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Wang N, Woodward M, Huffman MD, Rodgers A. Compounding Benefits of Cholesterol-Lowering Therapy for the Reduction of Major Cardiovascular Events: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2022; 15:e008552. [PMID: 35430872 DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.121.008552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mendelian randomization studies use genetic variants as natural experiments to provide evidence about causal relations between modifiable risk factors and disease. Recent Mendelian randomization studies suggest each mmol/L reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) sustained over a lifetime can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by more than half. However, these findings have not been replicated in randomized clinical trials, and the effect of treatment duration on the magnitude of risk reduction remains uncertain. The aim of this article was to evaluate the relationship between lipid-lowering drug exposure time and relative risk reduction of major cardiovascular events in randomized clinical trials. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of statins, ezetimibe, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors that report LDL-C levels and effect sizes for each year of follow-up. The primary end point was major vascular events, defined as the composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and coronary revascularization. Hazard ratios during each year of follow-up were meta-analyzed using random-effects models. RESULTS A total of 21 trials with 184 012 patients and an average mean follow-up of 4.4 years were included. Meta-regression showed there was greater relative risk reduction in major vascular events with increasing duration of treatment (P<0.001). For example, each mmol/L LDL-C lowered was associated with a relative risk reduction in major vascular events of 12% (95% CI, 8%-16%) for year 1, 20% (95% CI, 16%-24%) for year 3, 23% (95% CI, 18%-27%) for year 5, and 29% (95% CI, 14%-42%) for year 7. CONCLUSIONS The benefits of LDL-C lowering do not seem to be fixed but increase steadily with longer durations of treatment. The results from short-term randomized trials are compatible with the very strong associations between LDL-C and cardiovascular events seen in Mendelian randomization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Wang
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (N.W., M.W., M.D.H., A.R.).,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia (N.W.)
| | - Mark Woodward
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (N.W., M.W., M.D.H., A.R.).,The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (M.W., A.R.).,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (M.W.)
| | - Mark D Huffman
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (N.W., M.W., M.D.H., A.R.).,Feinberg School of Medicine, Departments of Preventive Medicine and Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.D.H.)
| | - Anthony Rodgers
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (N.W., M.W., M.D.H., A.R.).,The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (M.W., A.R.)
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Investigation of a UK biobank cohort reveals causal associations of self-reported walking pace with telomere length. Commun Biol 2022; 5:381. [PMID: 35444173 PMCID: PMC9021230 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Walking pace is a simple and functional form of movement and a strong predictor of health status, but the nature of its association with leucocyte telomere length (LTL) is unclear. Here we investigate whether walking pace is associated with LTL, which is causally associated with several chronic diseases and has been proposed as a marker of biological age. Analyses were conducted in 405,981 UK Biobank participants. We show that steady/average and brisk walkers had significantly longer LTL compared with slow walkers, with accelerometer-assessed measures of physical activity further supporting this through an association between LTL and habitual activity intensity, but not with total amount of activity. Bi-directional mendelian randomisation analyses suggest a causal link between walking pace and LTL, but not the other way around. A faster walking pace may be causally associated with longer LTL, which could help explain some of the beneficial effects of brisk walking on health status. Given its simple measurement and low heritability, self-reported walking pace may be a pragmatic target for interventions.
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3
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Lin Y, Yang Z, Li J, Sun Y, Zhang X, Qu Z, Luo Y, Zhang L. Effects of glutamate and aspartate on prostate cancer and breast cancer: a Mendelian randomization study. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:213. [PMID: 35296245 PMCID: PMC8925075 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08442-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respectively, prostate cancer (PCa) and breast cancer (BC) are the second most and most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and women, and they account for a majority of cancer-related deaths world-wide. Cancer cells typically exhibit much-facilitated growth that necessitates upregulated glycolysis and augmented amino acid metabolism, that of glutamine and aspartate in particular, which is tightly coupled with an increased flux of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Epidemiological studies have exploited metabolomics to explore the etiology and found potentially effective biomarkers for early detection or progression of prostate and breast cancers. However, large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to establish causal associations between amino acid metabolism and prostate and breast cancers have not been reported. Objective Utilizing two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR), we aimed to estimate how genetically predicted glutamate and aspartate levels could impact upon prostate and breast cancers development. Methods Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as instrumental variables (IVs), associated with the serum levels of glutamate and aspartate were extracted from the publicly available genome-wide association studies (GWASs), which were conducted to associate genetic variations with blood metabolite levels using comprehensive metabolite profiling in 1,960 adults; and the glutamate and aspartate we have chosen were two of 644 metabolites. The summary statistics for the largest and latest GWAS datasets for prostate cancer (61,106 controls and 79,148 cases) were from the Prostate Cancer Association Group to Investigate Cancer Associated Alterations in the Genome (PRACTICAL) consortium, and datasets for breast cancer (113,789 controls and 133,384 cases) were from Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC). The study was performed through two-sample MR method. Results Causal estimates were expressed as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) per standard deviation increment in serum level of aspartate or glutamate. Aspartate was positively associated with prostate cancer (Effect = 1.043; 95% confidence interval, 1.003 to 1.084; P = 0.034) and breast cancer (Effect = 1.033; 95% confidence interval, 1.004 to 1.063; P = 0.028); however, glutamate was neither associated with prostate cancer nor with breast cancer. The potential causal associations were robust to the sensitivity analysis. Conclusions Our study found that the level of serum aspartate could serve as a risk factor that contributed to the development of prostate and breast cancers. Efforts on a detailed description of the underlying biochemical mechanisms would be extremely valuable in early assessment and/or diagnosis, and strategizing clinical intervention, of both cancers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08442-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yindan Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Institute, (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention of China National MOE), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ze Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Institute, (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention of China National MOE), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjia Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Institute, (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention of China National MOE), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yandi Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Institute, (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention of China National MOE), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueyun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Institute, (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention of China National MOE), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zihao Qu
- Orthopedic Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Institute, (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention of China National MOE), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Institute, (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention of China National MOE), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
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Effects of selenium on coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes and their risk factors: a Mendelian randomization study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2021; 75:1668-1678. [PMID: 33828238 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-021-00882-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of selenium on coronary artery disease (CAD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unclear with inconsistent results from observational studies and randomized controlled trials. We used Mendelian randomization to obtain unconfounded estimates of the effect of selenium on CAD, T2D, lipids and glycemic traits. METHODS We applied genetic variants strongly (P < 5 × 10-8) associated with blood and toenail selenium to publicly available summary statistics from large consortia genome-wide association studies of CAD (76,014 cases and 264,785 non-cases), T2D (74,124 cases and 824,006 controls), lipids and glycemic traits. Variant specific Wald estimates were combined using inverse variance weighting, with several sensitivity analyses. RESULTS Genetically predicted selenium was associated with higher T2D (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.07-1.50, P = 0.006). There was little evidence of an association with CAD. Genetically predicted selenium was associated with lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, higher fasting insulin and higher homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. These results were not robust to all sensitivity analyses. No associations with triglycerides, fasting glucose or homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function were evident. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests selenium may increase the risk of T2D, possibly through insulin resistance rather than pancreatic beta cell function, but may reduce lipids. We found little evidence of an association with CAD, although an inverse association cannot be definitively excluded. The effect of selenium on these outcomes warrants further investigation.
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Zhang C, Ostrom QT, Semmes EC, Ramaswamy V, Hansen HM, Morimoto L, de Smith AJ, Pekmezci M, Vaksman Z, Hakonarson H, Diskin SJ, Metayer C, Taylor MD, Wiemels JL, Bondy ML, Walsh KM. Genetic predisposition to longer telomere length and risk of childhood, adolescent and adult-onset ependymoma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:173. [PMID: 33115534 PMCID: PMC7592366 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01038-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ependymoma is the third most common brain tumor in children, with well-described molecular characterization but poorly understood underlying germline risk factors. To investigate whether genetic predisposition to longer telomere length influences ependymoma risk, we utilized case-control data from three studies: a population-based pediatric and adolescent ependymoma case-control sample from California (153 cases, 696 controls), a hospital-based pediatric posterior fossa type A (EPN-PF-A) ependymoma case-control study from Toronto's Hospital for Sick Children and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (83 cases, 332 controls), and a multicenter adult-onset ependymoma case-control dataset nested within the Glioma International Case-Control Consortium (GICC) (103 cases, 3287 controls). In the California case-control sample, a polygenic score for longer telomere length was significantly associated with increased risk of ependymoma diagnosed at ages 12-19 (P = 4.0 × 10-3), but not with ependymoma in children under 12 years of age (P = 0.94). Mendelian randomization supported this observation, identifying a significant association between genetic predisposition to longer telomere length and increased risk of adolescent-onset ependymoma (ORPRS = 1.67; 95% CI 1.18-2.37; P = 3.97 × 10-3) and adult-onset ependymoma (PMR-Egger = 0.042), but not with risk of ependymoma diagnosed before age 12 (OR = 1.12; 95% CI 0.94-1.34; P = 0.21), nor with EPN-PF-A (PMR-Egger = 0.59). These findings complement emerging literature suggesting that augmented telomere maintenance is important in ependymoma pathogenesis and progression, and that longer telomere length is a risk factor for diverse nervous system malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Quinn T Ostrom
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Eleanor C Semmes
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA
- Children's Health and Discovery Initiative, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Helen M Hansen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Libby Morimoto
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
| | - Adam J de Smith
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Melike Pekmezci
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Zalman Vaksman
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Sharon J Diskin
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Catherine Metayer
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joseph L Wiemels
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Melissa L Bondy
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kyle M Walsh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery and Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 3050, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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Zhao JV, Schooling CM, Leung GM. Using genetics to understand the role of antihypertensive drugs modulating angiotensin-converting enzyme in immune function and inflammation. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 87:1839-1846. [PMID: 33025652 PMCID: PMC7675404 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2) is the binding domain for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) and SARSCoV‐2. Some antihypertensive drugs affect ACE2 expression or activity (ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers [ARBs]), suggesting use of other hypertensives might be preferable, such as calcium channel blockers (CCBs). Given the limited evidence, the International Society of Hypertension does not support such a policy. Methods We used a Mendelian randomization study to obtain unconfounded associations of antihypertensives, instrumented by published genetic variants in genes regulating target proteins of these drugs, with immune (lymphocyte and neutrophil percentage) and inflammatory (tumour necrosis factor alpha [TNF‐α]) markers in the largest available genome‐wide association studies. Results Genetically predicted effects of ACE inhibitors increased lymphocyte percentage (0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35, 1.22), decreased neutrophil percentage (−0.64, 95% CI −1.09, −0.20) and possibly lowered TNF‐α (−4.92, 95% CI −8.50, −1.33). CCBs showed a similar pattern for immune function (lymphocyte percentage 0.21, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.36; neutrophil percentage −0.23, 95% CI −0.39 to −0.08) but had no effect on TNF‐α, as did potassium‐sparing diuretics and aldosterone antagonists, and vasodilator antihypertensives. ARBs and other classes of hypertensives had no effect on immune function or TNF‐α. Conclusion Varying effects of different classes of antihypertensives on immune and inflammatory markers do not suggest antihypertensive use based on their role in ACE2 expression, but instead suggest investigation of the role of antihypertensives in immune function and inflammation might reveal important information that could optimize their use in SARSCoV‐2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie V Zhao
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - C Mary Schooling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,School of Public Health and Health policy, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabriel M Leung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Zhao JV, Schooling CM. The role of testosterone in chronic kidney disease and kidney function in men and women: a bi-directional Mendelian randomization study in the UK Biobank. BMC Med 2020; 18:122. [PMID: 32493397 PMCID: PMC7271464 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has an apparent sex disparity, with a more rapid progress in men than in women. Whether the well-established sex-specific evolutionary biology trade-off between reproduction and longevity might inform CKD has not previously been considered. Relevant evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is not available. METHODS We used a bi-directional Mendelian randomization study to obtain unconfounded estimates using the UK Biobank. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that strongly (p value < 5 × 10-8) predicted testosterone in a sex-specific manner were applied to 179,916 white British men (6016 CKD cases) and 212,079 white British women (5958 CKD cases) to obtain sex-specific associations with CKD, albuminuria, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). We also used multivariable MR to control for sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). For validation, we similarly examined their role in hemoglobin and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c). We also assessed the role of kidney function in serum testosterone, by applying eGFR-related SNPs to testosterone in the UK Biobank. RESULTS Genetically predicted testosterone was associated with CKD in men (odds ratio (OR) for bioavailable testosterone 1.17 per standard deviation, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03 to 1.33) based on 125 SNPs but not in women (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.14 for total testosterone) based on 254 SNPs. Multivariable MR allowing for SHBG showed consistent patterns. Genetically predicted bioavailable testosterone in men and women and genetically predicted total testosterone in women increased hemoglobin and lowered HDL-c, as seen in RCTs. Genetically predicted eGFR was not related to serum testosterone in men or in women. CONCLUSIONS Genetically predicted testosterone was associated with CKD and worse kidney function in men, whilst not affected by kidney function. Identifying drivers of testosterone and the underlying pathways could provide new insights into CKD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie V Zhao
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 1/F, Patrick Manson Building, 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - C Mary Schooling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 1/F, Patrick Manson Building, 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.,School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Zhao JV, Kwok MK, Schooling CM. Effect of glutamate and aspartate on ischemic heart disease, blood pressure, and diabetes: a Mendelian randomization study. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:1197-1206. [PMID: 30949673 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evolutionary biology suggests reproduction trades off against longevity. Genetic selection in favor of fertility and ischemic heart disease (IHD) exists in humans. Observationally, soy protects against IHD. Soy amino acids, glutamate and aspartate, may lower androgens. No large randomized controlled trials testing their health effects exist. OBJECTIVE Using Mendelian randomization, we assessed how genetically predicted glutamate and aspartate affected IHD, blood pressure, and diabetes. METHODS A separate sample instrumental variable analysis with genetic instruments was used to obtain unconfounded estimates using genetic variants strongly (P < 5 × 10(-8)) and solely associated with glutamate or aspartate applied to an IHD case (n ≤76,014)-control (n ≤ 264,785) study (based on a meta-analysis of CARDIoGRAMplusC4D 1000 Genomes, UK Biobank CAD SOFT GWAS and Myocardial Infarction Genetics and CARDIoGRAM Exome), blood pressure from the UK Biobank (n ≤ 361,194), and the DIAbetes Genetics Replication And Meta-analysis diabetes case (n = 26,676)-control (n = 132,532) study. A weighted median and MR-Egger were used for a sensitivity analysis. RESULTS Glutamate was not associated with IHD, blood pressure, or diabetes after correction for multiple comparisons. Aspartate was inversely associated with IHD (odds ratio (OR) 0.92 per log-transformed standard deviation (SD); 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.88, 0.96) and diastolic blood pressure (-0.03; 95% CI -0.04, -0.02) using inverse variance weighting, but not diabetes (OR 1.00; 95% CI 0.91, 1.09). Associations were robust to the sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest aspartate may play a role in IHD and blood pressure, potentially underlying cardiovascular benefits of soy. Clarifying the mechanisms would be valuable for IHD prevention and for defining a healthy diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie V Zhao
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - M K Kwok
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - C Mary Schooling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,City University of New York, School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY
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Zhao JV, Schooling CM. Effect of linoleic acid on ischemic heart disease and its risk factors: a Mendelian randomization study. BMC Med 2019; 17:61. [PMID: 30866921 PMCID: PMC6417131 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in ischemic heart disease (IHD) is controversial, and dietary guidelines vary. Observationally, lower saturated fat intake and higher intake of vegetable oils rich in linoleic acid (LA), the main n-6 PUFA, is associated with lower IHD and diabetes; however, randomized controlled trials have not fully corroborated these benefits. We assessed how genetically predicted LA affected IHD and its risk factors, including diabetes, lipids, and blood pressure. We also assessed the role of LA in reticulocyte count, the red blood cell precursor, which has recently been identified as a possible causal factor in IHD. METHODS Two-sample instrumental variable analysis with genetic instruments, i.e., Mendelian randomization, was used to obtain unconfounded estimates using genetic variants strongly (p value < 5 × 10-8) and solely associated with LA, applied to an IHD case (n ≤ 76,014)-control (n ≤ 264,785) study (mainly based on the meta-analysis of CARDIoGRAMplusC4D 1000 Genomes and UK Biobank CAD SOFT GWAS), the DIAbetes Genetics Replication And Meta-analysis diabetes case (n = 26,676)-control (n = 132,532) study, lipids from the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium Results (n = 196,475), and reticulocyte count and blood pressure from the UK Biobank (n ≤ 361,194). A weighted median and Mendelian randomization Egger were used for sensitivity analysis. RESULTS Genetically predicted LA was not associated with IHD or systolic blood pressure. Genetically predicted higher serum LA was associated with lower diabetes (odds ratio (OR) 0.97 per percentage in total fatty acid increase in LA, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.96 to 0.99) and lower lipids (low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol), but may be associated with higher diastolic blood pressure. The findings were robust to different single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) selections, analytic methods, and correction for multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS Our novel study suggests a benefit of LA for diabetes and lipids but no benefit for IHD, blood pressure, or reticulocyte count. Explicating these paradoxical findings would facilitate identification of effective new interventions for diabetes and IHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie V Zhao
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 1/F, Patrick Manson Building, 7 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - C Mary Schooling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 1/F, Patrick Manson Building, 7 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Labrecque JA, Swanson SA. Interpretation and Potential Biases of Mendelian Randomization Estimates With Time-Varying Exposures. Am J Epidemiol 2019; 188:231-238. [PMID: 30239571 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mendelian randomization (MR) is used to answer a variety of epidemiologic questions. One stated advantage of MR is that it estimates a "lifetime effect" of exposure, though this term remains vaguely defined. Instrumental variable analysis, on which MR is based, has focused on estimating the effects of point or time-fixed exposures rather than "lifetime effects." Here we use an empirical example with data from the Rotterdam Study (Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 2009-2013) to demonstrate how confusion can arise when estimating "lifetime effects." We provide one possible definition of a lifetime effect: the average change in outcome measured at time t when the entire exposure trajectory from conception to time t is shifted by 1 unit. We show that MR only estimates this type of lifetime effect under specific conditions-for example, when the effect of the genetic variants used on exposure does not change over time. Lastly, we simulate the magnitude of bias that would result in realistic scenarios that use genetic variants with effects that change over time. We recommend that investigators in future MR studies carefully consider the effect of interest and how genetic variants whose effects change with time may impact the interpretability and validity of their results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonja A Swanson
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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11
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Zhao JV, Schooling CM, Zhao JX. The effects of folate supplementation on glucose metabolism and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Epidemiol 2018; 28:249-257.e1. [PMID: 29501221 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Observationally, homocysteine is associated with higher risk of diabetes. Folate, which reduces homocysteine, is promising for the prevention and treatment of diabetes. Previous meta-analysis of three trials suggested folate might lower hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). METHODS An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials was conducted. We searched PubMed using ("folate" or "folic acid") and trial and ("glucose" or "diabetes" or "insulin" or "hemoglobin A1c" or "HbA1c") in any field until February 3, 2017. We also conducted a bibliographic search of selected studies and relevant reviews. Relative risk of diabetes and mean differences in indicators of glucose metabolism between folate and placebo were summarized in a meta-analysis using inverse variance weighting with random effects. Heterogeneity, publication bias, and risk of bias were also assessed. RESULTS Eighteen trials of 21,081 people with/without diabetes were identified. Folate decreased fasting glucose (-0.15 mmol/L, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.29 to -0.01), homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (-0.83, 95% CI -1.31 to -0.34), and insulin (-1.94 μIU/mL, 95% CI -3.28 to -0.61) but had no clear effect on diabetes or HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests a potential benefit of folate on insulin resistance and glycemic control; the latter requires examination in more high-quality trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie V Zhao
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, China.
| | - C Mary Schooling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, China; School of Urban Public Health, Hunter College, CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Jia Xi Zhao
- School of Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, China
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Zhao JV, Schooling CM. Coagulation Factors and the Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study. CIRCULATION-GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2018; 11:e001956. [PMID: 29874180 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.117.001956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coagulation plays a role in ischemic heart disease (IHD). However, which coagulation factors are targets of intervention is unclear. We assessed how genetically predicted vWF (von Willebrand factor), ETP (endogenous thrombin potential), FVIII (factor VIII), d-dimer, tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator), and PAI (plasminogen activator inhibitor)-1 affected IHD. We similarly estimated effects on lipids to determine whether any associations were independent of lipids. METHODS AND RESULTS Separate sample instrumental variable analysis with genetic instruments, that is, Mendelian randomization, was used to obtain unconfounded estimates of effects on IHD using extensively genotyped studies of coronary artery disease/myocardial infarction, CARDIoGRAMplusC4D Metabochip (64 374 cases, 130 681 controls) and CARDIoGRAMplusC4D 1000 Genomes (60 801 cases, 123 504 controls), and on lipids using the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium Results (n=196 475). Genetically predicted ETP was positively associated with IHD (odds ratio, 1.05 per log-transformed SD; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.07) based on 15 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, as were vWF (odds ratio, 1.05 per SD; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.08) and FVIII (odds ratio, 1.06 per SD; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.09) based on 16 and 6 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, respectively, but the latter associations were null after considering pleiotropy. vWF and FVIII were associated with higher LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, but not after considering pleiotropy. Genetically predicted d-dimer, tPA, and PAI-1 were not clearly associated with IHD or lipids based on 3, 3, and 5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, respectively. CONCLUSIONS ETP may affect IHD. Assessing the role of its drivers in more precisely phenotyped studies of IHD could be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie V Zhao
- From School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, China (J.V.Z., C.M.S.); and City University of New York School of Public Health and Health Policy (C.M.S.).
| | - C Mary Schooling
- From School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, China (J.V.Z., C.M.S.); and City University of New York School of Public Health and Health Policy (C.M.S.).
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Thyroid function and ischemic heart disease: a Mendelian randomization study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8515. [PMID: 28819171 PMCID: PMC5561103 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the role of thyroid function in ischemic heart disease (IHD) we assessed IHD risk and risk factors according to genetically predicted thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) positivity. Separate-sample instrumental variable analysis with genetic instruments (Mendelian randomization) was used in an extensively genotyped case (n = 64,374)-control (n = 130,681) study, CARDIoGRAMplusC4D. Associations with lipids, diabetes and adiposity were assessed using the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium Results (n = 196,475), the DIAbetes Genetics Replication And Meta-analysis case (n = 34,380)-control (n = 114,981) study, and the Genetic Investigation of ANthropometric Traits (body mass index in 152,893 men and 171,977 women, waist-hip ratio in 93,480 men and 116,741 women). Genetically predicted thyroid function was not associated with IHD (odds ratio (OR) per standard deviation for TSH 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97 to 1.12; for FT4 1.01, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.12; for TPOAb positivity 1.10, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.46) or after Bonferroni correction with risk factors, except for an inverse association of FT4 with low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. The associations were generally robust to sensitivity analyses using a weighted median method and MR Egger. This novel study provides little indication that TSH, FT4 or TPOAb positivity affects IHD, despite potential effects on its risk factors.
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Birth weight and risk of ischemic heart disease: A Mendelian randomization study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38420. [PMID: 27924921 PMCID: PMC5141503 DOI: 10.1038/srep38420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low birth weight is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, the association could be confounded by many factors. We used Mendelian randomization to clarify the role of birth weight in ischemic heart disease (IHD) and lipids. We used all 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) independently contributing to birth weight at genome wide significance (p < 5 × 10−8) in separate sample instrumental variable analysis to estimate the effect of birth weight on IHD using the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D 1000 Genomes based GWAS case (n = 60,801)-control (n = 123,504) study and on lipids using GLGC (n = 188,577). Higher genetically predicted birth weight was associated with lower risk of IHD (odds ratio (OR) 0.96 per 100 grams, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93 to 0.99), but the association was not robust to sensitivity analyses excluding SNPs related to height or use of weighted median methods. Genetically predicted birth weight was not associated with low density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglycerides, but was associated with lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol (−0.014 standard deviation, 95% CI −0.027 to −0.0005) and the association was more robust to the sensitivity analyses. Our study does not show strong evidence for an effect of birth weight on IHD and lipids.
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Habitual coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes, ischemic heart disease, depression and Alzheimer's disease: a Mendelian randomization study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36500. [PMID: 27845333 PMCID: PMC5109212 DOI: 10.1038/srep36500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Observationally, coffee is inversely associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), depression and Alzheimer’s disease, but not ischemic heart disease (IHD). Coffee features as possibly protective in the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Short-term trials suggest coffee has neutral effect on most glycemic traits, but raises lipids and adiponectin. To clarify we compared T2DM, depression, Alzheimer’s disease, and IHD and its risk factors by genetically predicted coffee consumption using two-sample Mendelian randomization applied to large extensively genotyped case-control and cross-sectional studies. Childhood cognition was used as a negative control outcome. Genetically predicted coffee consumption was not associated with T2DM (odds ratio (OR) 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76 to 1.36), depression (0.89, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.21), Alzheimer’s disease (1.17, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.43), IHD (0.96, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.14), lipids, glycemic traits, adiposity or adiponectin. Coffee was unrelated to childhood cognition. Consistent with observational studies, coffee was unrelated to IHD, and, as expected, childhood cognition. However, contrary to observational findings, coffee may not have beneficial effects on T2DM, depression or Alzheimer’s disease. These findings clarify the role of coffee with relevance to dietary guidelines and suggest interventions to prevent these complex chronic diseases should be sought elsewhere.
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Zhao JV, Schooling CM. Endogenous androgen exposures and ischemic heart disease, a separate sample Mendelian randomization study. Int J Cardiol 2016; 222:940-945. [PMID: 27526363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evolutionary biology suggests growth and reproduction trade-off against longevity. Correspondingly estrogen supplementation failed to increase lifespan. Testosterone supplementation is widely used by older men, although regulators have warned of its cardiovascular risk. No large trial of testosterone exists. We examined how genetic determinants of up-regulation (follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)) and down-regulation (anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS)) of mainly the male reproductive system are associated with ischemic heart disease (IHD). METHODS Separate sample instrumental variable analysis with genetic instruments, i.e., Mendelian randomization, was used to obtain unconfounded estimates using large case-control studies of coronary artery disease/myocardial infarction (CAD/MI) with extensive genotyping, i.e., CARDIoGRAMplusC4D (64,374 CAD/MI cases, 130,681controls), or CARDIoGRAMplusC4D 1000 Genomes (60,801 cases, 123,504 controls). RESULTS Genetically predicted FSH was positively associated with CAD/MI (odds ratio (OR) 1.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03 to 1.13 per mIU/mL FSH). Genetically predicted AMH and TDS were inversely associated with CAD/MI (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.87 to 0.998 per ng/mL log AMH and OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.98 per log OR higher risk of TDS). CONCLUSIONS As expected from evolutionary biology, genetically predicted FSH, related to higher androgens in men and women, was positively associated with IHD, while genetically predicted AMH and TDS, related to lower androgens in men, were inversely associated with IHD. Androgens might be a modifiable causal factor underlying men's greater vulnerability to IHD, with corresponding implications for use of testosterone supplementation as well as for prevention and treatment of IHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie V Zhao
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - C Mary Schooling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; City University of New York, School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA.
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Au Yeung SL, Jiang C, Cheng KK, Zhang W, Lam TH, Leung GM, Schooling CM. Genetically predicted 17beta-estradiol, cognitive function and depressive symptoms in women: A Mendelian randomization in the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. Prev Med 2016; 88:80-5. [PMID: 27036929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of estrogen in cognitive function and depressive symptoms is controversial due to discrepancies between results from randomized controlled trials (RCT) and observational studies. Mendelian randomization analysis may provide further insights concerning the role of estrogen in these outcomes as it assesses the effect of lifelong endogenous exposure but is less vulnerable to confounding than observational studies. METHOD We used separate sample instrumental variable analysis to estimate the association of log 17β estradiol with cognitive function (Delayed 10 word recall, and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)) and depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)) in older Chinese women of the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study (GBCS, n=3086). The estimate was derived based on the Wald estimator, the ratio of the association of genetic determinants (rs1008805 and rs2175898) of log 17β-estradiol with cognitive function and depressive symptoms in GBCS and the association of log 17β-estradiol with genetic determinants in the sample of young women in Hong Kong (n=236). RESULTS Genetically predicted 17β-estradiol was not associated with delayed 10-word recall (0.42 words per log increase in 17β-estradiol (pmol/L), 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.49 to 1.34) MMSE (0.39 per log increase in 17β-estradiol (pmol/L), 95% CI -0.87 to 1.65) or GDS (0.24 per log increase in 17β-estradiol (pmol/L), 95% CI -0.57 to 1.05). CONCLUSION These results were largely consistent with evidence from RCTs and did not show any beneficial effect of estrogen on cognitive function and depressive symptoms. However, larger Mendelian randomization analyses are needed to identify any minor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiu Lun Au Yeung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | | | - Kar Keung Cheng
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Tai Hing Lam
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Gabriel Matthew Leung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - C Mary Schooling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA
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A Mendelian randomization study of testosterone and cognition in men. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21306. [PMID: 26864717 PMCID: PMC4749999 DOI: 10.1038/srep21306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Testosterone replacement for older men is increasingly common, with some observations suggesting a protective effect on cognitive function. We examined the association of endogenous testosterone with cognitive function among older men in a Mendelian randomization study using a separate-sample instrumental variable (SSIV) analysis estimator to minimize confounding and reverse causality. A genetic score predicting testosterone was developed in 289 young Chinese men from Hong Kong, based on selected testosterone-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs10046, rs1008805 and rs1256031). The association of genetically predicted testosterone with delayed 10-word recall score and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score was assessed at baseline and follow-up using generalized estimating equation among 4,212 older Chinese men from the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. Predicted testosterone was not associated with delayed 10-word recall score (-0.02 per nmol/L testosterone, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.06-0.02) or MMSE score (0.06, 95% CI -0.002-0.12). These estimates were similar after additional adjustment for age, education, smoking, use of alcohol, body mass index and the Framingham score. Our findings do not corroborate observed protective effects of testosterone on cognitive function among older men.
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Au Yeung SL, Cheng KK, Zhao J, Zhang W, Jiang C, Lam TH, Leung GM, Schooling CM. Genetically predicted 17beta-estradiol and cardiovascular risk factors in women: a Mendelian randomization analysis using young women in Hong Kong and older women in the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. Ann Epidemiol 2016; 26:171-5. [PMID: 26907540 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of estrogen in cardiovascular health remains contested with discrepancies between findings from randomized controlled trials and observational studies. Mendelian randomization, which assesses the effect of lifelong endogenous exposure, may help elucidate these discrepancies. METHODS We used separate sample instrumental variable analysis to estimate the association of log 17β-estradiol with factors related to cardiovascular disease risk (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, lipids, fasting glucose, body mass index, waist hip ratio, and waist circumference) and Framingham score, a predictor of 10-year risk of ischemic heart disease events, in older Chinese women from the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study (GBCS, n = 3092). The estimate was derived using the Wald estimator, that is, the ratio of the association of genetic determinants (rs1008805 and rs2175898) of log 17β-estradiol with cardiovascular disease risk factors and Framingham score in GBCS and the association of these genetic determinants with log 17β-estradiol in a sample of young women from Hong Kong (n = 236). RESULTS Genetically, higher 17β-estradiol was not associated with any cardiovascular disease-related risk factor or with Framingham score (-0.01, 95% confidence interval = -1.34 to 1.31). CONCLUSIONS Lifetime exposure to estrogen does not appear to be cardioprotective via the cardiovascular disease-related risk factors examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiu Lun Au Yeung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kar Keung Cheng
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jie Zhao
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Weisen Zhang
- Molecular Epidemiological Research Centre, Guangzhou Number 12 Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoqiang Jiang
- Molecular Epidemiological Research Centre, Guangzhou Number 12 Hospital, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Tai Hing Lam
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gabriel Matthew Leung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - C Mary Schooling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; City University of New York School of Public Health and Hunter College, New York
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Xu L, Jiang CQ, Cheng KK, Au Yeung SLR, Zhang WS, Lam TH, Schooling CM. Alcohol Use and Gamma-Glutamyltransferase Using a Mendelian Randomization Design in the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137790. [PMID: 26356841 PMCID: PMC4565586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Observational studies and small intervention studies suggest alcohol raises gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). We used Mendelian randomization to assess the causal effect of alcohol use on GGT in older Chinese people. Methods An instrumental variable (IV) analysis in 2,321 men and 2,757 women aged 50+ years from phase 3 of the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study with ALDH2 (rs671) genotyped, alcohol use and GGT available was used to assess the causal effect of alcohol use on GGT. Rs671 was used as an IV and F-statistics was used to test for weak instrument hypothesis. An F-statistic of ≥10 indicates the IV is not weak. Results In men, the F-statistic for rs671 on alcohol use was 70. Using IV analysis alcohol use increased GGT by 10.60 U/L per alcohol unit (10 gram ethanol) per day (95% confidence interval (CI) 6.58 to 14.62). The estimate was lower in observational multivariate regression: 3.48 U/L GGT per alcohol unit per day (95% CI 2.84 to 4.11) adjusted for age, education, physical activity and smoking. In women, rs671 was not associated with alcohol or GGT and the F-statistic was 7 precluding IV analysis. Conclusion In Mendelian randomization, we found confirmative evidence that alcohol use increases GGT among Southern Chinese men. Moreover, we found that the ALDH2 variant rs671 was not associated with GGT among Southern Chinese women who generally consume very low levels of alcohol. Taken together our findings strongly suggest that alcohol increases GGT, although we cannot rule out the possibility that other unknown factors may cause a different relation between alcohol and GGT in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Kar Keung Cheng
- Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Shiu Lun Ryan Au Yeung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Tai Hing Lam
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Catherine Mary Schooling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Urban Public Health, Hunter College and CUNY School of Public Health, New York, New York, United States of America
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Au Yeung SL, Jiang C, Long M, Cheng KK, Liu B, Zhang W, Lam TH, Leung GM, Schooling CM. Evaluation of Moderate Alcohol Use With QT Interval and Heart Rate Using Mendelian Randomization Analysis Among Older Southern Chinese Men in the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol 2015; 182:320-7. [PMID: 26153479 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Western observational studies show that moderate alcohol use is associated with lower cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, but these associations may be confounded by the healthier attributes of moderate users in these settings. Mendelian randomization analysis may help to ascertain the causal effect of moderate alcohol use on specific factors related to CVD and thereby clarify the role of alcohol. We used Mendelian randomization analysis with the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene (ALDH2) as an instrumental variable to examine the association of alcohol units (10 g of ethanol) per day with heart rate-corrected QT interval and heart rate assessed from electrocardiogram among 4,588 older southern Chinese men in the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study (2003-2008). The F statistic was 77 for ALDH2 on alcohol use, suggesting little weak-instrument bias. Instrumental variable analysis showed that alcohol units were not associated with the corrected QT interval, with β = 1.04 (95% confidence interval: -0.61, 2.70) milliseconds, but they were associated with increased heart rate, with β = 0.98 (95% confidence interval: 0.04, 1.92) beat per minute. This study suggests that moderate alcohol use in men is not beneficial for heart function via QT interval or heart rate but could be detrimental. Future studies using specific cardiovascular outcomes may elucidate how alcohol affects different aspects of the cardiovascular system and, hence, the overall effects of alcohol on CVD can be estimated.
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Vimaleswaran KS, Cavadino A, Berry DJ, Jorde R, Dieffenbach AK, Lu C, Alves AC, Heerspink HJL, Tikkanen E, Eriksson J, Wong A, Mangino M, Jablonski KA, Nolte IM, Houston DK, Ahluwalia TS, van der Most PJ, Pasko D, Zgaga L, Thiering E, Vitart V, Fraser RM, Huffman JE, de Boer RA, Schöttker B, Saum KU, McCarthy MI, Dupuis J, Herzig KH, Sebert S, Pouta A, Laitinen J, Kleber ME, Navis G, Lorentzon M, Jameson K, Arden N, Cooper JA, Acharya J, Hardy R, Raitakari O, Ripatti S, Billings LK, Lahti J, Osmond C, Penninx BW, Rejnmark L, Lohman KK, Paternoster L, Stolk RP, Hernandez DG, Byberg L, Hagström E, Melhus H, Ingelsson E, Mellström D, Ljunggren O, Tzoulaki I, McLachlan S, Theodoratou E, Tiesler CMT, Jula A, Navarro P, Wright AF, Polasek O, Wilson JF, Rudan I, Salomaa V, Heinrich J, Campbell H, Price JF, Karlsson M, Lind L, Michaëlsson K, Bandinelli S, Frayling TM, Hartman CA, Sørensen TIA, Kritchevsky SB, Langdahl BL, Eriksson JG, Florez JC, Spector TD, Lehtimäki T, Kuh D, Humphries SE, Cooper C, Ohlsson C, März W, de Borst MH, Kumari M, Kivimaki M, Wang TJ, Power C, Brenner H, Grimnes G, van der Harst P, Snieder H, Hingorani AD, Pilz S, Whittaker JC, Järvelin MR, Hyppönen E. Association of vitamin D status with arterial blood pressure and hypertension risk: a mendelian randomisation study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2:719-29. [PMID: 24974252 PMCID: PMC4582411 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentration is associated with high arterial blood pressure and hypertension risk, but whether this association is causal is unknown. We used a mendelian randomisation approach to test whether 25(OH)D concentration is causally associated with blood pressure and hypertension risk. METHODS In this mendelian randomisation study, we generated an allele score (25[OH]D synthesis score) based on variants of genes that affect 25(OH)D synthesis or substrate availability (CYP2R1 and DHCR7), which we used as a proxy for 25(OH)D concentration. We meta-analysed data for up to 108 173 individuals from 35 studies in the D-CarDia collaboration to investigate associations between the allele score and blood pressure measurements. We complemented these analyses with previously published summary statistics from the International Consortium on Blood Pressure (ICBP), the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium, and the Global Blood Pressure Genetics (Global BPGen) consortium. FINDINGS In phenotypic analyses (up to n=49 363), increased 25(OH)D concentration was associated with decreased systolic blood pressure (β per 10% increase, -0·12 mm Hg, 95% CI -0·20 to -0·04; p=0·003) and reduced odds of hypertension (odds ratio [OR] 0·98, 95% CI 0·97-0·99; p=0·0003), but not with decreased diastolic blood pressure (β per 10% increase, -0·02 mm Hg, -0·08 to 0·03; p=0·37). In meta-analyses in which we combined data from D-CarDia and the ICBP (n=146 581, after exclusion of overlapping studies), each 25(OH)D-increasing allele of the synthesis score was associated with a change of -0·10 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure (-0·21 to -0·0001; p=0·0498) and a change of -0·08 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure (-0·15 to -0·02; p=0·01). When D-CarDia and consortia data for hypertension were meta-analysed together (n=142 255), the synthesis score was associated with a reduced odds of hypertension (OR per allele, 0·98, 0·96-0·99; p=0·001). In instrumental variable analysis, each 10% increase in genetically instrumented 25(OH)D concentration was associated with a change of -0·29 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure (-0·52 to -0·07; p=0·01), a change of -0·37 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure (-0·73 to 0·003; p=0·052), and an 8·1% decreased odds of hypertension (OR 0·92, 0·87-0·97; p=0·002). INTERPRETATION Increased plasma concentrations of 25(OH)D might reduce the risk of hypertension. This finding warrants further investigation in an independent, similarly powered study. FUNDING British Heart Foundation, UK Medical Research Council, and Academy of Finland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karani S Vimaleswaran
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food & Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Alana Cavadino
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Diane J Berry
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | - Rolf Jorde
- Tromsø Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Aida Karina Dieffenbach
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chen Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexessander Couto Alves
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK; Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hiddo J Lambers Heerspink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Emmi Tikkanen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Tukholmankatu, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Campus, London, UK
| | - Kathleen A Jablonski
- Biostatistics Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Denise K Houston
- Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and J Paul Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Tarunveer Singh Ahluwalia
- Metabolic Genetics, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Dorota Pasko
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Lina Zgaga
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ross M Fraser
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jennifer E Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ben Schöttker
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Saum
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anneli Pouta
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaana Laitinen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Medical Clinic V (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gerjan Navis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karen Jameson
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Nigel Arden
- NIHR Oxford Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jackie A Cooper
- Cardiovascular Genetics, BHF Laboratories, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jayshree Acharya
- Cardiovascular Genetics, BHF Laboratories, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liana K Billings
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Clive Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Brenda W Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lars Rejnmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kurt K Lohman
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Liisa Byberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emil Hagström
- Uppsala Clinical Research Centre, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Melhus
- Uppsala Clinical Research Centre, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Uppsala Clinical Research Centre, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan Mellström
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Osten Ljunggren
- Uppsala Clinical Research Centre, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ioanna Tzoulaki
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stela McLachlan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Evropi Theodoratou
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Carla M T Tiesler
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Antti Jula
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland
| | - Pau Navarro
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Croatian Centre for Global Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia
| | | | | | | | | | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jacqueline F Price
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Orthopaedic Surgery, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Uppsala Clinical Research Centre, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl Michaëlsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Metabolic Genetics, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephen B Kritchevsky
- Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and J Paul Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Bente Lomholt Langdahl
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland; Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jose C Florez
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Campus, London, UK
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Steve E Humphries
- Cardiovascular Genetics, BHF Laboratories, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- NIHR Oxford Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Winfried März
- Medical Clinic V (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Synlab Academy, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin H de Borst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas J Wang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Chris Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guri Grimnes
- Tromsø Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Stefan Pilz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; School of Population Health, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Zhao J, Jiang CQ, Lam TH, Liu B, Cheng KK, Kavikondala S, Zhang WS, Leung GM, Schooling CM. Genetically predicted 17β-estradiol and systemic inflammation in women: a separate-sample Mendelian randomisation analysis in the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2014; 68:780-5. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2013-203451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Zhao J, Jiang C, Lam TH, Liu B, Cheng KK, Xu L, Au Yeung SL, Zhang W, Leung GM, Schooling CM. Genetically predicted testosterone and cardiovascular risk factors in men: a Mendelian randomization analysis in the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. Int J Epidemiol 2013; 43:140-8. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyt239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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