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Roberto Rolando Pisano S, Steiner J, Cristina E, Delefortrie Z, Delalay G, Krieg R, Zenker A, Schmidt-Posthaus H. An old unknown: 40 years of crayfish plague monitoring in Switzerland, the water tower of Europe. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 206:108159. [PMID: 38925366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The oomycete Aphanomyces astaci is the causative agent of crayfish plague, a disease threatening susceptible freshwater crayfish species in Europe. To detect its spatiotemporal occurrence in Switzerland, we reviewed (1) the literature regarding occurrence of crayfish plague and North American crayfish carrier species and (2) the necropsy report archive of the Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI) from 1968 to 2020. In the past, crayfish plague was diagnosed through several methods: conventional PCR, culture, and histology. When available, we re-evaluated archived Bouin's or formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples collected during necropsies (1991-2020) with a recently published quantitative PCR. Literature research revealed putative reports of crayfish plague in Switzerland between the 1870s and 1910s and the first occurrence of three North American crayfish species between the late 1970s and 1990s. Finally, 54 (28.1%) cases were classified as positive and 9 (4.7%) cases as suspicious. The total number of positive cases increased by 14 (14.7%) after re-evaluation of samples. The earliest diagnosis of crayfish plague was performed in 1980 and the earliest biomolecular confirmation of A. astaci DNA dated 1991. Between 1980-1990, 1991-2000 and 2001-2010 crayfish plague spread from one to two and finally three catchment basins, respectively. Similar to other European countries, crayfish plague has occurred in Switzerland in two waves: the first at the end of the 19th and the second at the end of the 20th century in association with the first occurrence of North American crayfish species. The spread from one catchment basin to another suggests a human-mediated pathogen dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonas Steiner
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elodie Cristina
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zoé Delefortrie
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gary Delalay
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Krieg
- Koordinationsstelle Flusskrebse Schweiz (KFKS), Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz, Hochschule für Life Sciences, Institut für Ecopreneurship, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Armin Zenker
- Koordinationsstelle Flusskrebse Schweiz (KFKS), Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz, Hochschule für Life Sciences, Institut für Ecopreneurship, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Heike Schmidt-Posthaus
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Joshi AL, Pradeep I, Nigam JS, Arora AJ, Ramamourthy B. Regular resident becomes aggressive enemy: Diagnosed on cytology. Cytopathology 2024; 35:292-295. [PMID: 37916668 DOI: 10.1111/cyt.13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Actinomycosis, an oral cavity commensal, causes cervicofacial infection in patients associated with an immunosuppression state and local mucosal injuries. Bone involvement by this commensal is rare. In the present case, we report a case of left peri mandibular soft tissue, soft to firm, tender swelling in a 39-year-old immunocompetent male diagnosed as Actinomycosis infection on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and cell block preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Immanuel Pradeep
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Telangana, India
| | - Jitendra Singh Nigam
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Telangana, India
| | | | - Balaji Ramamourthy
- Department of ENT, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Telangana, India
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3
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Kim J, Dwivedi G, Boughton BA, Sharma A, Lee S. Advances in cellular and tissue-based imaging techniques for sarcoid granulomas. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C10-C26. [PMID: 37955119 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00507.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis embodies a complex inflammatory disorder spanning multiple systems, with its origin remaining elusive. It manifests as the infiltration of inflammatory cells that coalesce into distinctive noncaseous granulomas within afflicted organs. Unraveling this disease necessitates the utilization of cellular or tissue-based imaging methods to both visualize and characterize the biochemistry of these sarcoid granulomas. Although hematoxylin and eosin stain, standard in routine use alongside cytological stains have found utility in diagnosis within clinical contexts, special stains such as Masson's trichrome, reticulin, methenamine silver, and Ziehl-Neelsen provide additional varied perspectives of sarcoid granuloma imaging. Immunohistochemistry aids in pinpointing specific proteins and gene expressions further characterizing these granulomas. Finally, recent advances in spatial transcriptomics promise to divulge profound insights into their spatial orientation and three-dimensional (3-D) molecular mapping. This review focuses on a range of preexisting imaging methods employed for visualizing sarcoid granulomas at the cellular level while also exploring the potential of the latest cutting-edge approaches like spatial transcriptomics and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), with the overarching goal of shedding light on the trajectory of sarcoidosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwoo Kim
- Department of Advanced Clinical and Translational Cardiovascular Imaging, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Girish Dwivedi
- Department of Advanced Clinical and Translational Cardiovascular Imaging, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Berin A Boughton
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ankur Sharma
- Onco-Fetal Ecosystem Laboratory, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Silvia Lee
- Department of Advanced Clinical and Translational Cardiovascular Imaging, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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4
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Mahjabin F, Gonsalves C, Pilo RA, Beal SG, Leon ME. Diagnostic difficulties in non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection in lung transplant recipients. Diagn Cytopathol 2023; 51:E279-E282. [PMID: 37318778 DOI: 10.1002/dc.25185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite antimicrobial prophylaxis, 34% to 59% of lung transplant recipients experience severe life-threatening opportunistic infections, sometimes caused by Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) and Nocardia. Although differentiating these infections is of utmost importance for effective treatment, it can be challenging as they share morphological and growth characteristics. Therefore, culture remains the gold standard for laboratory confirmation. With the aid of novel molecular methods performed on the cultured organisms, diagnosis may be accomplished rapidly and precisely. We present a case of a lung transplant recipient with a pulmonary infection where long, thin, beaded, branching filamentous organisms were seen with Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) and Modified Gomori's Methenamine Silver (GMS) stains in bronchoalveolar lavage sample. Cytological characteristics led to the suspicion of a Nocardia species infection. However, culture and the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PRA) identified M. fortuitum. Additionally, antibiotic resistance was detected, which aided in choosing the appropriate treatment. Therefore, to overcome such diagnostic difficulties to differentiate NTM and Nocardia, a multidisciplinary approach including culture, molecular methods, and cytology is needed to enhance clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fnu Mahjabin
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Catherine Gonsalves
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Rebecca A Pilo
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Stacy G Beal
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marino E Leon
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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5
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Torous VF, Branda JA. Fun with fungi: a comprehensive review of common fungal organisms encountered in cytology. J Am Soc Cytopathol 2022; 12:153-169. [PMID: 36564314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasc.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The ability to detect and diagnose infection is essential in the practice of cytopathology. The identification of suppurative or granulomatous inflammation should prompt careful evaluation for infection. Many of the most commonly encountered fungal organisms demonstrate characteristic microscopic appearances that allow accurate identification even with routine cytology stains, particularly when considered in the context of clinical factors such as geographic location, social history, patient immune status, and symptoms. Given the vital role cytopathologists play in the accurate diagnosis or presumptive identification of infections, this review explores the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and morphologic features of common fungal pathogens in addition to their differential diagnoses and ancillary testing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanda F Torous
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - John A Branda
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Barantsevich N, Barantsevich E. Diagnosis and Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060718. [PMID: 35740125 PMCID: PMC9219674 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida species, belonging to commensal microbial communities in humans, cause opportunistic infections in individuals with impaired immunity. Pathogens encountered in more than 90% cases of invasive candidiasis include C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis. The most frequently diagnosed invasive infection is candidemia. About 50% of candidemia cases result in deep-seated infection due to hematogenous spread. The sensitivity of blood cultures in autopsy-proven invasive candidiasis ranges from 21% to 71%. Non-cultural methods (beta-D-glucan, T2Candida assays), especially beta-D-glucan in combination with procalcitonin, appear promising in the exclusion of invasive candidiasis with high sensitivity (98%) and negative predictive value (95%). There is currently a clear deficiency in approved sensitive and precise diagnostic techniques. Omics technologies seem promising, though require further development and study. Therapeutic options for invasive candidiasis are generally limited to four classes of systemic antifungals (polyenes, antimetabolite 5-fluorocytosine, azoles, echinocandins) with the two latter being highly effective and well-tolerated and hence the most widely used. Principles and methods of treatment are discussed in this review. The emergence of pan-drug-resistant C. auris strains indicates an insufficient choice of available medications. Further surveillance, alongside the development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods, is essential.
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Disseminated Histoplasmosis Mimicking Acute Liver Failure in a Patient Treated With a Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor. ACG Case Rep J 2022; 9:e00722. [PMID: 34977265 PMCID: PMC8716095 DOI: 10.14309/crj.0000000000000722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated histoplasmosis (DH) is typically seen in patients with organ transplantation or human immunodeficiency virus and rarely presents with acute liver failure. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors may be immunosuppressive but unlikely to result in DH. A 70-year-old woman with a history of psoriatic arthritis on infliximab presented with altered mental status, fevers, and severe liver injury. She was found to have DH, which resolved on antifungal agents. Because the use of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors has increased, providers should consider this uncommon infection in patients who present with cryptogenic severe liver injury.
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A 23-Year-Old Man With Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Lymphadenopathy. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000001080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Christensen BB, Moran JMT, Torous VF. Nocardiosis diagnosed on bronchoalveolar lavage: Role of cytopathology. Diagn Cytopathol 2021; 50:E107-E113. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.24916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca B. Christensen
- Department of Pathology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Jakob M. T. Moran
- Department of Pathology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Vanda F. Torous
- Department of Pathology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
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Çakır Bayram L, Abay S, Satıcıoğlu İB, Güvenç T, Ekebaş G, Aydın F. The ocular pyogranulomatous lesion in a Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) from the Antarctic Peninsula: evaluation of microbiological and histopathological analysis outcomes. Vet Res Commun 2021; 45:143-158. [PMID: 34128178 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09796-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, it was aimed to present the results of microbiological, cytological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses of ocular samples from an Antarctic (Ardley Island, King George Island) Gentoo penguin chick (Pygoscelis papua) with a pyogranulomatous lesion in the right eye. Samples were taken from both the healthy left eye and the lesion in the right eye. Conventional culture methods and phenotypic and molecular tests were used for bacterial isolation and identification, respectively. None of the isolates could be identified phenotypically. As a result, four of the five isolates obtained from the right eye were considered to belong to putative novel bacterial species and taxa as their similarity to GenBank data was below 98.75%. The isolates were considered to be Pasteurellaceae bacterium, Corynebacterium ciconiae, Cardiobacteriaceae bacterium, Actinomyces sp., and Dermabacteraceae bacterium. The only isolate from the left eye was identified as Psychrobacter pygoscelis. The cytological analysis demonstrated cell infiltrates composed mostly of degenerate heterophils, reactive macrophages, plasma cells, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Based on histopathological findings, the lesion was defined as a typical pyogranulomatous lesion. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the granuloma was positive for TNF-α, IL-4, MMP-9, IL-1β, and IL-6. This is the first documented report of the unilateral pyogranulomatous ocular lesion in a Gentoo penguin chick, living in its natural habitat in Antarctica. This report also describes the isolation of four bacteria from the infected eye, which are considered to belong to novel Genus, species, or taxa. The primary bacterial pathogen that caused the ocular lesion was not able to be detected and remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latife Çakır Bayram
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Seçil Abay
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - İzzet Burçin Satıcıoğlu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Tolga Güvenç
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Görkem Ekebaş
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fuat Aydın
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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A New Antifungal-Loaded Sol-Gel Can Prevent Candida albicans Prosthetic Joint Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060711. [PMID: 34204833 PMCID: PMC8231561 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal PJI is one of the most feared complications after arthroplasty. Although a rare finding, its high associated morbidity and mortality makes it an important object of study. The most frequent species causing fungal PJI is C. albicans. New technology to treat this type of PJI involves organic-inorganic sol-gels loaded with antifungals, as proposed in this study, in which anidulafungin is associated with organophosphates. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an anidulafungin-loaded organic-inorganic sol-gel in preventing prosthetic joint infection (PJI), caused by Candida albicans using an in vivo murine model that evaluates many different variables. Fifty percent (3/6) of mice in the C. albicans-infected, non-coated, chemical-polished (CP)-implant group had positive culture and 100% of the animals in the C. albicans-infected, anidulafungin-loaded, sol-gel coated (CP + A)-implant group had a negative culture (0/6) (p = 0.023). Taking the microbiology and pathology results into account, 54.5% (6/11) of C. albicans-infected CP-implant mice were diagnosed with a PJI, whilst only 9.1% (1/11) of C. albicans-infected CP + A-implant mice were PJI-positive (p = 0.011). No differences were observed between the bone mineral content and bone mineral density of noninfected CP and noninfected CP + A (p = 0.835, and p = 0.181, respectively). No histological or histochemical differences were found in the tissue area occupied by the implant among CP and CP + A. Only 2 of the 6 behavioural variables evaluated exhibited changes during the study: limping and piloerection. In conclusion, the anidulafungin-loaded sol-gel coating showed an excellent antifungal response in vivo and can prevent PJI due to C. albicans in this experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Adhya
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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13
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Zhou F, Marcus A. Juniperus chinensis-Like Art-ifact on a Grocott-Gomori Methenamine Silver Stain. Int J Surg Pathol 2019; 28:175. [PMID: 31161833 DOI: 10.1177/1066896919851184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alan Marcus
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Oddó D, Stefanelli A, Villarroel A, Méndez GP. Coryneform Bacteria in Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis: Morphological Diagnosis in Breast Biopsies. Int J Surg Pathol 2018; 27:380-386. [PMID: 30486707 DOI: 10.1177/1066896918815580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Granulomatous lobular mastitis is a rare disease whose origin is still unknown and shows an increase in its frequency. Morphological, microbiological, and molecular biology studies have linked this disease to lipophilic and fastidious corynebacteria, suggesting its possible infectious etiology. This series describes and reviews in detail the distinctive morphological characteristics of the bacteria present in the granulomas of this disease, the usefulness of histochemical techniques for their identification, and our proposal for a tissue quantification score for the bacteria. The MacCallum-Goodpasture method of Gram's stain turned out to be the gold standard for examination, but we also highlight the efficiency of hematoxylin and eosin stain when it is exhaustively examined as well as the Grocott stain to evaluate the bacterial pleomorphism method, which is often underutilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Oddó
- 1 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Schnietz R, Wilson ML. Grocott methenamine silver and periodic acid-Schiff positivity in cutaneous Mycobacterium avium complex infection. J Cutan Pathol 2018; 45:551-553. [PMID: 29665029 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schnietz
- Division of Dermatology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Morgan L Wilson
- Division of Dermatology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
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