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Farana R, Williams G, Fujihara T, Wyatt HE, Naundorf F, Irwin G. Current issues and future directions in gymnastics research: biomechanics, motor control and coaching interface. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:161-185. [PMID: 34962219 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.2016928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The sport of gymnastics is undergoing a global examination of its culture and the relationship between the gymnast, coach and environment is a central focus. The aim of this review is to explore biomechanics and motor control research in skill development and technique selection in artistic gymnastics with a focus on the underlying concepts and scientific principles that allow performance enhancement, skill development and injury risk reduction. The current review examines peer reviewed papers from 2000 onwards, with a focus on contemporary approaches in the field of gymnastics research, and highlights several key directions for future gymnastics research. Based on our review and the integration of the models of Newell (1986) and Irwin et al. (2005), we recommend that future gymnastics research should embrace at the very least a multidisciplinary approach and aim for an interdisciplinary paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Farana
- University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | | | - T Fujihara
- Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - H E Wyatt
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - F Naundorf
- Institute for Applied Training Science Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - G Irwin
- University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Abstract
In acrobatic sports, twisting fast before piking allows athletes to enlarge their scoring potential. Since planning the arm and hip movements to twist fast is unintuitive, optimal control appears as a powerful and risk-free tool. To our knowledge, predictive simulations of human motion did not include self-collision avoidance constraints resulting potentially in unrealistic solutions. Our objective was to generate innovative and realistic twisting techniques for forward somersaults ending in pike position by solving an optimal control problem including non-collision constraints. Optimal techniques for one, two, or three twists before piking were generated by minimising the duration of the twisting and piking phases. The model was composed of five segments with one degree of freedom at the chest and two at the hips and shoulders. We explored local minima using a multi-start approach. Solutions were further analysed to assess the impact of non-collision constraints, the segments' contribution to twist creation, and their stability. For each desired number of twists, one relevant solution was chosen. Optimisation showed that trampolinists could attempt new acrobatics: forward triple twisting somersault ending in pike position. This research also shows that non-collision constraints strongly modify the optimal techniques without impairing significantly their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Charbonneau
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - François Bailly
- National Research Institute in Informatics and Automatics, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mickaël Begon
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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SERBEST KASIM, BERISHA MILAIM, CILLI MURAT. DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THREE DIFFERENT HIGH BAR DISMOUNTS IN THE SIMMECHANICS ENVIRONMENT. J MECH MED BIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519418500306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study compares certain kinematic and kinetic parameters in giant circles performed before twisting, double stretched and double tucked dismounts using the dynamic model in the SimMechanics environment. The joint moments calculated using the designed model were investigated for the three different dismounts. The study included a 13-year-old voluntary national gymnast with seven years of training history. Markers were placed on the wrist, elbow, shoulder, hip, knee and ankle joints of the gymnast. The gymnast was asked to perform twisting, double stretched and double tucked dismounts. MATLAB and SimMechanics were used to calculate joint moments. The moves were simulated and the joint moments during the moves were calculated using the SimMechanics toolbox. The study observed that the highest joint moment was in the wrist joint in all three dismounts, in line with the findings of previous studies. However, unlike other studies, higher joint moments were calculated in the accelerated giant circle performed together with thrusts, compared with the regular giant circle. While there were similar maximum moment values in twisting dismounts and double tucked dismounts, an almost three times higher moment was observed in double stretched dismounts. In terms of joint moments, stretched dismount is obviously the most difficult move, which is consistent with the difficulty levels. A recorded performance of the mechanical model created in the SimMechanics environment was investigated in terms of the twist angle and moments generated on the bar, and found to be sufficient and useful. However, there are certain restrictions regarding the methods employed in this study. We concluded that the mechanical model will allow for the performance of kinematic and kinetic analyses of different gymnasts and types of moves thanks to its flexible structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- KASIM SERBEST
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Sakarya University, Sakarya 54187, Turkey
| | - MILAIM BERISHA
- Department of Education Coaching, Sakarya University, Sakarya 54187, Turkey
| | - MURAT CILLI
- Department of Education Coaching, Sakarya University, Sakarya 54187, Turkey
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Twist limits for late twisting double somersaults on trampoline. J Biomech 2017; 58:174-178. [PMID: 28549598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An angle-driven computer simulation model of aerial movement was used to determine the maximum amount of twist that could be produced in the second somersault of a double somersault on trampoline using asymmetrical movements of the arms and hips. Lower bounds were placed on the durations of arm and hip angle changes based on performances of a world trampoline champion whose inertia parameters were used in the simulations. The limiting movements were identified as the largest possible odd number of half twists for forward somersaulting takeoffs and even number of half twists for backward takeoffs. Simulations of these two limiting movements were found using simulated annealing optimisation to produce the required amounts of somersault, tilt and twist at landing after a flight time of 2.0s. Additional optimisations were then run to seek solutions with the arms less adducted during the twisting phase. It was found that 3½ twists could be produced in the second somersault of a forward piked double somersault with arms abducted 8° from full adduction during the twisting phase and that three twists could be produced in the second somersault of a backward straight double somersault with arms fully adducted to the body. These two movements are at the limits of performance for elite trampolinists.
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Heinen T, Supej M, Čuk I. Performing a forward dive with 5.5 somersaults in platform diving: simulation of different technique variations. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:1081-1089. [PMID: 27418210 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Performing dives with multiple somersaults is an inherent component of competitive diving. In individual international competitions, dives are performed from a 1- or 3-m springboard as well as from a 10-m platform, and divers use different technique variations in accelerating and decelerating rotation about the somersault axis. Therefore, the first aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different technique variations in accelerating and decelerating rotation about the somersault axis in a 109C dive (4.5 forward somersault in a tucked posture) by means of a multi-body computer simulation model based on the real performance of an expert diver. The second aim was to evaluate the feasibility of adding an additional somersault rotation to the 109C dive. The results revealed that different technique variations accounted for different amounts of gain and loss in somersault rotation, whereas no isolated technique variation accounted for an additional somersault rotation. Applying an optimized technique variation together with an increase in angular and linear momentum allowed the simulation model to perform a forward dive with 5.5 somersaults under achievable biomechanical constraints (1011C dive). It is concluded that the 1011C would be a feasible skill for a diver whose sensory-motor system is adequately adapted to withstand angular velocities of approximately 1200°/s and who is able to perform a double tucked somersault in a split-tuck posture above the platform level. Implications for changes in training practices and platform equipment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Heinen
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - M Supej
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Germany
| | - I Čuk
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Germany
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Hiley MJ, Yeadon MR. Investigating optimal technique in the presence of motor system noise: application to the double layout somersault dismount on high bar. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:440-9. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1057211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Linge SO. Men’s Artistic Gymnastics: a new high bar-gymnast model with sensitivity analysis. SPORTS ENGINEERING 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12283-011-0069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cagran C, Huber P, Müller W. Dynamic force measurements for a high bar using 3D motion capturing. J Biomech 2009; 43:767-70. [PMID: 19906379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The displacement of a calibrated horizontal bar is used as a measure for forces acting on the bar itself during dynamic performances in artistic gymnastics. The high bar is loaded with known forces and the displacement is monitored by means of a Vicon motion capturing system. The calibration results are fitted according to the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. After calibration, forces can straightforwardly be measured by multiplication of the bar displacement with the determined fit parameter. This approach is also able to account for non-central force application (two hands on the bar) and the effect of the bar's inertia. Uncertainties in measured forces are assessed to be +/-25 N plus an additional 1% for the unknown weight distribution between the two hands.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cagran
- Human Performance Research Graz, University of Graz, Max-Mell-Allee 11, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Mills C, Pain MTG, Yeadon MR. Reducing ground reaction forces in gymnastics' landings may increase internal loading. J Biomech 2009; 42:671-8. [PMID: 19281989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to use a subject-specific seven-link wobbling mass model of a gymnast, and a multi-layer model of a landing mat, to determine landing strategies that minimise ground reaction forces (GRF) and internal forces. Subject-specific strength parameters were determined that defined the maximum voluntary torque/angle/angular velocity relationship at each joint. These relationships were used to produce subject-specific 'lumped' linear muscle models for each joint. Muscle activation histories were optimised using a Simplex algorithm to minimise GRF or bone bending moments for forward and backward rotating vault landings. Optimising the landing strategy to minimise each of the GRF reduced the peak vertical and horizontal GRF by 9% for the backward rotating vault and by 8% and 48% for the forward rotating vault, compared to a matching simulation. However, most internal loading measures (bone bending moments, joint reaction forces and muscle forces) increased compared to the matching simulation. Optimising the landing strategy to minimise the peak bone bending moments resulted in reduced internal loading measures, and in most cases reduced GRF. Bone bending moments were reduced by 27% during the forward rotating vault and by 2% during the backward rotating vault landings when compared to the matching simulations. It is possible for a gymnast to modify their landing strategy in order to minimise internal forces and lower GRF. However, using a reduction in GRF, due to a change in landing strategy, as a basis for a reduction in injury potential in vaulting movements may not be appropriate since internal loading can increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Mills
- Sport and Exercise Science Department, University of Portsmouth, Spinnaker Building, PO1 2ER, United Kingdom.
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Begon M, Hiley MJ, Yeadon MR. Effect of hip flexibility on optimal stalder performances on high bar. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2009; 12:575-83. [PMID: 19266351 DOI: 10.1080/10255840902788595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the optimisation of sports movements using computer simulation models, the joint actuators must be constrained in order to obtain realistic results. In models of a gymnast, the main constraint used in previous studies was maximum voluntary active joint torque. In the stalder, gymnasts reach their maximal hip flexion under the bar. The purpose of this study was to introduce a model of passive torque to assess the effect of the gymnast's flexibility on the technique of the straddled stalder. A three-dimensional kinematics driven simulation model was developed. The kinematics of the shoulder flexion, hip flexion and hip abduction were optimised to minimise torques for four hip flexion flexibilities: 100 degrees, 110 degrees, 120 degrees and 130 degrees. With decreased flexibility, the piked posture period is shorter and occurs later. Moreover the peaks of shoulder and hip torques increase. Gymnasts with low hip flexibility need to be stronger to achieve a stalder; hip flexibility should be considered by coaches before teaching this skill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Begon
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Sevrez V, Berton E, Rao G, Bootsma RJ. Regulation of pendulum length as a control mechanism in performing the backward giant circle in gymnastics. Hum Mov Sci 2009; 28:250-62. [PMID: 19193466 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Seven female elite gymnasts performed backward giant circles on the high bar under different conditions of loading. The magnitude (2 or 4 kg) and location (shoulders, waist, and ankles) of load systematically influenced the overall swing duration as well as the relative timing of movements at the joints. An analysis of the mechanical constraints operating suggested that the gymnast should be considered as a pendulum of variable length. Increasing and decreasing pendulum length at appropriate phases of the swing effectively allows energy to be injected into the system, thereby compensating the energy lost to friction. A sharp negative peak in the relative rate of change of pendulum length, characteristic of the upward swing phase of all gymnasts, was found to invariably occur at a particular value of the first-order time-to-closure of the body orientation gap with respect to the vertical. The presence of this invariant suggested that the gymnasts organize their behavior on the basis of such a first-order temporal relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Sevrez
- UMR 6233 ISM Marey, Université de la Méditerranée, 163, avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
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Hoshi RA, Pastre CM, Vanderlei LCM, Netto Júnior J, Bastos FDN. Lesões desportivas na ginástica artística: estudo a partir de morbidade referida. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922008000500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: Os níveis de exigência biomecânica devidos ao alto grau de dificuldade na realização de gestos fazem da ginástica artística (GA) uma modalidade com elevado risco de lesões. Assim, é necessário que os aspectos a elas relacionados sejam controlados. OBJETIVO: Analisar a ocorrência de lesões na Ginástica Artística, associando-as a fatores de risco específicos da modalidade e do atleta, a partir de inquérito de morbidade referida. MÉTODOS: Foram entrevistados 54 ginastas, recrutados ao acaso, classificados segundo o nível competitivo em duas categorias: regional e nacional. Utilizou-se o inquérito de morbidade referida (IMR) com a finalidade de reunir dados sobre a natureza da lesão, região corporal e aparelho ginástico. Os dados foram organizados e apresentados sob a forma de distribuição de freqüências e as variáveis, analisadas segundo nível de associação a partir do teste de Goodman para contrastes entre populações multinomiais, considerando significante o valor P < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Presença de lesão durante a temporada foi relatada por 39 (71,70%) atletas, sendo 22 (56,41%) mulheres e 17 (43,59%) homens. Nas categorias regional masculino e feminino e nacional feminino, a maior ocorrência de lesões foi de origem articular, correspondendo a 55,56%, 50% e 45,45% do total, respectivamente. Para o sexo feminino nacional, os membros inferiores foram os mais referidos (68,18%) e, em ambas as categorias, as lesões ocorreram nos aparelhos de saltos (79,41%), enquanto que no sexo masculino nacional o maior número de agravos foi verificado nos aparelhos de apoio e suspensão (72%). CONCLUSÕES: Há elevada freqüência de lesões, acometendo principalmente articulações e membros inferiores, sendo os aparelhos de saltos os mais referidos quanto à ocorrência de acometimentos. Foi observado também que, quanto maiores as exigências de desempenho técnico, maior a freqüência de lesões.
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Hiley MJ, Yeadon MR. Optimisation of high bar circling technique for consistent performance of a triple piked somersault dismount. J Biomech 2008; 41:1730-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
The release window for a given dismount from the asymmetric bars is the period of time within which release results in a successful dismount. Larger release windows are likely to be associated with more consistent performance because they allow a greater margin for error in timing the release. A computer simulation model was used to investigate optimum technique for maximizing release windows in asymmetric bars dismounts. The model comprised four rigid segments with the elastic properties of the gymnast and bar modeled using damped linear springs. Model parameters were optimized to obtain a close match between simulated and actual performances of three gymnasts in terms of rotation angle (1.5°), bar displacement (0.014 m), and release velocities (<1%). Three optimizations to maximize the release window were carried out for each gymnast involving no perturbations, 10-ms perturbations, and 20-ms perturbations in the timing of the shoulder and hip joint movements preceding release. It was found that the optimizations robust to 20-ms perturbations produced release windows similar to those of the actual performances whereas the windows for the unperturbed optimizations were up to twice as large. It is concluded that robustness considerations must be included in optimization studies in order to obtain realistic results and that elite performances are likely to be robust to timing perturbations of the order of 20 ms.
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