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Yamano-Adachi N, Hata H, Nakanishi Y, Omasa T. Effects of genome instability of parental CHO cell clones on chromosome number distribution and recombinant protein production in parent-derived subclones. J Biosci Bioeng 2024; 137:54-63. [PMID: 37981489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the de facto standard host cells for biopharmaceuticals, and there is great interest in developing methods for constructing stable production cell lines. In this study, clones with a wide chromosome number distribution were selected from isolated antibody-producing strains, and subclones obtained from these clones were evaluated. The transgene copy number varied between the subclones. Even among subclones with similar copy numbers of antibody genes and maintained insertion sites, clones with different productivity were generated. Although the chromosome number distribution differed between these subclones, there was no correlation between the variability in chromosome number after cloning (genome instability) and productivity. Most of the subclones obtained from a parental strain with a wide chromosome number had the same wide chromosome number distribution as the parental strain. Less frequently, cells with less variation (remaining in one distribution) in chromosome number were isolated from cells with a wide chromosome number distribution, from which subclones with less variation in chromosome number were obtained when subcloning was performed again. These results imply that the characteristics of clones with chromosomal instability are inherited by subclones, and thus provide a better understanding of cell line stability/instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Yamano-Adachi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Hata
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuto Nakanishi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Omasa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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2
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Yamano-Adachi N, Nakanishi Y, Tanaka W, Lai Y, Yamazaki M, Zenner L, Hata H, Omasa T. Artificial induction of chromosome aneuploidy in CHO cells alters their function as host cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:659-673. [PMID: 36385243 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are major host cells for biopharmaceuticals. During culture, the chromosome number of CHO cells alters spontaneously. Here, we investigated the effects of artificial changes in the chromosome number on productivity. When cell fusion between antibody-producing CHO-K1-derived cells was induced, we observed a wide range of aneuploidy that was not detected in controls. In particular, antibody productivities were high in clone-derived cell populations that retained a diverse chromosome number distribution. We also induced aneuploid cells using 3-aminobenzamide that causes chromosome non-disjunction. After induction of aneuploidy by 3-aminobenzamide, cells with an increased chromosome number were isolated, but cells with a decreased chromosome number could not be isolated. When antibody expression vectors were introduced into these isolated clones, productivity tended to increase in cells with an increased chromosome number. Further analysis was carried out by focusing on clone 5E8 with an average chromosome number of 37. When 5E8 cells were used as host, the productivity of multiple antibodies, including difficult-to-express antibodies, was improved compared with CHO-K1 cells. The copies of exogenous genes integrated into the genome were significantly increased in 5E8 cells. These findings expand the possibilities for host cell selection and contribute to the efficient construction of cell lines for recombinant protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Yamano-Adachi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuto Nakanishi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Wataru Tanaka
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - YuanShan Lai
- Graduate School of Advanced Technology and Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Laura Zenner
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hata
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Omasa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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3
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Horie M, Yamano-Adachi N, Kawabe Y, Kaneoka H, Fujita H, Nagamori E, Iwai R, Sato Y, Kanie K, Ohta S, Somiya M, Ino K. Recent advances in animal cell technologies for industrial and medical applications. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 133:509-514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Marx N, Eisenhut P, Weinguny M, Klanert G, Borth N. How to train your cell - Towards controlling phenotypes by harnessing the epigenome of Chinese hamster ovary production cell lines. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 56:107924. [PMID: 35149147 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in omics technologies and the broad availability of big datasets have revolutionized our understanding of Chinese hamster ovary cells in their role as the most prevalent host for production of complex biopharmaceuticals. In consequence, our perception of this "workhorse of the biopharmaceutical industry" has successively shifted from that of a nicely working, but unknown recombinant protein producing black box to a biological system governed by multiple complex regulatory layers that might possibly be harnessed and manipulated at will. Despite the tremendous progress that has been made to characterize CHO cells on various omics levels, our understanding is still far from complete. The well-known inherent genetic plasticity of any immortalized and rapidly dividing cell line also characterizes CHO cells and can lead to problematic instability of recombinant protein production. While the high mutational frequency has been a focus of CHO cell research for decades, the impact of epigenetics and its role in differential gene expression has only recently been addressed. In this review we provide an overview about the current understanding of epigenetic regulation in CHO cells and discuss its significance for shaping the cell's phenotype. We also look into current state-of-the-art technology that can be applied to harness and manipulate the epigenetic network so as to nudge CHO cells towards a specific phenotype. Here, we revise current strategies on site-directed integration and random as well as targeted epigenome modifications. Finally, we address open questions that need to be investigated to exploit the full repertoire of fine-tuned control of multiplexed gene expression using epigenetic and systems biology tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Marx
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Eisenhut
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Weinguny
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Klanert
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Borth
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
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5
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Samy A, Yamano-Adachi N, Koga Y, Omasa T. Secretion of a low-molecular-weight species of endogenous GRP94 devoid of the KDEL motif during endoplasmic reticulum stress in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Traffic 2021; 22:425-438. [PMID: 34536241 PMCID: PMC9293085 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
GRP94 (glucose‐regulated protein 94) is a well‐studied chaperone with a lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and leucine (KDEL) motif at its C‐terminal, which is responsible for GRP94 localization in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). GRP94 is upregulated during ER stress to help fold unfolded proteins or direct proteins to ER‐associated degradation. In a previous study, engineered GRP94 without the KDEL motif stimulated a powerful immune response in vaccine cells. In this report, we show that endogenous GRP94 is naturally secreted into the medium in a truncated form that lacks the KDEL motif in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The secretion of the truncated form of GRP94 was stimulated by the induction of ER stress. These truncations prevent GRP94 recognition by KDEL receptors and retention inside the cell. This study sheds light on a potential trafficking phenomenon during the unfolded protein response that may help understand the functional role of GRP94 as a trafficking molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Samy
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Noriko Yamano-Adachi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yuichi Koga
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takeshi Omasa
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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6
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Marx N, Dhiman H, Schmieder V, Freire CM, Nguyen LN, Klanert G, Borth N. Enhanced targeted DNA methylation of the CMV and endogenous promoters with dCas9-DNMT3A3L entails distinct subsequent histone modification changes in CHO cells. Metab Eng 2021; 66:268-282. [PMID: 33965614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of new CRISPR/dCas9 tools that enable site specific modulation of DNA methylation and histone modifications, more detailed investigations of the contribution of epigenetic regulation to the precise phenotype of cells in culture, including recombinant production subclones, is now possible. These also allow a wide range of applications in metabolic engineering once the impact of such epigenetic modifications on the chromatin state is available. In this study, enhanced DNA methylation tools were targeted to a recombinant viral promoter (CMV), an endogenous promoter that is silenced in its native state in CHO cells, but had been reactivated previously (β-galactoside α-2,6-sialyltransferase 1) and an active endogenous promoter (α-1,6-fucosyltransferase), respectively. Comparative ChIP-analysis of histone modifications revealed a general loss of active promoter histone marks and the acquisition of distinct repressive heterochromatin marks after targeted methylation. On the other hand, targeted demethylation resulted in autologous acquisition of active promoter histone marks and loss of repressive heterochromatin marks. These data suggest that DNA methylation directs the removal or deposition of specific histone marks associated with either active, poised or silenced chromatin. Moreover, we show that de novo methylation of the CMV promoter results in reduced transgene expression in CHO cells. Although targeted DNA methylation is not efficient, the transgene is repressed, thus offering an explanation for seemingly conflicting reports about the source of CMV promoter instability in CHO cells. Importantly, modulation of epigenetic marks enables to nudge the cell into a specific gene expression pattern or phenotype, which is stabilized in the cell by autologous addition of further epigenetic marks. Such engineering strategies have the added advantage of being reversible and potentially tunable to not only turn on or off a targeted gene, but also to achieve the setting of a desirable expression level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Marx
- BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Center for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heena Dhiman
- BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Center for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valerie Schmieder
- BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Center for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ly Ngoc Nguyen
- BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Center for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Klanert
- Austrian Center for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Borth
- BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Center for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
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7
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Establishment of fast-growing serum-free immortalised cells from Chinese hamster lung tissues for biopharmaceutical production. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17612. [PMID: 33077772 PMCID: PMC7572389 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74735-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) ovary-derived Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most commonly used mammalian hosts for the industrial production of recombinant therapeutics because of their ability to fold, assemble, and perform post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, on proteins. They are also valuable for their ability to grow in serum-free suspension cultures. In this study, we established a cell line derived from lung tissue of Chinese hamsters, named Chinese hamster lung (CHL)-YN cells. The biosafety of CHL-YN cells was confirmed by in vitro sterility testing, mycoplasma detection, and reverse transcriptase assays. One of the key characteristics of CHL-YN cells was their doubling time of 8.1 h in chemically defined culture medium; thus, they proliferate much faster than conventional CHO cells and general mammalian cells. Transgenes could be introduced into CHL-YN cells with high efficiency. Finally, between 50% to > 100% of the amount of glycosylated immunoglobulin G (IgG)1 produced by CHO-K1 cells was produced by CHL-YN cells over a shorter period of time. In summary, fast-growing CHL-YN cells are a unique cell line for producing recombinant proteins.
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Chen P, Chen M, Menon A, Hussain AI, Carey E, Lee C, Horwitz J, O'Connell S, Cooper JW, Schwartz R, Gowetski DB. Development of a High Yielding Bioprocess for a Pre-fusion RSV Subunit Vaccine. J Biotechnol 2020; 325:261-270. [PMID: 33068697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a highly contagious virus causing severe infection in infants and the elderly. Various approaches are being used to develop an effective RSV vaccine. The RSV fusion (F) subunit, particularly the cleaved trimeric pre-fusion F, is one of the most promising vaccine candidates under development. The pre-fusion conformation elicits the majority of neutralizing antibodies during natural infection. However, this pre-fusion conformation is metastable and prone to conversion to a post-fusion conformation, thus hindering the potential of this construct as a vaccine antigen. The Vaccine Research Center (VRC) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) designed a structurally stabilized pre-fusion F glycoprotein, DS-Cav1, that showed high immunogenicity and induced a neutralizing response in animal studies. To advance this candidate to clinical manufacturing, a production process that maintained product quality (i.e. a cleaved trimer with pre-fusion conformation) and delivered high protein expression levels was required. This report describes the development of the vaccine candidate including vector design and cell culture process development to meet these challenges. Co-transfection of individual plasmids to express DS-Cav1 and furin (for DS-Cav1 cleavage and activation) demonstrated a superior protein product expression and pre-fusion conformation compared to co-expression with a double gene vector. A top clone was selected based on these measurements. Protein expression levels were further increased by seeding density optimization and a biphasic hypothermia temperature downshift. The combined efforts led to a high-yield fed-batch production of approximately 1,500 mg/L (or up to 15,000 doses per liter) at harvest. The process was scaled up and demonstrated to be reproducible at 50 L-scale for toxicity and Phase I clinical trial use. Preliminary phase I data indicate the pre-fusion antigen has a promising efficacy (Crank et al., 2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Chen
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA.
| | - Mingzhong Chen
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Amritha Menon
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Althaf I Hussain
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Elizabeth Carey
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Christopher Lee
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Joe Horwitz
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Sarah O'Connell
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Johnathan W Cooper
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Richard Schwartz
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Daniel B Gowetski
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
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Yamano-Adachi N, Ogata N, Tanaka S, Onitsuka M, Omasa T. Characterization of Chinese hamster ovary cells with disparate chromosome numbers: Reduction of the amount of mRNA relative to total protein. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 129:121-128. [PMID: 31303495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomes in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are labile. We have shown that high-chromosome-number CHO cells have greater potential to become robust producers of recombinant proteins. One explanation being the increase in transgene integration sites. However, high-chromosome-number cell clones produce more IgG3 following culture of single-cell clones, even under conditions that yield the same number of integrations as cells with normal chromosome numbers. Here, we characterized high-chromosome-number cells by transcriptome analysis. RNA standards were used to normalize transcriptomes of cells that had different chromosome numbers. Our results demonstrate that the mRNA ratio of β-actin and many other genes in high-chromosome-number cells to that in normal-chromosome-number cells per cell (normalized to RNA standards) was smaller than the equivalent genomic size and cell volume ratios. Many genes encoding membrane proteins are more highly expressed in high-chromosome-number cells, probably due to differences in cell size caused by the increase in chromosomes. In addition, genes related to histone modification and lipid metabolism are differentially expressed. The reduced transcript level required per protein produced in total and the different intracellular signal transductions might be key factors for antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Yamano-Adachi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Norichika Ogata
- Nihon BioData Corporation, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan.
| | - Sho Tanaka
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Masayoshi Onitsuka
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Omasa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Kaneyoshi K, Uchiyama K, Onitsuka M, Yamano N, Koga Y, Omasa T. Analysis of intracellular IgG secretion in Chinese hamster ovary cells to improve IgG production. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 127:107-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Production of functional human CuZn-SOD and EC-SOD in bitransgenic cloned goat milk. Transgenic Res 2018; 27:343-354. [PMID: 29926349 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-018-0080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) and extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) are two superoxide dismutases that scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). Their biological role of eliminating oxidative stress caused by excessive ROS levels in living organisms has been utilized in medical treatment, preventing skin photoaging and food preservation. In this study, we employed two sequences that encode human CuZn-SOD and EC-SOD, along with goat beta-casein 5' and 3' regulatory elements, to construct mammary gland-specific expression vectors. Bitransgenic goats were generated using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), which employed co-transfection to generate bitransgenic goat fetal fibroblast cells as donor cells, and the expression of human CuZn-SOD and EC-SOD and their biological activities were assayed in the milk. PCR and Southern blot analysis confirmed that the cloned goat harbors both hCuZn-SOD and hEC-SOD transgenes. rhCuZn-SOD and rhEC-SOD were expressed in the mammary glands of bitransgenic goat, as determined by western blotting. The expression levels were 100.14 ± 5.09 mg/L for rhCuZn-SOD and 279.10 ± 5.38 mg/L for rhEC-SOD, as determined using ELISA. A total superoxide dismutase assay with WST-8 indicates that the biological activity of rhCuZn-SOD and rhEC-SOD in goat milk is 1451 ± 136 U/mL. The results indicate that two expression vectors can simultaneously transfect goat fetal fibroblast cells as donor cells to produce transgenic goats by SCNT, and the CuZn-SOD and EC-SOD proteins secreted in the mammary glands showed biological activity. The present study thus describes an initial step in the production of recombinant human SODs that may potentially be used for therapeutic purposes.
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12
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Baik JY, Lee KH. Growth Rate Changes in CHO Host Cells Are Associated with Karyotypic Heterogeneity. Biotechnol J 2017; 13:e1700230. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Youn Baik
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Delaware Biotechnology Institute; University of Delaware; 15 Innovation Way Newark DE 19711 USA
| | - Kelvin H. Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Delaware Biotechnology Institute; University of Delaware; 15 Innovation Way Newark DE 19711 USA
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13
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Chen K, Li D, Li H, Li B, Li J, Huang L, Li R, Xu X, Jiang L, Jiang C, Gu H, Fang J. Genetic analysis of heterogeneous sub-clones in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:5785-5797. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8331-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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14
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de Ruijter JC, Koskela EV, Frey AD. Enhancing antibody folding and secretion by tailoring the Saccharomyces cerevisiae endoplasmic reticulum. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:87. [PMID: 27216259 PMCID: PMC4878073 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae provides intriguing possibilities for synthetic biology and bioprocess applications, but its use is still constrained by cellular characteristics that limit the product yields. Considering the production of advanced biopharmaceuticals, a major hindrance lies in the yeast endoplasmic reticulum (ER), as it is not equipped for efficient and large scale folding of complex proteins, such as human antibodies. Results Following the example of professional secretory cells, we show that inducing an ER expansion in yeast by deleting the lipid-regulator gene OPI1 can improve the secretion capacity of full-length antibodies up to fourfold. Based on wild-type and ER-enlarged yeast strains, we conducted a screening of a folding factor overexpression library to identify proteins and their expression levels that enhance the secretion of antibodies. Out of six genes tested, addition of the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase CPR5 provided the most beneficial effect on specific product yield while PDI1, ERO1, KAR2, LHS1 and SIL1 had a mild or even negative effect to antibody secretion efficiency. Combining genes for ER enhancement did not induce any significant additional effect compared to addition of just one element. By combining the Δopi1 strain, with the enlarged ER, with CPR5 overexpression, we were able to boost the specific antibody product yield by a factor of 10 relative to the non-engineered strain. Conclusions Engineering protein folding in vivo is a major task for biopharmaceuticals production in yeast and needs to be optimized at several levels. By rational strain design and high-throughput screening applications we were able to increase the specific secreted antibody yields of S. cerevisiae up to 10-fold, providing a promising strain for further process optimization and platform development for antibody production. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0488-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorg C de Ruijter
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Essi V Koskela
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Alexander D Frey
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland.
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