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Pramanik S, Devi M H, Chakrabarty S, Paylar B, Pradhan A, Thaker M, Ayyadhury S, Manavalan A, Olsson PE, Pramanik G, Heese K. Microglia signaling in health and disease - Implications in sex-specific brain development and plasticity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 165:105834. [PMID: 39084583 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Microglia, the intrinsic neuroimmune cells residing in the central nervous system (CNS), exert a pivotal influence on brain development, homeostasis, and functionality, encompassing critical roles during both aging and pathological states. Recent advancements in comprehending brain plasticity and functions have spotlighted conspicuous variances between male and female brains, notably in neurogenesis, neuronal myelination, axon fasciculation, and synaptogenesis. Nevertheless, the precise impact of microglia on sex-specific brain cell plasticity, sculpting diverse neural network architectures and circuits, remains largely unexplored. This article seeks to unravel the present understanding of microglial involvement in brain development, plasticity, and function, with a specific emphasis on microglial signaling in brain sex polymorphism. Commencing with an overview of microglia in the CNS and their associated signaling cascades, we subsequently probe recent revelations regarding molecular signaling by microglia in sex-dependent brain developmental plasticity, functions, and diseases. Notably, C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1), triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), calcium (Ca2+), and apolipoprotein E (APOE) emerge as molecular candidates significantly contributing to sex-dependent brain development and plasticity. In conclusion, we address burgeoning inquiries surrounding microglia's pivotal role in the functional diversity of developing and aging brains, contemplating their potential implications for gender-tailored therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Pramanik
- Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Harini Devi M
- Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Saswata Chakrabarty
- Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Berkay Paylar
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro 70182, Sweden
| | - Ajay Pradhan
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro 70182, Sweden
| | - Manisha Thaker
- Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories, Inc., 2425 New Holland Pike, Lancaster, PA 17601, USA
| | - Shamini Ayyadhury
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Arulmani Manavalan
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077, India
| | - Per-Erik Olsson
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro 70182, Sweden
| | - Gopal Pramanik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835215, India.
| | - Klaus Heese
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133791, the Republic of Korea.
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Matteoli M. The role of microglial TREM2 in development: A path toward neurodegeneration? Glia 2024; 72:1544-1554. [PMID: 38837837 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The nervous and the immune systems undergo a continuous cross talk, starting from early development and continuing throughout adulthood and aging. Defects in this cross talk contribute to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia are the resident immune cells in the brain that are primarily involved in this bidirectional communication. Among the microglial genes, trem2 is a key player, controlling the functional state of microglia and being at the forefront of many processes that require interaction between microglia and other brain components, such as neurons and oligodendrocytes. The present review focuses on the early developmental window, describing the early brain processes in which TREM2 is primarily involved, including the modulation of synapse formation and elimination, the control of neuronal bioenergetic states as well as the contribution to myelination processes and neuronal circuit formation. By causing imbalances during these early maturation phases, dysfunctional TREM2 may have a striking impact on the adult brain, making it a more sensitive target for insults occurring during adulthood and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Matteoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- Neuro Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
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3
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Gardner RS, Kyle M, Hughes K, Zhao LR. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Immunomodulatory Effects of Stem Cell Factor and Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Treatment in the Brains of Aged APP/PS1 Mice. Biomolecules 2024; 14:827. [PMID: 39062541 PMCID: PMC11275138 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) leads to progressive neurodegeneration and dementia. AD primarily affects older adults with neuropathological changes including amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. We have previously demonstrated that systemic treatment with combined stem cell factor (SCF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) (SCF+G-CSF) reduces the Aβ load, increases Aβ uptake by activated microglia and macrophages, reduces neuroinflammation, and restores dendrites and synapses in the brains of aged APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice. However, the mechanisms underlying SCF+G-CSF-enhanced brain repair in aged APP/PS1 mice remain unclear. This study used a transcriptomic approach to identify the potential mechanisms by which SCF+G-CSF treatment modulates microglia and peripheral myeloid cells to mitigate AD pathology in the aged brain. After injections of SCF+G-CSF for 5 consecutive days, single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on CD11b+ cells isolated from the brains of 28-month-old APP/PS1 mice. The vast majority of cell clusters aligned with transcriptional profiles of microglia in various activation states. However, SCF+G-CSF treatment dramatically increased a cell population showing upregulation of marker genes related to peripheral myeloid cells. Flow cytometry data also revealed an SCF+G-CSF-induced increase of cerebral CD45high/CD11b+ active phagocytes. SCF+G-CSF treatment robustly increased the transcription of genes implicated in immune cell activation, including gene sets that regulate inflammatory processes and cell migration. The expression of S100a8 and S100a9 was robustly enhanced following SCF+G-CSF treatment in all CD11b+ cell clusters. Moreover, the topmost genes differentially expressed with SCF+G-CSF treatment were largely upregulated in S100a8/9-positive cells, suggesting a well-conserved transcriptional profile related to SCF+G-CSF treatment in resident and peripherally derived CD11b+ immune cells. This S100a8/9-associated transcriptional profile contained notable genes related to pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, neuroprotection, and Aβ plaque inhibition or clearance. Altogether, this study reveals the immunomodulatory effects of SCF+G-CSF treatment in the aged brain with AD pathology, which will guide future studies to further uncover the therapeutic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Li-Ru Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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4
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Gardner R, Kyle M, Hughes K, Zhao LR. Single cell RNA sequencing reveals immunomodulatory effects of stem cell factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment in the brains of aged APP/PS1 mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.09.593359. [PMID: 38766064 PMCID: PMC11100789 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.09.593359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimers disease leads to progressive neurodegeneration and dementia. Alzheimers disease primarily affects older adults with neuropathological changes including amyloid beta deposition, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. We have previously demonstrated that systemic treatment with combined stem cell factor, SCF, and granulocyte colony stimulating factor, GCSF, reduces amyloid beta load, increases amyloid beta uptake by activated microglia and macrophages, reduces neuroinflammation, and restores dendrites and synapses in the brains of aged APP-PS1 mice. However, the mechanisms underlying SCF-GCSF-enhanced brain repair in aged APP-PS1 mice remain unclear. This study used a transcriptomic approach to identify potential mechanisms by which SCF-GCSF treatment modulates microglia and peripheral myeloid cells to mitigate Alzheimers disease pathology in the aged brain. After injections of SCF-GCSF for 5 consecutive days, single cell RNA sequencing was performed on CD11b positive cells isolated from the brains of 28-month-old APP-PS1 mice. The vast majority of cell clusters aligned with transcriptional profiles of microglia in various activation states. However, SCF-GCSF treatment dramatically increased a cell population showing upregulation of marker genes related to peripheral myeloid cells. Flow cytometry data also revealed an SCF-GCSF-induced increase of cerebral CD45high-CD11b positive active phagocytes. SCF-GCSF treatment robustly increased the transcription of genes implicated in immune cell activation, including gene sets that regulate inflammatory processes and cell migration. Expression of S100a8 and S100a9 were robustly enhanced following SCF-GCSF treatment in all CD11b positive cell clusters. Moreover, the topmost genes differentially expressed with SCF-GCSF treatment were largely upregulated in S100a8-S100a9 positive cells, suggesting a well-conserved transcriptional profile related to SCF-GCSF treatment in resident and peripherally derived CD11b positive immune cells. This S100a8-S100a9-associated transcriptional profile contained notable genes related to proinflammatory and antiinflammatory responses, neuroprotection, and amyloid beta plaque inhibition or clearance. Altogether, this study reveals immunomodulatory effects of SCF-GCSF treatment in the aged brain with Alzheimers disease pathology, which will guide future studies to further uncover the therapeutic mechanisms.
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Xu DD, Hou ZQ, Xu YY, Liang J, Gao YJ, Zhang C, Guo F, Huang DD, Ge JF, Xia QR. Potential Role of Bmal1 in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Depression-Like Behavior and its Associated "Inflammatory Storm". J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2024; 19:4. [PMID: 38305948 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-024-10103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of depression; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Apart from the disordered circadian rhythm in animal models and patients with depression, dysfunction of clock genes has been reported to be involved with the progress of inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the role of circadian clock genes, especially brain and muscle ARNT-like 1 (Bmal1), in the linkage between inflammation and depression. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged rats and BV2 cells were used in the present study. Four intraperitoneal LPS injections of 0.5 mg/kg were administered once every other day to the rats, and BV2 cells were challenged with LPS for 24 h at the working concentration of 1 mg/L, with or without the suppression of Bmal1 via small interfering RNA. The results showed that LPS could successfully induce depression-like behaviors and an "inflammatory storm" in rats, as indicated by the increased immobility time in the forced swimming test and the decreased saccharin preference index in the saccharin preference test, together with hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, hyperactivation of astrocyte and microglia, and increased peripheral and central abundance of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 6, and C-reactive protein. Moreover, the protein expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1, Copine6, and Synaptotagmin1 (Syt-1) decreased in the hippocampus and hypothalamus, whereas the expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 increased. Interestingly, the fluctuation of temperature and serum concentration of melatonin and corticosterone was significantly different between the groups. Furthermore, protein expression levels of the circadian locomotor output cycles kaput, cryptochrome 2, and period 2 was significantly reduced in the hippocampus of LPS-challenged rats, whereas Bmal1 expression was significantly increased in the hippocampus but decreased in the hypothalamus, where it was co-located with neurons, microglia, and astrocytes. Consistently, apart from the reduced cell viability and increased phagocytic ability, LPS-challenged BV2 cells presented a similar trend with the changed protein expression in the hippocampus of the LPS model rats. However, the pathological changes in BV2 cells induced by LPS were reversed after the suppression of Bmal1. These results indicated that LPS could induce depression-like pathological changes, and the underlying mechanism might be partly associated with the imbalanced expression of Bmal1 and its regulated dysfunction of the circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei-Shan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi-Qi Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei-Shan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China
| | - Ya-Yun Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei-Shan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei-Shan Road, Hefei, 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Anhui Mental Health Center, 316 Huangshan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
- Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
| | - Ye-Jun Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei-Shan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Anhui Mental Health Center, 316 Huangshan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
- Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of 1, Clinic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei-Shan Road, Hefei, 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei-Shan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China
| | - Dan-Dan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei-Shan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China
| | - Jin-Fang Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei-Shan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China.
| | - Qing-Rong Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Anhui Mental Health Center, 316 Huangshan Road, Hefei, 230032, China.
- Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
- Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China.
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Williams KE, Zou Y, Qiu B, Kono T, Guo C, Garcia D, Chen H, Graves T, Lai Z, Evans-Molina C, Ma YY, Liangpunsakul S, Yong W, Liang T. Sex-Specific Impact of Fkbp5 on Hippocampal Response to Acute Alcohol Injection: Involvement in Alterations of Metabolism-Related Pathways. Cells 2023; 13:89. [PMID: 38201293 PMCID: PMC10778370 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
High levels of alcohol intake alter brain gene expression and can produce long-lasting effects. FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51) encoded by Fkbp5 is a physical and cellular stress response gene and has been associated with alcohol consumption and withdrawal severity. Fkbp5 has been previously linked to neurite outgrowth and hippocampal morphology, sex differences in stress response, and epigenetic modification. Presently, primary cultured Fkbp5 KO and WT mouse neurons were examined for neurite outgrowth and mitochondrial signal with and without alcohol. We found neurite specification differences between KO and WT; particularly, mesh-like morphology was observed after alcohol treatment and confirmed higher MitoTracker signal in cultured neurons of Fkbp5 KO compared to WT at both naive and alcohol-treated conditions. Brain regions that express FKBP51 protein were identified, and hippocampus was confirmed to possess a high level of expression. RNA-seq profiling was performed using the hippocampus of naïve or alcohol-injected (2 mg EtOH/Kg) male and female Fkbp5 KO and WT mice. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between Fkbp5 KO and WT at baseline and following alcohol treatment, with female comparisons possessing a higher number of DEGs than male comparisons. Pathway analysis suggested that genes affecting calcium signaling, lipid metabolism, and axon guidance were differentially expressed at naïve condition between KO and WT. Alcohol treatment significantly affected pathways and enzymes involved in biosynthesis (Keto, serine, and glycine) and signaling (dopamine and insulin receptor), and neuroprotective role. Functions related to cell morphology, cell-to-cell signaling, lipid metabolism, injury response, and post-translational modification were significantly altered due to alcohol. In summary, Fkbp5 plays a critical role in the response to acute alcohol treatment by altering metabolism and signaling-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent E. Williams
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (K.E.W.); (T.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Yi Zou
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (Y.Z.); (D.G.); (Z.L.)
| | - Bin Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
| | - Tatsuyoshi Kono
- Diabetes Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (T.K.); (C.E.-M.)
| | - Changyong Guo
- Department Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (C.G.); (Y.-Y.M.)
| | - Dawn Garcia
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (Y.Z.); (D.G.); (Z.L.)
| | - Hanying Chen
- Department Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Tamara Graves
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (K.E.W.); (T.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Zhao Lai
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (Y.Z.); (D.G.); (Z.L.)
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Diabetes Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (T.K.); (C.E.-M.)
| | - Yao-Ying Ma
- Department Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (C.G.); (Y.-Y.M.)
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (K.E.W.); (T.G.); (S.L.)
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Weidong Yong
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Tiebing Liang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (K.E.W.); (T.G.); (S.L.)
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Xu D, Xu Y, Gao X, Yan M, Zhang C, Wu X, Xia Q, Ge J. Potential value of Interleukin-6 as a diagnostic biomarker in human MDD and the antidepressant effect of its receptor antagonist tocilizumab in lipopolysaccharide-challenged rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110903. [PMID: 37717319 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a common mental disease with disastrous effect on the health and wealth globally. Focusing on the role for inflammation and immune activation in the pathogenesis of depression, many tries have been taken into effect targeting at the blockage of inflammatory cytokines, among which interleukin- 6 (IL-6) and its receptor antagonist tocilizumab attracts more attention, with inconsistent findings. Moderate to severe depressive disorder (MSDD) patients were enrolled and the serum concentrations of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) measured, their correlation with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-24 (HAMD-24) scores was analyzed, and their role in discriminating MSDD patients from the health controls were evaluated. Meanwhile, a depression rat model was established by intraperitoneal injection of LPS, and tocilizumab was administrated doing 50 mg/kg via intravenous injection. The behavioral performance was observed, the serum concentration of IL-6, TNF-α, and C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured, and the protein expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in the hippocampus were also detected. The activity of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis was observed, and the protein expression levels in the hippocampus were detected via western blot. Moreover, the immunofluorescence staining (IF) technique was used to investigate the co-location of IL-6 and neuron (MAP2), astrocyte (GFAP), or microglial (IBA-1). The results showed that the serum IL-6 level was significantly increased in the MSDD patients and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged rats, with a significant correlation with the HAMD-24 scores or struggling time in the FST and corticosterone (CORT) abundance. Results of ROC analysis showed a significant diagnosis value of IL-6 in discriminating MSDD patients or depression rats from the controls in the present study. Tocilizumab could relieve the depression-like behaviors induced by LPS, together with a normal abundance of serum CORT and hypothalamic CRH expression. Moreover, tocilizumab could alleviate the "inflammatory storm" and impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity in LPS-challenged depression rats, inhibiting the hyperactivation of astrocyte and microglia, decreasing the peripheral and central abundance of IL-6, CRP, and TNF-α, and balancing the hippocampal expression levels of synaptic plasticity-associated proteins and key molecular in Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. These results indicated a predictive role of IL-6 in discriminating depression from controls, and demonstrated an antidepressant effect of tocilizumab in LPS-challenged rats, targeting at the inflammatory storm and the subsequent impairments of hippocampal synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei-Shan Road, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China.
| | - Yayun Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei-Shan Road, Hefei 230032, China; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei-Shan Road, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Xinran Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei-Shan Road, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China.
| | - Mengyu Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei-Shan Road, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Chen Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; School of 1st Clinic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei-Shan Road, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Xian Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei-Shan Road, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China.
| | - Qingrong Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei 230032, China; Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China.
| | - Jinfang Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei-Shan Road, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China.
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8
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Zheng Q, Han Y, Fan M, Gao X, Ma M, Xu J, Liu S, Ge J. Potential role of TREM2 in high cholesterol‑induced cell injury and metabolic dysfunction in SH‑SY5Y cells. Exp Ther Med 2023; 25:205. [PMID: 37090086 PMCID: PMC10119670 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.11904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an important member of the immunoglobulin family of inflammatory stimulating receptors and is involved in a number of pathophysiological processes. The present study aimed to investigate the role of TREM2 in neurotoxicity induced by high cholesterol levels in SH-SY5Y cells and explore the potential mechanism. SH-SY5Y cells were routinely cultured and stimulated with a range of cholesterol concentrations. Cell viability was assessed using an MTT assay, morphological changes were observed, and the cell cycle distribution was measured using flow cytometry. Lipid deposition was measured by Oil red O staining, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of SRBEP-1 and SRBEP-2 were detected by quantitative PCR and western blotting, respectively. Moreover, the protein expression levels of BDNF, Copine-6, TREM1, TREM2, and key molecules of the Wnt signaling pathways were detected by western blotting. Finally, TREM2 was overexpressed to investigate its potential role in high cholesterol-induced neurotoxicity. The results showed that cell viability was significantly decreased in SH-SY5Y cells stimulated with cholesterol (0.1~100 µM) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Stimulation with 100 µM cholesterol for 24 h resulted in morphological injuries, increased the proportion of SH-SY5Y cells at G0/G1, the degree of lipid accumulation, and the protein expression levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)1 and SREBP2, markedly decreased the protein expression levels of BDNF, Copine-6, and TREM2, and the p-β-catenin/β-catenin ratio, and increased the expression levels of nesfatin-1, TREM1 and the p-GSK3β/GSK3β ratio. Furthermore, the imbalanced expression of BDNF, Copine-6, nesfatin-1, and p-GSK3β induced by high cholesterol levels was reversed after overexpression of TREM2. These results suggest that a high concentration of cholesterol could induce cell injury and lipid deposition in SH-SY5Y cells and that the underlying mechanism may be associated with imbalanced TREM2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yinxiu Han
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Min Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Xinran Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Mengdie Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Jingxian Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Sen Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Jinfang Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Jinfang Ge, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei-Shan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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Lu Y, Huang X, Liang W, Li Y, Xing M, Pan W, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Song W. Regulation of TREM2 expression by transcription factor YY1 and its protective effect against Alzheimer's Disease. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104688. [PMID: 37044212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
TREM2 encoding the transmembrane receptor protein TREM2 is a risk gene of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the impairment of TREM2 functions in microglia due to mutations in TREM2 may significantly increase the risk of AD by promoting AD pathologies. However, how the expression of TREM2 is regulated and the transcription factors required for TREM2 expression are largely unknown. By luciferase assay, DNA pull-down and in silico predictions, we identified ying-yang-1(YY1) as a binding protein of the minimal promoter of the TREM2 gene, and the binding was further confirmed by EMSA and DNA pull-down assay. shRNA-mediated YY1 silencing significantly reduced the activity of the TREM2 minimal promoter and TREM2 protein levels in the microglial cell line BV2 and the neuroblastoma Neuro2A. Furthermore, we found that the levels of TREM2 and YY1 were both downregulated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated BV2 cells and in the brain of AD model mice. These results demonstrated that YY1 plays a crucial role in regulation of TREM2 expression. Our study suggests that microglial YY1 could be targeted to maintain TREM2 expression for AD prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Lu
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Wenping Liang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yu Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Mengen Xing
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Wenhao Pan
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Weihong Song
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China; Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
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10
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Zhang Y, Feng J, Ou C, Zhou X, Liao Y. AQP4 mitigates chronic neuropathic pain-induced cognitive impairment in mice. Behav Brain Res 2023; 440:114282. [PMID: 36596395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a risk factor for cognitive defects. The ubiquitous expression of AQP4 in astrocytes throughout the central nervous system is altered in the neurodegenerative disease. However, the exact role of AQP4 in cognitive impairment induced by chronic neuropathic pain remains unclear. In this study, we discovered that AQP4 protein and mRNA expression decreased time-dependently in the model of chronic neuropathic pain-induced cognitive disorder. AQP4 overexpression recovered mice from cognitive impairment. Furthermore, the concentration of Aβ1-42 in the serum and hippocampus reduced in mice with AQP4 overexpression adeno-associated virus injection. In conclusion, AQP4 in astrocytes is important in mitigating cognitive impairment caused by chronic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Neurobiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Pain Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Laboratory of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Cehua Ou
- Department of Pain Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Neurobiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yonghong Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Laboratory of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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11
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Xu M, Yang Y, Peng J, Zhang Y, Wu B, He B, Jia Y, Yan T. Effects of Alpinae Oxyphyllae Fructus on microglial polarization in a LPS-induced BV2 cells model of neuroinflammation via TREM2. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 302:115914. [PMID: 36347303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE As one of the important traditional Chinese medicines, Alpinia oxyphylla could warm and tonify the kidney and spleen. It has been used as anti-salivation, anti-diarrhea in various diseases. In recent years, many studies have reported the significant effect of Alpinia oxyphylla on improving cognitive ability, anti oxidative stress and protecting neurons. AIMS OF THE STUDY In this paper, we studied whether AE and its main active components could improve M1 and M2 polarization, inhibit neuroinflammation through triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), and exert anti-inflammatory effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this paper, the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines such as NO, TNF-α, IL-10 were assessed using detection kits respectively. Arg-1 and Iba-1, as polarized markers of M1 and M2, were detected by Immunofluorescence staining. CD86 and CD206 were tested by flow cytometry as surface markers of M1 and M2. Furthermore, RT-PCR was performed to determinate TNF-α, IL-10, Arg-1, and Iba-1. Western blot was used to test the activation of PI3K/AKT/GSK3β and BDNF/TrkB/TLR4 signaling pathways. TREM2 siRNA treatment further verified the action target of Chrysin, the main active ingredient of Alpinia oxyphylla. Molecular docking study was performed to investigate the binding mode between Chrysin and the human TREM2. RESULTS We found that AE could promote the phenotypic transformation of microglia from M1 to M2, and similar effects of Chrysin were observed. Furthermore, downregulation of TREM2 blocked the anti-neuroinflammation of Chrysin, and inhibited the shift of M1 phenotype to M2 phenotype. Additionally, TREM2-siRNA suppressed the effects of Chrysin on PI3K/AKT/GSK3β and BDNF/TrkB/TLR4 signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that AE could improve the polarization response of microglia. TREM2 plays a vital role in the microglial repolarization effects of Chrysin through PI3K/AKT/GSK3β and BDNF/TrkB/TLR4 signaling pathways regulated by neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, XinZhou Teachers University, DunQi Street 1, Xinzhou, 034000, China
| | - Yunfang Yang
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jing Peng
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Bo Wu
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Bosai He
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ying Jia
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Tingxu Yan
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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12
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Qin Q, Wan H, Wang D, Li J, Qu Y, Zhao J, Li J, Xue Z. The Association of CSF sTREM2 With Cognitive Decline and Its Dynamic Change in Parkinson's Disease: Analysis of the PPMI Cohort. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:892493. [PMID: 35783125 PMCID: PMC9245456 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.892493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Soluble fragment of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a biomarker of microglial activation and increased in several neurodegenerative diseases. However, the role of sTREM2 in Parkinson's diseases (PDs) remains unclear. This study aims to investigate whether CSF sTREM2 is changed during the pathology of PD and its association with cognitive decline. Methods We recruited 219 de novo patients with PD and 100 healthy controls from Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI). Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between cognition and CSF sTREM2 were evaluated using multivariable-adjusted models. To assess the changes in CSF sTREM2 during the pathology of PD, patients were classified through the A/T classification framework with addition of α-synuclein (α-syn), which we implemented based on the CSF amyloid β-peptide 1-42 (A) and phosphorylated tau (T) and α-syn (S). Results The CSF sTREM2 did not differ between healthy controls and patients with PD or between PD clinical subgroups (p > 0.05). However, higher baseline CSF sTREM2 predicted greater global cognitive decline in patients with PD (β = -0.585, p = 0.039). Moreover, after a mean follow-up of 5.51 ± 1.31 years, baseline CSF sTREM2 that elevated in the middle tertile (HR = 2.426, 95% CI: 1.023-5.754, p = 0.044) and highest tertile (HR = 2.833, 95% CI: 1.226-6.547, p = 0.015) were associated with a future high risk of cognitive decline. Additionally, CSF sTREM2 decreased in abnormal Aβ pathology (A+) and α-syn pathology (S+) but normal tau pathology, while increased in abnormal phosphorylated tau (T+) (p < 0.05). Conclusion CSF sTREM2 may be a promising predictor for the cognitive decline in PD rather than a diagnostic biomarker. The dynamic change in CSF sTREM2 in PD may help to the monitor of neuronal injury and microglial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixiong Qin
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hengming Wan
- Department of General Family Medicine, Liuzhou Worker's Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Danlei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingwei Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangting Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Xue
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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13
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Zhang SS, Zhu L, Peng Y, Zhang L, Chao FL, Jiang L, Xiao Q, Liang X, Tang J, Yang H, He Q, Guo YJ, Zhou CN, Tang Y. Long-term running exercise improves cognitive function and promotes microglial glucose metabolism and morphological plasticity in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:34. [PMID: 35123512 PMCID: PMC8817568 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role of physical exercise in the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been widely studied. Microglia play an important role in AD. Triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is expressed on microglia and is known to mediate microglial metabolic activity and brain glucose metabolism. However, the relationship between brain glucose metabolism and microglial metabolic activity during running exercise in APP/PS1 mice remains unclear. Methods Ten-month-old male APP/PS1 mice and wild-type mice were randomly divided into sedentary groups or running groups (AD_Sed, WT_Sed, AD_Run and WT_Run, n = 20/group). Running mice had free access to a running wheel for 3 months. Behavioral tests, [18]F-FDG-PET and hippocampal RNA-Seq were performed. The expression levels of microglial glucose transporter (GLUT5), TREM2, soluble TREM2 (sTREM2), TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein (TYROBP), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), and phosphorylated spleen tyrosine kinase (p-SYK) were estimated by western blot or ELISA. Immunohistochemistry, stereological methods and immunofluorescence were used to investigate the morphology, proliferation and activity of microglia. Results Long-term voluntary running significantly improved cognitive function in APP/PS1 mice. Although there were few differentially expressed genes (DEGs), gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed enriched glycometabolic pathways in APP/PS1 running mice. Running exercise increased FDG uptake in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice, as well as the protein expression of GLUT5, TREM2, SPP1 and p-SYK. The level of sTREM2 decreased in the plasma of APP/PS1 running mice. The number of microglia, the length and endpoints of microglial processes, and the ratio of GLUT5+/IBA1+ microglia were increased in the dentate gyrus (DG) of APP/PS1 running mice. Running exercise did not alter the number of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU)+/IBA1+ microglia but reduced the immunoactivity of CD68 in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. Conclusions Running exercise inhibited TREM2 shedding and maintained TREM2 protein levels, which were accompanied by the promotion of brain glucose metabolism, microglial glucose metabolism and morphological plasticity in the hippocampus of AD mice. Microglia might be a structural target responsible for the benefits of running exercise in AD. Promoting microglial glucose metabolism and morphological plasticity modulated by TREM2 might be a novel strategy for AD treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02401-5.
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14
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Li XX, Zhang F. Targeting TREM2 for Parkinson's Disease: Where to Go? Front Immunol 2022; 12:795036. [PMID: 35003116 PMCID: PMC8740229 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.795036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of most common neurodegenerative disorders caused by a combination of environmental and genetic risk factors. Currently, numerous population genetic studies have shown that polymorphisms in myeloid cell-triggered receptor II (TREM2) are associated with a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. Recently, TREM2 has been verified to represent a promising candidate gene for PD susceptibility and progression. For example, the expression of TREM2 was apparently increased in the prefrontal cortex of PD patients. Moreover, the rare missense mutations in TREM2 (rs75932628, p.R47H) was confirmed to be a risk factor of PD. In addition, overexpression of TREM2 reduced dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of PD. Due to the complex pathogenesis of PD, there is still no effective drug treatment. Thus, TREM2 has received increasing widespread attention as a potential therapeutic target. This review focused on the variation of TREM2 in PD and roles of TREM2 in PD pathogenesis, such as excessive-immune inflammatory response, α-Synuclein aggregation and oxidative stress, to further provide evidence for new immune-related biomarkers and therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xian Li
- Laboratory Animal Center and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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15
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Pons V, Rivest S. Targeting Systemic Innate Immune Cells as a Therapeutic Avenue for Alzheimer Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:1-17. [PMID: 34987086 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the first progressive neurodegenerative disease worldwide, and the disease is characterized by an accumulation of amyloid in the brain and neurovasculature that triggers cognitive decline and neuroinflammation. The innate immune system has a preponderant role in AD. The last decade, scientists focused their efforts on therapies aiming to modulate innate immunity. The latter is of great interest, since they participate to the inflammation and phagocytose the amyloid in the brain and blood vessels. We and others have developed pharmacological approaches to stimulate these cells using various ligands. These include toll-like receptor 4, macrophage colony stimulating factor, and more recently nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing 2 receptors. This review will discuss the great potential to take advantage of the innate immune system to fight naturally against amyloid β accumulation and prevent its detrimental consequence on brain functions and its vascular system. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The focus on amyloid β removal from the perivascular space rather than targeting CNS plaque formation and clearance represents a new direction with a great potential. Small molecules able to act at the level of peripheral immunity would constitute a novel approach for tackling aberrant central nervous system biology, one of which we believe would have the potential of generating a lot of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pons
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
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16
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Wang P, Yang P, Qian K, Li Y, Xu S, Meng R, Guo Q, Cheng Y, Cao J, Xu M, Lu W, Zhang Q. Precise gene delivery systems with detachable albumin shell remodeling dysfunctional microglia by TREM2 for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Biomaterials 2021; 281:121360. [PMID: 34991033 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intervention of the over-activated microglia-aggravated neuroinflammation represents a promising therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Upregulation of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) attenuates the neuroinflammatory processes and normalizes the dysfunctional microglia. However, Trem2-gene therapy for AD by the effective non-invasive delivery systems is unexploited. Herein, we report the microglia-targeted gene delivery systems (PHSA@PF/pTREM2) composed of a core of fluorinated polyethylenimine condensing the TREM2-encoding plasmid (PF/pTREM2) and a shell of human serum albumin conjugated with both cis-aconitic anhydride and neural cell adhesion molecule-mimetic peptide P2 (PHSA). Thanks to the shedding effect of the albumin coated, PHSA@PF/pTREM2 exhibit prolonged blood circulation and low cytotoxicity. PHSA@PF/pTREM2 achieve brain accumulation as high as 2.17% injected dose per gram of brain and the microglial-targeting effect (targeting specificity of 41.9%) via the systemic administration. The nanocomplexes can be detached PHSA-shell in the acidic endo-lysosomes via the cleavage of cis-aconitic amide bond, resulting in PF/pTREM2 exposure for efficient endo-lysosomal escape and gene transfection. PHSA@PF/pTREM2 upregulate the TREM2 level and regulate microglial polarization toward M2-phenotype for remodeling the inflammatory microenvironment and enhanced Aβ clearance, leading to an improvement of cognitive performance in APP/PS1 mice. This work provides a promising gene delivery platform to reverse dysfunctional microglia for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Kang Qian
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Yixian Li
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Shuting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Ran Meng
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Qian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Yunlong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Jinxu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Minjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Wei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China.
| | - Qizhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China.
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17
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Piec PA, Pons V, Rivest S. Triggering Innate Immune Receptors as New Therapies in Alzheimer's Disease and Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082164. [PMID: 34440933 PMCID: PMC8393987 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease are two complex neurodegenerative diseases involving the immune system. So far, available treatments provide at best mild improvements to patients' conditions. For decades now, a new set of molecules have been used to modulate and regulate the innate immunity in these pathologies. Most studies have been carried out in rodents and some of them have reported tremendous beneficial effects on the disease course. The modulation of innate immune cells is of great interest since it provides new hope for patients. In this review, we will briefly overview the therapeutic potential of some molecules and receptors in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease and how they could be used to exploit new therapeutic avenues.
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18
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Pons V, Lévesque P, Plante MM, Rivest S. Conditional genetic deletion of CSF1 receptor in microglia ameliorates the physiopathology of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2021; 13:8. [PMID: 33402196 PMCID: PMC7783991 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00747-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common form of dementia in the world. Microglia are the innate immune cells of CNS; their proliferation, activation, and survival in pathologic and healthy brain have previously been shown to be highly dependent on CSF1R. METHODS Here, we investigate the impact of such receptor on AD etiology and microglia. We deleted CSF1R using Cre/Lox system; the knockout (KO) is restricted to microglia in the APP/PS1 mouse model. We induced the knockout at 3 months old, before plaque formation, and evaluated both 6- and 8-month-old groups of mice. RESULTS Our findings demonstrated that CSF1R KO did not impair microglial survival and proliferation at 6 and 8 months of age in APP cKO compared to their littermate-control groups APPSwe/PS1. We have also shown that cognitive decline is delayed in CSF1R-deleted mice. Ameliorations of AD etiology are associated with a decrease in plaque volume in the cortex and hippocampus area. A compensating system seems to take place following the knockout, since TREM2/β-Catenin and IL-34 expression are significantly increased. Such a compensatory mechanism may promote microglial survival and phagocytosis of Aβ in the brain. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide new insights on the role of CSF1R in microglia and how it interacts with the TREM2/β-Catenin and IL-34 system to clear Aβ and ameliorates the physiopathology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pons
- Neuroscience laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier boulevard, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2 Canada
| | - Pascal Lévesque
- Neuroscience laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier boulevard, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2 Canada
| | - Marie-Michèle Plante
- Neuroscience laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier boulevard, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2 Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier boulevard, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2 Canada
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19
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Knapskog AB, Henjum K, Idland AV, Eldholm RS, Persson K, Saltvedt I, Watne LO, Engedal K, Nilsson LNG. Cerebrospinal fluid sTREM2 in Alzheimer's disease: comparisons between clinical presentation and AT classification. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15886. [PMID: 32985583 PMCID: PMC7522273 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72878-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an innate immune receptor expressed by microglia. Its cleaved fragments, soluble TREM2 (sTREM2), can be measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Previous studies indicate higher CSF sTREM2 in symptomatic AD; however most of these studies have included biomarker positive AD cases and biomarker negative controls. The aim of the study was to explore potential differences in the CSF level of sTREM2 and factors associated with an increased sTREM2 level in patients diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia due to AD compared with cognitively unimpaired controls as judged by clinical symptoms and biomarker category (AT). We included 299 memory clinic patients, 62 (20.7%) with AD-MCI and 237 (79.3%) with AD dementia, and 113 cognitively unimpaired controls. CSF measures of the core biomarkers were applied to determine AT status. CSF sTREM2 was analyzed by ELISA. Patients presented with comparable CSF sTREM2 levels as the cognitively unimpaired (9.6 ng/ml [SD 4.7] versus 8.8 ng/ml [SD 3.6], p = 0.27). We found that CSF sTREM2 associated with age-related neuroinflammation and tauopathy irrespectively of amyloid β, APOE ε4 status or gender. The findings were similar in both symptomatic and non-symptomatic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Brita Knapskog
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Memory Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Postboks 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kristi Henjum
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ane-Victoria Idland
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Memory Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Postboks 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rannveig Sakshaug Eldholm
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Geriatrics, St Olavs Hospital, University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Karin Persson
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Memory Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Postboks 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit On Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Ingvild Saltvedt
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Geriatrics, St Olavs Hospital, University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Leiv Otto Watne
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Memory Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Postboks 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Engedal
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Memory Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Postboks 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit On Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Lars N G Nilsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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20
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IL-4 and IL-10 promotes phagocytic activity of microglia by up-regulation of TREM2. Cytotechnology 2020; 72:589-602. [PMID: 32623621 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-020-00409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) is an innate immune receptor that promotes phagocytosis by microglia. However, whether TREM2 is related to the stimulus-dependent phagocytic activity of microglia is unclear. In this study, the primary cultured microglia were stimulated with interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, and interleukin (IL)-10, respectively, and their phagocytic activity against microbeads and apoptotic neural stem cells (NSCs) was measured. TREM2 of microglia was detected by qPCR and western blotting. The TREM2 signal was blocked in microglia using the siRNA technique. The results showed that IL-4 or IL-10 treatment significantly increased the number of microglia gathered around the apoptotic neurosphere. IL-4 and IL-10 treatment also promoted phagocytosis of microbeads and apoptotic NSCs by primary cultured microglia. The TREM2 expression was up-regulated in IL-4- or IL-10- treated microglia. TREM2 siRNA treatment blocked the phagocytic activity of IL-4- or IL-10-treated microglia. In conclusion, these results indicated that IL-4 and IL-10 promote the phagocytic activity of microglia by the up-regulation of TREM2, which suggested a new potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disease.
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21
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Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation Modulates Microglia Phenotypes in the Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124532. [PMID: 32630597 PMCID: PMC7353052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia. AD involves major pathologies such as amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. During the progression of AD, microglia can be polarized from anti-inflammatory M2 to pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype. The activation of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) may result in microglia phenotype switching from M1 to M2, which finally attenuated Aβ deposition and memory loss in AD. Low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) is known to ameliorate Aβ pathology and cognitive deficits in AD; however, the therapeutic mechanisms of LDIR against AD-related pathology have been little studied. First, we reconfirm that LDIR (two Gy per fraction for five times)-treated six-month 5XFAD mice exhibited (1) the reduction of Aβ deposition, as reflected by thioflavins S staining, and (2) the improvement of cognitive deficits, as revealed by Morris water maze test, compared to sham-exposed 5XFAD mice. To elucidate the mechanisms of LDIR-induced inhibition of Aβ accumulation and memory loss in AD, we examined whether LDIR regulates the microglial phenotype through the examination of levels of M1 and M2 cytokines in 5XFAD mice. In addition, we investigated the direct effects of LDIR on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production and secretion of M1/M2 cytokines in the BV-2 microglial cells. In the LPS- and LDIR-treated BV-2 cells, the M2 phenotypic marker CD206 was significantly increased, compared with LPS- and sham-treated BV-2 cells. Finally, the effect of LDIR on M2 polarization was confirmed by detection of increased expression of TREM2 in LPS-induced BV2 cells. These results suggest that LDIR directly induced phenotype switching from M1 to M2 in the brain with AD. Taken together, our results indicated that LDIR modulates LPS- and Aβ-induced neuroinflammation by promoting M2 polarization via TREM2 expression, and has beneficial effects in the AD-related pathology such as Aβ deposition and memory loss.
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22
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Fang K, Li HR, Chen XX, Gao XR, Huang LL, Du AQ, Jiang C, Li H, Ge JF. Quercetin Alleviates LPS-Induced Depression-Like Behavior in Rats via Regulating BDNF-Related Imbalance of Copine 6 and TREM1/2 in the Hippocampus and PFC. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1544. [PMID: 32009956 PMCID: PMC6978986 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a polyphenol with multiple biological activities, and results of our preliminary study showed that it could shorten the immobility time of mice in the forced swimming test and tail suspending test. The aim of this study was to investigate its effects on the behavioral performance of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged rats and explore the potential mechanism. The results showed that intragastrical administration of quercetin (40 mg/kg) could improve the bodyweight gain of LPS-challenged rats, increase the saccharin preference index in the saccharin preference test and the novel arm preference index in the Y-maze, and decrease the immobility time in the FST. However, it showed no significant effect on the performance of LPS-challenged rats in the Morris water maze and the plasma concentrations of nesfatin-1, C-reactive protein (CRP), and IL-6. Results of western blot showed that the expression levels of BDNF, Copine 6, p-TrkB, and the triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells (TREM) 1 were decreased in both the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of LPS-challenged rats, while the expression of TREM2 was increased. The protein expression of synapsin-1 was decreased in the hippocampus without significant changes in the PFC. These imbalance protein expressions could be balanced by treatment with quercetin. The results suggested that quercetin could alleviate LPS-induced depression-like behaviors and impairment of learning and memory in rats, the mechanism of which might be involved with regulating the BDNF-related imbalance expression of Copine 6 and TREM1/2 in the hippocampus and the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hua-Rong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xing-Xing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xin-Ran Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | | | - An-Qi Du
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chuan Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hua Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The First Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jin-Fang Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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23
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Guglielmotto M, Repetto IE, Monteleone D, Vasciaveo V, Franchino C, Rinaldi S, Tabaton M, Tamagno E. Stroke and Amyloid-β Downregulate TREM-2 and Uch-L1 Expression that Synergistically Promote the Inflammatory Response. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 71:907-920. [PMID: 31450501 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, and the transcription factor NF-κB is a player in this event. We found here that the ischemic damage alone or in association with Aβ1-42 activates the NF-κB pathway, induces an increase of BACE1 and a parallel inhibition of Uch-L1 and TREM2, both in vitro and in vivo, in Tg 5XFAD and in human brains of sporadic AD. This mechanism creates a synergistic loop that fosters inflammation. We also demonstrated a significant protection exerted by the restoration of Uch-L1 activity. The rescue of the enzyme is able to abolish the decrease of TREM2 and the parameters of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Guglielmotto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO), University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Debora Monteleone
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO), University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valeria Vasciaveo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO), University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Franchino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Rinaldi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO), University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo Tabaton
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), Unit of Geriatric Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Elena Tamagno
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO), University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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