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Pelaia C, Melhorn J, Hinks TS, Couillard S, Vatrella A, Pelaia G, Pavord ID. Type 2 severe asthma: pathophysiology and treatment with biologics. Expert Rev Respir Med 2024; 18:485-498. [PMID: 38994712 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2024.2380072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The hallmark of most patients with severe asthma is type 2 inflammation, driven by innate and adaptive immune responses leading to either allergic or non-allergic eosinophilic infiltration of airways. The cellular and molecular pathways underlying severe type 2 asthma can be successfully targeted by specific monoclonal antibodies. AREAS COVERED This review article provides a concise overview of the pathophysiology of type 2 asthma, followed by an updated appraisal of the mechanisms of action and therapeutic efficacy of currently available biologic treatments used for management of severe type 2 asthma. Therefore, all reported information arises from a wide literature search performed on PubMed. EXPERT OPINION The main result of the recent advances in the field of anti-asthma biologic therapies is the implementation of a personalized medicine approach, aimed to achieve clinical remission of severe asthma. Today this accomplishment is made possible by the right choice of the most beneficial biologic drug for the pathologic traits characterizing each patient, including type 2 severe asthma and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Pelaia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy
| | - James Melhorn
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Timothy Sc Hinks
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Couillard
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Alessandro Vatrella
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Girolamo Pelaia
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ian D Pavord
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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2
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Caminati M, Buhl R, Corren J, Hanania NA, Kim H, Korn S, Lommatzsch M, Martin N, Matucci A, Nasser SM, Pavord ID, Domingo C. Tezepelumab in patients with allergic and eosinophilic asthma. Allergy 2024; 79:1134-1145. [PMID: 38146651 DOI: 10.1111/all.15986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease commonly driven by allergic and/or eosinophilic inflammation, both of which may be present in severe disease. Most approved biologics for severe asthma are indicated for specific phenotypes and target individual downstream type 2 components of the inflammatory cascade. Tezepelumab, a human monoclonal antibody (immunoglobulin G2λ), binds specifically to thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an epithelial cytokine that initiates and sustains allergic and eosinophilic inflammation in asthma. By blocking TSLP, tezepelumab has demonstrated efficacy across known asthma phenotypes and acts upstream of all current clinically used biomarkers. In a pooled analysis of the phase 2b PATHWAY (NCT02054130) and phase 3 NAVIGATOR (NCT03347279) studies, compared with placebo, tezepelumab reduced the annualized asthma exacerbation rate over 52 weeks by 62% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 53, 70) in patients with perennial aeroallergen sensitization (allergic asthma); by 71% (95% CI: 62, 78) in patients with a baseline blood eosinophil count ≥300 cells/μL; and by 71% (95% CI: 59, 79) in patients with allergic asthma and a baseline blood eosinophil count ≥300 cells/μL. This review examines the efficacy and mode of action of tezepelumab in patients with allergic asthma, eosinophilic asthma and coexisting allergic and eosinophilic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Caminati
- Asthma Center and Allergy Unit, Verona Integrated University Hospital & Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Roland Buhl
- Pulmonary Department, Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jonathan Corren
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nicola A Hanania
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Harold Kim
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Korn
- IKF Pneumologie Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Thoraxklinik Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marek Lommatzsch
- Department of Pneumology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Neil Martin
- Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
- University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Andrea Matucci
- Immunoallergology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Shuaib M Nasser
- Department of Allergy, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian D Pavord
- Respiratory Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Domingo
- Servei de Pneumologia, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Wiebe D, Limberg MM, Gray N, Raap U. Basophils in pruritic skin diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1213138. [PMID: 37465674 PMCID: PMC10350488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1213138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Basophils are rare cells in the peripheral blood which have the capability to infiltrate into the skin. Invasion of basophils has been detected in pruritic skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis, bullous pemphigoid, chronic spontaneous urticaria and contact dermatitis. In the skin, basophils are important players of the inflammatory immune response, as they release Th2 cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, subsequently inducing the early activation of T-cells. Further, basophils release a multitude of mediators, such as histamine and IL-31, which both play an important role in the initiation of the pruritic response via activation of sensory nerves. Chronic pruritus significantly affects the quality of life and the working capability of patients, though its mechanisms are not fully elucidated yet. Since basophils and neurons share many receptors and channels, bidirectional interaction mechanisms, which drive the sensation of itch, are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Wiebe
- Division of Experimental Allergy and Immunodermatology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Maren M. Limberg
- Division of Experimental Allergy and Immunodermatology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Natalie Gray
- Division of Experimental Allergy and Immunodermatology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Division of Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Raap
- Division of Experimental Allergy and Immunodermatology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- University Clinic of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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4
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Poto R, Loffredo S, Marone G, Di Salvatore A, de Paulis A, Schroeder JT, Varricchi G. Basophils beyond allergic and parasitic diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1190034. [PMID: 37205111 PMCID: PMC10185837 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1190034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Basophils bind IgE via FcεRI-αβγ2, which they uniquely share only with mast cells. In doing so, they can rapidly release mediators that are hallmark of allergic disease. This fundamental similarity, along with some morphological features shared by the two cell types, has long brought into question the biological significance that basophils mediate beyond that of mast cells. Unlike mast cells, which mature and reside in tissues, basophils are released into circulation from the bone marrow (constituting 1% of leukocytes), only to infiltrate tissues under specific inflammatory conditions. Evidence is emerging that basophils mediate non-redundant roles in allergic disease and, unsuspectingly, are implicated in a variety of other pathologies [e.g., myocardial infarction, autoimmunity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, fibrosis, cancer, etc.]. Recent findings strengthen the notion that these cells mediate protection from parasitic infections, whereas related studies implicate basophils promoting wound healing. Central to these functions is the substantial evidence that human and mouse basophils are increasingly implicated as important sources of IL-4 and IL-13. Nonetheless, much remains unclear regarding the role of basophils in pathology vs. homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the dichotomous (protective and/or harmful) roles of basophils in a wide spectrum of non-allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remo Poto
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence (CoE), Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence (CoE), Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “G. Salvatore”, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence (CoE), Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “G. Salvatore”, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Salvatore
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Amato de Paulis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence (CoE), Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - John T. Schroeder
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence (CoE), Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “G. Salvatore”, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
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5
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Theofani E, Tsitsopoulou A, Morianos I, Semitekolou M. Severe Asthmatic Responses: The Impact of TSLP. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087581. [PMID: 37108740 PMCID: PMC10142872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the lower respiratory system and includes several categories of patients with varying features or phenotypes. Patients with severe asthma (SA) represent a group of asthmatics that are poorly responsive to medium-to-high doses of inhaled corticosteroids and additional controllers, thus leading in some cases to life-threatening disease exacerbations. To elaborate on SA heterogeneity, the concept of asthma endotypes has been developed, with the latter being characterized as T2-high or low, depending on the type of inflammation implicated in disease pathogenesis. As SA patients exhibit curtailed responses to standard-of-care treatment, biologic therapies are prescribed as adjunctive treatments. To date, several biologics that target specific downstream effector molecules involved in disease pathophysiology have displayed superior efficacy only in patients with T2-high, eosinophilic inflammation, suggesting that upstream mediators of the inflammatory cascade could constitute an attractive therapeutic approach for difficult-to-treat asthma. One such appealing therapeutic target is thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an epithelial-derived cytokine with critical functions in allergic diseases, including asthma. Numerous studies in both humans and mice have provided major insights pertinent to the role of TSLP in the initiation and propagation of asthmatic responses. Undoubtedly, the magnitude of TSLP in asthma pathogenesis is highlighted by the fact that the FDA recently approved tezepelumab (Tezspire), a human monoclonal antibody that targets TSLP, for SA treatment. Nevertheless, further research focusing on the biology and mode of function of TSLP in SA will considerably advance disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymia Theofani
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Tsitsopoulou
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Morianos
- Host Defense and Fungal Pathogenesis Lab, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, 71300 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Semitekolou
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Tolerance, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
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6
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Möbs C, Salheiser M, Bleise F, Witt M, Mayer JU. Basophils control T cell priming through soluble mediators rather than antigen presentation. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1032379. [PMID: 36846020 PMCID: PMC9950813 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1032379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Basophils play an important role in the development of type 2 immunity and have been linked to protective immunity against parasites but also inflammatory responses in allergic diseases. While typically classified as degranulating effector cells, different modes of cellular activation have been identified, which together with the observation that different populations of basophils exist in the context of disease suggest a multifunctional role. In this review we aim to highlight the role of basophils play in antigen presentation of type 2 immunity and focus on the contribution basophils play in the context of antigen presentation and T cell priming. We will discuss evidence suggesting that basophils perform a direct role in antigen presentation and relate it to findings that indicate cellular cooperation with professional antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells. We will also highlight tissue-specific differences in basophil phenotypes that might lead to distinct roles in cellular cooperation and how these distinct interactions might influence immunological and clinical outcomes of disease. This review thus aims to consolidate the seemingly conflicting literature on the involvement of basophils in antigen presentation and tries to find a resolution to the discussion whether basophils influence antigen presentation through direct or indirect mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Johannes U. Mayer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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7
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Gauvreau GM, Bergeron C, Boulet LP, Cockcroft DW, Côté A, Davis BE, Leigh R, Myers I, O'Byrne PM, Sehmi R. Sounding the alarmins-The role of alarmin cytokines in asthma. Allergy 2023; 78:402-417. [PMID: 36463491 PMCID: PMC10108333 DOI: 10.1111/all.15609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The alarmin cytokines thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin (IL)-33, and IL-25 are epithelial cell-derived mediators that contribute to the pathobiology and pathophysiology of asthma. Released from airway epithelial cells exposed to environmental triggers, the alarmins drive airway inflammation through the release of predominantly T2 cytokines from multiple effector cells. The upstream positioning of the alarmins is an attractive pharmacological target to block multiple T2 pathways important in asthma. Blocking the function of TSLP inhibits allergen-induced responses including bronchoconstriction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation, and subsequent clinical trials of an anti-TSLP monoclonal antibody, tezepelumab, in asthma patients demonstrated improvements in lung function, airway responsiveness, inflammation, and importantly, a reduction in the rate of exacerbations. Notably, these improvements were observed in patients with T2-high and with T2-low asthma. Clinical trials blocking IL-33 and its receptor ST2 have also shown improvements in lung function and exacerbation rates; however, the impact of blocking the IL-33/ST2 axis in T2-high versus T2-low asthma is unclear. To date, there is no evidence that IL-25 blockade is beneficial in asthma. Despite the considerable overlap in the cellular functions of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP, they appear to have distinct roles in the immunopathology of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail M Gauvreau
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Celine Bergeron
- Centre for Lung Health, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Donald W Cockcroft
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Andréanne Côté
- Centre for Lung Health, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Beth E Davis
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Richard Leigh
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Irvin Myers
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul M O'Byrne
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roma Sehmi
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Shibuya R, Kim BS. Skin-homing basophils and beyond. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059098. [PMID: 36618424 PMCID: PMC9815541 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Basophils have been implicated in type 2 inflammation and numerous disorders in the skin such as helminth infection, atopic dermatitis, and urticaria. Although similar in form and function to tissue-resident mast cells, classical studies on basophils have centered on those from the hematopoietic compartment. However, increasing studies in tissues like the skin demonstrate that basophils may take on particular characteristics by responding to unique developmental, chemotactic, and activation cues. Herein, we highlight how recent studies in barrier immunology suggest the presence of skin-homing basophils that harbor a unique identity in terms of phenotype, function, and motility. These concepts may uniquely inform how basophils contribute to diseases at multiple epithelial surfaces and our ability to therapeutically target the innate immune system in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rintaro Shibuya
- Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States,Mark Lebwohl Center for Neuroinflammation and Sensation, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States,Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Brian S. Kim
- Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States,Mark Lebwohl Center for Neuroinflammation and Sensation, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States,Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Brian S. Kim,
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9
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Poto R, Gambardella AR, Marone G, Schroeder JT, Mattei F, Schiavoni G, Varricchi G. Basophils from allergy to cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1056838. [PMID: 36578500 PMCID: PMC9791102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1056838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human basophils, first identified over 140 years ago, account for just 0.5-1% of circulating leukocytes. While this scarcity long hampered basophil studies, innovations during the past 30 years, beginning with their isolation and more recently in the development of mouse models, have markedly advanced our understanding of these cells. Although dissimilarities between human and mouse basophils persist, the overall findings highlight the growing importance of these cells in health and disease. Indeed, studies continue to support basophils as key participants in IgE-mediated reactions, where they infiltrate inflammatory lesions, release pro-inflammatory mediators (histamine, leukotriene C4: LTC4) and regulatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-13) central to the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Studies now report basophils infiltrating various human cancers where they play diverse roles, either promoting or hampering tumorigenesis. Likewise, this activity bears remarkable similarity to the mounting evidence that basophils facilitate wound healing. In fact, both activities appear linked to the capacity of basophils to secrete IL-4/IL-13, with these cytokines polarizing macrophages toward the M2 phenotype. Basophils also secrete several angiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF-A, amphiregulin) consistent with these activities. In this review, we feature these newfound properties with the goal of unraveling the increasing importance of basophils in these diverse pathobiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remo Poto
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy,Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy,World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence (CoE), Naples, Italy
| | - Adriana Rosa Gambardella
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy,Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy,World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence (CoE), Naples, Italy,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “G. Salvatore”, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - John T. Schroeder
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Fabrizio Mattei
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Schiavoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy,*Correspondence: Gilda Varricchi, ; Giovanna Schiavoni,
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy,World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence (CoE), Naples, Italy,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “G. Salvatore”, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy,*Correspondence: Gilda Varricchi, ; Giovanna Schiavoni,
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10
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Duchesne M, Okoye I, Lacy P. Epithelial cell alarmin cytokines: Frontline mediators of the asthma inflammatory response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:975914. [PMID: 36311787 PMCID: PMC9616080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.975914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The exposure of the airway epithelium to external stimuli such as allergens, microbes, and air pollution triggers the release of the alarmin cytokines IL-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP interact with their ligands, IL-17RA, IL1RL1 and TSLPR respectively, expressed by hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells including dendritic cells, ILC2 cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. Alarmins play key roles in driving type 2-high, and to a lesser extent type 2-low responses, in asthma. In addition, studies in which each of these three alarmins were targeted in allergen-challenged mice showed decreased chronicity of type-2 driven disease. Consequently, ascertaining the mechanism of activity of these upstream mediators has implications for understanding the outcome of targeted therapies designed to counteract their activity and alleviate downstream type 2-high and low effector responses. Furthermore, identifying the factors which shift the balance between the elicitation of type 2-high, eosinophilic asthma and type-2 low, neutrophilic-positive/negative asthma by alarmins is essential. In support of these efforts, observations from the NAVIGATOR trial imply that targeting TSLP in patients with tezepelumab results in reduced asthma exacerbations, improved lung function and control of the disease. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms surrounding the secretion of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP from the airway epithelium and how this influences the allergic airway cascade. We also review in detail how alarmin-receptor/co-receptor interactions modulate downstream allergic inflammation. Current strategies which target alarmins, their efficacy and inflammatory phenotype will be discussed.
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11
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Gambardella AR, Poto R, Tirelli V, Schroeder JT, Marone G, Mattei F, Varricchi G, Schiavoni G. Differential Effects of Alarmins on Human and Mouse Basophils. Front Immunol 2022; 13:894163. [PMID: 35693823 PMCID: PMC9177950 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.894163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-derived alarmins (IL-33, TSLP, and IL-25) play an upstream role in the pathogenesis of asthma. Basophil-derived cytokines are a pivotal component of allergic inflammation. We evaluated the in vitro effects of IL-33, TSLP, and IL-25, alone and in combination with IL-3 on purified peripheral blood human basophils (hBaso) and bone marrow-derived mouse basophils (mBaso) in modulating the production of IL-4, IL-13, CXCL8 or the mouse CXCL8 equivalents CXCL1 and CXCL2. IL-3 and IL-33, but not TSLP and IL-25, concentration-dependently induced IL-4, IL-13, and CXCL8 release from hBaso. IL-3 synergistically potentiated the release of cytokines induced by IL-33 from hBaso. In mBaso, IL-3 and IL-33 rapidly induced IL-4 and IL-13 mRNA expression and protein release. IL-33, but not IL-3, induced CXCL2 and CXCL1 from mBaso. Differently from hBaso, TSLP induced IL-4, IL-13, CXCL1 and CXCL2 mRNA expression and protein release from mBaso. IL-25 had no effect on IL-4, IL-13, and CXCL1/CXCL2 mRNA expression and protein release even in the presence of IL-3. No synergism was observed between IL-3 and either IL-25 or TSLP. IL-3 inhibited both TSLP- and IL-33-induced CXCL1 and CXCL2 release from mBaso. Our results highlight some similarities and marked differences between the effects of IL-3 and alarmins on the release of cytokines from human and mouse basophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana R. Gambardella
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Remo Poto
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | | | - John T. Schroeder
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mattei
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Gilda Varricchi, ; Giovanna Schiavoni,
| | - Giovanna Schiavoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Gilda Varricchi, ; Giovanna Schiavoni,
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12
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Kho AT, McGeachie MJ, Li J, Chase RP, Amr SS, Hastie AT, Hawkins GA, Li X, Chupp GL, Meyers DA, Bleecker ER, Weiss ST, Tantisira KG. Lung function, airway and peripheral basophils and eosinophils are associated with molecular pharmacogenomic endotypes of steroid response in severe asthma. Thorax 2022; 77:452-460. [PMID: 34580195 PMCID: PMC9016241 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asthma is a complex disease with heterogeneous expression/severity. There is growing interest in defining asthma endotypes consistently associated with different responses to therapy, focusing on type 2 inflammation (Th2) as a key pathological mechanism. Current asthma endotypes are defined primarily by clinical/laboratory criteria. Each endotype is likely characterised by distinct molecular mechanisms that identify optimal therapies. METHODS We applied unsupervised (without a priori clinical criteria) principal component analysis on sputum airway cells RNA-sequencing transcriptomic data from 19 asthmatics from the Severe Asthma Research Program at baseline and 6-8 weeks follow-up after a 40 mg dose of intramuscular corticosteroids. We investigated principal components PC1, PC3 for association with 55 clinical variables. RESULTS PC3 was associated with baseline Th2 clinical features including blood (rank-sum p=0.0082) and airway (rank-sum p=0.0024) eosinophilia, FEV1 change (Kendall tau-b R=-0.333 (-0.592 to -0.012)) and follow-up FEV1 albuterol response (Kendall tau-b R=0.392 (0.079 to 0.634)). PC1 with blood basophlia (rank-sum p=0.0191). The top 5% genes contributing to PC1, PC3 were enriched for distinct immune system/inflammation ontologies suggesting distinct subject-specific clusters of transcriptomic response to corticosteroids. PC3 association with FEV1 change was reproduced in silico in a comparable independent 14-subject (baseline, 8 weeks after daily inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)) airway epithelial cells microRNAome dataset. CONCLUSIONS Transcriptomic PCs from this unsupervised methodology define molecular pharmacogenomic endotypes that may yield novel biology underlying different subject-specific responses to corticosteroid therapy in asthma, and optimal personalised asthma care. Top contributing genes to these PCs may suggest new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin T Kho
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael J McGeachie
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jiang Li
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Scientific Research Centre, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert P Chase
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sami S Amr
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Partners Personalized Medicine, Partners Healthcare, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Annette T Hastie
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest Health Sciences, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gregory A Hawkins
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest Health Sciences, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xingnan Li
- Division of Genetics, Genomics and Precision Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Geoffrey L Chupp
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Deborah A Meyers
- Division of Genetics, Genomics and Precision Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Eugene R Bleecker
- Division of Genetics, Genomics and Precision Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Partners Personalized Medicine, Partners Healthcare, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kelan G Tantisira
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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13
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Whetstone CE, Ranjbar M, Omer H, Cusack RP, Gauvreau GM. The Role of Airway Epithelial Cell Alarmins in Asthma. Cells 2022; 11:1105. [PMID: 35406669 PMCID: PMC8997824 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium is the first line of defense for the lungs, detecting inhaled environmental threats through pattern recognition receptors expressed transmembrane or intracellularly. Activation of pattern recognition receptors triggers the release of alarmin cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP. These alarmins are important mediators of inflammation, with receptors widely expressed in structural cells as well as innate and adaptive immune cells. Many of the key effector cells in the allergic cascade also produce alarmins, thereby contributing to the airways disease by driving downstream type 2 inflammatory processes. Randomized controlled clinical trials have demonstrated benefit when blockade of TSLP and IL-33 were added to standard of care medications, suggesting these are important new targets for treatment of asthma. With genome-wide association studies demonstrating associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the TSLP and IL-33 gene and risk of asthma, it will be important to understand which subsets of asthma patients will benefit most from anti-alarmin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gail M. Gauvreau
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (C.E.W.); (M.R.); (H.O.); (R.P.C.)
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14
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Salter B, Lacy P, Mukherjee M. Biologics in Asthma: A Molecular Perspective to Precision Medicine. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:793409. [PMID: 35126131 PMCID: PMC8807637 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.793409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in therapeutic strategies have provided alternatives to corticosteroids as the cornerstone treatment for managing airway inflammation in asthma. The past two decades have witnessed a tremendous boost in the development of anti-cytokine monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies for the management of severe asthma. Novel biologics that target eosinophilic inflammation (or type 2, T2 inflammation) have been the most successful at treating asthma symptoms, though there are a few in the drug development pipeline for treating non-eosinophilic or T2-low asthma. There has been significant improvement in clinical outcomes for asthmatics treated with currently available monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), including anti-immunoglobulin (Ig) E, anti-interleukin (IL)-4 receptor α subunit, anti-IL-5, anti-IL-5Rα, anti-IL-6, anti-IL-33, and anti-thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). Despite these initiatives in precision medicine for asthma therapy, a significant disease burden remains, as evident from modest reduction of exacerbation rates, i.e., approximately 40-60%. There are numerous studies that highlight predictors of good responses to these biologics, but few have focused on those who fail to respond adequately despite targeted treatment. Phenotyping asthmatics based on blood eosinophils is proving to be inadequate for choosing the right drug for the right patient. It is therefore pertinent to understand the underlying immunology, and perhaps, carry out immune endotyping of patients before prescribing appropriate drugs. This review summarizes the immunology of asthma, the cytokines or receptors currently targeted, the possible mechanisms of sub-optimal responses, and the importance of determining the immune make-up of individual patients prior to prescribing mAb therapy, in the age of precision medicine for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Salter
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Paige Lacy
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Manali Mukherjee
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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15
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Zhang J, Yin H, Chen Q, Zhao G, Lou W, Wu W, Pu N. Basophils as a potential therapeutic target in cancer. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 22:971-984. [PMID: 34904411 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Basophils, which are considered as redundant relatives of mast cells and the rarest granulocytes in peripheral circulation, have been neglected by researchers in the past decades. Previous studies have revealed their vital roles in allergic diseases and parasitic infections. Intriguingly, recent studies even reported that basophils might be associated with cancer development, as activated basophils synthesize and release a variety of cytokines and chemokines in response to cancers. However, it is still subject to debate whether basophils function as tumor-protecting or tumor-promoting components; the answer may depend on the tumor biology and the microenvironment. Herein, we reviewed the role of basophils in cancers, and highlighted some potential and promising therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hanlin Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiangda Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guochao Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenhui Lou
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenchuan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. , .,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. ,
| | - Ning Pu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. .,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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16
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Pelaia C, Pelaia G, Longhini F, Crimi C, Calabrese C, Gallelli L, Sciacqua A, Vatrella A. Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Alarmins: A New Perspective for Biological Therapies of Severe Asthma. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091108. [PMID: 34572294 PMCID: PMC8465735 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alarmins are innate cytokines, including thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin-33 (IL-33), and interleukin-25 (IL-25), which are mainly produced by airway epithelium and exert a prominent role in asthma pathobiology. In particular, several environmental factors such as allergens, cigarette smoking, airborne pollutants, and infectious agents trigger the release of alarmins, which in turn act as upstream activators of pro-inflammatory pathways underlying type 2 (T2-high) asthma. Indeed, alarmins directly activate group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells and also stimulate dendritic cells to drive the commitment of naïve T helper (Th) cells towards the Th2 immunophenotype. Therefore, TSLP, IL-33, and IL-25 represent suitable targets for add-on therapies of severe asthma. Within this context, the fully human anti-TSLP monoclonal antibody tezepelumab has been evaluated in very promising randomized clinical trials. Tezepelumab and other anti-alarmins are thus likely to become, in the near future, valuable therapeutic options for the biological treatment of uncontrolled severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Pelaia
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa-Località Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0961-3647007; Fax: +39-0961-3647193
| | - Giulia Pelaia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.P.); (F.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Federico Longhini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.P.); (F.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Claudia Crimi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy;
| | - Cecilia Calabrese
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Luca Gallelli
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa-Località Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Angela Sciacqua
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.P.); (F.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Alessandro Vatrella
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy;
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17
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Wong LS, Yen YT, Lee CH. The Implications of Pruritogens in the Pathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7227. [PMID: 34281281 PMCID: PMC8269281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prototypic inflammatory disease that presents with intense itching. The pathophysiology of AD is multifactorial, involving environmental factors, genetic susceptibility, skin barrier function, and immune responses. A recent understanding of pruritus transmission provides more information about the role of pruritogens in the pathogenesis of AD. There is evidence that pruritogens are not only responsible for eliciting pruritus, but also interact with immune cells and act as inflammatory mediators, which exacerbate the severity of AD. In this review, we discuss the interaction between pruritogens and inflammatory molecules and summarize the targeted therapies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-San Wong
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Ta Yen
- Department of Dermatology, Fooying University Hospital, Pingtung 928, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Hung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
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18
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Wang SH, Zuo YG. Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in Cutaneous Immune-Mediated Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:698522. [PMID: 34249003 PMCID: PMC8264505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.698522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) was initially demonstrated to be critical in regulating inflammatory responses among various allergic disorders (such as atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and asthma). Although two isoforms (short form and long form) of TSLP have been demonstrated in human tissues, the long form of TSLP (lfTSLP) is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of allergies and cutaneous immune-mediated diseases. The immunomodulatory activity of lfTSLP varies widely, driving T helper (Th) cells polarizing Th2 and Th17 immune responses and inducing itch. Moreover, lfTSLP is closely associated with skin fibrosis, epidermal hyperplasia, angiogenesis, and homeostatic tolerogenic regulations. This review highlights significant progress from experimental and clinical studies on lfTSLP in cutaneous immune-mediated diseases (atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, bullous pemphigoid, systemic sclerosis, chronic spontaneous urticaria, Behçet's disease, vitiligo, rosacea, systemic lupus erythematosus, and alopecia areata). We also offer original insights into the pleiotropic properties of the cytokine TSLP in various pathophysiological conditions, with significant clinical implications of TSLP-targeted therapies for immune-mediated skin diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ya-Gang Zuo
- Department of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Translational Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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19
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Miyake K, Shibata S, Yoshikawa S, Karasuyama H. Basophils and their effector molecules in allergic disorders. Allergy 2021; 76:1693-1706. [PMID: 33205439 DOI: 10.1111/all.14662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Basophils are the rarest granulocytes which represent <1% of peripheral blood leukocytes. Basophils bear several phenotypic similarities to tissue-resident mast cells and therefore had been erroneously considered as blood-circulating mast cells. However, recent researches have revealed that basophils play nonredundant roles in allergic inflammation, protective immunity against parasitic infections and regulation of innate and acquired immunity. Basophils are recruited to inflamed tissues and activated in an IgE-dependent or IgE-independent manner to release a variety of effector molecules. Such molecules, including IL-4, act on various types of cells and play versatile roles, including the induction and termination of allergic inflammation and the regulation of immune responses. Recent development of novel therapeutic agents has enabled us to gain further insights into basophil biology in human disorders. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in the field of basophil biology with a particular focus on the role of basophils in allergic inflammation. Further studies on basophils and their effector molecules will help us identify novel therapeutic targets for treating allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Miyake
- Inflammation, Infection and Immunity Laboratory TMDU Advanced Research Institute Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) Tokyo Japan
| | - Sho Shibata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) Tokyo Japan
| | - Soichiro Yoshikawa
- Department of Cell Physiology Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama University Okayama Japan
| | - Hajime Karasuyama
- Inflammation, Infection and Immunity Laboratory TMDU Advanced Research Institute Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) Tokyo Japan
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20
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[The basophil: From control of immunity to control of leukemias]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2021; 80:9-25. [PMID: 34051212 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The basophils, first described by Paul Ehlrich in 1879, are rare circulating cells, representing approximately 0.01 to 0.3% of the blood leukocytes. Until recently, these cells have been neglected because of their minority status among immune cells and because they show some similarities to mast cells residing in tissues. However, basophils and mast cells are now recognized as distinct cell lines and it appears that basophils have important and non-redundant functions, distinct from those of mast cells. On the one hand, basophils have beneficial contribution to protective immunity, in particular against parasitic infections. On the other hand, basophils are involved in the development of various benign and malignant pathologies, ranging from allergy to certain leukemias. Basophils interact with other immune cells or neoplastic cells through direct contacts or soluble mediators, such as cytokines and proteases, thus contributing to the regulation of the immune system but also to allergic responses, and probably to the process of neoplastic transformation. In this review, we will develop recent knowledge on the involvement of basophils in the modulation of innate and adaptive immunity. We will then describe the benign or malignant circumstances in which an elevation of circulating basophils can be observed. Finally, we will discuss the role played by these cells in the pathophysiology of certain leukemias, particularly during chronic myeloid leukemia.
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21
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Sun C, Feng S. Recent developments in the pathogenesis of pruritus in bullous pemphigoid. Int J Dermatol 2021; 60:1441-1448. [PMID: 34037252 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a common autoimmune bullous disease which mainly affects the elderly. The incidence of BP is gradually increasing and associated with high mortality. This disease is clinically characterized by intensely pruritic and widespread bullous lesions. Alternative therapy options for pruritus in patients with BP are limited primarily because pathophysiological mechanisms of itching in BP are still unclear. This review aims to explain crucial concepts of the pathogenesis of pruritus in BP. Vital findings in recent years will be summarized, and cofactors of the pathogenesis of pruritus will be discussed in detail. We will summarize knowledge on pathogenic factors in the immunologic level conducing to skin pruritus in BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology and Hospital of Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Suying Feng
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology and Hospital of Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
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22
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Shah H, Eisenbarth S, Tormey CA, Siddon AJ. Behind the scenes with basophils: an emerging therapeutic target. IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2021; 1:ltab008. [PMID: 35919744 PMCID: PMC9327101 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Though basophils were originally viewed as redundant blood ‘mast cells’, the implementation of flow cytometry has established basophils as unique leukocytes with critical immunomodulatory functions. Basophils play an active role in allergic inflammation, autoimmunity, and hematological malignancies. They are distinguishable from other leukocytes by their characteristic metachromatic deep-purple cytoplasmic, round granules. Mature basophils are phenotypically characterized by surface expression of IL-3Rα (CD123); IL-3 drives basophil differentiation, degranulation, and synthesis of inflammatory mediators including type 2 cytokines. Basophil degranulation is the predominant source of histamine in peripheral blood, promoting allergic responses. Basophils serve as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity by secreting IL-4 which supports eosinophil migration, monocyte differentiation into macrophages, B-cell activation, and CD4 T-cell differentiation into Th2 cells. Further, basophilia is a key phenomenon in myeloid neoplasms, especially chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) for which it is a diagnostic criterion. Increased circulating basophils, often with aberrant immunophenotype, have been detected in patients with CML and other myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). The significance of basophils’ immunoregulatory functions in malignant and non-malignant diseases is an active area of research. Ongoing and future research can inform the development of immunotherapies that target basophils to impact allergic, autoimmune, and malignant disease states. This review article aims to provide an overview of basophil biology, identification strategies, and roles and dysregulation in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemali Shah
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephanie Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Alexa J Siddon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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23
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Awatani K, Hashimoto T, Satoh T. Eruptive pruritic papular porokeratosis accompanied by eosinophilic and basophilic infiltrate with upregulation of epidermal CCL26/eotaxin-3 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. J Dermatol 2021; 48:e382-e383. [PMID: 33960502 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Awatani
- Department of Dermatology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Department of Dermatology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Satoh
- Department of Dermatology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
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24
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Rodriguez-Rodriguez N, Gogoi M, McKenzie AN. Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells: Team Players in Regulating Asthma. Annu Rev Immunol 2021; 39:167-198. [PMID: 33534604 PMCID: PMC7614118 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-110119-091711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 immunity helps protect the host from infection, but it also plays key roles in tissue homeostasis, metabolism, and repair. Unfortunately, inappropriate type 2 immune reactions may lead to allergy and asthma. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in the lungs respond rapidly to local environmental cues, such as the release of epithelium-derived type 2 initiator cytokines/alarmins, producing type 2 effector cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in response to tissue damage and infection. ILC2s are associated with the severity of allergic asthma, and experimental models of lung inflammation have shown how they act as playmakers, receiving signals variously from stromal and immune cells as well as the nervous system and then distributing cytokine cues to elicit type 2 immune effector functions and potentiate CD4+ T helper cell activation, both of which characterize the pathology of allergic asthma. Recent breakthroughs identifying stromal- and neuronal-derived microenvironmental cues that regulate ILC2s, along with studies recognizing the potential plasticity of ILC2s, have improved our understanding of the immunoregulation of asthma and opened new avenues for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noe Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QH. UK
| | - Mayuri Gogoi
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QH. UK
| | - Andrew N.J. McKenzie
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QH. UK,Corresponding author:
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Pelaia C, Pelaia G, Crimi C, Maglio A, Gallelli L, Terracciano R, Vatrella A. Tezepelumab: A Potential New Biological Therapy for Severe Refractory Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094369. [PMID: 33922072 PMCID: PMC8122263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an innate cytokine, belonging to the group of alarmins, which plays a key pathogenic role in asthma by acting as an upstream activator of cellular and molecular pathways leading to type 2 (T2-high) airway inflammation. Released from airway epithelial cells upon tissue damage induced by several noxious agents including allergens, viruses, bacteria, and airborne pollutants, TSLP activates dendritic cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells involved in the pathobiology of T2-high asthma. Tezepelumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that binds to TSLP, thereby preventing its interaction with the TSLP receptor complex. Preliminary results of randomized clinical trials suggest that tezepelumab is characterized by a good safety and efficacy profile in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Pelaia
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0961-3647007; Fax: +39-0961-3647193
| | - Giulia Pelaia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Claudia Crimi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy;
| | - Angelantonio Maglio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Luca Gallelli
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Rosa Terracciano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Vatrella
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (A.M.); (A.V.)
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Magrone T, Magrone M, Jirillo E. Mast Cells as a Double Edged Sword in Immunity: Disorders of Mast Cell Activation and Therapeutic Management. Second of Two Parts. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 20:670-686. [PMID: 31789136 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666191202121644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) bear many receptors that allow them to respond to a variety of exogenous and endogenous stimuli. However, MC function is dual since they can initiate pathological events or protect the host against infectious challenges. The role of MCs in disease will be analyzed in a broad sense, describing cellular and molecular mechanisms related to their involvement in auto-inflammatory diseases, asthma, autoimmune diseases and cancer. On the other hand, their protective role in the course of bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections will also be illustrated. As far as treatment of MC-derived diseases is concerned, allergen immunotherapy as well as other attempts to reduce MC-activation will be outlined according to the recent data. Finally, in agreement with current literature and our own data polyphenols have been demonstrated to attenuate type I allergic reactions and contact dermatitis in response to nickel. The use of polyphenols in these diseases will be discussed also in view of MC involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Manrico Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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Winter NA, Qin L, Gibson PG, McDonald VM, Baines KJ, Faulkner J, Evans TJ, Fricker M. Sputum mast cell/basophil gene expression relates to inflammatory and clinical features of severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:428-438. [PMID: 33609626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells (MCs) and basophils are important in asthma pathophysiology, however direct measurement is difficult, and clinical and inflammatory associations in severe asthma are poorly understood. Transcriptomic hallmarks of MCs/basophils may allow their measurement in sputum using gene expression. OBJECTIVES This study sought to develop and validate a sputum MC/basophil gene signature and investigate its relationship to inflammatory and clinical characteristics of severe asthma. METHODS A total of 134 candidate MC/basophil genes (identified by the Immunological Genome Project Consortium) were screened in sputum microarray for differential expression among control subjects (n = 18), patients with eosinophilic (n = 29), and patients with noneosinophilic asthma (n = 30). Candidate genes were validated by confirming correlation of gene expression with flow cytometry-quantified sputum MCs and basophils in a separate asthma cohort (n = 20). The validated gene signature was measured in a severe asthma cohort (n = 81), and inflammatory and clinical associations were tested. RESULTS Through microarray screening and subsequent validation, we found quantitative PCR gene expression of 8 targets correlated with sputum MCs/basophils: TPSAB1/TPSB2, CPA3, ENO2, GATA2, KIT, GPR56, HDC, SOCS2. In severe asthma, MC/basophil genes were associated with eosinophilic airway inflammation (GATA2, TPSB2, CPA3, GPR56, HDC, SOCS2), blood eosinophils (TPSB2, CPA3, GATA2, SOCS2, FCER1A, HDC), fractional exhaled NO (GATA2, SOCS2), decreased lung function (KIT, ENO2), and moderate exacerbation history (GATA2, SOCS2). CONCLUSIONS Quantitative PCR-based measures reflect varying sputum MC/basophil abundance, demonstrating associations of MCs/basophils with eosinophilic inflammation, spirometry and exacerbation history in severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha A Winter
- National Health and Medical Research Council Centre for Research Excellence in Severe Asthma, Newcastle, Australia; The Priority Research Centre for Health Lungs, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Peter G Gibson
- National Health and Medical Research Council Centre for Research Excellence in Severe Asthma, Newcastle, Australia; The Priority Research Centre for Health Lungs, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Vanessa M McDonald
- National Health and Medical Research Council Centre for Research Excellence in Severe Asthma, Newcastle, Australia; The Priority Research Centre for Health Lungs, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Katherine J Baines
- The Priority Research Centre for Health Lungs, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Jack Faulkner
- Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Tiffany-Jane Evans
- Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Michael Fricker
- National Health and Medical Research Council Centre for Research Excellence in Severe Asthma, Newcastle, Australia; The Priority Research Centre for Health Lungs, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The alarmins, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin (IL)-25 and IL-33, are upstream regulators of T2 (type 2) inflammation and found to be expressed at high levels in airway epithelium of patients with T2 asthma. This review will summarize how alarmins regulate the inflamed asthmatic airways through previously described and newly identified mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS Alarmins drive allergic and nonallergic asthma through activation of innate lymphoid cell 2 (ILC2), which are a rich source of cytokines such as IL-5 and IL-13, with resulting effects on eosinophilopoeisis and remodelling, respectively. Findings from bronchial allergen challenges have illustrated widespread expression of alarmins and their receptors across many effector cells in airways, and recent studies have emphasized alarmin regulation of CD4 T lymphocytes, eosinophils and basophils, and their progenitors. Furthermore, a link between alarmins and lipid mediators is being uncovered. SUMMARY Alarmins can drive well defined inflammatory pathways through activation of dendritic cells and polarizing T cells to produce type 2 cytokines, as well as they can directly activate many other effector cells that play a central role in allergic and nonallergic asthma. Clinical trials support a central role for TSLP in driving airway inflammation and asthma exacerbations, while ongoing trials blocking IL-33 and IL-25 will help to define their respective role in asthma.
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Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an allarmin cytokine whose importance in human asthma has been repeatedly documented. Accordingly, targeting of TSLP and TSLP-mediated signalling is considered as an attractive therapeutic strategy to asthma. Tezepelumab, which is the first-in-class anti-TSLP monoclonal antibodies (mAb), is a fully human IgG2λ mAb that binds human TSLP, prevents interaction with its receptor and, consequently, inhibits multiple downstream inflammatory pathways. Because of the excellent results of Phase II trials, the Food and Drug Administration granted tezepelumab as a 'breakthrough' biological drug for the treatment of severe asthma. Several studies with this mAb are ongoing. CSJ117 is an Ab fragment that binds to TSLP and is delivered by inhalation but there is no published information on this biologic agent. Since new information suggests that targeting TSLP may be more likely to improve day-to-day asthma symptoms, in contrast to targeting mediators of the adaptive immune system, approaches that primarily act to ameliorate asthma exacerbations, novel approaches capable of blocking TSLP (for example, fully human single-chain fragment variables against TSLP, bifunctional drugs such as the one that combines an anti-IL-13 mAb with an anti-TSLP mAb, a fusion protein consisting of the ectodomains of TSLPR and IL-7Ra that extend into the extracellular space, also known as a TSLP-trap, fragments capable of disrupting the TSLP:TSLPR complex) are under preclinical investigation. However, some critical aspects remain to be clarified before being able to define this approach as the one that will probably better help patients suffering from severe asthma because of its holistic effects.
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Vivanco Gonzalez N, Oliveria JP, Tebaykin D, Ivison GT, Mukai K, Tsai MM, Borges L, Nadeau KC, Galli SJ, Tsai AG, Bendall SC. Mass Cytometry Phenotyping of Human Granulocytes Reveals Novel Basophil Functional Heterogeneity. iScience 2020; 23:101724. [PMID: 33205028 PMCID: PMC7653073 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Basophils, the rarest granulocyte, play critical roles in parasite- and allergen-induced inflammation. We applied mass cytometry (CyTOF) to simultaneously asses 44 proteins to phenotype and functionally characterize neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils from 19 healthy donors. There was minimal heterogeneity seen in eosinophils and neutrophils, but data-driven analyses revealed four unique subpopulations within phenotypically basophilic granulocytes (PBG; CD45+HLA-DR-CD123+). Through CyTOF and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), we classified these four PBG subpopulations as (I) CD16lowFcεRIhighCD244high (88.5 ± 1.2%), (II) CD16highFcεRIhighCD244high (9.1 ± 0.4%), (III) CD16lowFcεRIlowCD244low (2.3 ± 1.3), and (IV) CD16highFcεRIlowCD244low (0.4 ± 0.1%). Prospective isolation confirmed basophilic-morphology of PBG I-III, but neutrophilic-morphology of PBG IV. Functional interrogation via IgE-crosslinking or IL-3 stimulation demonstrated that PBG I-II had significant increases in CD203c expression, whereas PBG III-IV remained unchanged compared with media-alone conditions. Thus, PBG III-IV could serve roles in non-IgE-mediated immunity. Our findings offer new perspectives in human basophil heterogeneity and the varying functional potential of these new subsets in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Vivanco Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford Blood Center, 3373 Hillview Avenue Room 230A, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - John-Paul Oliveria
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford Blood Center, 3373 Hillview Avenue Room 230A, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S4K1, Canada
| | - Dmitry Tebaykin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford Blood Center, 3373 Hillview Avenue Room 230A, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Geoffrey T. Ivison
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford Blood Center, 3373 Hillview Avenue Room 230A, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kaori Mukai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford Blood Center, 3373 Hillview Avenue Room 230A, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy Research, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mindy M. Tsai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford Blood Center, 3373 Hillview Avenue Room 230A, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy Research, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Luciene Borges
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford Blood Center, 3373 Hillview Avenue Room 230A, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kari C. Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy Research, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephen J. Galli
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford Blood Center, 3373 Hillview Avenue Room 230A, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy Research, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Albert G. Tsai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford Blood Center, 3373 Hillview Avenue Room 230A, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sean C. Bendall
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford Blood Center, 3373 Hillview Avenue Room 230A, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
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Lee Y, Park Y, Kim C, Lee E, Lee HY, Woo SD, You SC, Park RW, Park HS. Longitudinal Outcomes of Severe Asthma: Real-World Evidence of Multidimensional Analyses. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2020; 9:1285-1294.e6. [PMID: 33049391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been few studies assessing long-term outcomes of asthma based on regular follow-up data. OBJECTIVE We aimed to demonstrate clinical outcomes of asthma by multidimensional analyses of a long-term real-world database and a prediction model of severe asthma using machine learning. METHODS The database included 567 severe and 1337 nonsevere adult asthmatics, who had been monitored during a follow-up of up to 10 years. We evaluated longitudinal changes in eosinophilic inflammation, lung function, and the annual number of asthma exacerbations (AEs) using a linear mixed effects model. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator logistic regression was used to develop a prediction model for severe asthma. Model performance was evaluated and validated. RESULTS Severe asthmatics had higher blood eosinophil (P = .02) and neutrophil (P < .001) counts at baseline than nonsevere asthmatics; blood eosinophil counts showed significantly slower declines in severe asthmatics than nonsevere asthmatics throughout the follow-up (P = .009). Severe asthmatics had a lower level of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (P < .001), which declined faster than nonsevere asthmatics (P = .033). Severe asthmatics showed a higher annual number of severe AEs than nonsevere asthmatics. The prediction model for severe asthma consisted of 17 variables, including novel biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS Severe asthma is a distinct phenotype of asthma with persistent eosinophilia, progressive lung function decline, and frequent severe AEs even on regular asthma medication. We suggest a useful prediction model of severe asthma for research and clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsoo Lee
- Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Youjin Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Chungsoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Eunyoung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea; Office of Biostatistics, Medical Research Collaboration Center, Ajou Research Institute for Innovative Medicine, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyun Young Lee
- Department of Statistics, Clinical Trial Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seong-Dae Woo
- Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seng Chan You
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Rae Woong Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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Marone G, Schroeder JT, Mattei F, Loffredo S, Gambardella AR, Poto R, de Paulis A, Schiavoni G, Varricchi G. Is There a Role for Basophils in Cancer? Front Immunol 2020; 11:2103. [PMID: 33013885 PMCID: PMC7505934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Basophils were identified in human peripheral blood by Paul Ehrlich over 140 years ago. Human basophils represent <1% of peripheral blood leukocytes. During the last decades, basophils have been described also in mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, and monkeys. There are many similarities, but also several immunological differences between human and mouse basophils. There are currently several strains of mice with profound constitutive or inducible basophil deficiency useful to prove that these cells have specific roles in vivo. However, none of these mice are solely and completely devoid of all basophils. Therefore, the relevance of these findings to humans remains to be established. It has been known for some time that basophils have the propensity to migrate into the site of inflammation. Recent observations indicate that tissue resident basophils contribute to lung development and locally promote M2 polarization of macrophages. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that lung-resident basophils exhibit a specific phenotype, different from circulating basophils. Activated human and mouse basophils synthesize restricted and distinct profiles of cytokines. Human basophils produce several canonical (e.g., VEGFs, angiopoietin 1) and non-canonical (i.e., cysteinyl leukotriene C4) angiogenic factors. Activated human and mouse basophils release extracellular DNA traps that may have multiple effects in cancer. Hyperresponsiveness of basophils has been demonstrated in patients with JAK2V617F-positive polycythemia vera. Basophils are present in the immune landscape of human lung adenocarcinoma and pancreatic cancer and can promote inflammation-driven skin tumor growth. The few studies conducted thus far using different models of basophil-deficient mice have provided informative results on the roles of these cells in tumorigenesis. Much more remains to be discovered before we unravel the hitherto mysterious roles of basophils in human and experimental cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Marone
- Section of Hygiene, Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali dei Colli, Monaldi Hospital Pharmacy, Naples, Italy
| | - John T Schroeder
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Fabrizio Mattei
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore", National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | | | - Remo Poto
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Amato de Paulis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Schiavoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore", National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
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Gauvreau GM, Sehmi R, Ambrose CS, Griffiths JM. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin: its role and potential as a therapeutic target in asthma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:777-792. [PMID: 32567399 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1783242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an epithelial cytokine (alarmin), is a central regulator of the immune response to inhaled environmental insults such as allergens, viruses and pollutants, initiating a cascade of downstream inflammation. There is compelling evidence that TSLP plays a major role in the pathology of asthma, and therapies that aim to block its activity are in development. AREAS COVERED We review studies conducted in humans and human cells, largely published in PubMed January 2010-October 2019, that investigated the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms of TSLP in asthma relevant to type 2-driven (eosinophilic/allergic) inflammation and non-type 2-driven (non-eosinophilic/non-allergic) inflammation, and the role of TSLP as a mediator between immune cells and structural cells in the airway. Clinical data from studies evaluating TSLP blockade are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION The position of TSLP at the top of the inflammatory cascade makes it a promising therapeutic target in asthma. Systemic anti-TSLP monoclonal antibody therapy with tezepelumab has yielded positive results in clinical trials to date, reducing exacerbations and biomarkers of inflammation in patients across the spectrum of inflammatory endotypes. Inhaled anti-TSLP is an alternative route currently under evaluation. The long-term safety and efficacy of TSLP blockade need to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail M Gauvreau
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roma Sehmi
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Janet M Griffiths
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D , Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Nakajima S, Kabata H, Kabashima K, Asano K. Anti-TSLP antibodies: Targeting a master regulator of type 2 immune responses. Allergol Int 2020; 69:197-203. [PMID: 31974038 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
TSLP is an epithelial cell-derived cytokine synthesized in response to various stimuli, including protease allergens and microorganisms like viruses and bacteria. Biological functions of TSLP require heterodimer formation between the TSLP receptor (TSLPR) and IL-7 receptor-α, which polarize dendritic cells to induce type 2 inflammation and directly expand and/or activate Th2 cells, group 2 innate lymphoid cells, basophils, and other immune cells. TSLP is thus considered a master regulator of type 2 immune responses at the barrier surfaces of skin and the respiratory/gastrointestinal tract. Indeed, genetic, experimental, and clinical evidence suggests that the TSLP-TSLPR pathway is associated with the pathogenesis of allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and asthma. Tezepelumab (AMG-157/MEDI9929) is a human anti-TSLP antibody that prevents TSLP-TSLPR interactions. A phase 2 trial for moderate to severe AD showed that a greater but not statistically significant percentage of tezepelumab-treated patients showed clinical improvements compared to the placebo group. A phase 2 trial for uncontrolled, severe asthma showed significant decreases in asthma exacerbation rate and improved pulmonary function and asthma control for tezepelumab-treated patients. Levels of biomarkers of type 2 inflammation, such as blood/sputum eosinophil counts and fraction of exhaled nitric oxide decreased, however, clinical efficacy was observed irrespective of the baseline levels of these biomarkers. A blockade of the TSLP-TSLPR pathway likely will exert significant clinical effects on AD, asthma, and other allergic diseases. The efficacy of anti-TSLP antibodies compared to other biologics needs to be further examined.
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35
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Galeotti C, Karnam A, Das M, Kaveri SV, Bayry J. Acid Stripping of Surface IgE Antibodies Bound to FcεRI is Unsuitable for the Functional Assays that Require Long-Term Culture of Basophils and Entire Removal of Surface IgE. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020510. [PMID: 31941161 PMCID: PMC7014331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Basophils are rare granulocytes and dysregulated functions of these cells are associated with several atopic and non-atopic allergic diseases of skin, respiratory system and gastrointestinal tract. Both cytokines and immunoglobulin E (IgE) are implicated in mediating the basophil activation and pathogenesis of these disorders. Several reports have shown that healthy individuals, and patients with allergic disorders display IgG autoantibodies to IgE and hence functional characterization of these anti-IgE IgG autoantibodies is critical. In general, anti-IgE IgG autoantibodies modulate basophil activation irrespective of allergen specificity by interacting with constant domains of IgE. Therefore, an ideal solution to prove the functions of such anti-IgE IgG autoantibodies would be to completely eliminate type I high affinity immunoglobulin E receptor (FcɛRI)-bound IgE from the surface of basophils and to demonstrate in an unequivocal manner the role of anti-IgE IgG autoantibodies. In line with previous reports, our data show that FcɛRI on peripheral blood basophils are almost saturated with IgE. Further, acetic acid buffer (pH 4) efficiently removes these FcɛRI-bound IgE. Although immediately following acetic acid-elution of IgE had no repercussion on the viability of basophils, following 24 h culture with interleukin-3 (IL-3), the viability and yield of basophils were drastically reduced in acid-treated cells and had repercussion on the induction of activation markers. Lactic acid treatment on the other hand though had no adverse effects on the viability of basophils and IL-3-induced activation, it removed only a small fraction of the cell surface bound IgE. Thus, our results show that acid buffers could be used for the elution of FcɛRI-bound IgE on the basophil surface for the biochemical characterization of IgE antibodies or for the immediate use of basophils to determine their sensitivity to undergo degranulation by specific allergens. However, these methods are not utile for the functional assays of basophils that require longer duration of culture and entire removal of surface IgE to validate the role of anti-IgE IgG autoantibodies that interact with FcɛRI-bound IgE irrespective of allergen specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Galeotti
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, F-75006, France
- Service de Rhumatologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Inflammatoires Rares et des Amyloses, CHU de Bicêtre, le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94270 Paris, France
| | - Anupama Karnam
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Mrinmoy Das
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Srini V Kaveri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, F-75006, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, F-75006, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
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36
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Marone G, Gambardella AR, Mattei F, Mancini J, Schiavoni G, Varricchi G. Basophils in Tumor Microenvironment and Surroundings. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1224:21-34. [PMID: 32036602 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35723-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Basophils represent approximately 1% of human peripheral blood leukocytes. Their effector functions were initially appreciated in the 1970s when basophils were shown to express the high-affinity receptor (FcεRI) for IgE and to release proinflammatory mediators (histamine and cysteinyl leukotriene C4) and immunoregulatory cytokines (i.e., IL-4 and IL-13). Basophils in the mouse were subsequently identified and immunologically characterized. There are many similarities but also several differences between human and mouse basophils. Basophil-deficient mice have enabled to examine the in vivo roles of basophils in several immune disorders and, more recently, in tumor immunity. Activated human basophils release several proangiogenic molecules such as vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), vascular endothelial growth factor-B (VEGF-B), CXCL8, angiopoietin 1 (ANGPT1), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). On the other side, basophils can exert anti-tumorigenic effects by releasing granzyme B, TNF-α, and histamine. Circulating basophils have been associated with certain human hematologic (i.e., chronic myeloid leukemia) and solid tumors. Basophils have been found in tumor microenvironment (TME) of human lung adenocarcinoma and pancreatic cancer. Basophils played a role in melanoma rejection in basophil-deficient mouse model. By contrast, basophils appear to play a pro-tumorigenic role in experimental and human pancreatic cancer. In conclusion, the roles of basophils in experimental and human cancers have been little investigated and remain largely unknown. The elucidation of the roles of basophils in tumor immunity will demand studies on increasing complexity beyond those assessing basophil density and their microlocalization in TME. There are several fundamental questions to be addressed in experimental models and clinical studies before we understand whether basophils are an ally, adversary, or even innocent bystanders in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Marone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera dei Colli-Monaldi Hospital Pharmacy, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Mattei
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Mancini
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Schiavoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
- WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.
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37
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Nakashima C, Ishida Y, Kitoh A, Otsuka A, Kabashima K. Interaction of peripheral nerves and mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils in the development of pruritus. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:1405-1411. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chisa Nakashima
- Department of Dermatology Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ishida
- Department of Dermatology Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - Akihiko Kitoh
- Department of Dermatology Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - Atsushi Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
- Translational Research Department for Skin and Brain Diseases Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Skin Research Institute of Singapore Biopolis Singapore
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38
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Marone G, Spadaro G, Braile M, Poto R, Criscuolo G, Pahima H, Loffredo S, Levi-Schaffer F, Varricchi G. Tezepelumab: a novel biological therapy for the treatment of severe uncontrolled asthma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:931-940. [PMID: 31549891 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1672657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is overexpressed in the airways of severe asthmatics and is an upstream cytokine that orchestrates inflammatory responses in asthma. TSLP exerts its effects by binding to a high affinity heteromeric receptor complex composed of TSLPR and IL-7Rα. An association of polymorphisms in TSLP with airway hyperresponsiveness, IgE, eosinophilia and asthma has been documented. TSLP has been implicated in asthma pathophysiology. Tezepelumab is a first-in-class human monoclonal antibody that binds to TSLP, thus inhibiting its interaction with TSLP receptor complex. Tezepelumab given as an add-on-therapy to patients with severe uncontrolled asthma has shown safety, tolerability and efficacy. Several trials are evaluating the long-term safety and the efficacy of tezepelumab in adults and adolescents with severe uncontrolled asthma.Areas covered: We provide an overview of the monoclonal antibody therapeutics market for severe uncontrolled asthma, examine the underlying pathophysiology that drives TSLP and discuss the use of tezepelumab for the treatment of severe uncontrolled asthma,Expert opinion: TSLP is a promising target for T2-high and perhaps some patients with T2-low asthma. The results of preliminary clinical trials are encouraging. Several unanswered questions concerning basic pathophysiological aspects of TSLP variants, the long-term safety and efficacy of tezepelumab with different phenotypes/endotypes of asthma should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Marone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali dei Colli - Monaldi Hospital Pharmacy, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariantonia Braile
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Remo Poto
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Gjada Criscuolo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Hadas Pahima
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
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Dougan M, Dranoff G, Dougan SK. GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-5 Family of Cytokines: Regulators of Inflammation. Immunity 2019; 50:796-811. [PMID: 30995500 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The β common chain cytokines GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-5 regulate varied inflammatory responses that promote the rapid clearance of pathogens but also contribute to pathology in chronic inflammation. Therapeutic interventions manipulating these cytokines are approved for use in some cancers as well as allergic and autoimmune disease, and others show promising early clinical activity. These approaches are based on our understanding of the inflammatory roles of these cytokines; however, GM-CSF also participates in the resolution of inflammation, and IL-3 and IL-5 may also have such properties. Here, we review the functions of the β common cytokines in health and disease. We discuss preclinical and clinical data, highlighting the potential inherent in targeting these cytokine pathways, the limitations, and the important gaps in understanding of the basic biology of this cytokine family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dougan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Stephanie K Dougan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Segawa R, Shiraki M, Sudo S, Shigeeda K, Saito T, Mizuno N, Moriya T, Yonezawa T, Woo JT, Hiratsuka M, Hirasawa N. A chalcone derivative suppresses the induction of TSLP in mice and human keratinocytes and attenuates OVA-induced antibody production in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 851:52-62. [PMID: 30753864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a key epithelial-derived factor that aggravates allergic diseases. Therefore, TSLP inhibitors are candidate compounds for the treatment of allergic diseases. Previously, we reported that KCMH-1, a mouse keratinocyte cell line, constitutively produces TSLP. In this study, we tried to identify inhibitors of TSLP by screening 2169 compounds in KCMH-1 cells and found one such chalcone derivative (code no. 16D10). 16D10 inhibited TSLP expression and TSLP promoter activation in HaCaT cells, a human keratinocyte cell line. Although nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) is a key transcription factor for the induction of TSLP, 16D10 did not inhibit the activation pathway of NF-κB, such as degradation of inhibitor of κB (IκB) and p65 nuclear translocation. 16D10 activated the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) system, although this system was not involved in the inhibitory effect of 16D10. 16D10 also inhibited TSLP production in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or ovalbumin (OVA)-induced air-pouch-type inflammation model. Further, repeated 16D10 administration diminished serum immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgE concentration in an OVA-induced air-pouch-type sensitization model. Taken together, these results indicate that 16D10 is an inhibitor of TSLP production and has an anti-allergic effect. This inhibitory effect is independent of the activation of NF-κB and the Keap1-Nrf2 system. Therefore, 16D10 could be a new type of candidate drug for allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Segawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mika Shiraki
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shiori Sudo
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kenichi Shigeeda
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Taiji Saito
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Natsumi Mizuno
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Moriya
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, Koriyama 963-8611, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yonezawa
- Research Institute for Biological Functions, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan
| | - Je-Tae Woo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hiratsuka
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Hirasawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan.
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41
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Varricchi G, Raap U, Rivellese F, Marone G, Gibbs BF. Human mast cells and basophils-How are they similar how are they different? Immunol Rev 2019; 282:8-34. [PMID: 29431214 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells and basophils are key contributors to allergies and other inflammatory diseases since they are the most prominent source of histamine as well as numerous additional inflammatory mediators which drive inflammatory responses. However, a closer understanding of their precise roles in allergies and other pathological conditions has been marred by the considerable heterogeneity that these cells display, not only between mast cells and basophils themselves but also across different tissue locations and species. While both cell types share the ability to rapidly degranulate and release histamine following high-affinity IgE receptor cross-linking, they differ markedly in their ability to either react to other stimuli, generate inflammatory eicosanoids or release immunomodulating cytokines and chemokines. Furthermore, these cells display considerable pharmacological heterogeneity which has stifled attempts to develop more effective anti-allergic therapies. Mast cell- and basophil-specific transcriptional profiling, at rest and after activation by innate and adaptive stimuli, may help to unravel the degree to which these cells differ and facilitate a clearer understanding of their biological functions and how these could be targeted by new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Ulrike Raap
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Felice Rivellese
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Bernhard F Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent studies have highlighted the role of alarmins in asthma pathophysiology and tested the roles of these cytokines in asthmatic patients. This review will discuss the recent advances in the role of alarmins in asthma and the potential of future targeted therapies in asthma. RECENT FINDINGS Epithelial-derived cytokines can be released upon exposure to external stimuli, causing damage to the epithelial barrier and resulting in tissue inflammation. Of these cytokines, IL-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoeitin (TSLP), have been associated with asthma. These alarmins are all not only overexpressed in asthmatic airways, particularly in airway epithelial cells, but also in other structural and immune cells. Furthermore, all three alarmins drive type-2 pro-inflammatory responses in several immune cells that have been identified as key players in the pathogenesis of asthma, including innate lymphoid type-2 cells. Clinical trials testing therapeutics that block pathways of the alarmins are in progress. SUMMARY To-date, only TSLP blockade has been reported in human clinical trials, and this approach has shown efficacy in asthmatic patients. Current body of evidence suggests that alarmins are useful upstream targets for treatment of asthma.
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43
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Hashimoto T, Rosen JD, Sanders KM, Yosipovitch G. Possible roles of basophils in chronic itch. Exp Dermatol 2018; 28:1373-1379. [PMID: 29894005 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Basophils are blood granulocytes and normally constitute <1% of blood peripheral leucocytes. Basophils share some morphological and functional similarities with mast cells, and basophils were once regarded as redundant and negligible circulating mast cells. However, recent studies reveal the indispensable roles of basophils in various diseases, including allergic and pruritic diseases. Basophils may be involved in itch through the mediation of a Th2 immune response, interaction with other cells in the skin and secretion of a wide variety of itch-related mediators, for example histamine, cytokines and chemokines (IL-4, IL-13, IL-31 and TSLP), proteases (cathepsin S), prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGD2), substance P and platelet-activating factor. Not only pruritic skin diseases (eg, atopic dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, chronic urticaria, prurigo, papulo-erythroderma of Ofuji, eosinophilic pustular folliculitis, scabies, tick bites and bullous pemphigoid) but also pruritic systemic diseases (eg, primary sclerosing cholangitis and polycythemia vera) may be affected by basophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hashimoto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miami Itch Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jordan D Rosen
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miami Itch Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kristen M Sanders
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miami Itch Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gil Yosipovitch
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miami Itch Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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44
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Varricchi G, Pecoraro A, Marone G, Criscuolo G, Spadaro G, Genovese A, Marone G. Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Isoforms, Inflammatory Disorders, and Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1595. [PMID: 30057581 PMCID: PMC6053489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a pleiotropic cytokine originally isolated from a murine thymic stromal cell line. TSLP exerts its biological effects by binding to a high-affinity heteromeric complex composed of thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor chain and IL-7Rα. TSLP is primarily expressed by activated lung and intestinal epithelial cells, keratinocytes, and fibroblasts. However, dendritic cells (DCs), mast cells, and presumably other immune cells can also produce TSLP. Different groups of investigators have demonstrated the existence of two variants for TSLP in human tissues: the main isoform expressed in steady state is the short form (sf TSLP), which plays a homeostatic role, whereas the long form (lfTSLP) is upregulated in inflammatory conditions. In addition, there is evidence that in pathological conditions, TSLP can be cleaved by several endogenous proteases. Several cellular targets for TSLP have been identified, including immune (DCs, ILC2, T and B cells, NKT and Treg cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, mast cells, and macrophages) and non-immune cells (platelets and sensory neurons). TSLP has been originally implicated in a variety of allergic diseases (e.g., atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma, eosinophilic esophagitis). Emerging evidence indicates that TSLP is also involved in chronic inflammatory (i.e., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and celiac disease) and autoimmune (e.g., psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis) disorders and several cancers. These emerging observations greatly widen the role of TSLP in different human diseases. Most of these studies have not used tools to analyze the expression of the two TSLP isoforms. The broad pathophysiologic profile of TSLP has motivated therapeutic targeting of this cytokine. Tezepelumab is a first-in-class human monoclonal antibody (1) that binds to TSLP inhibiting its interaction with TSLP receptor complex. Tezepelumab given as an add-on-therapy to patients with severe uncontrolled asthma has shown safety and efficacy. Several clinical trials are evaluating the safety and the efficacy of tezepelumab in different inflammatory disorders. Monoclonal antibodies used to neutralize TSLP should not interact or hamper the homeostatic effects of sf TSLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pecoraro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Marone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Monaldi Hospital Pharmacy, Naples, Italy
| | - Gjada Criscuolo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Arturo Genovese
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “Gaetano Salvatore”, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
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Nam SY, Kim HY, Han NR, Moon PD, Cho JS, Kim HM, Jeong HJ. Src-type tyrosine kinase p56lck is critical for thymic stromal lymphopoietin-induced allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:875-889. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.-Y. Nam
- The Department of Food Science & Technology and Inflammatory Disease Research Center; Hoseo University; Asan Republic of Korea
| | - H.-Y. Kim
- The Department of Pharmacology; College of Korean Medicine; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - N.-R. Han
- The Department of Pharmacology; College of Korean Medicine; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - P.-D. Moon
- The Department of Pharmacology; College of Korean Medicine; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - J.-S. Cho
- The Department of Otolaryngology; College of Medicine; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - H.-M. Kim
- The Department of Pharmacology; College of Korean Medicine; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - H.-J. Jeong
- The Department of Food Science & Technology and Inflammatory Disease Research Center; Hoseo University; Asan Republic of Korea
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46
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Interleukin-3 stimulates matrix metalloproteinase 12 production from macrophages promoting thoracic aortic aneurysm/dissection. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018. [PMID: 29523595 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAAD) is due to degeneration of the aorta and causes a high mortality rate, while molecular mechanisms for the development of TAAD are still not completely understood. In the present study, 3-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) treatment was used to induce TAAD mouse model. Through transcriptome analysis, we found the expression levels of genes associated with interleukin-3 (IL-3) signaling pathway were up-regulated during TAAD development in mouse, which were validated by real-time PCR. IL-3 positive cells were increased in TAAD mouse aortas, especially for smooth muscle cells (SMCs). IL-3 deficiency reduced BAPN-induced TAAD formation. We then examined the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression during TAAD formation in both wild-type and IL-3 deficient mice, showing that MMP12 were significantly down-regulated in IL-3 deficient aortas. Mechanistically, we found recombinant IL-3 could increase MMP12 production and activity from macrophages in vitro Silencing of IL-3 receptor β, which was mainly expressed in macrophages but not SMCs, diminished the activation of c-Jun N terminal kinase (JNK)/extracellular-regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2)/AP-1 signals, and decreased MMP12 expression in IL-3 stimulated macrophages. Moreover, both circulating and aortic inflammation were decreased in IL-3 deficient aortas. Taken together, our results demonstrated that IL-3 stimulated the production of MMP12 from macrophages by a JNK- and ERK1/2-dependent AP-1 pathway, contributing to TAAD formation. Thus, the IL-3/IL-3Rβ/MMP12 signals activation may be an important pathological mechanism for progression of TAAD.
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47
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Korošec P, Gibbs BF, Rijavec M, Custovic A, Turner PJ. Important and specific role for basophils in acute allergic reactions. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:502-512. [PMID: 29431885 PMCID: PMC5947573 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IgE‐mediated allergic reactions involve the activation of effector cells, predominantly through the high‐affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on mast cells and basophils. Although the mast cell is considered the major effector cell during acute allergic reactions, more recent studies indicate a potentially important and specific role for basophils and their migration which occurs rapidly upon allergen challenge in humans undergoing anaphylaxis. We review the evidence for a role of basophils in contributing to clinical symptoms of anaphylaxis and discuss the possibility that basophil trafficking during anaphylaxis might be a pathogenic (to target organs) or protective (preventing degranulation in circulation) response. Finally, we examine the potential role of basophils in asthma exacerbations. Understanding the factors that regulate basophil trafficking and activation might lead to new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in anaphylaxis and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Korošec
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - B F Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - M Rijavec
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - A Custovic
- Section of Paediatrics and MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P J Turner
- Section of Paediatrics and MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, UK
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48
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Nakashima C, Otsuka A, Kabashima K. Recent advancement in the mechanism of basophil activation. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 91:3-8. [PMID: 29602578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Basophils have been recognized as crucial players in allergic inflammation. Basophils have the potential to initiate and expand inflammation through the production of specific cytokines and proteases, and are associated with T helper 2 (Th2) immune responses. In addition, recent studies revealed the heterogeneity in basophil populations. Basophils have been clarified important roles in not only IgE-mediated allergic inflammation but also TSLP-mediated and IgE-independent inflammation. Moreover, basophils infiltrate in many human cutaneous diseases. Basophils are responsible for recruiting other inflammatory cells such as macrophages, eosinophils, and fibroblasts. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of basophil activation and migration in allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisa Nakashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Translational Research Department for Skin and Brain Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore.
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49
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Castillo EF, Zheng H, Yang XO. Orchestration of epithelial-derived cytokines and innate immune cells in allergic airway inflammation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 39:19-25. [PMID: 29169815 PMCID: PMC5866749 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma, a chronic respiratory disease, is a leading worldwide health problem, which inflames and constricts the airways, leading to breathing difficulty. Many studies have focused on the pathogenesis contributed by the adaptive immune system, including CD4+ T lymphocytes in delayed type hypersensitivity and B cell-produced IgE in anaphylaxis. More recently, a focus on the airway mucosal barrier and the innate immune system has highlighted, in coordination with T and B cells, to initiate and establish disease. This review highlights the impacts of epithelial-derived cytokines and innate immune cells on allergic airway reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseo F Castillo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Handong Zheng
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Xuexian O Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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50
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Salabert-Le Guen N, Hémont C, Delbove A, Poli C, Braudeau C, Fantou A, Amouriaux K, Bériou G, Martin JC, Colas L, Soumelis V, Josien R. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin does not activate human basophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:1476-1479.e6. [PMID: 29208546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Salabert-Le Guen
- CHU Nantes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CIMNA, Nantes, France; Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; LabEx Immunograft Oncology (IGO), Nantes, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Caroline Hémont
- CHU Nantes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CIMNA, Nantes, France; Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Agathe Delbove
- CHU Nantes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CIMNA, Nantes, France
| | - Caroline Poli
- CHU Angers, Département d'Hématologie et Immunologie, Angers, France
| | - Cécile Braudeau
- CHU Nantes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CIMNA, Nantes, France; Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; LabEx Immunograft Oncology (IGO), Nantes, France
| | - Aurélie Fantou
- CHU Nantes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CIMNA, Nantes, France; Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Karine Amouriaux
- CHU Nantes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CIMNA, Nantes, France; Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; LabEx Immunograft Oncology (IGO), Nantes, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Gaelle Bériou
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme C Martin
- CHU Nantes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CIMNA, Nantes, France; Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Luc Colas
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU de Nantes, PlateForme Transversale d'Allergologie (PFTA), Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France; INSERM UMR1087/CNRS 6291, Nantes, France
| | - Vassili Soumelis
- Institut Curie, Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique et INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Régis Josien
- CHU Nantes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CIMNA, Nantes, France; Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; LabEx Immunograft Oncology (IGO), Nantes, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
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