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Zhan C, Ju Z, Xie B, Chen J, Ma Q, Li M. Signal processing for miniature mass spectrometer based on LSTM-EEMD feature digging. Talanta 2024; 281:126904. [PMID: 39326111 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Miniature mass spectrometers exhibit immense application potential in on-site detection due to their small size and low cost. However, their detection accuracy is severely affected by factors such as sample pre-processing and environmental conditions. In this study, we propose a data processing method based on long short-term memory-ensemble empirical mode decomposition (LSTM-EEMD) to improve the quality of on-site detection data from miniature mass spectrometers. The EEMD method can clearly decompose the different physical feature components in the small-scale spectrometer signals, while the LSTM method can adaptively learn the internal feature relationships of the signals. Thus, by combining the two, the parameters for the EEMD signal reconstruction can be optimized in an adaptive manner, obtaining the optimized coefficients. Compared to the previous EEMD feature enhancement approach, the LSTM-EEMD method not only significantly improves the coefficient of determination (R2) and relative standard deviation (RSD) of the data, enhancing the linear range, but also achieves fully adaptive processing throughout the workflow, greatly boosting the efficiency. By leveraging a miniature mass spectrometer, data for N-acetyl-l-aspartic acid (NAA), 2-Hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), and γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) in actual blood samples have been obtained. The experimental results demonstrate that the LSTM-EEMD method can markedly enhance the accuracy and usability of the biological sample data in practical testing, providing new perspectives and possibilities for research and applications in the relevant domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenrui Zhan
- School of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Zisheng Ju
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Binrui Xie
- School of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Jiwen Chen
- School of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China.
| | - Ming Li
- School of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, 100144, China.
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2
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Ferreira CR, Lima Gomes PCFD, Robison KM, Cooper BR, Shannahan JH. Implementation of multiomic mass spectrometry approaches for the evaluation of human health following environmental exposure. Mol Omics 2024; 20:296-321. [PMID: 38623720 PMCID: PMC11163948 DOI: 10.1039/d3mo00214d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Omics analyses collectively refer to the possibility of profiling genetic variants, RNA, epigenetic markers, proteins, lipids, and metabolites. The most common analytical approaches used for detecting molecules present within biofluids related to metabolism are vibrational spectroscopy techniques, represented by infrared, Raman, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies and mass spectrometry (MS). Omics-based assessments utilizing MS are rapidly expanding and being applied to various scientific disciplines and clinical settings. Most of the omics instruments are operated by specialists in dedicated laboratories; however, the development of miniature portable omics has made the technology more available to users for field applications. Variations in molecular information gained from omics approaches are useful for evaluating human health following environmental exposure and the development and progression of numerous diseases. As MS technology develops so do statistical and machine learning methods for the detection of molecular deviations from personalized metabolism, which are correlated to altered health conditions, and they are intended to provide a multi-disciplinary overview for researchers interested in adding multiomic analysis to their current efforts. This includes an introduction to mass spectrometry-based omics technologies, current state-of-the-art capabilities and their respective strengths and limitations for surveying molecular information. Furthermore, we describe how knowledge gained from these assessments can be applied to personalized medicine and diagnostic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina R Ferreira
- Purdue Metabolite Profiling Facility, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | | | - Kiley Marie Robison
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Bruce R Cooper
- Purdue Metabolite Profiling Facility, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Jonathan H Shannahan
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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3
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Hu W, Hou J, Liu W, Gu X, Yang Y, Shang H, Zhang M. Online Pharmaceutical Process Analysis of Chinese Medicine Using a Miniature Mass Spectrometer: Extraction of Active Ingredients as An Example. J Pharm Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
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Wang J, Pursell ME, DeVor A, Awoyemi O, Valentine SJ, Li P. Portable mass spectrometry system: instrumentation, applications, and path to 'omics analysis. Proteomics 2022; 22:e2200112. [PMID: 36349734 PMCID: PMC10278091 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an information rich analytical technique and plays a key role in various 'omics studies. Standard mass spectrometers are bulky and operate at high vacuum, which hinder their adoption by the broader community and utility in field applications. Developing portable mass spectrometers can significantly expand the application scope and user groups of MS analysis. This review discusses the basics and recent advancements in the development of key components of portable mass spectrometers including ionization source, mass analyzer, detector, and vacuum system. Further, major areas where portable mass spectrometers are applied are also discussed. Finally, a perspective on the further development of portable mass spectrometers including the potential benefits for 'omics analysis is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Madison E. Pursell
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Amanda DeVor
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Olanrewaju Awoyemi
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Stephen J. Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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5
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Crucello J, de Oliveira AM, Sampaio NMFM, Hantao LW. Miniaturized systems for gas chromatography: Developments in sample preparation and instrumentation. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Gong X, Shi S, Zhang D, Gamez G. Quantitative Analysis of Exhaled Breath Collected on Filter Substrates via Low-Temperature Plasma Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1518-1529. [PMID: 35792104 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Breath analysis has attracted increasing attention in recent years due to its great potential for disease diagnostics at early stages and for clinical drug monitoring. There are several recent examples of successful development of real-time, in vivo quantitative analysis of exhaled breath metabolites via mass spectrometry. On the other hand, current mass spectrometer accessibility limitations restrict point-of-care applications. Here now, an offline method is developed for quantitative analysis of exhaled breath collected on inexpensive filter substrates for direct desorption and ionization by using low-temperature plasma-mass spectrometry (LTP-MS). In particular, different operating conditions of the ionization source were systematically studied to optimize desorption/ionization by using glycerol, a low volatility compound. Applications with respect to propofol, γ-valprolactone, and nicotine analysis in exhaled breath are demonstrated in this study. The effects of several filter substrate properties, including filter material and pore size, on the analyte signal were characterized. Cellulose filter papers performed best with the present analytes. In addition, filters with smaller pores enabled a more efficient sample collection. Furthermore, sample-collection flow rate was determined to have a very significant effect, with slower flow rates yielding the best results. It was also found that filters loaded with sample can be successfully stored in glass vials with no observable sample loss even after 3 days. Limits of detection under optimized conditions are shown to be competitive or significantly better compared with relevant techniques and with additional benefits of cost-efficiency and sample storage capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Gong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Songyue Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Gerardo Gamez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
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7
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Grabka M, Witkiewicz Z, Jasek K, Piwowarski K. Acoustic Wave Sensors for Detection of Blister Chemical Warfare Agents and Their Simulants. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22155607. [PMID: 35957163 PMCID: PMC9371173 DOI: 10.3390/s22155607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
On-site detection and initial identification of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) remain difficult despite the many available devices designed for this type of analysis. Devices using well-established analytical techniques such as ion mobility spectrometry, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, or flame photometry, in addition to unquestionable advantages, also have some limitations (complexity, high unit cost, lack of selectivity). One of the emerging techniques of CWA detection is based on acoustic wave sensors, among which surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices and quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) are of particular importance. These devices allow for the construction of undemanding and affordable gas sensors whose selectivity, sensitivity, and other metrological parameters can be tailored by application of particular coating material. This review article presents the current state of knowledge and achievements in the field of SAW and QCM-based gas sensors used for the detection of blister agents as well as simulants of these substances. The scope of the review covers the detection of blister agents and their simulants only, as in the available literature no similar paper was found, in contrast to the detection of nerve agents. The article includes description of the principles of operation of acoustic wave sensors, a critical review of individual studies and solutions, and discusses development prospects of this analytical technique in the field of blister agent detection.
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Wu Q, Li X, Wang X, Yuan Y, Bu X, Wu H, Li X, Han C, Wang X, Liu W. High-performance p-hexafluoroisopropanol phenyl functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube film on surface acoustic wave device for organophosphorus vapor detection. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:375501. [PMID: 35605577 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac7242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A delay line-type surface acoustic wave (SAW) gas sensor based on p-hexafluoroisopropanol phenyl (HFIPPH) functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) film is developed to detect organophosphorus dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) vapor (a simulant of chemical nerve agent sarin). Inspired by the transfer process of Cu-based graphene, a uniform and size-controllable HFIPPH-MWCNT film is successfully prepared on the SAW device via a wet-etching transfer method. For the first time, we use the method of measuring the change of the sensor's insertion loss to achieve the detection of ultra-low concentration DMMP vapor. The designed sensor exhibits a fast response/recovery time about 3 s/50 s, and a low detection limit of 0.1 ppm. Additionally, the stability and selectivity of the sensor and the influence of humidity on its response are evaluated through experiments. The acoustoelectric effect is proved to be the sensing mechanism of the sensor insertion loss response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- Department of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuming Wang
- Department of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubin Yuan
- Department of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangrui Bu
- Department of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Wu
- Department of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanyu Han
- Department of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - XiaoLi Wang
- Department of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
- School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Liu
- Department of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhejiang, 311215, People's Republic of China
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Detection of Nitroaromatic Explosives in Air by Amino-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12081278. [PMID: 35457985 PMCID: PMC9027238 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic explosives are the most common explosives, and their detection is important to public security, human health, and environmental protection. In particular, the detection of solid explosives through directly revealing the presence of their vapors in air would be desirable for compact and portable devices. In this study, amino-functionalized carbon nanotubes were used to produce resistive sensors to detect nitroaromatic explosives by interaction with their vapors. Devices formed by carbon nanotube networks working at room temperature revealed trinitrotoluene, one of the most common nitroaromatic explosives, and di-nitrotoluene-saturated vapors, with reaction and recovery times of a few and tens of seconds, respectively. This type of resistive device is particularly simple and may be easily combined with low-power electronics for preparing portable devices.
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Shpigel E, Nathansohn S, Glozman A, Rosen R, Shemer B, Yagur‐Kroll S, Elad T, Belkin S. Introduction of quorum sensing elements into bacterial bioreporter circuits enhances explosives' detection capabilities. Eng Life Sci 2022; 22:308-318. [PMID: 35382532 PMCID: PMC8961053 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A possible solution for the standoff detection of buried landmines is based on the use of microbial bioreporters, genetically engineered to emit a remotely detectable optical signal in response to trace amounts of explosives' signature chemicals, mostly 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT). Previously developed DNT sensor strains were based on the fusion of a DNT-inducible gene promoter to a reporting element, either a fluorescent protein gene or a bacterial bioluminescence gene cassette. In the present study, a different approach was used: the DNT-inducible promoter activates, in Escherichia coli, the quorum-sensing luxI and luxR genes of Aliivibrio fischeri. N-Acyl homoserine lactone (AHL), synthesized by LuxI, combines with LuxR and activates the bioluminescence reporter genes. The resulting bioreporter displayed a dose-dependent luminescent signal in the presence of DNT. Performance of the sensor strain was further enhanced by manipulation of the sensing element (combining the E. coli DNT-inducible azoR and yqjF gene promoters), by replacing the luminescence gene cassette of Photorhabdus luminescens luxCDABE with A. fischeri luxCDABEG, and by introducing two mutations, eutE and ygdD, into the host strain. DNT detection sensitivity of the final bioreporter was over 340-fold higher than the original construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etai Shpigel
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesThe Alexander Silberman Institute of Life SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Shiri Nathansohn
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesThe Alexander Silberman Institute of Life SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Anat Glozman
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesThe Alexander Silberman Institute of Life SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Rachel Rosen
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesThe Alexander Silberman Institute of Life SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Benjamin Shemer
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesThe Alexander Silberman Institute of Life SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Sharon Yagur‐Kroll
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesThe Alexander Silberman Institute of Life SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Tal Elad
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesThe Alexander Silberman Institute of Life SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Shimshon Belkin
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesThe Alexander Silberman Institute of Life SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
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Sharifi R, Jeon JS, Ryu CM. Belowground plant-microbe communications via volatile compounds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:463-486. [PMID: 34727189 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volatile compounds play important roles in rhizosphere biological communications and interactions. The emission of plant and microbial volatiles is a dynamic phenomenon that is affected by several endogenous and exogenous signals. Diffusion of volatiles can be limited by their adsorption, degradation, and dissolution under specific environmental conditions. Therefore, rhizosphere volatiles need to be investigated on a micro and spatiotemporal scale. Plant and microbial volatiles can expand and specialize the rhizobacterial niche not only by improving the root system architecture such that it serves as a nutrient-rich shelter, but also by inhibiting or promoting the growth, chemotaxis, survival, and robustness of neighboring organisms. Root volatiles play an important role in engineering the belowground microbiome by shaping the microbial community structure and recruiting beneficial microbes. Microbial volatiles are appropriate candidates for improving plant growth and health during environmental challenges and climate change. However, some technical and experimental challenges limit the non-destructive monitoring of volatile emissions in the rhizosphere in real-time. In this review, we attempt to clarify the volatile-mediated intra- and inter-kingdom communications in the rhizosphere, and propose improvements in experimental design for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouhallah Sharifi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Je-Seung Jeon
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Biosystem and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
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13
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Agrawal A, Keçili R, Ghorbani-Bidkorbeh F, Hussain CM. Green miniaturized technologies in analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Evans-Nguyen K, Stelmack AR, Clowser PC, Holtz JM, Mulligan CC. FIELDABLE MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR FORENSIC SCIENCE, HOMELAND SECURITY, AND DEFENSE APPLICATIONS. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:628-646. [PMID: 32722885 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is commonly used in forensic chemistry laboratories for sensitive, definitive analysis. There have been significant efforts to bring mass spectrometry analysis on-site through the development of ruggedized, fieldable instruments. Testing samples in the field is of particular interest in forensic science, homeland security, and defense applications. In forensic chemistry, testing seized drugs in the field can significantly improve efficiencies in processing of related criminal cases. The screening of passengers and luggage at transportation hubs is a critical need for homeland security for which mass spectrometry is well suited to provide definitive answers with low false positive rates. Mass spectrometry can yield reliable data for military personnel testing sites for potential chemical weapons release. To meet the needs of the forensic and security communities fieldable mass spectrometers based on membrane inlet systems and hybrid gas chromatography systems have been developed and commercialized. More recently developed ambient ionization mass spectrometry methods can eliminate the time, equipment, and expertise associated with sample preparation, and so are especially appealing for on-site analysis. We describe the development of fieldable mass spectrometry systems, with emphasis on commercially available systems that have been deployed for on-site analysis of seized drugs, chemical warfare agents, explosives, and other analytes of interest to the forensic and security communities. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenyon Evans-Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL
| | | | | | - Jessica M Holtz
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL
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Leninskii MA, Shachneva MD, Savel’eva EI, Koryagina NL. Separation and Preconcentration Methods for the Determination of Highly Toxic Organic Compounds (Poisons). JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821090070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Yakubu HG, Kovacs Z, Toth T, Bazar G. Trends in artificial aroma sensing by means of electronic nose technologies to advance dairy production - a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:234-248. [PMID: 34190644 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1945533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Controversies surrounding the name and how the electronics nose (e-nose) works have been at the center stage since the advent of the technology. Notwithstanding the controversies, the technology has gained popularity in the sensory analysis of dairy foods, because of its rapid results delivery on product aroma profile or pattern, which can be used to assess quality. This review critically evaluated the advances made in the application of the e-nose or artificial sensory system in the dairy industry, focusing on the evaluation of milk, yoghurt and cheese properties, and the trends and prospects of the technology. Most of the e-nose devices applied in the available scientific publications used sensors such as metal oxide semiconductor sensors (MOS), metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), conducting polymers composites and quartz microbalance (QMB), and flame ionization detector FID, in a recent study. Though known for aroma sensing, the technology has been applied to evaluate the shelf life or microbial spoilage and to discriminate dairy products based on the volatile profile composition, as determined by the sensors. In most cases, the limitation of the technology is the inability of it to provide information on the nature of constituting compounds, except in gas chromatography and mass spectrometry-based e-nose systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Gado Yakubu
- Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Kovacs
- Department of Measurements and Process Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamas Toth
- Agricultural and Food Research Centre, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary.,Adexgo Kft, Balatonfüred, Hungary
| | - George Bazar
- Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár, Hungary.,Adexgo Kft, Balatonfüred, Hungary
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Silva G, Tomlinson J, Onkokesung N, Sommer S, Mrisho L, Legg J, Adams IP, Gutierrez-Vazquez Y, Howard TP, Laverick A, Hossain O, Wei Q, Gold KM, Boonham N. Plant pest surveillance: from satellites to molecules. Emerg Top Life Sci 2021; 5:275-287. [PMID: 33720345 PMCID: PMC8166340 DOI: 10.1042/etls20200300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant pests and diseases impact both food security and natural ecosystems, and the impact has been accelerated in recent years due to several confounding factors. The globalisation of trade has moved pests out of natural ranges, creating damaging epidemics in new regions. Climate change has extended the range of pests and the pathogens they vector. Resistance to agrochemicals has made pathogens, pests, and weeds more difficult to control. Early detection is critical to achieve effective control, both from a biosecurity as well as an endemic pest perspective. Molecular diagnostics has revolutionised our ability to identify pests and diseases over the past two decades, but more recent technological innovations are enabling us to achieve better pest surveillance. In this review, we will explore the different technologies that are enabling this advancing capability and discuss the drivers that will shape its future deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Silva
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, U.K
| | - Jenny Tomlinson
- Fera Science Ltd., York Biotech Campus, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, U.K
| | - Nawaporn Onkokesung
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Agriculture Building, Newcastle University, King's Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Sarah Sommer
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Agriculture Building, Newcastle University, King's Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Latifa Mrisho
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar el Salaam, Tanzania
| | - James Legg
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar el Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Ian P Adams
- Fera Science Ltd., York Biotech Campus, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, U.K
| | | | - Thomas P Howard
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Agriculture Building, Newcastle University, King's Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Alex Laverick
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Agriculture Building, Newcastle University, King's Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Oindrila Hossain
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, U.S.A
| | - Qingshan Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, U.S.A
| | - Kaitlin M Gold
- Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, 15 Castle Creek Drive, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Neil Boonham
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Agriculture Building, Newcastle University, King's Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
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18
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Li J, Wu H, Yu J, Zhang J, Wang C, Xu F, Wang W, Xie Z, Yin T, Tang K. Enhanced Sensitivity and Precision of Portable Mass Spectrometry (MS) with a Discontinuous Atmospheric Pressure Interface by Multiple Ion Injection. ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.1922430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Huanming Wu
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiancheng Yu
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chenlu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Fuxing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhibin Xie
- Pan Tianshou College of Architecture, Art and Design, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Tao Yin
- Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Keqi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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19
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Chatzimichail S, Rahimi F, Saifuddin A, Surman AJ, Taylor-Robinson SD, Salehi-Reyhani A. Hand-portable HPLC with broadband spectral detection enables analysis of complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures. Commun Chem 2021; 4:17. [PMID: 36697529 PMCID: PMC9814556 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered priority hazardous substances due to their carcinogenic activity and risk to public health. Strict regulations are in place limiting their release into the environment, but enforcement is hampered by a lack of adequate field-testing procedure, instead relying on sending samples to centralised analytical facilities. Reliably monitoring levels of PAHs in the field is a challenge, owing to the lack of field-deployable analytical methods able to separate, identify, and quantify the complex mixtures in which PAHs are typically observed. Here, we report the development of a hand-portable system based on high-performance liquid chromatography incorporating a spectrally wide absorption detector, capable of fingerprinting PAHs based on their characteristic spectral absorption profiles: identifying 100% of the 24 PAHs tested, including full coverage of the United States Environmental Protection Agency priority pollutant list. We report unsupervised methods to exploit these new capabilities for feature detection and identification, robust enough to detect and classify co-eluting and hidden peaks. Identification is fully independent of their characteristic retention times, mitigating matrix effects which can preclude reliable determination of these analytes in challenging samples. We anticipate the platform to enable more sophisticated analytical measurements, supporting real-time decision making in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faraz Rahimi
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, W12 0HS, UK
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Aliyah Saifuddin
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, W12 0HS, UK
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Andrew J Surman
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | | | - Ali Salehi-Reyhani
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, W12 0HS, UK.
- Institute of Molecular Sciences & Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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20
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Low-Cost Benzene Toluene Xylene Measurement Gas System Based on the Mini Chromatographic Cartridge. SENSORS 2020; 21:s21010125. [PMID: 33379142 PMCID: PMC7796067 DOI: 10.3390/s21010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) are an important part of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to be detected and monitored in the air, due to their toxicity towards human health. One of the most reliable technique used in BTX detection is gas chromatography (GC), which presents a high sensitivity. On the other hand, it has important drawbacks, such as high costs, the need for qualified personnel and frequent maintenance. To overcome these drawbacks, this work reports the development of a low cost and portable BTX gas detection system based on a mini chromatographic cartridge, a photo ionization detector (PID), a simple control unit (based on Arduino architecture) and a mini pump. In order to separate the BTX components, we propose the use of a cartridge 80 mm in length, composed of several commercial chromatographic column sections. To test the system performances, we have injected different amounts (from about 0.3 to 5.3 µg) of benzene, toluene and xylene and two of the most frequent possible interferents (ethanol, acetone). Experimental results have shown different retention time values (i.e., 25 ± 0.5 s, 51 ± 1.2 s and 117 ± 4 s, respectively) for benzene, toluene and xylene.
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21
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Ohrui Y, Hashimoto R, Ohmori T, Seto Y, Inoue H, Nakagaki H, Yoshikawa K, McDermott L. Continuous monitoring of chemical warfare agents in vapor using a Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy instrument with multi pass gas cell, mercury cadmium telluride detector and rolling background algorithm. Forensic Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2020.100292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Stierlin É, Michel T, Fernandez X. Field analyses of lavender volatile organic compounds: performance evaluation of a portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry device. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2020; 31:778-785. [PMID: 32337802 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In situ analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by plants is an important challenge in chemical ecology. The traditional approach usually consists in trapping compounds using dynamic headspace extraction (DHS) in-field, followed by gas chromatography analysis coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS and/or GC-FID) in the laboratory. OBJECTIVES In this study, we evaluated the use of the new portable Torion T-9 GC-MS system for rapid and in situ analysis of VOCs emitted by fine lavender and lavandin species. MATERIAL AND METHODS All field analyses were performed using a person-portable low-thermal mass GC system coupled with a miniature toroidal ion trap mass analyser (ppGC-ITMS): Torion T-9 portable GC-MS. Subsequently, multivariate statistical analyses were performed to determine chemical differences between species. RESULTS Thirty compounds were separated and detected in all lavender above-ground samples in only 3 min of analysis. CONCLUSIONS The portable GC-MS device enabled a rapid in-field distinction of Lavandula species based on their detected volatile profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Émilie Stierlin
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272, Nice, France
| | - Thomas Michel
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272, Nice, France
| | - Xavier Fernandez
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272, Nice, France
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23
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Grandy JJ, Galpin V, Singh V, Pawliszyn J. Development of a Drone-Based Thin-Film Solid-Phase Microextraction Water Sampler to Facilitate On-Site Screening of Environmental Pollutants. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12917-12924. [PMID: 32847349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To simplify on-site water sampling and screening, particularly in hard-to-reach or dangerous sites, a drone equipped with a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB), thin-film solid-phase microextraction (TF-SPME) sampler was developed. The drone-based sampler was shown to protect the sorbent phase from external contamination while preventing any detectable loss of components of a spiked modified McReynolds mixture on the membrane in the sampler for at least 10 min. HLB/poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) membranes deployed in flight on the drone sampler were demonstrated to extract disinfection by-products, including trichloromethane, dichloroacetonitrile, 1,1,1-trichloro-2-propanone, 2,2,2-trichloroethanol, benzonitrile, and benzyl nitrile, from hot tub water. When analyzed on-site, in duplicate, using hand-portable instrumentation, reasonably repeatable results were achieved (%relative standard deviations (RSD's) 5-16%). Finally, drone TF-SPME sampling of an anthropogenically impacted watercourse indicated that impact from the suspected nearby landfill site was minimal, instead suggesting that internal combustion by-products from vehicles on the nearby Highway 401 played a much larger role in contaminating the watercourse. This conclusion was supported by the confirmed presence of BTEX, styrene, isopropylbenzene, propylbenzene, and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene. In addition to immediately identifying these compounds on-site using portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), samples were taken back to the laboratory for benchtop analysis, further supporting this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Grandy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Virginia Galpin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Varoon Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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24
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Mielczarek P, Silberring J, Smoluch M. MINIATURIZATION IN MASS SPECTROMETRY. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:453-470. [PMID: 31793697 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Expectations for continuous miniaturization in mass spectrometry are not declining for years. Portable instruments are highly welcome by the industry, science, space agencies, forensic laboratories, and many other units. All are striving for the small, cheap, and as good as possible instruments. This review describes the recent developments of miniature mass spectrometers and also provides selected applications where these devices are used. Upcoming perspectives of further development are also discussed. @ 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Mielczarek
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Silberring
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Curie-Sklodowskiej St. 34, 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marek Smoluch
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
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25
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Lin JL, Chu ML, Chen CH. A portable multiple ionization source biological mass spectrometer. Analyst 2020; 145:3495-3504. [PMID: 32186555 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00126k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the past, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI), used for large biomolecule detection, were usually installed in two separate mass spectrometers. In this study, they were equipped in the same mass spectrometer. This portable biological mass spectrometer has multiple ionization capabilities in the same mass spectrometer and shares the same mass analyzer and detector. This mass spectrometer can be operated under low vacuum (∼10-3 Torr) and can use air as the buffer gas. Therefore, the demand for pumping is reduced and rare gas feeding is no longer essential. A small scroll pump, employed to assist a miniature turbo pump, is sufficient to maintain the operational pressure. The mass spectra of biomolecules were obtained using frequency scanning instead of voltage ramping. Therefore, a wider mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) range was achieved. Furthermore, the design also couples a conversion dynode with a channeltron to enhance the mass detection range. This homemade mass spectrometer has the capability to measure charged particles with very large m/z values (m/z > 100 000). The concentrations of the studied compounds (angiotensin, insulin, cytochrome C, bovine serum albumin (BSA), immunoglobulin G, and immunoglobulin A) are from 5 femtomole to 100 picomole, and the mass resolutions are from 30 to 260. The mass range of this portable mass spectrometer was comparable with a commercial linear time-of-flight mass spectrometer owing to the use of the frequency scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Lee Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Lee Chu
- Institute of physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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26
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Zhou X, Liu X, Ouyang Z. Statistical Algorithm Enables Rapid Computation of Space Charge Effect and Spectral Correction in a Miniature Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:429-433. [PMID: 31940196 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Computation of the space charge effect within an ion trap may cost a few days to even years in clusters. Here, we report a statistical algorithm that can compute the space charge effect within a few minutes via a personal computer, without scarifying the accuracy. The key technology developed here was an effective electric field extracted from the statistics of N ions to replace the time-consuming computation of ion-ion Coulombic interactions, therefore reducing the computational burden from ∼N2 to ∼N; then, the burden was further reduced by shrinking the sampling size to Nsim = 500. For a linear ion trap (LIT) with an ion capacity N = 1 × 10 5∼1 × 106, this indicated an improved efficiency of N2/Nsim , i.e., 20 million∼2 billion-fold. Using the algorithm, space charge effects under different trapping conditions were explored, and the acquired knowledge enabled the spectral correction of the mass shift and peak broadening due to the effect in a miniature dual-LIT mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Xinwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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27
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Huo X, Zhu X, Tang F, Zhang J, Zhang X, Yu Q, Wang X. Discontinuous Subatmospheric Pressure Interface Reduces the Gas Flow Effects on Miniature CAPI Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3707-3715. [PMID: 31961668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the range of miniature mass spectrometers, the miniature ion trap mass spectrometer with continuous atmospheric pressure interface (CAPI) shows good performance potential and advantages due to its excellent sensitivity and analysis speed. However, in previous cases, placing the ion trap directly near the skimmer aperture means it will suffer high gas shock, which may affect performance. In this study, an improved miniature CAPI ion trap mass spectrometer was developed by gas flow optimization. According to the experimental results, excessive gas flow affects stability and resolution. The impact of the gas flow can be effectively reduced by reducing the inner diameter of the skimmer and adding an additional lens element to move the ion trap away from the skimmer aperture. However, this method will affect the sensitivity of the instrument to some extent, so a discontinuous subatmospheric pressure interface (DSPI) was developed to reduce the gas flow effects and improve the comprehensive performance. When using the DSPI system with a 0.4 mm skimmer and entrance lens, the resolution for roxithromycin was up to 2800 at a scanning speed of 1015 Th/s, which was 3.4-fold higher that without DSPI. The dynamic range of concentration reached 4 orders of magnitude and the detection limit for repaglinide was as low as 1 ng/mL. This study offers a new approach to develop better miniature ion trap mass spectrometers and to extend their practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Division of Life Science & Health, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xuanyu Zhu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Shenzhen CHIN Instrument Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Quan Yu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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28
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McKelvie KH, Thurbide KB. Micro-Flame Photometric Detection in Miniature Gas Chromatography on a Titanium Tile. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03723-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Zhai Y, Xu Q, Tang Y, Liu S, Li D, Xu W. Boosting the Sensitivity and Selectivity of a Miniature Mass Spectrometer Using a Hybrid Ion Funnel. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7911-7919. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Zhai
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qian Xu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang Tang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dayu Li
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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30
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Seto Y, Hashimoto R, Taniguchi T, Ohrui Y, Nagoya T, Iwamatsu T, Komaru S, Usui D, Morimoto S, Sakamoto Y, Ishizaki A, Nishide T, Inoue Y, Sugiyama H, Nakano N. Development of Ion Mobility Spectrometry with Novel Atmospheric Electron Emission Ionization for Field Detection of Gaseous and Blister Chemical Warfare Agents. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5403-5414. [PMID: 30920801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Drift tube ion mobility spectrometry with a novel atmospheric electron emission (AEE) source was developed for determination of gaseous and blister chemical warfare agents (CWAs) in negative mode. The AEE source was fabricated from an aluminum substrate electrode covered with 1 μm silver nanoparticle-dispersed silicone resin and a thin gold layer. This structure enabled stable tunneling electron emission upon the application of more than 11 V potential under atmospheric pressure. The reactant ion peak (RIP) was observed for the reduced mobility constant ( K0) of 2.18 and optimized at the charging voltage of 20 V. This RIP was assigned to O2- by using a mass spectrometer. Hydrogen cyanide was detected as a peak ( K0 = 2.47) that was discriminatively separated from the RIP (resolution = 1.4), with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.057 mg/m3, and assigned to CN- and OCN-. Phosgene was detected as a peak ( K0 = 2.36; resolution = 1.2; and LOD = 0.6 mg/m3), which was assigned to Cl-. Lewisite 1 was detected as two peaks ( K0 = 1.68 and 1.34; LOD = 12 and 15 mg/m3). The K0 = 1.68 peak was ascribed to a mixture of adducts of molecules or the product of hydrolysis with oxygen or chloride. Cyanogen chloride, chlorine, and sulfur mustard were also well detected. The detection performance with the AEE source was compared with those under corona discharge and 63Ni ionizations. The advantage of the AEE source is the simple RIP pattern (only O2-), and the characteristic marker ions contribute to the discriminative CWAs detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Seto
- National Research Institute of Police Science , 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-0882 , Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- National Research Institute of Police Science , 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-0882 , Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Research Institute of Police Science , 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-0882 , Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Ohrui
- National Research Institute of Police Science , 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-0882 , Japan
| | - Tomoki Nagoya
- National Research Institute of Police Science , 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-0882 , Japan
| | - Tadashi Iwamatsu
- Business Solutions BU, Advanced Technology Development Unit , Sharp Corporation , 492 Minosho-cho , Yamatokoriyama , Nara 639-1186 , Japan
| | - Shohei Komaru
- Business Solutions BU, Advanced Technology Development Unit , Sharp Corporation , 492 Minosho-cho , Yamatokoriyama , Nara 639-1186 , Japan
| | - Daisuke Usui
- Business Solutions BU, Advanced Technology Development Unit , Sharp Corporation , 492 Minosho-cho , Yamatokoriyama , Nara 639-1186 , Japan
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Business Solutions BU, Advanced Technology Development Unit , Sharp Corporation , 492 Minosho-cho , Yamatokoriyama , Nara 639-1186 , Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sakamoto
- Business Solutions BU, Advanced Technology Development Unit , Sharp Corporation , 492 Minosho-cho , Yamatokoriyama , Nara 639-1186 , Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishizaki
- RIKEN KEIKI Co., Ltd. , 2-7-6 Azusawa , Itabashi, Tokyo 174-8744 , Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Nishide
- RIKEN KEIKI Co., Ltd. , 2-7-6 Azusawa , Itabashi, Tokyo 174-8744 , Japan
| | - Yoko Inoue
- RIKEN KEIKI Co., Ltd. , 2-7-6 Azusawa , Itabashi, Tokyo 174-8744 , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sugiyama
- RIKEN KEIKI Co., Ltd. , 2-7-6 Azusawa , Itabashi, Tokyo 174-8744 , Japan
| | - Nobuo Nakano
- RIKEN KEIKI Co., Ltd. , 2-7-6 Azusawa , Itabashi, Tokyo 174-8744 , Japan
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31
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Spikmans V. The evolution of environmental forensics: From laboratory to field analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/wfs2.1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Val Spikmans
- Western Sydney University School of Science and Health Penrith NSW Australia
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Decker TK, Zheng Y, Ruben AJ, Wang X, Lammert SA, Austin DE, Hawkins AR. A Microscale Planar Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:482-488. [PMID: 30542974 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The planar linear ion trap (PLIT) is a version of the two-dimensional linear quadrupole ion trap constructed using two facing dielectric substrates on which electrodes are lithographically patterned. In this article, we present a PLIT that was successfully miniaturized from a radius of 2.5 mm to a microscale radius of 800 μm (a scaling factor of 3.125). The mathematics concerning scaling an ion trap mass spectrometer are demonstrated-including the tradeoff between RF power and pseudopotential well depth. The time average power for the microscale PLIT is, at best, ~ 1/100 that of the PLIT but at a cost of potential well depth of ~ 1/10 the original. Experimental data using toluene/deuterated toluene and isobutylbenze to verify trap performance demonstrated resolutions around 1.5 Da at a pressure of 5.4 × 10-3 Torr. The microscale PLIT was shown to retain resolutions between 2.3 and 2.7 Da at pressures up to 42 × 10-3 Torr while consuming a factor of 3.38 less time average power than the unscaled PLIT. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiao Wang
- Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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Fiorentin TR, Fogarty M, Limberger RP, Logan BK. Determination of cutting agents in seized cocaine samples using GC–MS, GC–TMS and LC–MS/MS. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 295:199-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Skog KM, Xiong F, Kawashima H, Doyle E, Soto R, Gentner DR. Compact, Automated, Inexpensive, and Field-Deployable Vacuum-Outlet Gas Chromatograph for Trace-Concentration Gas-Phase Organic Compounds. Anal Chem 2019; 91:1318-1327. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate M. Skog
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Fulizi Xiong
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Hitoshi Kawashima
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Evan Doyle
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Ricardo Soto
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Drew R. Gentner
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- SEARCH (Solutions for Energy, Air, Climate and Health) Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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Li X, Zhang Y, Ge S, Qian J, Miao W. Portable linear ion trap mass spectrometer with compact multistage vacuum system and continuous atmospheric pressure interface. Analyst 2019; 144:5127-5135. [PMID: 31338496 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01047e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A portable linear ion trap mass spectrometer featuring a compact three-stage vacuum system, a continuous atmospheric pressure interface (CAPI), and a miniature ion funnel was developed and characterized. The dimensions and weight of the instrument were 38 × 26 × 23 cm3 and ∼20 kg, respectively. The combination of a three-stage vacuum system and CAPI reduced the pressure smoothly from atmospheric to ∼5 × 10-4 Torr, ensuring that the miniature ion funnel, quadrupole ion guide, and linear ion trap operated in a suitable and stable vacuum environment. The analytical performance of the instrument was evaluated with a nano-electron spray ionization source and a reserpine sample solution. A satisfactory mass resolution up to 4060 (m/Δm, FWHM) was achieved at m/z 609 when the mass scan rate was 495 Da s-1. Unit mass resolution was achieved at a mass scan rate of 6000 Da s-1. In addition, a limit of detection of 5 ng mL-1 was achieved and tandem mass spectrometry (MS3) was successfully performed with the instrument. Furthermore, the measurements showed high repeatability and stability (RSD < 6%). This portable mass spectrometer shows great potential for practical applications in on-site analyses, such as those required for food safety, drug analysis, environmental protection, forensic investigations, and homeland security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Li
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021, China.
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Decker TK, Zheng Y, McClellan JS, Ruben AJ, Lammert SA, Austin DE, Hawkins AR. Double resonance ejection using novel radiofrequency phase tracking circuitry in a miniaturized planar linear ion trap mass spectrometer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:2024-2030. [PMID: 30133876 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ion trap mass spectrometers are attractive due to their inherent sensitivity and specificity. Miniaturization increases trap portability for in situ mass analysis by relaxing vacuum and voltage requirements but decreases the trapping volume. To overcome signal/resolution loss from miniaturization, double resonance ejection using phase tracking circuitry was investigated. METHODS Phase tracking circuitry was developed to induce double resonance ejection in a planar linear ion trap using the β 2/3 hexapole resonance line. RESULTS Double resonance was observed using phase tracking circuitry. Resolution of 0.5 m/z units and improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared with AC resonant ejection were achieved. CONCLUSIONS The phase tracking circuitry proved effective despite deviations from a true phase locked condition. Double resonance ejection is a means to increase signal intensity in a miniaturized planar ion trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor K Decker
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602-0002, USA
| | - Yajun Zheng
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602-0002, USA
| | - Joshua S McClellan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602-0002, USA
| | - Aaron J Ruben
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602-0002, USA
| | | | - Daniel E Austin
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602-0002, USA
| | - Aaron R Hawkins
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602-0002, USA
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Sharifi R, Ryu CM. Biogenic Volatile Compounds for Plant Disease Diagnosis and Health Improvement. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 34:459-469. [PMID: 30588219 PMCID: PMC6305170 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.rw.06.2018.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants and microorganisms (microbes) use information from chemicals such as volatile compounds to understand their environments. Proficiency in sensing and responding to these infochemicals increases an organism's ecological competence and ability to survive in competitive environments, particularly with regard to plant-pathogen interactions. Plants and microbes acquired the ability to sense and respond to biogenic volatiles during their evolutionary history. However, these signals can only be interpreted by humans through the use of state-of the-art technologies. Newly-developed tools allow microbe-induced plant volatiles to be detected in a rapid, precise, and non-invasive manner to diagnose plant diseases. Beside disease diagnosis, volatile compounds may also be valuable in improving crop productivity in sustainable agriculture. Bacterial volatile compounds (BVCs) have potential for use as a novel plant growth stimulant or as improver of fertilizer efficiency. BVCs can also elicit plant innate immunity against insect pests and microbial pathogens. Research is needed to expand our knowledge of BVCs and to produce BVC-based formulations that can be used practically in the field. Formulation possibilities include encapsulation and sol-gel matrices, which can be used in attract and kill formulations, chemigation, and seed priming. Exploitation of biogenic volatiles will facilitate the development of smart integrated plant management systems for disease control and productivity improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouhallah Sharifi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah,
Iran
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141,
Korea
- Biosystem and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
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38
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Snyder DT, Szalwinski LJ, Wells JM, Cooks RG. Logical MS/MS scans: a new set of operations for tandem mass spectrometry. Analyst 2018; 143:5438-5452. [PMID: 30311922 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01661e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new set of operations for tandem mass spectrometry in a linear ion trap is described. Logical MS/MS operations categorize compounds in mixtures based on characteristic structural features as revealed by MS/MS behavior recorded in multiple fragmentation pathways. This approach is a conceptual extension of tandem mass spectrometry in which interrogation of the full data domain is performed by simultaneous implementation of precursor and neutral loss scans. This process can be thought of as moving through the 2D MS/MS data domain along multiple scan lines simultaneously, which allows experiments that explore the 2D data domain of MS/MS to be couched in terms of logical operations, AND, NAND (not and), OR (inclusive or), XOR (exclusive or), NOT, etc. Examples of particular logical conditions include all precursor ions that fragment to both of two selected product ions (logical AND), or all precursor ions that do not produce a specified fragment ion (logical NOT). These and other operational modes (TRUE/FALSE, XOR, OR, etc.) complement and extend the existing set of conventional MS/MS scans, namely product scans, precursor scans, and neutral loss scans. We describe the implementation of logical MS/MS scans on a commercial linear ion trap mass spectrometer using simple mixtures of amphetamines and fentanyl analogues and argue their utility for complex mixture analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton T Snyder
- Purdue University Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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39
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Regmi BP, Agah M. Micro Gas Chromatography: An Overview of Critical Components and Their Integration. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13133-13150. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P. Regmi
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Masoud Agah
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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40
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Chappuis TH, Pham Ho BA, Ceillier M, Ricoul F, Alessio M, Beche JF, Corne C, Besson G, Vial J, Thiébaut D, Bourlon B. Miniaturization of breath sampling with silicon chip: application to volatile tobacco markers tracking. J Breath Res 2018; 12:046011. [PMID: 30008462 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aad384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the performances of silicon micro-preconcentrators chips for breath sampling. The silicon chips were coupled to a handheld battery powered system for breath sampling and direct injection in a laboratory gas chromatography mass spectrometry system through thermal desorption (TD). Performances of micro-preconcentrators were first compared to commercial TD for benzene trapping. Similar chromatographic peaks after gas chromatographic separation were observed while the volume of sample needed was reduced by a factor of 5. Repeatability and day to day variability of the micro-preconcentrators were then studied for a 500 ppb synthetic model mixture injected three times a day four days in a row: 8% and 12% were measured respectively. Micro-preconcentrator to micro-preconcentrator variability was not significant compared to day to day variability. In addition, micro-preconcentrators were tested for breath samples collected in Tedlar® bags. Three analyses of the same breath sample displayed relative standard deviations values below 16% for eight of the ten most intense peaks. Finally, the performances of micro-preconcentrators for breath sampling on a single expiration were illustrated with the example of volatile tobacco markers tracking. The signals of three smoking markers in breath, benzene, 2,5-dimethylfuran, and toluene were studied. Concentrations of benzene and toluene were found to be 10 to 100 higher in the breath of smokers. 2,5-dimethylfuran was only found in the breath of smokers. The elimination kinetics of the markers were followed as well during 4 h: a fast decrease of the signal of the three markers in breath was observed 20 min after smoking in good agreement with what is described in the literature. Those results demonstrate the efficiency of silicon chips for breath sampling, compared to the state of the art techniques. Thanks to miniaturization and lower sample volumes needed, micro-preconcentrators could be in the future a key technology towards portable breath sampling and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hector Chappuis
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38000 Grenoble, France. UMR 8231 CBI, LSABM, ESPCI Paris-CNRS, PSL Institute, Paris, France
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Wong YF, Yan D, Shellie RA, Sciarrone D, Marriott PJ. Rapid Plant Volatiles Screening Using Headspace SPME and Person-Portable Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3605-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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42
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Zhou X, Liu X, Chiang S, Cao W, Li M, Ouyang Z. Stimulated Motion Suppression (STMS): a New Approach to Break the Resolution Barrier for Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1738-1744. [PMID: 29845562 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1995-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ion trap is an excellent platform to perform tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), but has an intrinsic drawback in resolving power. Using ion resonant ejection as an example, the resolution degradation can be largely attributed to the broadening of the resonant frequency band (RFB) between ion motion and driving alternative-current (AC). To solve this problem, stimulated motion suppression (STMS) was developed. The key idea of STMS is the use of two suppression alternative-current (SAC) signals, which both have reversed initial phases to the main AC. The SACs can block the unexpected sideband ion resonances (or ejections), therefore playing a key role in sharpening the RFB. The proof-of-concept has been demonstrated through ion trajectory simulations and validated experimentally. STMS provides a new and versatile means for the improvement of the ion trap resolution, which for a long time has reached the bottleneck through conventional methods, e.g., increasing the radio-frequency (RF) voltage and decreasing the mass scan rate. At the end, it is worth noting that the idea of STMS is very general and principally can be applied in any RF device for the purposes of high-resolution mass analysis and ion isolation. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xinwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Spencer Chiang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Wenbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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McBride EM, Verbeck GF. A Mass Spectrometer in Every Fume Hood. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1555-1566. [PMID: 29881996 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1964-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Since their inception, mass spectrometers have played a pivotal role in the direction and application of synthetic chemical research. The ability to develop new instrumentation to solve current analytical challenges in this area has always been at the heart of mass spectrometry, although progress has been slow at times. Herein, we briefly review the history of how mass spectrometry has been used to approach challenges in organic chemistry, how new developments in portable instrumentation and ambient ionization have been used to open novel areas of research, and how current techniques have the ability to expand on our knowledge of synthetic mechanisms and kinetics. Lastly, we discuss the relative paucity of work done in recent years to embrace the concept of improving benchtop synthetic chemistry with mass spectrometry, the disconnect between applications and fundamentals within these studies, and what hurdles still need to be overcome. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M McBride
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX,, 76203, USA
| | - Guido F Verbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX,, 76203, USA.
- CHEM 195, 1508 West Mulberry Street, Denton, TX, 76201, USA.
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Tian Y, Decker TK, McClellan JS, Wu Q, De la Cruz A, Hawkins AR, Austin DE. Experimental Observation of the Effects of Translational and Rotational Electrode Misalignment on a Planar Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1376-1385. [PMID: 29623663 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1942-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The performance of miniaturized ion trap mass analyzers is limited, in part, by the accuracy with which electrodes can be fabricated and positioned relative to each other. Alignment of plates in a two-plate planar LIT is ideal to characterize misalignment effects, as it represents the simplest possible case, having only six degrees of freedom (DOF) (three translational and three rotational). High-precision motorized actuators were used to vary the alignment between the two ion trap plates in five DOFs-x, y, z, pitch, and yaw. A comparison between the experiment and previous simulations shows reasonable agreement. Pitch, or the degree to which the plates are parallel along the axial direction, has the largest and sharpest impact to resolving power, with resolving power dropping noticeably with pitch misalignment of a fraction of a degree. Lateral displacement (x) and yaw (rotation of one plate, but plates remain parallel) both have a strong impact on ion ejection efficiency, but little effect on resolving power. The effects of plate spacing (y-displacement) on both resolving power and ion ejection efficiency are attributable to higher-order terms in the trapping field. Varying the DC (axial) trapping potential can elucidate the effects where more misalignments in more than one DOF affect performance. Implications of these results for miniaturized ion traps are discussed. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Trevor K Decker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Joshua S McClellan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Qinghao Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Abraham De la Cruz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Aaron R Hawkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Daniel E Austin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
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Zhai Y, Liu S, Gao L, Hu L, Xu W. Direct Biological Sample Analyses by Laserspray Ionization Miniature Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5696-5702. [PMID: 29562126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
With improved performances, miniature mass spectrometers are becoming suitable for more practical applications. At the same time, the coupling of an approximate ionization source is essential in terms of minimizing sample preparation and broadening the range of samples that could be analyzed. In this study, an atmospheric pressure laserspray ionization (AP-LSI) source was coupled with our home developed miniature ion trap mass spectrometer. The whole system is compact in size, and biological samples could be directly analyzed with minimum sample preparation. Direct detections of peptides, proteins, drugs in whole blood, and urine could be achieved with high sensitivity. The analyses of tissue sections were demonstrated, and different regions in a tissue section could be differentiated based on their lipid profiles. Results suggest that the coupling of AP-LSI with miniature mass spectrometer is a powerful technique, which could potentially benefit target molecule analysis in biological and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Zhai
- School of Life Science , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Siyu Liu
- School of Life Science , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Lijuan Gao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Safety Analysis, Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis , Beijing , 100089 , China
| | - Lili Hu
- School of Life Science , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Life Science , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
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Decker TK, Tian Y, McClellan JS, Bennett L, Lammert SA, Austin DE, Hawkins AR. Optimal fabrication methods for miniature coplanar ion traps. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:289-294. [PMID: 29131427 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ion trap mass spectrometers are beneficial due to their intrinsic sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, a portable version for in situ analysis of various compounds is very attractive. Miniaturization of ion traps is paramount for the portability of such mass spectrometers. METHODS We developed an optimized design for a planar linear ion trap mass spectrometer, consisting of two trapping plates with photolithographically patterned electrodes. Each plate is constructed using a machined glass substrate and standard microfabrication procedures. The plates are attached to a patterned circuit board via wire bonds then positioned approximately 5 mm apart. RESULTS Trapped ions are detected by ejecting them through tapered slits, which alleviate charge buildup. Mass analysis can be performed through either boundary or resonant ion ejection. Better than unit mass resolution is demonstrated with resonant ejection. CONCLUSIONS The optimized planar linear ion trap provides good resolution and the potential for further miniaturization. This was accomplished by vigorously testing variables associated with ion trap design including electrical connections, substrate materials, and electrode designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor K Decker
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602-0002, USA
| | - Yuan Tian
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Joshua S McClellan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602-0002, USA
| | - Linsey Bennett
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602-0002, USA
| | | | - Daniel E Austin
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602-0002, USA
| | - Aaron R Hawkins
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602-0002, USA
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Du Z, Tsow F, Wang D, Tao N. Real-time Simutaneous Separation and Detection of Chemicals using Integrated Micro Column and Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging Micro-GC. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2018; 18:1351-1357. [PMID: 30220886 PMCID: PMC6136449 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2017.2783892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An integrated and miniaturized Micro-Gas Chromatography with real-time imaging capability for simultaneous chemical separation and detection was developed. Surface Plasmon Resonance imaging (SPRi) was used as a sensitive and real-time imaging based detector for various gaseous chemical mixtures and good gas chromatographs were obtained. The system integrated a home-made miniaturized molecular sieve packed spiral micro-channel column with the SPRi imaging chip and real-time chemical separation and detection were demonstrated using alkanes. The chemical separation processes were simulated using COMSOL and matched well with experimental results. The system enabled the study of chemical separation processes in real-time by miniaturizing and integrating the Micro-GC separation and detection units. This approach can be expanded to multidimensional GC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Du
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5801 USA
| | - Francis Tsow
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5801 USA
| | - Di Wang
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5801 USA
| | - Nongjian Tao
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5801 USA
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Tian Y, Decker TK, McClellan JS, Bennett L, Li A, De la Cruz A, Andrews D, Lammert SA, Hawkins AR, Austin DE. Improved Miniaturized Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer Using Lithographically Patterned Plates and Tapered Ejection Slit. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:213-222. [PMID: 28836122 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1759-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a new two-plate linear ion trap mass spectrometer that overcomes both performance-based and miniaturization-related issues with prior designs. Borosilicate glass substrates are patterned with aluminum electrodes on one side and wire-bonded to printed circuit boards. Ions are trapped in the space between two such plates. Tapered ejection slits in each glass plate eliminate issues with charge build-up within the ejection slit and with blocking of ions that are ejected at off-nominal angles. The tapered slit allows miniaturization of the trap features (electrode size, slit width) needed for further reduction of trap size while allowing the use of substrates that are still thick enough to provide ruggedness during handling, assembly, and in-field applications. Plate spacing was optimized during operation using a motorized translation stage. A scan rate of 2300 Th/s with a sample mixture of toluene and deuterated toluene (D8) and xylenes (a mixture of o-, m-, p-) showed narrowest peak widths of 0.33 Th (FWHM). Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Trevor K Decker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Joshua S McClellan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Linsey Bennett
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Ailin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Abraham De la Cruz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Derek Andrews
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | | | - Aaron R Hawkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Daniel E Austin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
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Lam R, Lennard C, Kingsland G, Johnstone P, Symons A, Wythes L, Fewtrell J, O’Brien D, Spikmans V. Person-portable equipment in environmental forensic investigations: application to fire scenes. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2018.1424242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rylee Lam
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Chris Lennard
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Graham Kingsland
- Fire and Investigation Research Unit, Fire & Rescue New South Wales, Greenacre, Australia
| | - Paul Johnstone
- Operational Capability Directorate, Fire & Rescue New South Wales, Greenacre, Australia
| | - Andrew Symons
- Environment Protection Science Branch, Office of Environment and Heritage, Lidcombe, Australia
| | - Laura Wythes
- Hazardous Incidents and Environmental Health Branch, New South Wales Environment Protection Authority, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeremy Fewtrell
- Operational Capability Directorate, Fire & Rescue New South Wales, Greenacre, Australia
| | - David O’Brien
- Fire and Investigation Research Unit, Fire & Rescue New South Wales, Greenacre, Australia
| | - Val Spikmans
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
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Yu Q, Zhang Q, Lu X, Qian X, Ni K, Wang X. Developing a Vacuum Electrospray Source To Implement Efficient Atmospheric Sampling for Miniature Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12938-12944. [PMID: 29091419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The performance of a miniature mass spectrometer in atmospheric analysis is closely related to the design of its sampling system. In this study, a simplified vacuum electrospray ionization (VESI) source was developed based on a combination of several techniques, including the discontinuous atmospheric pressure interface, direct capillary sampling, and pneumatic-assisted electrospray. Pulsed air was used as a vital factor to facilitate the operation of electrospray ionization in the vacuum chamber. This VESI device can be used as an efficient atmospheric sampling interface when coupled with a miniature rectilinear ion trap (RIT) mass spectrometer. The developed VESI-RIT instrument enables regular ESI analysis of liquid, and its qualitative and quantitative capabilities have been characterized by using various solution samples. A limit of detection of 8 ppb could be attained for arginine in a methanol solution. In addition, extractive electrospray ionization of organic compounds can be implemented by using the same VESI device, as long as the gas analytes are injected with the pulsed auxiliary air. This methodology can extend the use of the proposed VESI technique to rapid and online analysis of gaseous and volatile samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Yu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinqiong Lu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiang Qian
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kai Ni
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, China.,State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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