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Szczepanska-Sadowska E, Czarzasta K, Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska A. Dysregulation of the Renin-Angiotensin System and the Vasopressinergic System Interactions in Cardiovascular Disorders. Curr Hypertens Rep 2018; 20:19. [PMID: 29556787 PMCID: PMC5859051 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-018-0823-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review In many instances, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the vasopressinergic system (VPS) are jointly activated by the same stimuli and engaged in the regulation of the same processes. Recent Findings Angiotensin II (Ang II) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), which are the main active compounds of the RAS and the VPS, interact at several levels. Firstly, Ang II, acting on AT1 receptors (AT1R), plays a significant role in the release of AVP from vasopressinergic neurons and AVP, stimulating V1a receptors (V1aR), regulates the release of renin in the kidney. Secondly, Ang II and AVP, acting on AT1R and V1aR, respectively, exert vasoconstriction, increase cardiac contractility, stimulate the sympathoadrenal system, and elevate blood pressure. At the same time, they act antagonistically in the regulation of blood pressure by baroreflex. Thirdly, the cooperative action of Ang II acting on AT1R and AVP stimulating both V1aR and V2 receptors in the kidney is necessary for the appropriate regulation of renal blood flow and the efficient resorption of sodium and water. Furthermore, both peptides enhance the release of aldosterone and potentiate its action in the renal tubules. Summary In this review, we (1) point attention to the role of the cooperative action of Ang II and AVP for the regulation of blood pressure and the water-electrolyte balance under physiological conditions, (2) present the subcellular mechanisms underlying interactions of these two peptides, and (3) provide evidence that dysregulation of the cooperative action of Ang II and AVP significantly contributes to the development of disturbances in the regulation of blood pressure and the water-electrolyte balance in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczepanska-Sadowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Czarzasta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
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Casalechi M, Dela Cruz C, Lima LC, Maciel LP, Pereira VM, Reis FM. Angiotensin peptides in the non-gravid uterus: Paracrine actions beyond circulation. Peptides 2018; 101:145-149. [PMID: 29367076 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) involves a complex network of precursors, peptides, enzymes and receptors comprising a systemic (endocrine) and a local (paracrine/autocrine) system. The local RAS plays important roles in tissue modulation and may operate independently of or in close interaction with the circulatory RAS, acting in a complementary fashion. Angiotensin (Ang) II, its receptor AT1 and Ang-(1-7) expression in the endometrium vary with menstrual cycle, and stromal cell decidualization in vitro is accompanied by local synthesis of angiotensinogen and prorenin. Mas receptor is unlikely to undergo marked changes accompanying the cyclic ovarian steroid hormone fluctuations. Studies investigating the functional relevance of the RAS in the non-gravid uterus show a number of paracrine effects beyond circulation and suggest that RAS peptides may be involved in the pathophysiology of proliferative and fibrotic diseases. Endometrial cancer is associated with increased expression of Ang II, Ang-converting enzyme 1 and AT1 in the tumoral tissue compared to neighboring non-neoplastic endometrium, and also with a gene polymorphism that enhances AT1 signal. Ang II induces human endometrial cells to transdifferentiate into cells with myofibroblast phenotype and to synthetize extracellular matrix components that might contribute to endometrial fibrosis. Altogether, these findings point to a fully operating RAS within the uterus, but since many concepts rely on preliminary evidence further studies are needed to clarify the role of the local RAS in uterine physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Casalechi
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Dela Cruz
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiza C Lima
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciana P Maciel
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Virgínia M Pereira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Reis
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Abstract
The presence of local renin angiotensin aldosterone systems (RAAS) in the cardiovascular and renal tissues and their influence in cardiovascular and renal diseases are described. The fundamental role of ACE/Ang II/AT1 receptor axis activation as well the counterregulatory role of ACE2/Ang (1-7)/Mas receptor activation on cardiovascular and renal physiology and pathology are emphasized. The presence of a local RAS and its influence on hypertension is discussed, and finally, the hypothesis that epigenetic factors change the RAAS in utero and induce the expression of renin or Ang II inside the cells of the cardiovascular system is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walmor C De Mello
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, UPR, San Juan, PR 00936, USA.
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De Mello W. Intracellular renin increases the inward calcium current in smooth muscle cells of mesenteric artery of SHR. Implications for hypertension and vascular remodeling. Peptides 2016; 84:36-43. [PMID: 27545826 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The influence of intracellular renin on the inward calcium current in isolated smooth muscle cells from SHR mesenteric arteries was investigated. Measurements of calcium current were performed using the whole cell configuration of pCLAMP. The results indicated that: 1) renin (100nM) dialyzed into smooth muscle cells, increased the inward calcium current; 2) verapamil (10-9M) administered to the bath inhibited the effect of renin on the inward calcium current; 3) concurrently with the increase of calcium current a depolarization of 6.8+/-2.1mV (n=16)(P<0.05) was found in cells dialyzed with renin; 4) intracellular dialysis of renin (100nM) into smooth muscle cells isolated from mesenteric arteries of normal Wystar Kyoto rats showed no significant change on calcium current; 5) aliskiren (10-9M) dialyzed into the cell together with renin (100nM) abolished the effect of the enzyme on the calcium current in SHR; 6) Ang II (100nM) dialyzed into the smooth muscle cell from mesenteric artery of SHR in absence of renin, decreased the calcium current-an effect greatly reduced by valsartan (10-9M) added to the cytosol; 7) administration of renin (100nM) plus angiotensinogen (100nM) into the cytosol of muscles cells from SHR rats reduced the inward calcium current; 8) extracellular administration of Ang II (100nM) increased the inward calcium current in mesenteric arteries of SHR. CONCLUSIONS intracellular renin in vascular resistance vessels from SHR due to internalization or expression, contributes to the regulation of vascular tone and control of peripheral resistance-an effect independently of Ang II. Implications for hypertension and vascular remodeling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walmor De Mello
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, UPR, San Juan, PR 00936, USA.
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De Mello WC. Intracellular angiotensin II as a regulator of muscle tone in vascular resistance vessels. Pathophysiological implications. Peptides 2016; 78:87-90. [PMID: 26944358 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The influence of intracellular angiotensin II on the regulation of potassium current and membrane potential of smooth muscle cells of mesenteric arteries and its relevance for the regulation of vascular tone was reviewed. The presence of components of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) in different cells of the cardiovascular system, was discussed including their presence in the nuclei and mitochondria. Emphasis was given to the opposite effects of intracellular and extracellular angiotensin II (Ang II) on the regulation of potassium current, membrane potential and contractility of vascular resistance vessels and its implication to vascular physiology and pathology and the possible role of epigenetic factors on the expression of angiotensin II (Ang II) and renin in vascular resistance vessels as well as its possible pathophysiological role in hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walmor C De Mello
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, UPR, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, USA.
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De Mello WC. Intracellular angiotensin II disrupts chemical communication and impairs metabolic cooperation between cardiac myocytes. Peptides 2015; 72:57-60. [PMID: 25882009 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The influence of intracellular angiotensin II (Ang II) on the process of chemical communication and metabolic cooperation between cardiac cells is discussed. Emphasis is given to the influence of pathological conditions like heart failure, myocardial ischemia or hyperglycemia on the activation of the intracrine renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) and its consequence for the metabolic cooperation between heart cells. Furthermore, the influence of high glucose on the process of chemical communication was described as well as its implication for the failing and diabetic heart. The major conclusion is that the activation of the intracrine renin angiotensin induced by heart failure, hyperglycemia, aldosterone or myocardial ischemia generates metabolic imbalance in the heart with serious consequences for the cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walmor C De Mello
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, UPR, San Juan, PR 00936, USA.
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Hu Z, Ma A, Zhang Y, Xi Y, Fan L, Wang T, Zhang T. Voltage-gated potassium+ channel expression in coronary artery smooth muscle cells of SHR and WKY. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 70:1725-31. [PMID: 25030407 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to compare the expression of genes and the molecular characteristic of voltage-gated K(+) channels, which make great effort in maintaining and controlling smooth muscle contraction, cellular membrane potential, and intracellular calcium ion currents in artery smooth muscle cells of SHR and WKY. Expression of potassium ions family in coronary artery was detected through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction quantitatively. Significant levels of voltage-gated K(+) channels α1.2, α1.5, and β1.1 expression were all proved to be significantly higher in smooth muscles of SHR than WKY. Whole-cell voltage-gated K(+) channel currents were larger in SHR artery smooth muscles than the ones of WKY. Moreover, the voltage dependence of voltage-gated potassium channel activation was more negative in artery smooth muscle of SHR than that of WKY, while voltage dependence of availability was not different. The above diversity of voltage-gated potassium channel detected in gene expression and electrical character in coronary artery smooth muscle of SHR than that of WKY might be an underling mechanism associated with the membrane potential depolarization in artery smooth muscle of SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
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Ferrario CM, Ahmad S, Nagata S, Simington SW, Varagic J, Kon N, Dell'italia LJ. An evolving story of angiotensin-II-forming pathways in rodents and humans. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 126:461-9. [PMID: 24329563 PMCID: PMC4280795 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lessons learned from the characterization of the biological roles of Ang-(1-7) [angiotensin-(1-7)] in opposing the vasoconstrictor, proliferative and prothrombotic actions of AngII (angiotensin II) created an underpinning for a more comprehensive exploration of the multiple pathways by which the RAS (renin-angiotensin system) of blood and tissues regulates homoeostasis and its altered state in disease processes. The present review summarizes the progress that has been made in the novel exploration of intermediate shorter forms of angiotensinogen through the characterization of the expression and functions of the dodecapeptide Ang-(1-12) [angiotensin-(1-12)] in the cardiac production of AngII. The studies reveal significant differences in humans compared with rodents regarding the enzymatic pathway by which Ang-(1-12) undergoes metabolism. Highlights of the research include the demonstration of chymase-directed formation of AngII from Ang-(1-12) in human left atrial myocytes and left ventricular tissue, the presence of robust expression of Ang-(1-12) and chymase in the atrial appendage of subjects with resistant atrial fibrillation, and the preliminary observation of significantly higher Ang-(1-12) expression in human left atrial appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Louis Joseph Dell'italia
- §Birmingham Veterans Affair Medical Center, University of Alabama Medical Center, Alabama, AL 35294, U.S.A
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De Mello WC, Frohlich ED. Clinical perspectives and fundamental aspects of local cardiovascular and renal Renin-Angiotensin systems. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:16. [PMID: 24600438 PMCID: PMC3928588 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence for the potential role of organ specific cardiovascular renin-angiotensin systems (RAS) has been demonstrated experimentally and clinically with respect to certain cardiovascular and renal diseases. These findings have been supported by studies involving pharmacological inhibition during ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, cardiac failure; hypertension associated with left ventricular ischemia, myocardial fibrosis and left ventricular hypertrophy; structural and functional changes of the target organs associated with prolonged dietary salt excess; and intrarenal vascular disease associated with end-stage renal disease. Moreover, the severe structural and functional changes induced by these pathological conditions can be prevented and reversed by agents producing RAS inhibition (even when not necessarily coincident with alterations in arterial pressure). In this review, we discuss specific fundamental and clinical aspects and mechanisms related to the activation or inhibition of local RAS and their implications for cardiovascular and renal diseases. Fundamental aspects involving the role of angiotensins on cardiac and renal functions including the expression of RAS components in the heart and kidney and the controversial role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 on angiotensin peptide metabolism in humans, were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walmor C. De Mello
- School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
- *Correspondence: Walmor C. De Mello, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, Suite A-322, Main Building, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, USA e-mail:
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De Mello WC. Beyond the circulating Renin-Angiotensin aldosterone system. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:104. [PMID: 25071720 PMCID: PMC4078176 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Walmor C. De Mello
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
- *Correspondence:
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Angiotensin (1-7) increases the potassium current and the resting potential of arterial myocytes from vascular resistance vessels of normal adult rats: Pathophysiological implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 8:14-20. [PMID: 24220548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The influence of angiotensin (Ang) (1-7) on potassium current (Kv) and resting potential of smooth muscle cells isolated from mesenteric artery of Sprague Dawley rats was investigated. Measurements of potassium current were performed using the whole cell configuration of pCLAMP. The results indicated that Ang (1-7) (10(-9) M) increased the potassium current by 120% ± 2.6% (P < .05) and the resting potential of smooth muscle cells by 8 ± 2.8 mV (n = 23; P < .05). Ang II (10(-9) M) administered to the bath reduced the potassium current by 35% ± 3.6% (n = 23; P < .05) and depolarized the arterial myocytes by 7.8 ± 2.1 mV (n = 25; P < .05). The effect of the heptapeptide on potassium current was inhibited by a Mas receptor inhibitor (A779; 10(-8) M) as well as by a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor (10(-9) M) dialyzed into the cell. Intracellular dialysis of the catalytic subunit of PKA (5 × 10(-8) M) enhanced the potassium current by 38% ± 3.4% (n = 14; P < .05) but did not abolish the effect of Ang (1-7). On the other hand, Bis-1 (10(-9) M), which is a specific inhibitor of PKC, suppressed the effect of Ang (1-7) on potassium current. In conclusion, Ang (1-7) counteracts the effect of Ang II on potassium current and membrane potential of smooth muscle cells from mesenteric arteries, which are resistance vessels involved in the regulation of peripheral resistance and blood pressure. The activation of the cAMP/PKA cascade is essential for the effect of the heptapeptide. Pathophysiological implications are discussed.
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Outside and inside angiotensin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 7:253-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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