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Ferrier DC, Kiely J, Luxton R. Propofol detection for monitoring of intravenous anaesthesia: a review. J Clin Monit Comput 2021; 36:315-323. [PMID: 34213720 PMCID: PMC9123036 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-021-00738-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a review of established and emerging methods for detecting and quantifying the intravenous anaesthetic propofol in solution. There is growing evidence of numerous advantages of total intravenous anaesthesia using propofol compared to conventional volatile-based anaesthesia, both in terms of patient outcomes and environmental impact. However, volatile-based anaesthesia still accounts for the vast majority of administered general anaesthetics, largely due to a lack of techniques for real-time monitoring of patient blood propofol concentration. Herein, propofol detection techniques that have been developed to date are reviewed alongside a discussion of remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Ferrier
- Institute of Bio-Sensing Technology, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - Janice Kiely
- Institute of Bio-Sensing Technology, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Richard Luxton
- Institute of Bio-Sensing Technology, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
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Lee KM, Han SM, Lee S, Jeong TY, Kim HJ, Min H, Kim KH, Cha S, Oh WK, Lee J. Fluoride-assisted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous analysis of propofol and its metabolites without derivatization in urine. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1652:462360. [PMID: 34246057 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The misuse of propofol for recreational purposes has become a serious social issue. Accordingly, practical and sensitive analytical methods to investigate the chronic abuse and toxicity of propofol are required. However, current propofol determination methods using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) suffer from problems associated with loss in sample preparation due to its volatility and its poor ionization efficiency and collision-induced dissociation in mass spectrometry. Herein, we have developed a sensitive and accurate fluoride-assisted LC-MS/MS method combined with direct-injection for propofol determination. Ionization via fluoride-ion attachment/induced deprotonation, effected by ammonium fluoride in the mobile phase, was found to dramatically improve the sensitivity of propofol without derivatization. Furthermore, direct injection without derivatization enables the simultaneous analysis of propofol and its phase II metabolites without analyte loss. The optimal concentration of ammonium fluoride in the mobile phase was found to be 1 mM under methanol conditions. The linearity is good (R2 ≥ 0.999) and the intra- and inter-day precisions for propofol determination are between 1.9 and 8.7%. The accuracies range from 87.5% to 105.4% and the limits of detection and quantitation for propofol in urine are 0.15 and 0.44 ng mL-1, respectively. The present method was successfully applied to human urine and showed a sufficient sensitivity to determine propofol and five phase II metabolites over 48 h in human urine after administration. Consequently, the fluoride-assisted LC-MS/MS method was demonstrated to be sensitive, accurate, and practical for the determination of propofol and its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Mi Lee
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Moon Han
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwa Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Young Jeong
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jun Kim
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hophil Min
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hun Kim
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Cha
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Keun Oh
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaeick Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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Sajeeda S, Kumar L, Verma R. An Overview of Analytical Methods for the Estimation of Propofol in Pharmaceutical Formulations, Biological Matrices, and Hair Marker. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1694-1701. [PMID: 33870775 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1910927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Propofol (PFL) owing to its excellent inhibitory property of neurotransmitters in CNS by positive modulation of ligand gated ion channels to an integrated chloride channeled GABAA thereby acts as a general anesthetic. It differs from other general anesthetics chemically and pharmacologically as it has lesser side effects compared to other general anesthetics and is most commonly used. The present review focuses on two aspects (a) various analytical methods used in quantification of Propofol in pharmaceutical formulations and (b) various analytical methods used to determine Propofol in biological matrices and some biological markers like hair and end tidal nasal air for forensic purpose to estimate drug concentration in suspected cases. Here the various analytical methods are developed using different parameters and validation of employed methods are discussed. Estimated parameters like the linearity, LOQ (Limit of quantification), % recovery, slope, intercept, validation are discussed for the individual method. The critical quality attributes like the wavelength of detection, columns, flow rate, gas flow, and the sample preparation methods for the determination of PFL by bioanalytical methods are also discussed. Type of electrode, mechanism involved and the potential voltage applied for a particular electrochemical method are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sajeeda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | - Ruchi Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
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Rapid determination and continuous monitoring of propofol in microliter whole blood sample during anesthesia by paper spray ionization-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:279-287. [PMID: 33106945 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Propofol is a widely used intravenous anesthetic agent in sedation and general anesthesia. To improve the safety and maintain the depth of anesthesia, it is important to develop a rapid, sensitive, and reliable method to monitor the concentration of propofol in blood during anesthesia continuously. Here, we present a novel strategy based on paper spray ionization-mass spectrometry (PSI-MS) to detect propofol. Samples (in 10 μL) were mixed with methanol as protein precipitation solvent and 2,6-dimethylphenol as internal standard. Protein micro-precipitation was achieved with methanol by vortexing and centrifuging for 5 s each, and propofol was extracted to the supernatant. PSI-MS was performed in negative ionization mode, and MS signal lasted for 1 min. The analysis of a single sample was completed within 2 min. The area ratios of propofol to internal standard were calculated for quantification. Limit of detection of 5.5 ng mL-1 and limit of quantification of 18.2 ng mL-1 were achieved for propofol in whole blood. Calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.02-10 μg mL-1. The developed method was used successfully in monitoring the propofol concentration in 3 patients' whole blood during anesthesia, showing its further application in controlling and feeding-back target concentration infusion. Graphical abstract.
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Jutras M, Williamson D, Chassé M, Leclair G. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of five analgesics and sedatives, and six of their active metabolites in human plasma: Application to a clinical study on the determination of neurological death in the intensive care unit. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 190:113521. [PMID: 32861167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatographic method coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was developed and validated for the quantification of morphine, hydromorphone, fentanyl, midazolam and propofol and their metabolites morphine-3-β-d-glucuronide, morphine-6-β-d-glucuronide, hydromorphone-3-β-d-glucuronide, 1'-hydroxymidazolam-β-d-glucuronide, α-hydroxymidazolam and 4-hydroxymidazolam in human plasma using potassium oxalate/sodium fluoride mixture as anticoagulant. Human plasma samples (0.4 mL) to which were added a mixture of eleven deuterated internal standards were subjected to solid phase extraction using a mixed-mode polymeric Oasis PRiME MCX in 96-well format. Propofol was selectively eluted and further derivatized using 2-Fluoro-1-methylpyridinium p-toluenesulfonate, whereas the remaining 10 analytes were eluted separately and further concentrated. The derivatized propofol was analyzed separately in a second injection. The analytes were chromatographically separated on a Kinetex phenyl-hexyl analytical column in gradient elution mode, using a mobile phase consisting of aqueous ammonium formate/formic acid buffer and methanol. The overall run time was 8 min. Detection was performed using an AB/SCIEX 4000 QTRAP instrument with positive electrospray ionization employing scheduled multiple reaction monitoring mode. The lower limits of quantification ranged from 0.02 to 5 ng/mL depending on the analyte. Calibration curves covered a concentration range of 1000× in all cases but 1'-hydroxymidazolam-β-d-glucuronide where it covered a range of 500 × . The validated method was accurate and precise, the intra-day accuracy and precision of quality control samples (4 concentration levels, n = 6 each) being within 91.5-112 % and 1.3-13.2 % (coefficient of variation), respectively, and inter-day (n = 24; 4 days) accuracy and precision of quality control samples (3 concentration levels) being within 94.8-103.5 % and 3.2-11.2 % (coefficient of variation). Mean absolute extraction recoveries were above 60 % for all compounds, except for hydromorphone-3-β-d-glucuronide (44 %) and for 1'-hydroxymidazolam-β-d-glucuronide (33 %). Internal standard corrected matrix effect ranged from -4.8 to 3.8 % in normal plasma and in plasma containing 1 % hemolyzed blood. Analytes were stable (above 90 %) in plasma and blood for 19 h at 22 °C, in blood for 90 h at 5 °C, in plasma for 60 days at -20 °C, for 4 months at -70 °C and after three freeze-thaw cycles, and in the injection solvent for at least 3 days in the autosampler. The present method is successfully being applied in a multicenter clinical study for the analysis of plasma samples from patients in intensive care units from a number of Canadian hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jutras
- Platform of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - David Williamson
- Platform of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, H3T 1J4, Canada; Research Center and Pharmacy Department, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, H4J 1C5, Canada.
| | - Michaël Chassé
- Faculty of Medecine, Université de Montréal, H3T 1J4, Canada; Research Center and Department of Medicine (Critical Care), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Grégoire Leclair
- Platform of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, H3T 1J4, Canada.
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Development of a LC–MS/MS method for determination of propofol-glucuronide in hair and preliminary study on relationships between dose and hair concentration. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 306:110070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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El Sharkasy ME, Walash M, Belal F, Salim MM. First derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric method for the simultaneous determination of propofol and cisatracurium besylate in biological fluids. LUMINESCENCE 2019; 35:312-320. [PMID: 31746124 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Propofol and cisatracurium besylate have been simultaneously determined using a highly sensitive first derivative synchronous spectrofluorometric method. The method is based on measuring first derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric amplitude at Δλ = 40 nm with a scanning rate of 600 nm/min. The different experimental parameters affecting the fluorescence intensity of the two drugs were carefully studied and optimized. The amplitude-concentration plots were rectilinear over the range 40.0-400.0 ng/mL and 20.0-280.0 ng/mL for propofol and cisatracurium, respectively with lower detection limits of 4.0 and 2.35 ng/mL and quantification limits of 12.1 and 7.1 ng/mL for propofol and cisatracurium, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of the two compounds in synthetic mixtures and in commercial ampoules. The high sensitivity attained using the proposed method allowed the simultaneous determination of both drugs in spiked plasma samples. The mean % recoveries in spiked human plasma (n = 3) were 96.53 ± 0.90 and 96.20 ± 1.64 for each of propofol and cisatracurium, respectively. The method was validated in compliance with International Council of Harmonization (ICH) Guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona E El Sharkasy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - M Walash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - F Belal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - M M Salim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University - Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
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Qi B, Nicolaï J, Smits A, De Vocht T, Deferm N, Van Brantegem P, Allegaert K, Annaert P. A sensitive liquid chromatography method for analysis of propofol in small volumes of neonatal blood. J Clin Pharm Ther 2019; 45:128-133. [PMID: 31583723 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Sampling volumes of blood from neonates is necessarily limited. However, most of the published propofol analysis assays require a relatively large blood sample volume (typically ≥0.5 mL). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop and validate a sensitive method requiring a smaller sample volume (0.2 mL) to fulfill clinically relevant research requirements. METHODS Following simple protein precipitation and centrifugation, the supernatant was injected into the HPLC-fluorescence system and separated with a reverse phase column. Propofol and the internal standard (thymol) were detected and quantified using fluorescence at excitation and emission wavelengths of 270 nm and 310 nm, respectively. The method was validated with reference to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance for industry. Accuracy (CV, %) and precision (RSD, %) were evaluated at three quality control concentration levels (0.05, 0.5 and 5 µg/mL). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.005-20 µg/mL. Intra- and interday accuracy (-4.4%-13.6%) and precision (0.2%-5.8%) for propofol were below 15%. The calculated LOD (limit of detection) and LLOQ (lower limit of quantification) were 0.0021 µg/mL and 0.0069 µg/mL, respectively. Propofol samples were stable for 4 months at -20°C after the sample preparation. This method was applied for analyzing blood samples from 41 neonates that received propofol, as part of a dose-finding study. The measured median (range) concentration was 0.14 (0.03-1.11) µg/mL, which was in the range of the calibration curve. The calculated median (range) propofol half-life of the gamma elimination phase was 10.4 (4.7-26.7) hours. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION A minimal volume (0.2 mL) of blood from neonates is required for the determination of propofol with this method. The method can be used to support the quantification of propofol drug concentrations for pharmacokinetic studies in the neonatal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Qi
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Nicolaï
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne Smits
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom De Vocht
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Neel Deferm
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Brantegem
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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The study and application of analyte adduct based ionisation of propofol in the analysis with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1114-1115:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Guntner AS, Stöcklegger S, Kneidinger M, Illievich U, Buchberger W. Development of a highly sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method preceded by solid-phase microextraction for the analysis of propofol in low-volume cerebral microdialysate samples. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1257-1264. [PMID: 30637930 PMCID: PMC6590146 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To date, the commonly used intravenous anesthetic propofol has been widely studied, and fundamental pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drug are known. However, propofol has not yet been quantified in vivo in the target organ, the human brain. Here, cerebral microdialysis offers the unique opportunity to sample propofol in the living human organism. Therefore, a highly sensitive analytical method for propofol quantitation in small sample volumes of 30 μL, based on direct immersion solid‐phase microextraction was developed. Preconcentration was followed by gas chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of the compound. This optimized method provided a linear range between the lower limit of detection (50 ng/L) and 200 μg/L. Matrix‐matched calibration was used to compensate recovery issues. A precision of 2.7% relative standard deviation between five consecutive measurements and an interday precision of 6.4% relative standard deviation could be achieved. Furthermore, the permeability of propofol through a cerebral microdialysate system was tested. In summary, the developed method to analyze cerebral microdialysate samples, allows the in vivo quantitation of propofol in the living human brain. Additionally the calculation of extracellular fluid levels is enabled since the recovery of the cerebral microdialysis regarding propofol was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Stöcklegger
- Department for Neuroanesthesia and Intensive Care, Kepler University Hospital Neuromed Campus, Linz, Austria
| | - Michael Kneidinger
- Department for Neuroanesthesia and Intensive Care, Kepler University Hospital Neuromed Campus, Linz, Austria
| | - Udo Illievich
- Department for Neuroanesthesia and Intensive Care, Kepler University Hospital Neuromed Campus, Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Buchberger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
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Ayad MM, Belal F, Hosney MM, Elmansi H, Elsayed N. Simultaneous HPLC Determination of Cisatracurium and Propofol in Human Plasma via Fluorometric Detection. J Chromatogr Sci 2018; 56:524-530. [PMID: 29635320 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmy027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The proposed method describes a high performance liquid chromatographic method with fluoremetric detection for the determination of cisatracurium (CIS) and propofol (PRP) simultaneously, which are co-administered as a pre-operative injection mixture. The separation of the two drugs was achieved using monolithic column (100 mm and 4.6 mm internal diameter) and mixture of methanol and 0.1 M phosphate buffer in the ratio of 80:20 (v/v) at pH 4.5 as a mobile phase. The fluorescence detection was carried out at 230/324 nm. The procedure showed good linearity through the concentration ranges of 0.01-1.00 μg/mL and 0.1-3.0 μg/mL with limits of detection of 0.002, 0.030 μg/mL and limits of quantification of 0.006, 0.100 μg/mL for CIS and PRP, respectively. Simultaneous determination of CIS and PRP in spiked human plasma samples was additionally executed and the results were satisfactory precise and accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda M Ayad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Zagazig, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - F Belal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mervet M Hosney
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Zagazig, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Heba Elmansi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nora Elsayed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Zagazig, Zagazig, Egypt
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Metabolic Profiles of Propofol and Fospropofol: Clinical and Forensic Interpretative Aspects. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6852857. [PMID: 29992157 PMCID: PMC5994321 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6852857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Propofol is an intravenous short-acting anesthetic widely used to induce and maintain general anesthesia and to provide procedural sedation. The potential for propofol dependency and abuse has been recognized, and several cases of accidental overdose and suicide have emerged, mostly among the health professionals. Different studies have demonstrated an unpredictable interindividual variability of propofol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics with forensic and clinical adverse relevant outcomes (e.g., pronounced respiratory and cardiac depression), namely, due to polymorphisms in the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and cytochrome P450 isoforms and drugs administered concurrently. In this work the pharmacokinetics of propofol and fospropofol with particular focus on metabolic pathways is fully reviewed. It is concluded that knowing the metabolism of propofol may lead to the development of new clues to help further toxicological and clinical interpretations and to reduce serious adverse reactions such as respiratory failure, metabolic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, cardiac bradyarrhythmias, hypotension and myocardial failure, anaphylaxis, hypertriglyceridemia, renal failure, hepatomegaly, hepatic steatosis, acute pancreatitis, abuse, and death. Particularly, further studies aiming to characterize polymorphic enzymes involved in the metabolic pathway, the development of additional routine forensic toxicological analysis, and the relatively new field of ‘‘omics” technology, namely, metabolomics, can offer more in explaining the unpredictable interindividual variability.
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Maurer F, Shopova T, Wolf B, Kiefer D, Hüppe T, Volk T, Sessler DI, Kreuer S. Design and validation of an automated solid phase extraction liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry method for the quantification of propofol in plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 150:341-346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Maas A, Maier C, Michel-Lauter B, Broecker S, Madea B, Hess C. Verification of propofol sulfate as a further human propofol metabolite using LC-ESI-QQQ-MS and LC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2017; 32:67-72. [PMID: 28259866 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2017-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is a water-insoluble, intravenous anesthetic that is widely used for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia as well as for endoscopic and pediatric sedation. After admission, propofol undergoes extensive hepatic and extrahepatic metabolism, including direct conjugation to propofol glucuronide and hydroxylation to 2,6-diisopropyl-1,4-quinol. The latter substance subsequently undergoes phase II metabolism, resulting in the formation of further metabolites (1quinolglucuronide, 4quinolglucuronide and 4quinol-sulfate). Further minor phase I propofol metabolites (2-(ω-propanol)-6-isopropylphenol and 2-(ω-propanol)-6-isopropyl-1,4-quinol)) are also described. Due to its chemical structure with the phenolic hydroxyl group, propofol is also an appropriate substrate for sulfation by sulfotransferases. METHODS The existence of propofol sulfate was investigated by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LCESIQQQ-MS) and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LCESI-QTOF-MS). A propofol sulfate reference standard was used for identification and method development, yielding a precursor at m/z 257 (deprotonated propofol sulfate) and product ions at m/z 177 (deprotonated propofol) and m/z 80 ([SO3]-). RESULTS Propofol sulfate - a further phase II metabolite of propofol - was verified in urine samples by LC-ESI-QQQ-MS and LC-ESI-QTOF-MS. Analyses of urine samples from five volunteers collected before and after propofol-induced sedation verified the presence of propofol sulfate in urine following propofol administration, whereas ascertained concentrations of this metabolite were significantly lower compared with detected propofol glucuronide concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The existence of propofol sulfate as a further phase II propofol metabolite in humans could be verified by two different detection techniques (LCESIQQQ-MS and LC-ESI-QTOFMS) on the basis of a propofol sulfate reference standard. Evaluation of the quantitative analyses of propofol sulfate imply that propofol sulfate represents a minor metabolite of propofol and is only slightly involved in human propofol clearance.
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Wang X, Zhou Q, Jiang D, Gong Y, Li E, Li H. Ion mobility spectrometry as a simple and rapid method to measure the plasma propofol concentrations for intravenous anaesthesia monitoring. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37525. [PMID: 27869199 PMCID: PMC5116632 DOI: 10.1038/srep37525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma propofol concentration is important information for anaesthetists to monitor and adjust the anaesthesia depth for patients during a surgery operation. In this paper, a stand-alone ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) was constructed for the rapid measurement of the plasma propofol concentrations. Without any sample pre-treatment, the plasma samples were dropped on a piece of glass microfiber paper and then introduced into the IMS cell by the thermal desorption directly. Each individual measurement could be accomplished within 1 min. For the plasma propofol concentrations from 1 to 12 μg mL-1, the IMS response was linear with a correlation coefficient R2 of 0.998, while the limit of detection was evaluated to be 0.1 μg mL-1. These measurement results did meet the clinical application requirements. Furthermore, other clinically-often-used drugs, including remifentanil, flurbiprofen and atracurium, were found no significant interference with the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the plasma propofol. The plasma propofol concentrations measured by IMS were correlated well with those measured by the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results confirmed an excellent agreement between these two methods. Finally, this method was applied to monitor the plasma propofol concentrations for a patient undergoing surgery, demonstrating its capability of anaesthesia monitoring in real clinical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulei Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Enyou Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China
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1,2-Dimethylimidazole-4-sulfonyl chloride (DMISC), a novel derivatization strategy for the analysis of propofol by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:1547-1554. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Kwak JH, Kim HK, Choe S, In S, Pyo JS. Determination of propofol glucuronide from hair sample by using mixed mode anion exchange cartridge and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1015-1016:209-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Romand S, Rudaz S, Guillarme D. Separation of substrates and closely related glucuronide metabolites using various chromatographic modes. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1435:54-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Pyo JS. Selective and Accurate Determination Method of Propofol in Human Plasma by Mixed-Mode Cation Exchange Cartridge and GC-MS. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2016; 2016:9531769. [PMID: 27597928 PMCID: PMC4997078 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9531769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the determination of propofol in human plasma has been developed and validated. Propofol was extracted from human plasma by using mixed-mode cation exchange/reversed-phase (MCX) cartridges. As propofol easily volatilizes during concentration, 100% methanol was injected directly into GC-MS to elute propofol. Despite avoiding concentration process of the eluted solution, lower limit of quantization (LLOQ) of propofol was 25 ng/mL. The validated method exhibited good linearity (R (2) = 0.9989) with accuracy and precision -5.8%~11.7% and 3.7%~11.6%, respectively. The other validation parameters, recovery and matrix effect, ranged from 96.6% to 99.4% and 95.3% to 101.4%, respectively. Propofol standard was quantified to evaluate possible loss due to the concentration processes, nitrogen gas and centrifugal vacuum. These two concentration processes resulted in notable decrease in the quantity of propofol, signifying avoiding any concentration processes during propofol quantification. Also, to confirm suitability of the developed method, authentic human plasma samples were analyzed. The selective assay method using MCX cartridge and GC-MS facilitated quantification of propofol in plasma sample accurately by preventing any losses due to the concentration processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sung Pyo
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Republic of Korea
- *Jae Sung Pyo:
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Vaiano F, Serpelloni G, Focardi M, Fioravanti A, Mari F, Bertol E. LC–MS/MS and GC–MS methods in propofol detection: Evaluation of the two analytical procedures. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 256:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Recent advances in the application of hydrophilic interaction chromatography for the analysis of biological matrices. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2927-45. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is being increasingly used for the analysis of hydrophilic compounds in biological matrices. The complexity of biological samples demands adequate sample preparation procedures, specifically adjusted for HILIC analyses. Currently, most bioanalytical assays are performed on bare silica and ZIC-HILIC columns. Trends in HILIC for bioanalysis include smaller particle sizes and miniaturization of the analytical column. For complex biological samples, multidimensional techniques can separate and identify more compounds than 1D separations. The high volatility of the mobile phase, the added separation power and high sensitivity make MS the detection method of choice for bioanalysis using HILIC, although other detectors such as evaporative light scattering detection, charged aerosol detection and nuclear magnetic resonance have been reported.
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Quantification of remifentanil and propofol in human plasma: a LC–MS/MS assay validated according to the EMA guideline. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:1675-84. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Remifentanil and propofol are often used in combination for general anesthesia. We developed a method using LC–MS for their simultaneous measurement in human plasma. Methodology & results: After addition of remifentanil-13C6 and propofol-d18 (IS), 500 µl of plasma were extracted with ethylacetate/hexane. Analysis conditions included gradient elution (water/acetonitrile), electrospray ionization and detection with a triple quadripole mass spectrometer. Remifentanil and propofol were ionized in the positive and negative mode, respectively. The method was validated according to the European Medicines Agency guideline for the validation of bioanalytical methods, then successfully applied to clinical samples from three patients who had undergone liver transplantation. Conclusion: This method is suitable for the simultaneous quantification of remifentanil and propofol in clinical studies.
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Sørensen LK, Hasselstrøm JB. Simultaneous determination of propofol and its glucuronide in whole blood by liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and the influence of sample storage conditions on the reliability of the test results. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 109:158-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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INOUE K, OZAWA Y, TOYO'OKA T. Application of Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Sedative Medicine in Clinical Stage. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2015. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2015.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi INOUE
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Yuta OZAWA
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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26
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Taghavi Moghaddam P, Pipelzadeh MR, Nesioonpour S, Saki N, Rezaee S. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of propofol in human plasma: comparison of different heteroscedastic calibration curve models. Adv Pharm Bull 2014; 4:351-8. [PMID: 25436190 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2014.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to select the best calibration model for determination of propofol plasma concentration by high-performance liquid chromatography method. METHODS Determination of propofol in plasma after deproteinization with acetonitrile containing thymol (as internal standard) was carried out on a C18 column with a mixture of acetonitrile and trifluoroacetic acid 0.1% (60:40) as mobile phase which delivered at the flow rate of 1.2 mL/minute . Fluorescence detection was done at the excitation and emission wavelengths of 276 and 310 nm, respectively. After fitting different equations to the calibration data using weighted regression, the adequacy of models were assessed by lack-of-fit test, significance of all model parameters, adjusted coefficient of determination (R(2) adjusted) and by measuring the predictive performance with median relative prediction error and median absolute relative prediction error of the validation data set. RESULTS The best model was a linear equation without intercept with median relative prediction error and median absolute relative prediction error of 4.0 and 9.4%, respectively in the range of 10-5000 ng/mL. The method showed good accuracy and precision. CONCLUSION The presented statistical framework could be used to choose the best model for heteroscedastic calibration data for analytes like propofol with wide range of expected concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooria Taghavi Moghaddam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Sholeh Nesioonpour
- Anesthesia Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nader Saki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeed Rezaee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. ; Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. ; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran. (Current affiliation)
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27
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Vaiano F, Mari F, Busardò FP, Bertol E. Enhancing the sensitivity of the LC-MS/MS detection of propofol in urine and blood by azo-coupling derivatization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:3579-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Asahi M, Kawai M, Toyama T, Kumagai Y, Chuesaard T, Tang N, Kameda T, Hayakawa K, Toriba A. Identification and Quantification of in Vivo Metabolites of 9,10-Phenanthrenequinone in Human Urine Associated with Producing Reactive Oxygen Species. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:76-85. [DOI: 10.1021/tx400338t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miki Asahi
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mio Kawai
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takashi Toyama
- Graduate
School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kumagai
- Graduate
School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Thanyarat Chuesaard
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kameda
- Graduate
School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
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29
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How to address the sample preparation of hydrophilic compounds: Determination of entecavir in plasma and plasma ultrafiltrate with novel extraction sorbents. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 88:337-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Kim HS, Cheong JC, Lee JI, In MK. Rapid and sensitive determination of propofol glucuronide in hair by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 85:33-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Han E. A study of analytical methods for the determination of propofol in blood. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 37:157-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0265-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Kim J, In S, Park Y, Park M, Kim E, Lee S. Quantitative analysis of propofol-glucuronide in hair as a marker for propofol abuse. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6807-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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33
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Urinary metabolites after intravenous propofol bolus in neonates. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2012; 38:97-103. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-012-0109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Li L, Ding H, Di B, Li W, Chen J. Rapid detection of propofol in whole blood using an automated on-line molecularly imprinted pretreatment coupled with optical fibre detection. Analyst 2012; 137:5632-8. [PMID: 23076165 DOI: 10.1039/c2an35523j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we present a validated rapid detection system for propofol, an anaesthetic with a narrow therapeutic window, in whole blood. This method utilises an on-line molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase extraction, rather than the traditional C18 solid-phase extraction, coupled to fluorescence optical fibre detection. The linearity was assessed from 0.10-15 μg mL(-1) of propofol in whole blood, and the coefficients were greater than 0.995. The absolute recoveries of propofol were 95.81, 97.56 and 97.93% at three different concentrations. The inter-batch precision ranged from 4.3% to 8.1%, and the accuracy value ranged from 102.5% to 104.4%. The developed method was successfully applied to measure propofol concentrations in simulated whole blood samples. The entire analysis procedure lasted only 5 minutes, and the results showed no statistical difference between the new on-line method and a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method. The new on-line method, however, is faster and more convenient for the clinical real-time detection of propofol than previously reported methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Pharmacy College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, PR China
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35
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Comparison of GC/MS and LC/MS methods for the analysis of propofol and its metabolites in urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 900:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractHydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is an increasingly popular alternative to conventional HPLC for drug analysis. It offers increased selectivity and sensitivity, and improved efficiency when quantifying drugs and related compounds in complex matrices such as biological and environmental samples, pharmaceutical formulations, food, and animal feed. In this review we summarize HILIC methods recently developed for drug analysis (2006–2011). In addition, a list of important applications is provided, including experimental conditions and a brief summary of results. The references provide a comprehensive overview of current HILIC applications in drug analysis.
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Yarbrough J, Harvey R, Cox S. Determination of Propofol Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Whole Blood with Fluorescence Detection. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:162-6. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmr042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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38
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Karlsson G. Development and Application of Methods for Separation of Carbohydrates by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1201/b10609-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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Headspace-SPME-GC/MS as a simple cleanup tool for sensitive 2,6-diisopropylphenol analysis from lipid emulsions and adaptable to other matrices. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:1231-6. [PMID: 21497035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to increased regulatory requirements, the interaction of active pharmaceutical ingredients with various surfaces and solutions during production and storage is gaining interest in the pharmaceutical research field, in particular with respect to development of new formulations, new packaging material and the evaluation of cleaning processes. Experimental adsorption/absorption studies as well as the study of cleaning processes require sophisticated analytical methods with high sensitivity for the drug of interest. In the case of 2,6-diisopropylphenol - a small lipophilic drug which is typically formulated as lipid emulsion for intravenous injection - a highly sensitive method in the concentration range of μg/l suitable to be applied to a variety of different sample matrices including lipid emulsions is needed. We hereby present a headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) approach as a simple cleanup procedure for sensitive 2,6-diisopropylphenol quantification from diverse matrices choosing a lipid emulsion as the most challenging matrix with regard to complexity. By combining the simple and straight forward HS-SPME sample pretreatment with an optimized GC-MS quantification method a robust and sensitive method for 2,6-diisopropylphenol was developed. This method shows excellent sensitivity in the low μg/l concentration range (5-200μg/l), good accuracy (94.8-98.8%) and precision (intraday-precision 0.1-9.2%, inter-day precision 2.0-7.7%). The method can be easily adapted to other, less complex, matrices such as water or swab extracts. Hence, the presented method holds the potential to serve as a single and simple analytical procedure for 2,6-diisopropylphenol analysis in various types of samples such as required in, e.g. adsorption/absorption studies which typically deal with a variety of different surfaces (steel, plastic, glass, etc.) and solutions/matrices including lipid emulsions.
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Abstract
Propofol is a potent intravenous anesthetic agent that rapidly induces sedation and unconsciousness. The potential for propofol dependency, recreational use, and abuse has only recently been recognized, and several cases of accidental overdose and suicide have emerged. In addition, the first documented case of murder using propofol was reported a few months ago, and a high profile case of suspected homicide with propofol is currently under investigation. A number of analytical methods have been employed to detect and quantify propofol concentrations in biological specimens. The reported propofol-related deaths and postmortem blood and tissue levels are reviewed. Importantly, limitations of propofol detection are discussed, and future considerations are presented. Because propofol has the potential for diversion with lethal consequences, the forensic scientist must have a basic understanding of its clinical indications and uses, pharmacologic properties, and detection methods. In addition, medical institutions should develop systems to prevent and detect diversion of this potential drug of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Levy
- Children's National Medical Center, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20010.
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41
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42
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Jian W, Edom RW, Xu Y, Weng N. Recent advances in application of hydrophilic interaction chromatography for quantitative bioanalysis. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:681-97. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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43
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Thieme D, Sachs H, Schelling G, Hornuss C. Formation of the N-methylpyridinium ether derivative of propofol to improve sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of its detection in blood by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:4055-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Ren MT, Li HJ, Sheng LS, Liu P, Li P. Rapid analysis of constituents of Radix Cyathulae using hydrophilic interaction-reverse phase LC-MS. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:3988-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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45
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Zhou SF, Liu JP, Chowbay B. Polymorphism of human cytochrome P450 enzymes and its clinical impact. Drug Metab Rev 2009; 41:89-295. [PMID: 19514967 DOI: 10.1080/03602530902843483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics is the study of how interindividual variations in the DNA sequence of specific genes affect drug response. This article highlights current pharmacogenetic knowledge on important human drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450s (CYPs) to understand the large interindividual variability in drug clearance and responses in clinical practice. The human CYP superfamily contains 57 functional genes and 58 pseudogenes, with members of the 1, 2, and 3 families playing an important role in the metabolism of therapeutic drugs, other xenobiotics, and some endogenous compounds. Polymorphisms in the CYP family may have had the most impact on the fate of therapeutic drugs. CYP2D6, 2C19, and 2C9 polymorphisms account for the most frequent variations in phase I metabolism of drugs, since almost 80% of drugs in use today are metabolized by these enzymes. Approximately 5-14% of Caucasians, 0-5% Africans, and 0-1% of Asians lack CYP2D6 activity, and these individuals are known as poor metabolizers. CYP2C9 is another clinically significant enzyme that demonstrates multiple genetic variants with a potentially functional impact on the efficacy and adverse effects of drugs that are mainly eliminated by this enzyme. Studies into the CYP2C9 polymorphism have highlighted the importance of the CYP2C9*2 and *3 alleles. Extensive polymorphism also occurs in other CYP genes, such as CYP1A1, 2A6, 2A13, 2C8, 3A4, and 3A5. Since several of these CYPs (e.g., CYP1A1 and 1A2) play a role in the bioactivation of many procarcinogens, polymorphisms of these enzymes may contribute to the variable susceptibility to carcinogenesis. The distribution of the common variant alleles of CYP genes varies among different ethnic populations. Pharmacogenetics has the potential to achieve optimal quality use of medicines, and to improve the efficacy and safety of both prospective and currently available drugs. Further studies are warranted to explore the gene-dose, gene-concentration, and gene-response relationships for these important drug-metabolizing CYPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Feng Zhou
- School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
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Bioanalytical hydrophilic interaction chromatography: recent challenges, solutions and applications. Bioanalysis 2009; 1:239-53. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) has, in recent years, been shown to be an important supplement to reversed-phase liquid chromatography for polar analytes. HILIC, in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), has been steadily gaining acceptance in the analysis of polar compounds from complex biological matrices. This hyphenated technique offers the advantages of improved sensitivity by employing high organic content in the mobile phase, shortened sample preparation time with direct injection of the organic-solvent extracts of biological samples and the potential for ultra-fast analysis because of low-column backpressure. This article reviews recent challenges presented by HILIC, advancements in the better understanding of retention characteristics of analytes with different mobile- and stationary-phase compositions and solutions to ion suppression and interference problems encountered in HILIC–MS/MS assays. Applications of HILIC–MS/MS are summarized, including those for pharmacokinetic studies, metabolic studies, therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical diagnostics.
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Ikegami T, Tomomatsu K, Takubo H, Horie K, Tanaka N. Separation efficiencies in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:474-503. [PMID: 18294645 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is important for the separation of highly polar substances including biologically active compounds, such as pharmaceutical drugs, neurotransmitters, nucleosides, nucleotides, amino acids, peptides, proteins, oligosaccharides, carbohydrates, etc. In the HILIC mode separation, aqueous organic solvents are used as mobile phases on more polar stationary phases that consist of bare silica, and silica phases modified with amino, amide, zwitterionic functional group, polyols including saccharides and other polar groups. This review discusses the column efficiency of HILIC materials in relation to solute and stationary phase structures, as well as comparisons between particle-packed and monolithic columns. In addition, a literature review consisting of 2006-2007 data is included, as a follow up to the excellent review by Hemström and Irgum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Ikegami
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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