeding Under COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Immunol 2022; 13:896068. [PMID: 35711421 PMCID: PMC9192965 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.896068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), pregnant and lactating women are at higher risk of infection. The potential of viral intrauterine transmission and vertical transmission by breastfeeding has raised wide concerns. Breastmilk is rich in nutrients that contribute to infant growth and development, and reduce the incidence rate of infant illness and death, as well as inhibit pathogens significantly, and protect infants from infection. Although it is controversial whether mothers infected with COVID-19 should continue to breastfeed, many countries and international organizations have provided recommendations and guidance for breastfeeding. This review presents the risks and benefits of breastfeeding for mothers infected with COVID-19, and the reasons for the absence of SARS-CoV-2 active virus in human milk. In addition, the antiviral mechanisms of nutrients in breastmilk, the levels of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in breastmilk from COVID-19 infected mothers and vaccinated mothers are also summarized and discussed, aiming to provide some support and recommendations for both lactating mothers and infants to better deal with the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zehan Pang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ruolan Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Tian
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Fuxing Lou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yangzhen Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shiting He
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shaozhou Zhu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping An
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Feitong Liu
- Health & Happiness Group, Health & Happiness Research, China Aesearch and Innovation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Huahao Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu C, Peng Q, Wei L, Li Z, Zhang X, Wu Y, Wang J, Zheng X, Wen Y, Zheng R, Yan Q, Ye Q, Ma J. Deficiency of Lactoferrin aggravates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute inflammation via recruitment macrophage in mice. Biometals 2022; 36:549-562. [PMID: 35650365 PMCID: PMC9159647 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00398-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf), a multiple functional natural immune protein, is widely distributed in mammalian milk and glandular secretions (bile, saliva, tears and nasal mucosal secretions, etc.). In the previous study, we found that Lf plays an anti-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenesis role in AOM/DSS (azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium) induced mouse colitis-associated colon cancer model.
Although we found that Lf has anti-inflammatory effects in chronic inflammation, its specific role and mechanisms in acute inflammation have not been clarified. Here, we reported that the expression levels of Lf were significantly increased when the organism was infected by Gram-negative bacteria. We then explored the role and potential mechanism of Lf in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute inflammation. In the LPS-induced acute abdominal inflammation model, Lf deficiency aggravated inflammatory response and promoted macrophage chemotaxis to the inflammation site. Lf inhibited macrophage chemotaxis by suppressing the expression of macrophage-associated chemokines Ccl2 and Ccl5. Highly activated NF-κB signaling in Lf−/− mice was responsible for the high expression of Ccl2 and Ccl5. Our results suggested that the anti-inflammatory effect of Lf offers a new potential treatment for acute inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Liu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Changsha, China
| | - Qiu Peng
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Changsha, China
| | - Lingyu Wei
- Department of Pathology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhengshuo Li
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Changsha, China
| | - Yangge Wu
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Immunology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuqing Wen
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Changsha, China
| | - Run Zheng
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Changsha, China
| | - Qun Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiurong Ye
- Department of Pathology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| | - Jian Ma
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Changsha, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Balakrishna Pillai A, JeanPierre AR, Mariappan V, Ranganadin P, S R R. Neutralizing the free radicals could alleviate the disease severity following an infection by positive strand RNA viruses. Cell Stress Chaperones 2022; 27:189-195. [PMID: 35366756 PMCID: PMC8976658 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-022-01269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Free radical release due to oxidative stress is gaining importance in the field of viral pathogenesis. Recent studies suggest the involvement of oxidative stress and ROS levels in regulating disease virulence during RNA virus infection. Most of the RNA virus infections lead to vascular dysfunction and disease severity. However, the biology of free radicals in maintaining vascular endothelium integrity is not completely understood. In the present review, we discuss some of the common features in positive-strand RNA virus infections such as dengue and SARS-CoV-2 and suggest that anti-oxidant therapy could pave the way to develop therapeutic strategies in combating emerging and re-emerging RNA viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agieshkumar Balakrishna Pillai
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), School of Biological Sciences, MGM Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed To Be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
| | - Aashika Raagavi JeanPierre
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), School of Biological Sciences, MGM Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed To Be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India
| | - Vignesh Mariappan
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), School of Biological Sciences, MGM Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed To Be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India
| | - Pajanivel Ranganadin
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute (MGMCRI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed To Be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India
| | - Rao S R
- Research, Innovation & Development, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed To Be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bartolomé F, Rosa L, Valenti P, Lopera F, Hernández-Gallego J, Cantero JL, Orive G, Carro E. Lactoferrin as Immune-Enhancement Strategy for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878201. [PMID: 35547737 PMCID: PMC9083828 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) (COVID-19) causes severe acute respiratory syndrome. Severe illness of COVID-19 largely occurs in older people and recent evidence indicates that demented patients have higher risk for COVID-19. Additionally, COVID-19 further enhances the vulnerability of older adults with cognitive damage. A balance between the immune and inflammatory response is necessary to control the infection. Thus, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory drugs are hopeful therapeutic agents for the treatment of COVID-19. Accumulating evidence suggests that lactoferrin (Lf) is active against SARS-CoV-2, likely due to its potent antiviral and anti-inflammatory actions that ultimately improves immune system responses. Remarkably, salivary Lf levels are significantly reduced in different Alzheimer's disease (AD) stages, which may reflect AD-related immunological disturbances, leading to reduced defense mechanisms against viral pathogens and an increase of the COVID-19 susceptibility. Overall, there is an urgent necessity to protect AD patients against COVID-19, decreasing the risk of viral infections. In this context, we propose bovine Lf (bLf) as a promising preventive therapeutic tool to minimize COVID-19 risk in patients with dementia or AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bartolomé
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jesús Hernández-Gallego
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Cantero
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Gorka Orive
- Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Networked Center for Biomedical Research in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Carro
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Unit, Chronic Disease Programme, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wotring JW, Fursmidt R, Ward L, Sexton JZ. Evaluating the in vitro efficacy of bovine lactoferrin products against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:2791-2802. [PMID: 35221061 PMCID: PMC8872794 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bovine lactoferrin (bLF), a naturally occurring glycoprotein found in milk, has bioactive characteristics against many microbes, viruses, and other pathogens. Bovine lactoferrin strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro through direct entry inhibition and immunomodulatory mechanisms. This study reports on the anti-SARS-CoV-2 efficacy of commercially available bLF and common dairy ingredients in the human lung cell line H1437 using a custom high-content imaging and analysis pipeline. We also show for the first time that bLF has potent efficacy across different viral strains including the South African B.1.351, UK B.1.1.7, Brazilian P.1, and Indian Delta variants. Interestingly, we show that bLF is most potent against the B.1.1.7 variant [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 3.7 µg/mL], suggesting that this strain relies on entry mechanisms that are strongly inhibited by bLF. We also show that one of the major proteolysis products of bLF, lactoferricin B 17-41, has a modest anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity that could add to the clinical significance of this protein for SARS-CoV-2 treatment as lactoferricin is released by pepsin during digestion. Finally, we show that custom chewable lactoferrin tablets formulated in dextrose or sorbitol have equivalent potency to unformulated samples and provide an option for future human clinical trials. Lactoferrin's broad inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 variants in conjunction with the low cost and ease of production make this an exciting clinical candidate for treatment or prevention of SARS-CoV-2 in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W Wotring
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
| | - Reid Fursmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, Michigan Medicine at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
| | - Loren Ward
- Glanbia Nutritionals, Twin Falls, ID 83301
| | - Jonathan Z Sexton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109; Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, Michigan Medicine at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109; UM Center for Drug Repurposing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109; Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research (MICHR), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shi C, Zhou X, Yang W, Wu J, Bai M, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Yang H, Nagai A, Yin M, Gao X, Ding S, Zhao J. Proteomic Analysis of Plasma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles From Mice With Echinococcus granulosus at Different Infection Stages and Their Immunomodulatory Functions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:805010. [PMID: 35360110 PMCID: PMC8960237 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.805010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The globally distributed cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus), a cosmopolitan and zoonotic disease with potentially life-threatening complications in humans. The emerging roles for extracellular vesicles (EVs) in parasitic infection include transferring proteins and modifying host cell gene expression to modulate host immune responses. Few studies focused on the host-derived EVs and its protein profiles. We focused on the EVs from mouse infected with E. granulosus at different stages. ExoQuick kit was used for isolating EVs from mouse plasma and ExoEasy Maxi kit was used for isolating protoscolex culture supernatant (PCS) and hydatid cyst fluid (HCF). Firstly, EVs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and immunoblot. Secondly, the proteins of plasma EVs were identified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The resulting LC–MS/MS data were processed using Maxquant search engine (v 1.5.2.8). Tandem mass spectra were researched against the mice and E. granulosus proteins database in the NCBI. The differentially expressed proteins are performed by proteomic label-free quantitative analysis and bioinformatics. Thirdly, in vitro experiment, the results of co-culture of plasma EVs and spleen mononuclear cells showed that 7W-EVs can increase the relative abundance of regulatory T (Treg) cells and IL-10. We further verified that EVs can be internalized by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). These results implied host-derived EVs are multidirectional immune modulators. The findings can contribute to a better understanding of the role of host-derived EVs which are the optimal vehicle to transfer important cargo into host immune system. In addition, we have found several important proteins associated with E. granulosus and identified in infected mouse plasma at different stages. Furthermore, our study further highlighted the proteomics and immunological function of EVs from mouse infected with E. granulosus protoscoleces at different infection stages. We have laid a solid foundation for the role of EVs in cystic echinococcosis in the future research and supplemented a unique dataset for this E. granulosus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Shi
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Centre for Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhou
- College of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Department of Neurology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Wenjuan Yang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jianwen Wu
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Min Bai
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Research Center for Medical Science and Technology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Institute of Medical Science, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Research Center for Medical Science and Technology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Institute of Medical Science, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Atsushi Nagai
- Department of Neurology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Mei Yin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaoping Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shuqin Ding
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaqing Zhao, ; Shuqin Ding,
| | - Jiaqing Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Research Center for Medical Science and Technology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Institute of Medical Science, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaqing Zhao, ; Shuqin Ding,
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Current practices with commercial scale bovine lactoferrin production and alternative approaches. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
29
|
|
30
|
Gallo V, Giansanti F, Arienzo A, Antonini G. Antiviral properties of whey proteins and their activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Funct Foods 2022; 89:104932. [PMID: 35003332 PMCID: PMC8723829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.104932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Native and chemically modified whey proteins and their peptide derivatives are encountering the interest of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries, due to the numerous properties, ranging from antimicrobial to immunological and antitumorigenic, that result in the possibility to employ milk and its protein components in a wide range of treatment and prevention strategies. Importantly, whey proteins were found to exert antiviral actions against different enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Recently, the scientific community is focusing on these proteins, especially lactoferrin, since in vitro studies have demonstrated that they exert an important antiviral activity also against SARS-CoV-2. Up-to date, several studies are investigating the efficacy of lactoferrin and other whey proteins in vivo. Aim of this review is to shed light on the most relevant findings concerning the antiviral properties of whey proteins and their potential applications in human health, focussing on their application in prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gallo
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Francesco Giansanti
- Interuniversity Consortium INBB - Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Rome 00136, Italy
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila I-67100, Italy
| | - Alyexandra Arienzo
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome 00146, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium INBB - Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Rome 00136, Italy
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome 00146, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium INBB - Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Rome 00136, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Geronikolou SA, Takan I, Pavlopoulou A, Mantzourani M, Chrousos GP. Thrombocytopenia in COVID‑19 and vaccine‑induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia. Int J Mol Med 2022; 49:35. [PMID: 35059730 PMCID: PMC8815408 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly heterogeneous symptomatology and unpredictable progress of COVID-19 triggered unprecedented intensive biomedical research and a number of clinical research projects. Although the pathophysiology of the disease is being progressively clarified, its complexity remains vast. Moreover, some extremely infrequent cases of thrombotic thrombocytopenia following vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection have been observed. The present study aimed to map the signaling pathways of thrombocytopenia implicated in COVID-19, as well as in vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT). The biomedical literature database, MEDLINE/PubMed, was thoroughly searched using artificial intelligence techniques for the semantic relations among the top 50 similar words (>0.9) implicated in COVID-19-mediated human infection or VITT. Additionally, STRING, a database of primary and predicted associations among genes and proteins (collected from diverse resources, such as documented pathway knowledge, high-throughput experimental studies, cross-species extrapolated information, automated text mining results, computationally predicted interactions, etc.), was employed, with the confidence threshold set at 0.7. In addition, two interactomes were constructed: i) A network including 119 and 56 nodes relevant to COVID-19 and thrombocytopenia, respectively; and ii) a second network containing 60 nodes relevant to VITT. Although thrombocytopenia is a dominant morbidity in both entities, three nodes were observed that corresponded to genes (AURKA, CD46 and CD19) expressed only in VITT, whilst ADAM10, CDC20, SHC1 and STXBP2 are silenced in VITT, but are commonly expressed in both COVID-19 and thrombocytopenia. The calculated average node degree was immense (11.9 in COVID-19 and 6.43 in VITT), illustrating the complexity of COVID-19 and VITT pathologies and confirming the importance of cytokines, as well as of pathways activated following hypoxic events. In addition, PYCARD, NLP3 and P2RX7 are key potential therapeutic targets for all three morbid entities, meriting further research. This interactome was based on wild-type genes, revealing the predisposition of the body to hypoxia-induced thrombosis, leading to the acute COVID-19 phenotype, the 'long-COVID syndrome', and/or VITT. Thus, common nodes appear to be key players in illness prevention, progression and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Styliani A Geronikolou
- Clinical, Translational and Experimental Surgery Research Centre, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Işil Takan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Marina Mantzourani
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- Clinical, Translational and Experimental Surgery Research Centre, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Burster T, Mustafa Z, Myrzakhmetova D, Zhanapiya A, Zimecki M. Hindrance of the Proteolytic Activity of Neutrophil-Derived Serine Proteases by Serine Protease Inhibitors as a Management of Cardiovascular Diseases and Chronic Inflammation. Front Chem 2021; 9:784003. [PMID: 34869231 PMCID: PMC8634265 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.784003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During inflammation neutrophils become activated and segregate neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) to the surrounding environment in order to support a natural immune defense. However, an excess of proteolytic activity of NSPs can cause many complications, such as cardiovascular diseases and chronic inflammatory disorders, which will be elucidated on a biochemical and immunological level. The application of selective serine protease inhibitors is the logical consequence in the management of the indicated comorbidities and will be summarized in this briefing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Burster
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhadyra Mustafa
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Dinara Myrzakhmetova
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Anuar Zhanapiya
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Michal Zimecki
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Olszewska P, Pazdrak B, Kruzel ML. A Novel Human Recombinant Lactoferrin Inhibits Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Growth and Migration with No Cytotoxic Effect on Normal Human Epithelial Cells. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2021; 69:33. [PMID: 34748082 PMCID: PMC8575758 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-021-00637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Despite the recent advances in cancer treatment, only a subset of patients responds to targeted and immune therapies, and many patients developing resistance after an initial response. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a natural glycoprotein with immunomodulatory and anticancer activities. We produced a novel recombinant human Lf (rhLf) that exhibits glycosylation profile compatible with the natural hLf for potential parenteral therapeutic applications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anticancer effects of this novel rhLf in human lung adenocarcinoma cells and its mechanisms of action. The results showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of A549 cancer cell growth in response to rhLf. Treatment with 1 mg/ml of rhLf for 24 h and 72 h resulted in a significant inhibition of cancer cell growth by 32% and 25%, respectively. Moreover, rhLf increased fourfold the percentage of early and late apoptotic cells compared to the control. This effect was accompanied by increased levels of caspase-3 activity and cell cycle arrest at the S phase in rhLf-treated cancer cells. Furthermore, rhLf significantly attenuated A549 cell migration. Importantly, treatment of normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells with rhLf showed the cell viability and morphology comparable to the control. In contrast, chemotherapeutic etoposide induced cytotoxicity in NHBE cells and reduced the cell viability by 40%. These results demonstrate the selective anticancer effects of rhLf against lung adenocarcinoma cells without cytotoxicity on normal human cells. This study highlights a potential for clinical utility of this novel rhLf in patients with lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Olszewska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Barbara Pazdrak
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gruden Š, Poklar Ulrih N. Diverse Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Activities of Lactoferrins, Lactoferricins, and Other Lactoferrin-Derived Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011264. [PMID: 34681923 PMCID: PMC8541349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrins are an iron-binding glycoprotein that have important protective roles in the mammalian body through their numerous functions, which include antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant activities. Among these, their antimicrobial activity has been the most studied, although the mechanism behind antimicrobial activities remains to be elucidated. Thirty years ago, the first lactoferrin-derived peptide was isolated and showed higher antimicrobial activity than the native lactoferrin lactoferricin. Since then, numerous studies have investigated the antimicrobial potencies of lactoferrins, lactoferricins, and other lactoferrin-derived peptides to better understand their antimicrobial activities at the molecular level. This review defines the current antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic activities of lactoferrins, lactoferricins, and lactoferrin-derived peptides. The primary focus is on their different mechanisms of activity against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The role of their structure, amino-acid composition, conformation, charge, hydrophobicity, and other factors that affect their mechanisms of antimicrobial activity are also reviewed.
Collapse
|
35
|
Lactoferrin reduces the risk of respiratory tract infections: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 45:26-32. [PMID: 34620326 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactoferrin (Lf) is one of the key immunomodulatory substances found naturally in various body fluids, such as saliva, tears, and breast milk, and forms a vital part of the innate defense against invading pathogens. Various studies have demonstrated antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties of Lf and its protective role against respiratory tract infections (RTIs). The present meta-analysis aims to elucidate the association of Lf administration in reducing the risk of RTIs by systematically reviewing the data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Medline & CINAHL, Turning Research into Practice (TRIP), ProQuest Theses & Dissertations Databases, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) from inception till March 15, 2021. The primary outcome measure was a reduction in respiratory illness; decrease in frequency, symptoms, and duration. Random-effects model was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). We used Cochrane's RoB-2 to appraise the risk of bias of included RCTs. RESULTS A total of nine RCTs were eligible for this review, of which six were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, two studies demonstrated a high risk of bias. The meta-analysis revealed a significantly reduced odds of developing respiratory infections with the use of Lf relative to the control (pooled odds ratio = 0.57; 95% confidence interval 0.44 to 0.74, n = 1,194), with sufficient evidence against the hypothesis of 'no significant difference' at the current sample size. CONCLUSIONS The administration of Lf shows promising efficacy in reducing the risk of RTIs. Current evidence also favours Lf fortification of infant formula. Lf may also have a beneficial role in managing symptoms and recovery of patients suffering from RTIs and may have potential for use as an adjunct in COVID-19, however this warrants further evidence from a large well-designed RCT.
Collapse
|
36
|
Dietary Regulation of Oxidative Stress in Chronic Metabolic Diseases. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081854. [PMID: 34441631 PMCID: PMC8391153 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a status of imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants, resulting in molecular damage and interruption of redox signaling in an organism. Indeed, oxidative stress has been associated with many metabolic disorders due to unhealthy dietary patterns and may be alleviated by properly increasing the intake of antioxidants. Thus, it is quite important to adopt a healthy dietary mode to regulate oxidative stress and maintain cell and tissue homeostasis, preventing inflammation and chronic metabolic diseases. This review focuses on the links between dietary nutrients and health, summarizing the role of oxidative stress in ‘unhealthy’ metabolic pathway activities in individuals and how oxidative stress is further regulated by balanced diets.
Collapse
|
37
|
Muñoz-Prieto A, Escribano D, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Horvatić A, Guillemin N, Jacobsen S, Cerón JJ, Mrljak V. Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) Proteomic Analysis of Saliva in Horses with Acute Abdominal Disease. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051304. [PMID: 33946607 PMCID: PMC8147179 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study shows for the first time the variation of the salivary proteome in horses with acute abdominal disease (AAD) compared with healthy horses through a high-throughput proteomic approach. A total of 118 proteins were identified, and 17 showed significant changes between the two groups. The changes observed in proteins were closely related to an impaired primary immune defense and antimicrobial capacity in the mucosa, and one salivary protein (lactoferrin) was successfully verified. These results may increase the background and knowledge of saliva composition in horses with AAD and further understanding of the physiopathological changes occurring in the organism in this disease. Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the salivary proteome in horses with acute abdominal disease (AAD) using a tandem mass tags (TMT)-based proteomic approach. The saliva samples from eight horses with AAD were compared with six healthy horses in the proteomic study. Additionally, saliva samples from eight horses with AAD and eight controls were used to validate lactoferrin (LF) in saliva. The TMT analysis quantified 118 proteins. Of these, 17 differed significantly between horses with AAD and the healthy controls, 11 being downregulated and 6 upregulated. Our results showed the downregulation of gamma-enteric smooth muscle actin (ACTA2), latherin isoform X1, and LF. These proteins could be closely related to an impaired primary immune defense and antimicrobial capacity in the mucosa. In addition, there was an upregulation of mucin 19 (MUC19) and the serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 5 (SPINK5) associated with a protective effect during inflammation. The proteins identified in our study could have the potential to be novel biomarkers for diagnosis or monitoring the physiopathology of the disease, especially LF, which decreased in the saliva of horses with AAD and was successfully measured using a commercially available immunoassay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.M.-P.); (N.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (D.E.); (M.D.C.-A.)
| | - María Dolores Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (D.E.); (M.D.C.-A.)
| | - Anita Horvatić
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Nicolas Guillemin
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.M.-P.); (N.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Stine Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Veterinary School of Medicine, Sektion Medicine and Surgery, University of Copenhagen, Hoejbakkegaard Allé 5, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark;
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (D.E.); (M.D.C.-A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.M.-P.); (N.G.); (V.M.)
| |
Collapse
|