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Cadenas-Garrido P, Schonvandt-Alarcos A, Herrera-Quintana L, Vázquez-Lorente H, Santamaría-Quiles A, Ruiz de Francisco J, Moya-Escudero M, Martín-Oliva D, Martín-Guerrero SM, Rodríguez-Santana C, Aragón-Vela J, Plaza-Diaz J. Using Redox Proteomics to Gain New Insights into Neurodegenerative Disease and Protein Modification. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:127. [PMID: 38275652 PMCID: PMC10812581 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant defenses in biological systems ensure redox homeostasis, regulating baseline levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). Oxidative stress (OS), characterized by a lack of antioxidant defenses or an elevation in ROS and RNS, may cause a modification of biomolecules, ROS being primarily absorbed by proteins. As a result of both genome and environment interactions, proteomics provides complete information about a cell's proteome, which changes continuously. Besides measuring protein expression levels, proteomics can also be used to identify protein modifications, localizations, the effects of added agents, and the interactions between proteins. Several oxidative processes are frequently used to modify proteins post-translationally, including carbonylation, oxidation of amino acid side chains, glycation, or lipid peroxidation, which produces highly reactive alkenals. Reactive alkenals, such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, are added to cysteine (Cys), lysine (Lys), or histidine (His) residues by a Michael addition, and tyrosine (Tyr) residues are nitrated and Cys residues are nitrosylated by a Michael addition. Oxidative and nitrosative stress have been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases as a result of oxidative damage to the brain, which may be especially vulnerable due to the large consumption of dioxygen. Therefore, the current methods applied for the detection, identification, and quantification in redox proteomics are of great interest. This review describes the main protein modifications classified as chemical reactions. Finally, we discuss the importance of redox proteomics to health and describe the analytical methods used in redox proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Cadenas-Garrido
- Research and Advances in Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda, del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Armilla, Spain; (P.C.-G.); (A.S.-A.); (A.S.-Q.); (J.R.d.F.); (M.M.-E.)
| | - Ailén Schonvandt-Alarcos
- Research and Advances in Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda, del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Armilla, Spain; (P.C.-G.); (A.S.-A.); (A.S.-Q.); (J.R.d.F.); (M.M.-E.)
| | - Lourdes Herrera-Quintana
- Department of Physiology, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (L.H.-Q.); (H.V.-L.); (C.R.-S.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technology Park, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Héctor Vázquez-Lorente
- Department of Physiology, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (L.H.-Q.); (H.V.-L.); (C.R.-S.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technology Park, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Alicia Santamaría-Quiles
- Research and Advances in Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda, del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Armilla, Spain; (P.C.-G.); (A.S.-A.); (A.S.-Q.); (J.R.d.F.); (M.M.-E.)
| | - Jon Ruiz de Francisco
- Research and Advances in Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda, del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Armilla, Spain; (P.C.-G.); (A.S.-A.); (A.S.-Q.); (J.R.d.F.); (M.M.-E.)
| | - Marina Moya-Escudero
- Research and Advances in Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda, del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Armilla, Spain; (P.C.-G.); (A.S.-A.); (A.S.-Q.); (J.R.d.F.); (M.M.-E.)
| | - David Martín-Oliva
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Sandra M. Martín-Guerrero
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - César Rodríguez-Santana
- Department of Physiology, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (L.H.-Q.); (H.V.-L.); (C.R.-S.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technology Park, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Aragón-Vela
- Department of Health Sciences, Area of Physiology, Building B3, Campus s/n “Las Lagunillas”, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Julio Plaza-Diaz
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Kreutzmann M, Kraus BJ, Christa M, Störk S, Jansen EHJM, Stopper H, Schupp N. Differential Modulation of Markers of Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage in Arterial Hypertension. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1965. [PMID: 38001818 PMCID: PMC10669810 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with arterial hypertension have an increased risk of developing tumors, particularly renal cell carcinoma. Arterial hypertension is linked to DNA damage via the generation of oxidative stress, in which an upregulated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a crucial role. The current study investigated surrogates of oxidative stress and DNA damage in a group of hypertensive patients (HypAll, n = 64) and subgroups of well (HypWell, n = 36) and poorly (HypPoor, n = 28) controlled hypertensive patients compared to healthy controls (n = 8). In addition, a longitudinal analysis was performed with some of the hypertensive patients. Markers for oxidative stress in plasma (SHp, D-ROM, and 3-nitrotyrosine) and urine (8-oxodG, 15-F2t-isoprostane, and malondialdehyde) and markers for DNA damage in lymphocytes (γ-H2AX and micronuclei) were measured. In HypAll, all markers of oxidative stress except malondialdehyde were increased compared to the controls. After adjustment for age, this association was maintained for the protein stress markers SHp and 3-nitrotyrosine. With regard to the markers for DNA damage, there was no difference between HypAll and the controls. Further, no significant differences became apparent in the levels of both oxidative stress and DNA damage between HypWell and HypPoor. Finally, a positive correlation between the development of blood pressure and oxidative stress was observed in the longitudinal study based on the changes in D-ROM and systolic blood pressure. In conclusion, we found increased oxidative stress in extensively treated hypertensive patients correlating with the level of blood-pressure control but no association with DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Kreutzmann
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Bettina J. Kraus
- Department of Clinical Research & Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Centre, University Hospital Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany (M.C.); (S.S.)
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, 55216 Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Martin Christa
- Department of Clinical Research & Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Centre, University Hospital Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany (M.C.); (S.S.)
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Störk
- Department of Clinical Research & Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Centre, University Hospital Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany (M.C.); (S.S.)
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eugène H. J. M. Jansen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Helga Stopper
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Nicole Schupp
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
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Griswold-Prenner I, Kashyap AK, Mazhar S, Hall ZW, Fazelinia H, Ischiropoulos H. Unveiling the human nitroproteome: Protein tyrosine nitration in cell signaling and cancer. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105038. [PMID: 37442231 PMCID: PMC10413360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Covalent amino acid modification significantly expands protein functional capability in regulating biological processes. Tyrosine residues can undergo phosphorylation, sulfation, adenylation, halogenation, and nitration. These posttranslational modifications (PTMs) result from the actions of specific enzymes: tyrosine kinases, tyrosyl-protein sulfotransferase(s), adenylate transferase(s), oxidoreductases, peroxidases, and metal-heme containing proteins. Whereas phosphorylation, sulfation, and adenylation modify the hydroxyl group of tyrosine, tyrosine halogenation and nitration target the adjacent carbon residues. Because aberrant tyrosine nitration has been associated with human disorders and with animal models of disease, we have created an updated and curated database of 908 human nitrated proteins. We have also analyzed this new resource to provide insight into the role of tyrosine nitration in cancer biology, an area that has not previously been considered in detail. Unexpectedly, we have found that 879 of the 1971 known sites of tyrosine nitration are also sites of phosphorylation suggesting an extensive role for nitration in cell signaling. Overall, the review offers several forward-looking opportunities for future research and new perspectives for understanding the role of tyrosine nitration in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zach W Hall
- Nitrase Therapeutics, Brisbane, California, USA
| | - Hossein Fazelinia
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Harry Ischiropoulos
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Ogino N, Ogino K, Eitoku M, Suganuma N, Nagaoka K. Filter blot method: A simple method for measuring 3-nitrotyrosine in proteins of atmospheric particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 329:121677. [PMID: 37085106 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Air pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and particulate matter (PM), have been epidemiologically reported to contribute to the onset and exacerbation of asthma. We have previously shown that several proteins in atmospheric PM are allergenic in mouse asthma models and that these proteins are nitrated by atmospheric NO2 and O3 in chemical reactions. Based on these results, the amount of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in atmospheric PM could be an air pollution marker integrating NO2, O3, and PM. We established a method to measure 3-NT by high-performance liquid chromatography electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD). Although this method is accurate, it requires a filter treatment process, which is time-consuming and costly for an environmental monitoring tool, in which many samples are measured simultaneously. Therefore, in this study, we investigated a simple immunoblotting method in which atmospheric PM proteins were directly transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane and measured using an anti-3-NT antibody (the filter blot method). The 3-NT value obtained from this method was significantly correlated (r = 0.809, p < 0.001) with that of the HPLC-ECD method, with a detection power of 0.1 μg/mL for tyrosine nitrated bovine serum albumin equivalents. Multiple regression analysis using the filter blot method showed that the amount of 3-NT in atmospheric PM was significantly associated with the published environmental measurements of O3 and PM in the region. Therefore, the filter blot method may be useful for the environmental monitoring of 3-NT in atmospheric PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Ogino
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nangoku, Japan
| | - Keiki Ogino
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nangoku, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Eitoku
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nangoku, Japan
| | - Narufumi Suganuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nangoku, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Nagaoka
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Matsuyama, 790-8578, Ehime, Japan.
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Geng J, Li Y, Lin H, Liu Q, Lu J, Wang X. A new three-dimensional zinc(II) metal-organic framework as a fluorescence sensor for sensing the biomarker 3-nitrotyrosine. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:11390-11396. [PMID: 35819031 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01800d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
3-Nitrotyrosine (3-NT), an oxidative stress biomarker, is closely associated with various diseases. Thus, rapid and sensitive detection of 3-NT is of great significance for preventing and treating diseases. Herein, we reported a new 3D zinc-based metal-organic framework (Zn-MOF) [Zn(L)(HBTC)] (L = (E)-4,4'-(ethene-1,2-diyl)bis[(N-pyridin-3-yl)benzamide], H3BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid), which was structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, IR, PXRD and TG. The Zn-MOF can be used as a highly efficient fluorescence sensing material to provide a direct and low-cost method for the rapid detection of 3-NT and shows high sensitivity with a KSV value of 6.596 × 104 M-1, a rapid luminescence response within 24 s, excellent selectivity, high anti-interference ability and good recyclability. It is the first example of a MOF being used to directly detect 3-NT as a luminescence sensor to our knowledge. The sensing mechanism of the Zn-MOF towards 3-NT is discussed in detail, which provides a basis for the rational design of MOF sensing materials and their application in biomarker detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Geng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Bohai University, Liaoning Professional Technology Innovation Center of Liaoning Province for Conversion Materials of Solar Cell, Jinzhou 121013, P. R. China.
| | - Yuyao Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Bohai University, Liaoning Professional Technology Innovation Center of Liaoning Province for Conversion Materials of Solar Cell, Jinzhou 121013, P. R. China.
| | - Hongyan Lin
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Bohai University, Liaoning Professional Technology Innovation Center of Liaoning Province for Conversion Materials of Solar Cell, Jinzhou 121013, P. R. China.
| | - Qianqian Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Bohai University, Liaoning Professional Technology Innovation Center of Liaoning Province for Conversion Materials of Solar Cell, Jinzhou 121013, P. R. China.
| | - Junjun Lu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Bohai University, Liaoning Professional Technology Innovation Center of Liaoning Province for Conversion Materials of Solar Cell, Jinzhou 121013, P. R. China.
| | - Xiuli Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Bohai University, Liaoning Professional Technology Innovation Center of Liaoning Province for Conversion Materials of Solar Cell, Jinzhou 121013, P. R. China.
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Incorporating of gold nanoclusters into metal-organic frameworks for highly sensitive detection of 3-nitrotyrosine as an oxidative stress biomarker. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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The prognostic value of nitrotyrosine levels in coronary heart disease: long-term evaluation in the Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry Strategy (ERICO study). Clin Biochem 2019; 66:37-43. [PMID: 30776353 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aimed to analyze the association of nitrotyrosine (N-TYR) levels and long-term survival in an ongoing coronary heart disease (CHD) prospective cohort, the Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry Strategy (ERICO study). METHODS N-TYR levels collected during acute and subacute phase from onset of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) symptoms (myocardial infarction and unstable angina) were evaluated in 342 patients. We calculated case-fatality rates (180-days, 1 year, 2 years and 4 years) and survival analyses up to 4 years using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression with respective cumulative hazard ratios (95% confidence interval; 95%CI), according to N-TYR tertiles up to 4 years of follow-up. Models are presented as crude, age and sex-adjusted and further adjusted for lipids and other confounders. RESULTS Overall, median level of N-TYR was 208.33 nmol/l (range: 3.09 to 1500 nmol/l), regardless ACS subtype. During follow-up of 4 years, we observed 44 (12.9%) deaths. Overall survival rate was 298 (87.1%) (Survival days: 1353, 95%CI: 1320-1387 days). N-TYR levels did not associate with mortality / survival rates up to 4 years. CONCLUSIONS No relationship was found between N-TYR levels and mortality rates after ACS during 4-year follow-up in the ERICO study.
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He Q, Chen Y, Shen D, Cui X, Zhang C, Yang H, Zhong W, Eremin SA, Fang Y, Zhao S. Development of a surface plasmon resonance immunosensor and ELISA for 3-nitrotyrosine in human urine. Talanta 2018; 195:655-661. [PMID: 30625597 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
3-Nitrotyrosine (3-NT) is thought to be a relevant biomarker of nitrosative stress which is associated with many inflammatory and chronic diseases. It is necessary to develop confidential method for specific and sensitive 3-NT detection. In this paper, on the basis of anti-3-NT specific antibody, we developed a label-free indirect competitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunosensor and ELISA for the detection of 3-NT. Under the optimized conditions, the SPR immunosensor can obtain a linear range of 0.17-6.07 μg/mL and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.12 μg/mL while the ELISA can reach 0.33-9.94 μg/mL and a LOD of 0.24 μg/mL.The selectivity of 3-NT was also testified by six kinds of amino acid analogues. Besides, the developed SPR immunosensor was compared thoroughly with a conventional ELISA in spiked analysis of urine samples. Good recoveries and correlation between these two methods were observed (R2 = 0.964). Therefore, it is concluded that the automated SPR platform can be applied to quantify 3-NT in biological samples with its sensitivity, accuracy, and real-timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyi He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingshan Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ding Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiping Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunguo Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huiyi Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenying Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sergei A Eremin
- Faculty of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; National Research Technical University MISiS, 119049 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Yanxiong Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Suqing Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
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Knight AR, Taylor EL, Lukaszewski R, Jensen KT, Jones HE, Carré JE, Isupov MN, Littlechild JA, Bailey SJ, Brewer E, McDonald TJ, Pitt AR, Spickett CM, Winyard PG. A high-sensitivity electrochemiluminescence-based ELISA for the measurement of the oxidative stress biomarker, 3-nitrotyrosine, in human blood serum and cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 120:246-254. [PMID: 29555590 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The generation of 3-nitrotyrosine, within proteins, is a post-translational modification resulting from oxidative or nitrative stress. It has been suggested that this modification could be used as a biomarker for inflammatory diseases. Despite the superiority of mass spectrometry-based determinations of nitrotyrosine, in a high-throughput clinical setting the measurement of nitrotyrosine by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is likely to be more cost-effective. ELISAs offer an alternative means to detect nitrotyrosine, but many commercially available ELISAs are insufficiently sensitive to detect nitrotyrosine in healthy human serum. Here, we report the development, validation and clinical application of a novel electrochemiluminescence-based ELISA for nitrotyrosine which provides superior sensitivity (e.g. a 50-fold increase in sensitivity compared with one of the tested commercial colorimetric ELISAs). This nitrotyrosine ELISA has the following characteristics: a lower limit of quantitation of 0.04 nM nitrated albumin equivalents; intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation of 6.5% and 11.3%, respectively; a mean recovery of 106 ± 3% and a mean linearity of 0.998 ± 0.001. Far higher nitration levels were measured in normal human blood cell populations when compared to plasma. Mass spectrometry was used to validate the new ELISA method. The analysis of the same set of chemically modified albumin samples using the ELISA method and mass spectrometry showed good agreement for the relative levels of nitration present in each sample. The assay was applied to serum samples from patients undergoing elective surgery which induces the human inflammatory response. Matched samples were collected before and one day after surgery. An increase in nitration was detected following surgery (median (IQR): 0.59 (0.00-1.34) and 0.97 (0.00-1.70) nitrotyrosine (fmol of nitrated albumin equivalents/mg protein) for pre- and post-surgery respectively. The reported assay is suitable for nitrotyrosine determination in patient serum samples, and may also be applicable as a means to determine oxidative stress in primary and cultured cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie R Knight
- University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Magdalen Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Emma L Taylor
- University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Magdalen Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | | | - Karina Tveen Jensen
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Helen E Jones
- CBR Division, Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Jane E Carré
- University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Magdalen Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Michail N Isupov
- Henry Wellcome Building for Biocatalysis, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Jennifer A Littlechild
- Henry Wellcome Building for Biocatalysis, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- Sport and Health Sciences, Richards Building, University of Exeter, St Luke's Campus, Magdalen Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Emily Brewer
- Clinical Chemistry, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Timothy J McDonald
- Clinical Chemistry, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Andrew R Pitt
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Corinne M Spickett
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Paul G Winyard
- University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Magdalen Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK.
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Tsikas D. What we—authors, reviewers and editors of scientific work—can learn from the analytical history of biological 3-nitrotyrosine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1058:68-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Teixeira D, Prudêncio C, Vieira M. Development of a new HPLC-based method for 3-nitrotyrosine quantification in different biological matrices. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1046:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Teixeira D, Fernandes R, Prudêncio C, Vieira M. 3-Nitrotyrosine quantification methods: Current concepts and future challenges. Biochimie 2016; 125:1-11. [PMID: 26921794 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurement of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in biological samples can be used as a biomarker of nitrosative stress, since it is very stable and suitable for analysis. Increased 3-NT levels in biological samples have been associated with several physiological and pathological conditions. Different methods have been described for the detection and quantification of this molecule, such as (i) immunological methods; (ii) liquid chromatography, namely high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based methods that use ultraviolet-visible (UV/VIS) absorption, electrochemical (ECD) and diode array (DAD) detection, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS); (iii) gas chromatography, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). METHODS A literature review on nitrosative stress, protein nitration, as well as 3-NT quantification methods was carried out. RESULTS This review covers the different methods for analysis of 3-NT that have been developed during the last years as well as the latest advances in this field. Overall, all methods present positive and negative aspects, although it is clear that chromatography-based methods present good sensitivity and specificity. Regarding this, GC-based methods exhibit the highest sensibility in the quantification of 3-NT, although it requires a prior time consuming derivatization step. Conversely, HPLC does not require such derivatization step, despite being not as accurate as GC. CONCLUSION It becomes clear that all the methods described during this literature review, although accurate for 3-NT quantification, need to be improved regarding both sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, optimization of the protocols that have been described is clearly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce Teixeira
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas, Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Portugal
| | - Rúben Fernandes
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas, Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Portugal; I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Prudêncio
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas, Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Portugal; I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica Vieira
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas, Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Portugal; I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.
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Colombo G, Reggiani F, Podestà MA, Garavaglia ML, Portinaro NM, Milzani A, Badalamenti S, Dalle-Donne I. Plasma protein thiolation index (PTI) as a biomarker of thiol-specific oxidative stress in haemodialyzed patients. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:443-51. [PMID: 26453922 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of oxidative stress in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD), which occurs at significantly higher levels than in the general population, is often underestimated in clinical practice. Emerging evidence highlights the strong correlation of oxidative stress with chronic inflammation and cardiovascular disease, which are highly prevalent in most patients on maintenance haemodialysis (HD) and are a major risk factor for mortality in this population. In this study, total plasma thiols and plasma S-thiolated proteins were measured in patients with ESRD, before and after a regular HD session, and compared to age-matched healthy subjects. We found a significant decrease in the level of total plasma thiols and, conversely, a significant increase in the level of S-thiolated proteins in these patients. In most patients, post-HD plasma level of total thiols did not differ from the one in healthy subjects, whereas plasma level of S-thiolated proteins was lower in HD patients than in age-matched healthy controls. This suggests that a single HD session restores plasma thiol redox status and re-establishes the antioxidant capacity of plasma thiols. Additionally, we determined protein thiolation index (PTI), i.e., the molar ratio between the sum of all low molecular mass thiols bound to S-thiolated plasma proteins and protein free cysteinyl residues. Patients with ESRD had a significantly higher PTI compared to age-matched healthy subjects and HD was associated with a decrease in PTI to normal, or lower than normal, levels. Although this study is limited in size, our results suggest that PTI is a useful indicator of thiol-specific oxidative stress in patients with ESRD on maintenance HD. This study also emphasizes that PTI determination is a cheap and simple tool suitable for large-scale clinical studies that could be used for routine screening of thiol-specific oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Colombo
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Reggiani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Nephrology Unit, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuel A Podestà
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Nephrology Unit, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Nicola M Portinaro
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Clinica ortopedica e traumatologica, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Tsikas D, Duncan MW. Mass spectrometry and 3-nitrotyrosine: strategies, controversies, and our current perspective. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2014; 33:237-76. [PMID: 24167057 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Reactive-nitrogen species (RNS) such as peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), that is, the reaction product of nitric oxide ((•)NO) and superoxide (O2(-•)), nitryl chloride (NO2Cl) and (•)NO2 react with the activated aromatic ring of tyrosine to form 3-nitrotyrosine. This modification, which has been known for more than a century, occurs to both the free form of the amino acid (i.e., soluble/free tyrosine) and to tyrosine residues covalently bound within the backbone of peptides and proteins. Nitration of tyrosine is thought to be of biological significance and has been linked to health and disease, but determining its role has proved challenging. Several key questions have been the focus of much of the research activity: (a) to what extent is free/soluble tyrosine nitrated in biological tissues and fluids, and (b) are there specific site(s) of nitration within peptides/proteins and to what extent (i.e., stoichiometry) does this modification occur? These issues have been addressed in a wide range of sample types (e.g., blood, urine, CSF, exhaled breath condensate and various tissues) and a diverse array of physiological/pathophysiological scenarios. The accurate determination of nitrated tyrosine is, however, a stumbling block. Despite extensive study, the extent to which nitration occurs in vivo, the specificity of the nitration reaction, and its importance in health and disease, remain unclear. In this review, we highlight the analytical challenges and discuss the approaches adopted to address them. Mass spectrometry, in combination with either gas chromatography (GC-MS, GC-MS/MS) or liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS), has played the central role in the analysis of 3-nitrotyrosine and tyrosine-nitrated biological macromolecules. We discuss its unique attributes and highlight the role of stable-isotope labeled 3-nitrotyrosine analogs in both accurate quantification, and in helping to define the biological relevance of tyrosine nitration. We show that the application of sophisticated mass spectrometric techniques is advantageous if not essential, but that this alone is by no means a guarantee of accurate findings. We discuss the important analytical challenges in quantifying 3-nitrotyrosine, possible workarounds, and we attempt to make sense of the disparate findings that have been reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsikas
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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15
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Navarro-Yepes J, Zavala-Flores L, Anandhan A, Wang F, Skotak M, Chandra N, Li M, Pappa A, Martinez-Fong D, Del Razo LM, Quintanilla-Vega B, Franco R. Antioxidant gene therapy against neuronal cell death. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 142:206-30. [PMID: 24333264 PMCID: PMC3959583 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a common hallmark of neuronal cell death associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, as well as brain stroke/ischemia and traumatic brain injury. Increased accumulation of reactive species of both oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) has been implicated in mitochondrial dysfunction, energy impairment, alterations in metal homeostasis and accumulation of aggregated proteins observed in neurodegenerative disorders, which lead to the activation/modulation of cell death mechanisms that include apoptotic, necrotic and autophagic pathways. Thus, the design of novel antioxidant strategies to selectively target oxidative stress and redox imbalance might represent important therapeutic approaches against neurological disorders. This work reviews the evidence demonstrating the ability of genetically encoded antioxidant systems to selectively counteract neuronal cell loss in neurodegenerative diseases and ischemic brain damage. Because gene therapy approaches to treat inherited and acquired disorders offer many unique advantages over conventional therapeutic approaches, we discussed basic research/clinical evidence and the potential of virus-mediated gene delivery techniques for antioxidant gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Navarro-Yepes
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States; School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States; Department of Toxicology, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Zavala-Flores
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States; School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Annadurai Anandhan
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States; School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Maciej Skotak
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Namas Chandra
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Aglaia Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Daniel Martinez-Fong
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Franco
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States; School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States.
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Functional roles of protein nitration in acute and chronic liver diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:149627. [PMID: 24876909 PMCID: PMC4021747 DOI: 10.1155/2014/149627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide, when combined with superoxide, produces peroxynitrite, which is known to be an important mediator for a number of diseases including various liver diseases. Peroxynitrite can modify tyrosine residue(s) of many proteins resulting in protein nitration, which may alter structure and function of each target protein. Various proteomics and immunological methods including mass spectrometry combined with both high pressure liquid chromatography and 2D PAGE have been employed to identify and characterize nitrated proteins from pathological tissue samples to determine their roles. However, these methods contain a few technical problems such as low efficiencies with the detection of a limited number of nitrated proteins and labor intensiveness. Therefore, a systematic approach to efficiently identify nitrated proteins and characterize their functional roles is likely to shed new insights into understanding of the mechanisms of hepatic disease pathophysiology and subsequent development of new therapeutics. The aims of this review are to briefly describe the mechanisms of hepatic diseases. In addition, we specifically describe a systematic approach to efficiently identify nitrated proteins to study their causal roles or functional consequences in promoting acute and chronic liver diseases including alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases. We finally discuss translational research applications by analyzing nitrated proteins in evaluating the efficacies of potentially beneficial agents to prevent or treat various diseases in the liver and other tissues.
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17
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De Sanctis F, Sandri S, Ferrarini G, Pagliarello I, Sartoris S, Ugel S, Marigo I, Molon B, Bronte V. The emerging immunological role of post-translational modifications by reactive nitrogen species in cancer microenvironment. Front Immunol 2014; 5:69. [PMID: 24605112 PMCID: PMC3932549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Under many inflammatory contexts, such as tumor progression, systemic and peripheral immune response is tailored by reactive nitrogen species (RNS)-dependent post-translational modifications, suggesting a biological function for these chemical alterations. RNS modify both soluble factors and receptors essential to induce and maintain a tumor-specific immune response, creating a “chemical barrier” that impairs effector T cell infiltration and functionality in tumor microenvironment and supports the escape phase of cancer. RNS generation during tumor growth mainly depends on nitric oxide production by both tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells that constitutively activate essential metabolic pathways of l-arginine catabolism. This review provides an overview of the potential immunological and biological role of RNS-induced modifications and addresses new approaches targeting RNS either in search of novel biomarkers or to improve anti-cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Sanctis
- Immunology Section, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Sara Sandri
- Immunology Section, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Giovanna Ferrarini
- Immunology Section, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Irene Pagliarello
- Immunology Section, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Silvia Sartoris
- Immunology Section, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Stefano Ugel
- Immunology Section, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Ilaria Marigo
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico , Padua , Italy
| | - Barbara Molon
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine , Padua , Italy
| | - Vincenzo Bronte
- Immunology Section, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
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18
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Li J, O W, Li W, Jiang ZG, Ghanbari HA. Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:24438-75. [PMID: 24351827 PMCID: PMC3876121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141224438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Living cells continually generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the respiratory chain during energetic metabolism. ROS at low or moderate concentration can play important physiological roles. However, an excessive amount of ROS under oxidative stress would be extremely deleterious. The central nervous system (CNS) is particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress due to its high oxygen consumption, weakly antioxidative systems and the terminal-differentiation characteristic of neurons. Thus, oxidative stress elicits various neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, chemotherapy could result in severe side effects on the CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS) of cancer patients, and a growing body of evidence demonstrates the involvement of ROS in drug-induced neurotoxicities as well. Therefore, development of antioxidants as neuroprotective drugs is a potentially beneficial strategy for clinical therapy. In this review, we summarize the source, balance maintenance and physiologic functions of ROS, oxidative stress and its toxic mechanisms underlying a number of neurodegenerative diseases, and the possible involvement of ROS in chemotherapy-induced toxicity to the CNS and PNS. We ultimately assess the value for antioxidants as neuroprotective drugs and provide our comments on the unmet needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Geratology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; E-Mail:
| | - Wuliji O
- College of Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia 028000, China; E-Mail:
| | - Wei Li
- Cancer Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; E-Mail:
| | - Zhi-Gang Jiang
- Panacea Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA; E-Mail:
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19
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Hunter RA, Storm WL, Coneski PN, Schoenfisch MH. Inaccuracies of nitric oxide measurement methods in biological media. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1957-63. [PMID: 23286383 PMCID: PMC3565040 DOI: 10.1021/ac303787p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite growing reports on the biological action of nitric oxide (NO) as a function of NO payload, the validity of such work is often questionable due to the manner in which NO is measured and/or the solution composition in which NO is quantified. To highlight the importance of measurement technique for a given sample type, NO produced from a small-molecule NO donor (N-diazeniumdiolated l-proline, PROLI/NO) and a NO-releasing xerogel film were quantified in a number of physiological buffers and fluids, cell culture media, and bacterial broth by the Griess assay, a chemiluminescence analyzer, and an amperometric NO sensor. Despite widespread use, the Griess assay proved to be inaccurate for measuring NO in many of the media tested. In contrast, the chemiluminescence analyzer provided superb kinetic information in most buffers but was impractical for NO analysis in proteinaceous media. The electrochemical NO sensor enabled greater flexibility across the various media with potential for spatial resolution, albeit at lower than expected NO totals versus either the Griess assay or chemiluminescence. The results of this study highlight the importance of measurement strategy for accurate NO analysis and reporting NO-based biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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20
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Bachi A, Dalle-Donne I, Scaloni A. Redox Proteomics: Chemical Principles, Methodological Approaches and Biological/Biomedical Promises. Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300073p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Bachi
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Naples, Italy
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21
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Role of peroxynitrite-modified biomolecules in the etiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-012-0222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Berton P, Domínguez-Romero JC, Wuilloud RG, Sánchez-Calvo B, Chaki M, Carreras A, Valderrama R, Begara-Morales JC, Corpas FJ, Barroso JB, Gilbert-López B, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A. Determination of nitrotyrosine in Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures with a mixed-mode solid-phase extraction cleanup followed by liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1495-503. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Niu S, Hu LL, Zheng LL, Huang T, Feng KY, Cai YD, Li HP, Li YX, Chou KC. Predicting protein oxidation sites with feature selection and analysis approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2012; 29:650-8. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2011.672629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Weber D, Kneschke N, Grimm S, Bergheim I, Breusing N, Grune T. Rapid and sensitive determination of protein-nitrotyrosine by ELISA: Application to human plasma. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:276-85. [PMID: 22276750 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.652627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
3-Nitrotyrosine (3NT) is known as an important indicator of nitrosative stress and has been linked to various diseases. Our aim was to develop an indirect ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) method suitable for the detection of protein-bound 3NT in clinical plasma and serum samples. Nitrated protein standards and reduced protein standards were prepared. Limit of detection was determined for standards; recovery and reproducibility were determined for human plasma samples. The limit of detection for this method is 1.82±0.56 pmol/mg protein. Mean recovery of standards was 95%. 3NT concentration in plasma samples of obese and normal weight subjects was determined to be between 2 pmol/mg and 19 pmol/mg. No time-consuming sample preparation or expensive laboratory equipment is required, and applied antibodies are commercially available. Sensitivity, rapid analysis time, possibilities of high throughput applications and small sample volumes make this ELISA attractive for use in clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Weber
- Institute of Nutrition, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Dornburger Strasse 24, Jena, Germany
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25
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Guo J, Prokai-Tatrai K, Prokai L. Relative quantitation of protein nitration by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using isotope-coded dimethyl labeling and chemoprecipitation. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1232:266-75. [PMID: 22285050 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein nitration has been recognized as an important biomarker for nitroxidative stress associated with various diseases. While identification of protein targets for nitration is important, its quantitative profiling also is necessary to understand the biological impact of this low-abundance posttranslational modification. We have previously reported an efficient and straightforward enrichment method for nitropeptides to reduce sample complexity and permit unambiguous site-specific identifications by LC-MS analyses. This approach relies on two chemical derivatization steps: specifically reductive methylation of aliphatic amines and, then, conversion of nitrotyrosines to the corresponding aminotyrosines before their selective capture by a solid-phase reagent we introduced previously. Hence, the method inherently offers the opportunity for relative quantitation of nitropeptides by using isotopic variants of formaldehyde for reductive methylation. This simple method was tested via LC-MS analyses of differently N-methylated nitropeptides and nitroubiquitin as a model nitroprotein enriched from human serum albumin digest and from human plasma, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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26
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Tsikas D, Mitschke A, Gutzki FM. Measurement of 3-nitro-tyrosine in human plasma and urine by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 828:255-70. [PMID: 22125150 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-445-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), such as peroxynitrite and nitryl chloride with soluble tyrosine and tyrosine residues in proteins produces soluble 3-nitro-tyrosine and 3-nitro-tyrosino-proteins, respectively. Regular proteolysis of 3-nitro-tyrosino-proteins yields soluble 3-nitro-tyrosine. 3-Nitro-tyrosine circulates in plasma and is excreted in the urine. Both circulating and excretory 3-nitro-tyrosine are considered suitable biomarkers of nitrative stress. Tandem mass spectrometry coupled with gas chromatography (GC-MS/MS) or liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS) is one of the most reliable analytical techniques to determine 3-nitro-tyrosine. Here, we describe protocols for the quantitative determination of soluble 3-nitro-tyrosine in human plasma and urine by GC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsikas
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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27
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Lee R, Margaritis M, Channon KM, Antoniades C. Evaluating oxidative stress in human cardiovascular disease: methodological aspects and considerations. Curr Med Chem 2012; 19:2504-20. [PMID: 22489713 PMCID: PMC3412204 DOI: 10.2174/092986712800493057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a key feature in atherogenesis, since reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in all stages of the disease, from endothelial dysfunction to atheromatic plaque formation and rupture. It is therefore important to identify reliable biomarkers allowing us to monitor vascular oxidative stress status. These may lead to improved understanding of disease pathogenesis and development of new therapeutic strategies. Measurement of circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress is challenging, since circulation usually behaves as a separate compartment to the individual structures of the vascular wall. However, measurement of stable products released by the reaction of ROS and vascular/circulating molecular structures is a particularly popular approach. Serum lipid hydroperoxides, plasma malondialdehyde or urine F2-isoprostanes are widely used and have a prognostic value in cardiovascular disease. Quantification of oxidative stress at a tissue level is much more accurate. Various chemiluminescence and high performance liquid chromatography assays have been developed over the last few years, and some of them are extremely accurate and specific. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy and micro-electrode assays able to detect ROS directly are also widely used. In conclusion, measurement of circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress is valuable, and some of them appear to have predictive value in cardiovascular disease. However, these biomarkers do not necessarily reflect intravascular oxidative stress and therefore cannot be used as therapeutic targets or markers to monitor pharmacological treatments in clinical settings. Measurement of vascular oxidative stress status is still the only reliable way to evaluate the involvement of oxidative stress in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - C Antoniades
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Tsikas D, Zoerner AA, Jordan J. Oxidized and nitrated oleic acid in biological systems: Analysis by GC–MS/MS and LC–MS/MS, and biological significance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:694-705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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29
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Aslan M, Dogan S. Proteomic detection of nitroproteins as potential biomarkers for cardiovascular disease. J Proteomics 2011; 74:2274-88. [PMID: 21640858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are linked to many human diseases and can be formed as an indirect result of the disease process. The accumulation of specific nitroproteins which correlate with pathological processes suggests that nitration of protein tyrosine represents a dynamic and selective process, rather than a random event. Indeed, in numerous clinical disorders associated with an upregulation in oxidative stress, tyrosine nitration has been limited to certain cell types and to selective sites of injury. Additionally, proteomic studies show that only certain proteins are nitrated in selective tissue extracts. A growing list of nitrated proteins link the negative effects of protein nitration with their accumulation in a wide variety of diseases related to oxidation. Nitration of tyrosine has been demonstrated in diverse proteins such as cytochrome c, actin, histone, superoxide dismutase, α-synuclein, albumin, and angiotensin II. In vitro and in vivo aspects of redox-proteomics of specific nitroproteins that could be relevant to biomarker analysis and understanding of cardiovascular disease mechanism will be discussed within this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutay Aslan
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Campus, 07070 Antalya, Turkey.
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30
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Iwasaki Y, Mochizuki K, Nakano Y, Maruya N, Goto M, Maruyama Y, Ito R, Saito K, Nakazawa H. Comparison of fluorescence reagents for simultaneous determination of hydroxylated phenylalanine and nitrated tyrosine by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:41-50. [PMID: 21387354 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are well-known and important contributors to oxidative and nitrosative stress in several diseases. Hydroxylated phenylalanine and nitrated tyrosine products appear to be particularly susceptible targets of oxidative and nitrosative stress. We compared fluorescence reagents for their potential use in the analysis of hydroxylated phenylalanine and nitrated tyrosine products with a high-sensitivity and high-specificity HPLC-UV-FL technique. The analytes were extracted from serum via solid-phase extraction on Waters Oasis MCX cartridges. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an ODS column (Capcell Pak MG II; 150 × 2.0 mm) using a gradient mobile phase consisting of 20 mm sodium phosphate buffer (adjusted to pH 3.0) and acetonitrile. The method quantification limit for 4-nitrophenylalanine, m-tyrosine, and 3-nitrotyrosine was 0.1 μm. The relative standard deviation of the precision and accuracy was acceptable at the spiked concentration of 0.1 μm for 4-nitrophenylalanine, m-tyrosine and 3-nitrotyrosine. The method could be used for the in vitro analysis of serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Iwasaki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Delfino RJ, Staimer N, Vaziri ND. Air pollution and circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2011; 4:37-52. [PMID: 23626660 PMCID: PMC3634798 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-010-0095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Chemical components of air pollutant exposures that induce oxidative stress and subsequent inflammation may be partly responsible for associations of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with airborne particulate matter and combustion-related pollutant gasses. However, epidemiologic evidence regarding this is limited. An exposure-assessment approach is to measure the oxidative potential of particle mixtures because it is likely that hundreds of correlated chemicals are involved in overall effects of air pollution on health. Oxidative potential likely depends on particle composition and size distribution, especially ultrafine particle concentration, and on transition metals and certain semivolatile and volatile organic chemicals. For health effects, measuring systemic oxidative stress in the blood is one feasible approach, but there is no universal biomarker of oxidative stress and there are many potential target molecules (lipids, proteins, DNA, nitric oxide, etc.), which may be more or less suitable for specific study goals. Concurrent with the measurement of oxidative stress, it is important to measure gene and/or protein expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes because they can modify relations between oxidative stress biomarkers and air pollutants. Conversely, the expression and activities of these enzymes are modified by oxidative stress. This interplay will likely determine the observed effects of air pollutants on systemic inflammatory and thrombotic mediators and related clinical outcomes. Studies are needed to assess the reliability and validity of oxidative stress biomarkers, evaluate differences in associations between oxidative stress biomarkers and various pollutant measurements (mass, chemical components, and oxidative potential), and evaluate impacts of antioxidant responses on these relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph J. Delfino
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, 100 Theory, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92617-7555, USA
| | - Norbert Staimer
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, 100 Theory, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92617-7555, USA
| | - Nosratola D. Vaziri
- Nephrology and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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32
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Dixit K, Khan MA, Sharma YD, Moinuddin, Alam K. Peroxynitrite-induced modification of H2A histone presents epitopes which are strongly bound by human anti-DNA autoantibodies: role of peroxynitrite-modified-H2A in SLE induction and progression. Hum Immunol 2010; 72:219-25. [PMID: 21182886 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite is a potent oxidant and nitrating agent and has in vivo existence. It is a powerful proinflammatory substance and may increase vascular permeability in inflamed tissues. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. Since its discovery, numerous self- and non-self, nuclear, and cytoplasmic antigens have been suggested as stimuli for SLE initiation, but the exact trigger is yet to be identified. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the binding characteristics of SLE anti-DNA autoantibodies to native DNA and native and peroxynitrite-modified H2A histone to explore the possible role of modified protein antigen(s) in SLE initiation and progression. The nuclear protein (H2A histone) was modified by peroxynitrite synthesized in our laboratory. The peroxynitrite-modified H2A revealed generation of nitrotyrosine, dityrosine, and carbonyls when subjected to investigation by physicochemical methods. Binding characteristics and specificity of SLE anti-DNA antibodies were analyzed by direct binding and inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data show preferential binding of SLE autoantibodies to peroxynitrite-modified H2A histone in comparison with native H2A histone or native DNA. A band shift assay further substantiated the enhanced recognition of peroxynitirite-modified H2A histone by anti-DNA autoantibodies. The results suggest that peroxynitrite modification of self-antigen(s) can generate neoepitopes capable of inducing SLE characteristic autoantibodies. The preferential binding of peroxynitrite-modified H2A histone by SLE anti-DNA antibodies points out the likely role of oxidatively modified and nitrated H2A histone in the initiation/progression of SLE. Moreover, oxidatively modified and nitrated nuclear protein antigen, rather than nucleic acid antigens, appear to be more suitable as a trigger for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Dixit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, A.M.U., Aligarh 202 002, India
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33
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Lee JR, Lee SJ, Kim TW, Kim JK, Park HS, Kim DE, Kim KP, Yeo WS. Chemical approach for specific enrichment and mass analysis of nitrated peptides. Anal Chem 2010; 81:6620-6. [PMID: 19610626 DOI: 10.1021/ac9005099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The analysis and detection of 3-nitrotyrosine are biologically and clinically important because protein tyrosine nitration is known to be involved in a number of biological phenomena such as cellular signal transduction, pathogenesis of inflammatory responses, and age-related disorders. However, the main obstacles in the study are low abundance of nitrated species and lack of efficient enrichment methods. Here in, we suggest a new chemical approach to analyze nitrated peptides using mass spectrometry by incorporating specific tagging groups in the peptides through simple chemical transformations. Nitro groups on tyrosine side chains of nitrated peptides were subjected to reduction to give rise to amine which was further converted to metal-chelating motif. Mass analyses verified that Ni(2+)-NTA magnetic agarose beads selectively captured and isolated the modified peptides, i.e., nitrated peptides, by strong and specific metal chelating interactions. We further demonstrated the utility of our approach by detection of nitrated peptides in complex samples such as tryptic peptide mixtures of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and a HeLa cell lysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Rok Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-834, Korea
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34
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Analytical methods for 3-nitrotyrosine quantification in biological samples: the unique role of tandem mass spectrometry. Amino Acids 2010; 42:45-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0604-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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35
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Allmer J. Existing bioinformatics tools for the quantitation of post-translational modifications. Amino Acids 2010; 42:129-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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36
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Breusing N, Grune T. Biomarkers of protein oxidation from a chemical, biological and medical point of view. Exp Gerontol 2010; 45:733-7. [PMID: 20403419 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In physiological conditions intracellular radical formation is mostly due to mitochondrial activity. This is in contrast to clinical and pathophysiological situations, where the oxidant formation is additionally driven by xenobiotics and inflammation. Oxidative damage accumulation in macromolecules especially in proteins has been considered as a cause of cellular damage and pathology impairing the clinical outcome of patients. However, up to now strategies to measure oxidative stress in clinical settings are limited. A lot of parameters and techniques are available for the determination of oxidized proteins in biological systems. Unfortunately, most of them are no reliable markers in clinical settings due to their unknown clinical relevance or the lack in clinical feasibility. Major problems are the sample availability, sample stability and cost-, time- and man-power intensive methods. The present review focuses on the measurement of protein oxidation products from a chemical, biological, and medical point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle Breusing
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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37
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Tsikas D. Measurement of nitrotyrosine in plasma by immunoassays is fraught with danger: commercial availability is no guarantee of analytical reliability. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48:141-3; author reply 145-6. [PMID: 20047534 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2010.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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38
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Tsikas D. Quantitative analysis of biomarkers, drugs and toxins in biological samples by immunoaffinity chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry or tandem mass spectrometry: A focused review of recent applications. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 878:133-48. [PMID: 19969510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC), mass spectrometry and especially tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) represent the most efficient and reliable analytical techniques for specific isolation, unequivocal identification and accurate quantification of numerous natural and synthetic substances in biological samples. This review article focuses on the combined use of these outstanding methodologies in basic and clinical research and in life sciences for the quantitative analysis of low- and high-molecular mass biomarkers, drugs and toxins in urine, plasma or serum samples, in tissue and other biologicals systems published in the last decade. The analytes discussed in some detail include the biomarkers of oxidative stress 15(S)-8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha) {15(S)-8-iso-PGF(2alpha)} and 3-nitrotyrosine, the major urinary metabolite of the lipid mediators cysteinyl leukotrienes, i.e., the leukotriene E(4) (LTE(4)), melatonin, and the major collagen type II neoepitope peptide in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsikas
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
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39
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Tsikas D. Reliable Quantification of Endogenous Free 3-Nitrotyrosine in Human Plasma by GC–ECD or GC–MS in Health and Disease? Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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40
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Giustarini D, Dalle-Donne I, Tsikas D, Rossi R. Oxidative stress and human diseases: Origin, link, measurement, mechanisms, and biomarkers. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2009; 46:241-81. [DOI: 10.3109/10408360903142326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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41
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Abello N, Kerstjens HAM, Postma DS, Bischoff R. Protein tyrosine nitration: selectivity, physicochemical and biological consequences, denitration, and proteomics methods for the identification of tyrosine-nitrated proteins. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:3222-38. [PMID: 19415921 DOI: 10.1021/pr900039c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine nitration (PTN) is a post-translational modification occurring under the action of a nitrating agent. Tyrosine is modified in the 3-position of the phenolic ring through the addition of a nitro group (NO2). In the present article, we review the main nitration reactions and elucidate why nitration is not a random chemical process. The particular physical and chemical properties of 3-nitrotyrosine (e.g., pKa, spectrophotometric properties, reduction to aminotyrosine) will be discussed, and the biological consequences of PTN (e.g., modification of enzymatic activity, sensitivity to proteolytic degradation, impact on protein phosphorylation, immunogenicity and implication in disease) will be reviewed. Recent data indicate the possibility of an in vivo denitration process, which will be discussed with respect to the different reaction mechanisms that have been proposed. The second part of this review article focuses on analytical methods to determine this post-translational modification in complex proteomes, which remains a major challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Abello
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Center for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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42
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Rubino FM, Pitton M, Di Fabio D, Colombi A. Toward an "omic" physiopathology of reactive chemicals: thirty years of mass spectrometric study of the protein adducts with endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:725-84. [PMID: 19127566 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer and degenerative diseases are major causes of morbidity and death, derived from the permanent modification of key biopolymers such as DNA and regulatory proteins by usually smaller, reactive molecules, present in the environment or generated from endogenous and xenobiotic components by the body's own biochemical mechanisms (molecular adducts). In particular, protein adducts with organic electrophiles have been studied for more than 30 [see, e.g., Calleman et al., 1978] years essentially for three purposes: (a) as passive monitors of the mean level of individual exposure to specific chemicals, either endogenously present in the human body or to which the subject is exposed through food or environmental contamination; (b) as quantitative indicators of the mean extent of the individual metabolic processing which converts a non-reactive chemical substance into its toxic products able to damage DNA (en route to cancer induction through genotoxic mechanisms) or key proteins (as in the case of several drugs, pesticides or otherwise biologically active substances); (c) to relate the extent of protein modification to that of biological function impairment (such as enzyme inhibition) finally causing the specific health damage. This review describes the role that contemporary mass spectrometry-based approaches employed in the qualitative and quantitative study of protein-electrophile adducts play in the discovery of the (bio)chemical mechanisms of toxic substances and highlights the future directions of research in this field. A particular emphasis is given to the measurement of often high levels of the protein adducts of several industrial and environmental pollutants in unexposed human populations, a phenomenon which highlights the possibility that a number of small organic molecules are generated in the human organism through minor metabolic processes, the imbalance of which may be the cause of "spontaneous" cases of cancer and of other degenerative diseases of still uncharacterized etiology. With all this in mind, it is foreseen that a holistic description of cellular functions will take advantage of new analytical methods based on time-integrated metabolomic measurements of a new biological compartment, the "adductome," aimed at better understanding integrated organism response to environmental and endogenous stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Maria Rubino
- Laboratory for Analytical Toxicology and Metabonomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontology, Università degli Studi di Milano at Ospedale San Paolo, v. Antonio di Rudinì 8, Milano I-20142, Italy.
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43
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Specific GC–MS/MS stable-isotope dilution methodology for free 9- and 10-nitro-oleic acid in human plasma challenges previous LC–MS/MS reports. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2895-908. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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Tsikas D, Zoerner AA, Mitschke A, Gutzki FM. Nitro-fatty Acids Occur in Human Plasma in the Picomolar Range: a Targeted Nitro-lipidomics GC–MS/MS Study. Lipids 2009; 44:855-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-009-3332-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Tsikas D. ReviewMethods of quantitative analysis of the nitric oxide metabolites nitrite and nitrate in human biological fluids. Free Radic Res 2009; 39:797-815. [PMID: 16036360 DOI: 10.1080/10715760500053651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In human organism, the gaseous radical molecule nitric oxide (NO) is produced in various cells from L-arginine by the catalytic action of NO synthases (NOS). The metabolic fate of NO includes oxidation to nitrate by oxyhaemoglobin in red blood cells and autoxidation in haemoglobin-free media to nitrite. Nitrate and nitrite circulate in blood and are excreted in urine. The concentration of these NO metabolites in the circulation and in the urine can be used to measure NO synthesis in vivo under standardized low-nitrate diet. Circulating nitrite reflects constitutive endothelial NOS activity, whereas excretory nitrate indicates systemic NO production. Today, nitrite and nitrate can be measured in plasma, serum and urine of humans by various analytical methods based on different analytical principles, such as colorimetry, spectrophotometry, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, gas and liquid chromatography, electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The aim of the present article is to give an overview of the most significant currently used quantitative methods of analysis of nitrite and nitrate in human biological fluids, namely plasma and urine. With minor exception, measurement of nitrite and nitrate by these methods requires method-dependent chemical conversion of these anions. Therefore, the underlying mechanisms and principles of these methods are also discussed. Despite the chemical simplicity of nitrite and nitrate, accurate and interference-free quantification of nitrite and nitrate in biological fluids as indicators of NO synthesis may be difficult. Thus, problems associated with dietary and laboratory ubiquity of these anions and other preanalytical and analytical factors are addressed. Eventually, the important issue of quality control, the use of commercially available assay kits, and the value of the mass spectrometry methodology in this area are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsikas
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover, D-30625, Germany.
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46
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Pavlovic R, Santaniello E, Chiesa LM, Biondi PA. New Procedure for the Determination of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Plasma by GC–ECD. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1191-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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47
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Ischiropoulos H. Protein tyrosine nitration--an update. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 484:117-21. [PMID: 19007743 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine nitration is a covalent post-translational protein modification derived from the reaction of proteins with nitrating agents. Tyrosine nitration has been used as a marker of oxidant burden in human diseases. However, it remains unclear whether protein nitration is responsible for alterations in protein function that imparts an increased risk for disease development or unfavorable outcomes. Emerging data implicate tyrosine nitration as a mediator of immune responses suggesting a novel biological function for this protein modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Ischiropoulos
- Stokes Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania, 417 Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA.
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48
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Immunoaffinity liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry detection of nitrotyrosine in biological fluids: Development of a clinically translatable biomarker. Anal Biochem 2008; 380:68-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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49
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Haandel L, Killmer J, Li X, Schöneich C, Stobaugh JF. Phenylisothiocyanate as a Multiple Chemical Dimension Reagent for the Relative Quantitation of Protein Nitrotyrosine. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0761-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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50
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A critical review and discussion of analytical methods in the l-arginine/nitric oxide area of basic and clinical research. Anal Biochem 2008; 379:139-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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