1
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Karaağaç M, İmre O. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Symptom Severity in Social Anxiety Disorder: The Role of Emotion Regulation. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024:8862605241285409. [PMID: 39329305 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241285409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the relationship was examined of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with difficulties in emotion regulation and symptom severity in individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD). The study included 71 patients diagnosed with SAD and a healthy control group of 73 subjects. Data for all the participants were collected using a sociodemographic data form, the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, the Adverse Childhood Experiences-Turkish Form scale, and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-16. The study results showed a higher probability of ACEs and difficulties in emotion regulation in the SAD group than in the control group. The difficulties in emotion regulation in the SAD group were correlated with symptom severity and these difficulties were found to play a mediating role between trauma and symptom severity. It was emphasized that emotion regulation skills were an important factor in the treatment of SAD patients. It can be suggested that therapies and interventions to develop emotion regulation skills could be effective in the management of SAD symptoms. It was thus concluded that ACEs and difficulties in emotion regulation are associated with SAD symptoms and should be taken into consideration in treatment. This study emphasizes the importance of emotion regulation skills for SAD treatment and can be considered to be of guidance for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Okan İmre
- Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
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2
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Reichenberger J, Arend AK, Blechert J. Daily stress and emotions in relation to fear of negative and positive evaluation. J Anxiety Disord 2024; 107:102932. [PMID: 39332066 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
Fear of negative (FNE) and positive (FPE) evaluation constitute distinct components of social anxiety and relate to altered affectivity. It is unclear whether individuals with strong FNE/FPE overreact to social stressors only or to more unspecific ones as well. The present set of three studies (n = 109 and n = 97 healthy individuals in study 1/2, n = 49 patients with social anxiety disorder in study 3) assessed whether reactivity to various daily stressors and non-specific momentary stress/emotions assessed through ecological momentary assessment depend on individuals' level of FPE/FNE. Almost all relationships with FPE/FNE were explained by depressive symptoms, except for a unique association of FNE with reactivity to stressors from the distant social network. Relationships of FNE with momentary global stress and emotions were mixed, but again explained by depressive symptoms. More depressive symptoms were associated with higher stress, negative affect, and most stressor types as well as lower positive affect in all studies. These results show that for social stressors from the distant social network, FNE has explanatory power. They further document the role of depressive affect for reactivity to a wide range of everyday stressors and question the need for specific instruments assessing FPE/FNE unless stressors are explicitly social-evaluative in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Reichenberger
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Ann-Kathrin Arend
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria
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3
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Fernández-Álvarez J, Colombo D, Gómez Penedo JM, Pierantonelli M, Baños RM, Botella C. Studies of Social Anxiety Using Ambulatory Assessment: Systematic Review. JMIR Ment Health 2024; 11:e46593. [PMID: 38574359 PMCID: PMC11027061 DOI: 10.2196/46593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been an increased interest in understanding social anxiety (SA) and SA disorder (SAD) antecedents and consequences as they occur in real time, resulting in a proliferation of studies using ambulatory assessment (AA). Despite the exponential growth of research in this area, these studies have not been synthesized yet. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to identify and describe the latest advances in the understanding of SA and SAD through the use of AA. METHODS Following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted in Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. RESULTS A total of 70 articles met the inclusion criteria. The qualitative synthesis of these studies showed that AA permitted the exploration of the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral dynamics associated with the experience of SA and SAD. In line with the available models of SA and SAD, emotion regulation, perseverative cognition, cognitive factors, substance use, and interactional patterns were the principal topics of the included studies. In addition, the incorporation of AA to study psychological interventions, multimodal assessment using sensors and biosensors, and transcultural differences were some of the identified emerging topics. CONCLUSIONS AA constitutes a very powerful methodology to grasp SA from a complementary perspective to laboratory experiments and usual self-report measures, shedding light on the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral antecedents and consequences of SA and the development and maintenance of SAD as a mental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fernández-Álvarez
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Jaume I University, Castellon de la Plana, Spain
- Fundación Aiglé, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Desirée Colombo
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Jaume I University, Castellon de la Plana, Spain
| | | | | | - Rosa María Baños
- Polibienestar Research Institute, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Personality, Evaluation, and Psychological Treatments, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CB06/03 Instituto Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Botella
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Jaume I University, Castellon de la Plana, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CB06/03 Instituto Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
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4
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Ramos ML, Zhou AM, Lytle MN, Myruski S, Pérez-Edgar K, Buss KA. Interactions among stress, behavioral inhibition, and delta-beta coupling predict adolescent anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Dev Psychobiol 2024; 66:e22485. [PMID: 38483054 PMCID: PMC11000197 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic brought about unprecedented changes and uncertainty to the daily lives of youth. The range of adjustment in light of a near-universal experience of COVID restrictions highlights the importance of identifying factors that may render some individuals more susceptible to heightened levels of anxiety during stressful life events than others. Two risk factors to consider are temperamental behavioral inhibition (BI) and difficulties in emotion regulation (ER). As such, the current paper focused on BI examined prior to COVID, because of its developmental link to anxiety and ER, as difficulties may be associated with differences in anxiety. We examined a neurocognitive marker of ER processes, delta-beta coupling (DBC). The current paper had two goals: (1) to examine BI in relation to COVID-related worry and social anxiety experienced during the pandemic, and (2) to explore the role of individual differences in early DBC in the relationship between BI and anxiety outcomes 6 months apart during COVID-19 (n = 86; T1 Mage = 15.95, SD = 1.73; T6 Mage = 16.43, SD = 1.73). We found support for the moderating role of DBC in the relationship between BI levels and social anxiety disorder (SAD) symptom severity during the pandemic. Here, high BI was predictive of increased SAD symptom levels in adolescents with stronger DBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Ramos
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna M Zhou
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marisa N Lytle
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah Myruski
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Koraly Pérez-Edgar
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kristin A Buss
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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Tng GYQ, Yang H. Social anxiety and emotion regulation flexibility: a daily diary approach. Cogn Emot 2024; 38:199-216. [PMID: 37937802 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2279176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that social anxiety symptoms are maintained and intensified by inflexible emotion regulation (ER). Therefore, we examined whether trait-level social anxiety moderates ER flexibility operationalised at both between-person (covariation between variability in emotional intensity and variability in strategy use across occasions) and within-person (associations between emotional intensity and strategy use on a given day) levels. In a sample of healthy college-aged adults (N = 185, Mage = 21.89), we examined overall and emotion-specific intensities (shame, guilt, anxiety, anger, sadness) and regulatory strategies (i.e. experiential avoidance, expressive suppression, and rumination) in response to each day's most emotionally intense event over 6 days. During the study period, we found a positive association between variability in emotional intensity and variability of experiential avoidance in individuals with lower, rather than higher, levels of trait social anxiety after controlling for key covariates (i.e. gender, personality traits, and stress exposure). However, we did not find evidence for the moderating role of trait social anxiety in ER flexibility assessed at within-person levels. Our findings highlight the need to delineate dynamic ER flexibility across everyday events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germaine Y Q Tng
- School of Social Sciences, Management University, Singapore, SingaporeSingapore
| | - Hwajin Yang
- School of Social Sciences, Management University, Singapore, SingaporeSingapore
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6
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Li X, Lafit G, van Aubel E, Vaessen T, Hiekkaranta AP, Houben M, Beijer-Klippel A, de Haan L, Schirmbeck F, Reininghaus U, Myin-Germeys I. Emotion regulation in daily life in early psychosis: The role of contextual appraisals. Schizophr Res 2023; 261:130-138. [PMID: 37722209 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about whether and how contextual appraisals relate to emotion regulation (ER) strategy use across the ultra-high risk and first episode stages of psychosis. The present study extends previous research by investigating the extent to which different appraisal dimensions of the most negative and positive events of the day are associated with ER strategy use in individuals with ultra-high risk (UHR) and first-episode psychosis (FEP). METHOD Sixty-eight UHR individuals and fifty-five FEP individuals filled out an experience sampling evening questionnaire for six consecutive days, in which their appraisal of intensity, importance and perceived control concerning the most negative or positive event of the day, and the ER strategies they deploy in response to these events were measured. RESULTS Multilevel mixed effect models showed that intensity appraisal was most closely associated with ER strategy use, as opposed to importance and controllability appraisals. Higher intense negative events were associated with more rumination and social sharing, while less intense negative events were associated with more reappraisal. Higher intense positive events were associated with a greater number of deployed strategies and more efforts in using savoring, expression and social sharing. The UHR and FEP individuals did not significantly differ regarding effects of above-mentioned appraisal dimensions on ER. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence supporting ER flexibility in early psychosis, and event intensity emerged as the dimension most strongly associated with ER. Future research should better account for other situational factors (such as social context) that might affect ER use in psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ginette Lafit
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Evelyne van Aubel
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Thomas Vaessen
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Center for eHealth and Well-being Research, Department of Psychology, Health, and Technology, University of Twente, Twente 7500 AE, the Netherlands
| | - Anu P Hiekkaranta
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Marlies Houben
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, 5037 AB Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Annelie Beijer-Klippel
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229 GT, the Netherlands; Faculty of Psychology, Department of Lifespan Psychology, Open University, Heerlen 6419 AT, the Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Frederike Schirmbeck
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Reininghaus
- Department of Public Mental Health, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim 68167, Germany; ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health and Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Inez Myin-Germeys
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
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7
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Dougherty EN, Bottera AR, Haedt-Matt AA, Wildes JE. Reconceptualizing emotion regulation and coping strategy usage in eating disorders research: The utility of a regulatory flexibility framework. Int J Eat Disord 2023; 56:1835-1841. [PMID: 37465948 PMCID: PMC10592414 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Emotion regulation and coping strategies are often conceptualized in eating disorder (ED) research as inherently adaptive or maladaptive, and successful regulation is often defined as greater overall use of adaptive strategies. However, recent empirical work outside of the field of EDs challenges this categorical conceptualization of strategies, demonstrating that adaptiveness is determined by the ability to flexibly implement and adjust strategies based on contextual demands (i.e., regulatory flexibility). Despite evidence that emotion regulation and coping strategies are best conceptualized in terms of flexibility in the broader literature, few ED studies have adopted this model. We review the current conceptual framework of emotion regulation and coping strategies used in ED research and present regulatory flexibility as an alternative approach to conceptualizing these strategies. The lack of research on regulatory flexibility among individuals with EDs limits our understanding of the role of emotion regulation and coping difficulties in ED risk and maintenance. Adopting a regulatory flexibility model of strategies in EDs may extend knowledge of the role of emotion regulation difficulties in the development and maintenance of EDs. We highlight the potential utility of investigating regulatory flexibility and present recommendations for future research on regulatory flexibility in EDs. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Research on emotion regulation and coping strategy usage in eating disorders often view regulatory strategies as inherently adaptive or maladaptive. However, recent studies support defining strategies in terms of flexibility. Adopting a regulatory flexibility model of strategies in eating disorders research may advance knowledge of the role of emotion regulation difficulties in the development and maintenance of eating disorders, ultimately enhancing prevention and treatment efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth N Dougherty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Angeline R Bottera
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alissa A Haedt-Matt
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennifer E Wildes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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8
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Daniel KE, Larrazabal MA, Boukhechba M, Barnes L, Teachman BA. State and Trait Emotion Regulation Diversity in Social Anxiety. Clin Psychol Sci 2023; 11:894-909. [PMID: 37981951 PMCID: PMC10656041 DOI: 10.1177/21677026231151956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Emotion regulation (ER) diversity, defined as the variety, frequency, and evenness of ER strategies used, may predict social anxiety (SA) severity. In a sample of individuals with high (n=113) or low (n=42) SA severity, we tested whether four trait ER diversity metrics predicted group membership. We generalized existing trait ER diversity calculations to repeated-measures data to test if state-level metrics (using two weeks of EMA data) predicted SA severity within the higher severity group. As hypothesized (osf.io/xadyp), higher trait ER diversity within avoidance-oriented strategies predicted greater likelihood of belonging to the higher severity group. At the state-level, higher diversity across all ER strategies, and within and between avoidance- and approach-oriented strategies, predicted higher SA severity (but only after controlling for number of submitted EMAs). Only diversity within avoidance-oriented strategies was significantly correlated across trait and state levels. Findings suggest that high avoidance-oriented ER diversity may co-occur with higher SA severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mehdi Boukhechba
- Department of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia
| | - Laura Barnes
- Department of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia
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9
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Tei S, Fujino J. Adverse effects of empathy and cognitive inflexibility on social trauma. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1090297. [PMID: 37303915 PMCID: PMC10250643 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1090297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shisei Tei
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute of Applied Brain Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
- School of Human and Social Sciences, Tokyo International University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Junya Fujino
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Medical Institute of Developmental Disabilities Research, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Emotions in social anxiety disorder: A review. J Anxiety Disord 2023; 95:102696. [PMID: 36878132 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Extant cognitive behavioral models of social anxiety disorder (SAD) have primarily focused on cognitions and behaviors that maintain the disorder. Emotional aspects of SAD have been investigated but have not been sufficiently integrated into current models. To facilitate such integration, we reviewed the literature on emotional constructs (emotional intelligence, emotional knowledge, emotional clarity, emotion differentiation, and emotion regulation), and discrete emotions (anger, shame, embarrassment, loneliness, guilt, pride, and envy) in SAD and social anxiety. We present the studies conducted on these constructs, summarize the main findings, suggest areas for future research, discuss the findings in the context of existing models of SAD and attempt to integrate the findings into these existing models of the disorder. Clinical implications of our findings are also discussed.
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11
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Tan Y, Wang X, Blain SD, Jia L, Qiu J. Interoceptive attention facilitates emotion regulation strategy use. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2023; 23:100336. [PMID: 36199366 PMCID: PMC9512845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Method Results Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Tan
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, Hubei Province, China
- Corresponding author at: School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Scott D. Blain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, United States
| | - Lei Jia
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
- Southwest University Branch, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality at Beijing Normal University
- Corresponding author at: Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Socastro A, Everaert J, Boemo T, Blanco I, Rodríguez-Carvajal R, Sanchez-Lopez A. Moment-to-Moment Interplay Among Stress Appraisals and Emotion Regulation Flexibility in Daily Life. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2022; 3:628-640. [PMID: 36381493 PMCID: PMC9537410 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-022-00122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Flexible use of emotion regulation (ER) strategies in daily life is theorized to depend on appraisals of occurring stressful events. Yet, to date, little is known about (a) how appraisals of the current situation modulate the use of ER strategies in daily life and (b) how individual differences in affective symptoms impact these relations among appraisals and ER strategy use. This study attempted to address these two limitations using a 5-day experience sampling protocol, with three surveys administered per day in a sample of 97 participants. Each survey measured momentary appraisals of stress intensity and controllability as well as ER strategy use (i.e., rumination, reappraisal, avoidance, and active coping). Results showed that, in situations of low-stress intensity, higher stress controllability was related to greater use of reappraisal and rumination. In situations of high-stress intensity, higher controllability was related to reduced use of rumination. This pattern of flexible use of ER strategies depending on momentary stress appraisals was found for both rumination and avoidance and occurred specifically in individuals reporting lower levels of depression and/or anxiety levels. These findings provide new insight into how flexible use of ER strategies in daily life is modulated by interactions between stress intensity and controllability appraisals at varying levels of affective symptoms. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-022-00122-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Socastro
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Somosaguas Campus, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonas Everaert
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Teresa Boemo
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Somosaguas Campus, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Blanco
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alvaro Sanchez-Lopez
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Somosaguas Campus, 28223 Madrid, Spain
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Battaglini AM, Rnic K, Jameson T, Jopling E, Albert AY, LeMoult J. The Association of Emotion Regulation Flexibility and Negative and Positive Affect in Daily Life. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2022; 3:673-685. [PMID: 36035623 PMCID: PMC9398899 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-022-00132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to traditional classifications of emotion regulation (ER) strategies as either uniformly maladaptive or adaptive, recent theoretical models emphasize that adaptability is determined by greater ER flexibility (i.e., the ability to flexibly implement and adjust ER strategies based on the context). This study is the first to empirically test the two central perspectives of ER flexibility on affect. A sample of 384 adults (M age=38.58 years, SD=13.82) residing predominantly in North America completed daily diaries for 14 days. We found evidence that theoretical components of ER flexibility, as defined by greater context sensitivity in the selection of ER strategies, greater ER strategy repertoire, enhanced responsivity to affective feedback, and ER-environmental covariation, were associated with adaptive affective outcomes (i.e., reduced negative affect and/or increased positive affect). This study highlights the importance of examining ER flexibility and its consequences as a critical component of ER. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-022-00132-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. Battaglini
- Psychology Department, The University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Katerina Rnic
- Psychology Department, The University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Taylyn Jameson
- Psychology Department, The University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Ellen Jopling
- Psychology Department, The University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Arianne Y. Albert
- Psychology Department, The University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Joelle LeMoult
- Psychology Department, The University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
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14
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Saulnier KG, Saulnier SJ, Allan NP. Cognitive risk factors and the experience of acute anxiety following social stressors: An ecological momentary assessment study. J Anxiety Disord 2022; 88:102571. [PMID: 35487044 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To better understand how social anxiety develops, it is crucial to identify mechanisms that influence anxiety following social stressors. Anxiety sensitivity social concerns (ASSC; fear of publicly observable anxiety symptoms) and fear of negative evaluation (FNE; distress arising from concerns about negative judgment) are constructs that amplify anxiety following social stressors. However, it is unclear how ASSC and FNE influence acute anxiety following stressors in naturalistic settings. In the current study, the impact of ASSC and FNE on anxious arousal and anxious apprehension following stressors was examined in community adults (N = 83; M age = 29.66 years, SD = 12.49, 59.0% female) who completed questionnaires five times per day for two-weeks. Dynamic structural equation modeling was used to examine predictors of overall levels of anxiety as well as anxiety following social and nonsocial stressors. ASSC interacted with the presence of social stressors, such that ASSC positively predicted anxious arousal following social stressors. FNE interacted with the presence of nonsocial stressors to predict both forms of anxiety, such that FNE positively predicted anxiety following nonsocial stressors. These findings suggest ASSC may specifically amplify anxious arousal following social stressors, whereas FNE may broadly amplify anxiety following nonsocial stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shelby J Saulnier
- Department of Adolescent Medicine, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, OH, USA
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