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Phan MAT, Gibson E, Golebiowski B, Stapleton F, Jenner AM, Bucknall MP. Analysis of sex steroids in human tears using LC-MS and GC-MS: Considerations and developments to improve method sensitivity and accuracy. Exp Eye Res 2022; 225:109283. [PMID: 36273577 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroids play a role in regulation of tear film function and may exert their action locally at the ocular surface. However, measurement of sex steroids in tears is difficult due to small-volume tear samples and very low concentrations of the hormones. This short communication highlights what has been achieved to date in the analysis of tear sex steroids using ultra-performance LC-MS (UPLC-MS) as previously published, and reports further and more recent investigations toward optimising mass spectrometry method sensitivity and accuracy. The published UPLC-MS method successfully measured progesterone, androsterone glucuronide and 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol in pooled basal tears of postmenopausal women, and fourteen sex steroid standards in methanol. Limitations included sub-optimal limits of detection (LOD) and lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) for some analytes (particularly oestrogens), exclusion of sample matrix effects and no use of internal standards. This update reports on further experiments carried out to improve sensitivity and accuracy. Sample matrix effects, internal standard spiking, and derivatisation with dansyl chloride and oximes were investigated. Dansylation significantly improved the LOD and LLOQ of oestrogens and their metabolites, by a factor of 10 for oestradiol and a factor of 5 for oestrone, but sensitivity of this updated method is not sufficient however for analysis of these oestrogens in human tears. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as an alternative technique to LC-MS, improved sensitivity for derivatised oestradiol is reported. This work demonstrates the need to develop higher sensitivity methods and points researchers towards specific MS ionisation techniques for future analysis of sex steroids in tears, in order to progress current understanding of the role of sex steroids in tear function and dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Anh Thu Phan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Emma Gibson
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Optometry, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Blanka Golebiowski
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew M Jenner
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Martin P Bucknall
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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2
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Wu T, Ma M, Sun G, Zhang S, Zhang X. The simultaneous quantitative detection of multiple hormones based on PS-MS: affinity capture by a single antibody. Analyst 2022; 147:1853-1858. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00029f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, we utilized single antibody to capture and separate multiple hormones from samples to avoid LC procedures and MS/MS detection to realize simultaneously qualitative and quantitative analysis of multiple molecules in a single run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mingying Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gongwei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sichun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinrong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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3
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Kirchmeier A, van Herwaarden AE, van der Kolk JH, Sauer FJ, Gerber V. Plasma steroid profiles before and after ACTH stimulation test in healthy horses. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 72:106419. [PMID: 31958644 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.106419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study describes steroid profiles in equine plasma before and after ACTH stimulation. In human medicine, other steroids have been shown to have a more pronounced reaction to an ACTH stimulation test than cortisol. This study aimed to determine if the same was true for the horse. A total of 11 clinically healthy horses were selected for this study. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid plasma samples were taken before and 60 min after stimulation with 1 μg/kg BW of synthetic ACTH administered intravenously. The samples were analyzed for cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, 21-deoxycortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, androstenedione, 17-OH-progesterone, progesterone, and testosterone with a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, and 11-deoxycorticosterone showed a significant increase after ACTH stimulation. In conclusion, the LC-MS/MS represents a viable method to measure glucocorticoids and related precursors or metabolites in equine plasma samples. In addition, we were able to show a more pronounced increase of 11-deoxycorticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, and corticosterone compared with cortisol. These 3 metabolites could potentially serve as more sensitive biomarkers for stress in horses than cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kirchmeier
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - A E van Herwaarden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - J H van der Kolk
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - F J Sauer
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - V Gerber
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Liu Q, Chi Q, Fan RT, Tian HD, Wang X. Quantitative-Profiling Method of Serum Steroid Hormones by Hydroxylamine-Derivatization HPLC-MS. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2019; 9:201-208. [PMID: 30968349 PMCID: PMC6538747 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-019-0204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and rapid high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of ten steroid hormones, including estrogens, androgens, progesterones, and corticosteroids four classes of steroids. The following ten steroid hormones were analyzed: progesterone, 21-deoxycortisol, estrone, 4-androstenedione, testosterone, dihydro-testosterone, androstenone, dehydroepiandrosterone, corticosterone and cortisone. Stable deuterated isotopes were used as internal standards for quantification. Sample preparation with and without derivatization were performed after liquid-liquid extraction, and the corresponding results were compared according to sensitivity and selectivity. Hydroxylamine derivatization was found to improve the ionization efficiency of the analytes for electrospray ionization MS analysis. The gradient of mobile phase and experimental parameters for HPLC separation were optimized. The lower limits of quantification were in the range of 0.05-5 ng mL-1 with wide linear range for the ten steroid hormones. The intra-day precision < 11.1% and recovery of 84.5-120% with negligible matrix effect were achieved, where within the acceptance limits of the FDA guideline. Total HPLC-MS analysis time was 6 min. This method enables simultaneous quantification of steroids in human serum. It will be helpful for the serum steroid profiling in order to understand various endocrinology diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Chi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru-Ting Fan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Dong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Zhang J, Tang C, Oberly PJ, Minnigh MB, Achilles SL, Poloyac SM. A sensitive and robust UPLC-MS/MS method for quantitation of estrogens and progestogens in human serum. Contraception 2019; 99:244-250. [PMID: 30685285 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With the widespread use of sex-steroid hormones in contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy, there is an increasing need for reliable analytical methods. We report the development of a sensitive and robust UPLC-MS/MS method for quantitation of both endogenous and synthetic sex-steroid hormones in human serum. STUDY DESIGN We developed and validated a UPLC-MS/MS method to quantify progestogens (etonogestrel, levonorgestrel, medroxyprogesterone acetate, norethindrone, progesterone) and estrogens (estradiol and ethinyl estradiol) with good accuracy, high sensitivity, and excellent robustness. We then applied the method to the analysis of sex-steroid hormones in serum from 451 clinical research participants. RESULTS Each UPLC-MS/MS analysis was 6.5 min. The lower limits of quantitation (LLOQs) were 25 pg/ml for the progestogens, and 2.5 and 5.0 pg/ml for estradiol and ethinyl estradiol, respectively. When estradiol was analyzed without assessment of progestogens, the LLOQ was reduced to 1 pg/ml. The calibration curves were linear from 25-50,000, 2.5-2000 (1-2000 for estrogens-only analysis) and 5-2000 pg/ml, respectively. Both the accuracy and precision were below±15% not only for routine validation (intraday and interday), but for long-term (>2 years) assay robustness with external controls, thereby, demonstrating the utility of this method for multi-year clinical trial assessments of progestogens and estrogens. We applied the method to quantify sex-steroid levels in 1804 clinical samples. CONCLUSIONS We successfully developed a UPLC-MS/MS method, and overcame the matrix suppression to allow sensitive quantitation of both synthetic and endogenous sex-steroid hormones in human serum. IMPLICATIONS We developed a sensitive and robust UPLC-MS/MS method to accurately measure the levels of sex-steroid hormones in serum. The method overcame matrix interference barriers and achieved excellent long-term stability and reproducibility (≥96.9% accuracy; ≤13.0% relative variability measured with external controls over 2 years), demonstrating its utility in clinical sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Chenxiao Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Patrick J Oberly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Margaret B Minnigh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sharon L Achilles
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Family Planning Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Samuel M Poloyac
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
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Gomez-Gomez A, Soldevila A, Pizarro N, Andreu-Fernandez V, Pozo OJ. Improving liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of polycarboxylic acids in human urine by chemical derivatization. Comparison of o-benzyl hydroxylamine and 2-picolyl amine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 164:382-394. [PMID: 30466023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to its high sensitivity and specificity, liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) could be considered as the gold-standard in targeted metabolomics. Although LC-MS/MS allows for the direct detection of a large number of molecules, the proper quantification of highly polar compounds such as poly-carboxylic acids in complex matrices like urine is still a challenge. Chemical derivatization offers a suitable way to improve chromatographic behavior and sensitivity for these compounds. Several derivatizing agents have been proposed for the LC-MS/MS determination of carboxylic acids but studies dealing with their comparison in challenging scenarios are scarce. Here we present the evaluation of two different derivatization agents; o-benzylhydroxyl amine (oBHA) and 2-picolyl amine (2-PA); for the quantification of the (poly)-carboxylic acids belonging to the tricarboxylic acid cycle in urine. The suitability of both derivatizating agents was compared by validation of the two approaches. Derivatization with oBHA showed important advantages against 2-PA derivatization such as (i) providing better sensitivity, (ii) more stable derivatives and (iii) allowing for the proper validation of a larger number of analytes. Moreover, while 2-PA derivatization failed in the determination of the target analytes in some stored urine samples, oBHA derivatization successfully allowed for their appropriate determination in the same samples. A comparison between the concentrations obtained using oBHA derivatization and those provided by an external laboratory using UV and GC-MS detection revealed a satisfactory agreement between both results. Additionally, the concentrations obtained by the oBHA method for a set of 38 urines are in agreement with those previously reported in the literature. As a conclusion, our results show that the use of oBHA is preferred against 2-PA for the detection and quantification of (poly)-carboxylic acids in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Gomez-Gomez
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group (FINS), IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF), Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angie Soldevila
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group (FINS), IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nieves Pizarro
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group (FINS), IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Andreu-Fernandez
- Grup de Recerca Infància i Entorn (GRIE), Neonatology Unit, Hospital Clinic-Maternitat, BCNatal, Sabino Arana 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group (FINS), IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain.
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7
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Rapid Screening and Determination of the Residues of Hormones and Sedatives in Milk Powder Using the UHPLC-MS/MS and SPE. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Ke Y, Gonthier R, Labrie F. Impact of sample extraction on the accurate measurement of progesterone in human serum by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1052:110-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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9
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Comparison of Two Ionic Liquid-Based Pretreatment Methods for Three Steroids' Separation and Determination in Water Samples by HPLC. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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10
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Attalah E, Nasr YS, El-Gammal HA, Nour El-Dien FA. Optimisation and validation of a new analytical method for the determination of four natural and synthetic hormones using LC-ESI-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1545-1556. [PMID: 27575595 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1227878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A rapid liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for the simultaneous determination of four natural and synthetic hormone residues (progesterone, testosterone, trenbolone acetate and zeranol) in animal tissue samples. Sample preparation was optimised to minimise time and solvent consumption. Meat samples were mechanically homogenised and digested in a procedure that gave similar recoveries to those enzymatically hydrolysed by Helix pomatia. Efficient extraction was achieved using acidified acetonitrile (1% acetic acid). Chromatographic conditions were optimised to minimise matrix effects. Analytes were separated using a C18 column with gradient elution using ammonium formate solution in methanol (MeOH)/water (1:9) and MeOH mobile phases. Finally, residues were qualitatively and quantitatively determined by electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Different parameters for LC-MS/MS (e.g., declustering potential and collision energy) were optimised using API 6500QT; all analytes were measured using positive-mode electrospray ionisation (ESI+) except zeranol which was measured in negative mode (ESI-). Due to LC-MS/MS signal enhancement/suppression, the determination of hormones was based on matrix-matched standard calculations. The method was validated for the four hormones on meat samples at different fortification levels and showed accepted performance criteria according to European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Decision limits and detection capabilities were estimated for all analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Attalah
- a Central Laboratory of Residue Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Food (QCAP), Agricultural Research Center , Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation , Giza , Egypt
| | - Yasmin S Nasr
- a Central Laboratory of Residue Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Food (QCAP), Agricultural Research Center , Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation , Giza , Egypt
| | - Hassan A El-Gammal
- a Central Laboratory of Residue Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Food (QCAP), Agricultural Research Center , Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation , Giza , Egypt
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Du G, Wang L, Zhang D, Ni X, Zhou X, Xu H, Xu L, Wu S, Zhang T, Wang W. Colorimetric aptasensor for progesterone detection based on surfactant-induced aggregation of gold nanoparticles. Anal Biochem 2016; 514:2-7. [PMID: 27615801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes an aptasensor for progesterone (P4) detection in human serum and urine based on the aggregating behavior of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) controlled by the interactions among P4-binding aptamer, target P4 and cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The aptamer can form an aptamer-P4 complex with P4, leaving CTAB free to aggregate AuNPs in this aptasensor. Thus, the sensing solution will turn from red (520 nm) to blue (650 nm) in the presence of P4 because P4 aptamers are used up firstly owing to the formation of an aptamer-P4 complex, leaving CTAB free to aggregate AuNPs. However, in the absence of P4, CTAB combines with aptamers so that AuNPs still remain dispersed. Therefore, this assay makes it possible to detect P4 not only by absorbance measurement but also through naked eyes. By monitoring the variation of absorbance and color, a CTAB-induced colorimetric assay for P4 detection was established with a detection limit of 0.89 nM. Besides, the absorbance ratio A650/A520 has a linear correlation with the P4 concentration of 0.89-500 nM. Due to the excellent recoveries in serum and urine, this biosensor has great potential with respect to the visual and instrumental detection of P4 in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoshang Du
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Lumei Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Xuan Ni
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Zhou
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Hanyi Xu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Lurong Xu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Shijian Wu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, PR China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Wenhao Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
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12
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Rota A, Vannozzi I, Marianelli S, Gavazza A, Lubas G. Laboratory and Clinical Evaluation of a Feia Method for Canine Serum Progesterone Assay. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 51:69-74. [PMID: 26644390 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of progesterone (P4) concentration is a valuable tool in assessing physiological reproductive events and reproductive disorders in bitches. A reliable and rapid (preferable, point of care) determination of P4 is advisable in most cases. Aims of this study were to evaluate a fluorescence enzyme immunoassay (FEIA) for canine serum P4 concentration by (i) the agreement with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), (ii) the association with vaginal cytology and (iii) the accuracy in the prediction of the parturition date calculated from the estimated day of ovulation. Serum samples were collected from client-owned bitches presented between 2011 and 2014 for the evaluation of their oestrous cycle, pregnancy or reproductive disorders. The agreement between FEIA and LC/MS/MS, evaluated on 19 samples, was statistically significant (R(2) = 95.7%, p < 0.001), although FEIA showed significantly higher values than LC/MS/MS (p < 0.05). In the different phases of oestrous cycle, as determined by vaginal cytology, P4 concentrations (by FEIA) were statistically different (p < 0.05): anoestrus (n = 7) 0.38 ± 0.14 ng/ml, proestrus (n = 14) 1.04 ± 0.67 ng/ml and oestrus (n = 72) 6.8 ± 7.26 ng/ml. Mean pregnancy length from the estimated day of ovulation was 62.9 ± 1.8 days. In 13 of 22 (59.1%), 19 of 22 (86.3%) and 21 of 22 (95.5%) bitches pregnancy lasted 63 ± 1, 63 ± 2 and 63 ± 3 days, respectively. Three pregnancies were outside the 61-65 days range (60, 60 and 67 days). In conclusion, the FEIA method employed can be considered reliable and, in association with vaginal cytology, effective in evaluating the canine oestrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rota
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - I Vannozzi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - A Gavazza
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Lubas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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13
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Kunze M, Wirthgen E, Walz C, Spitschak M, Brenmoehl J, Vanselow J, Schwerin M, Wimmers K, Hoeflich A. Bioanalytical validation for simultaneous quantification of non-aromatic steroids in follicular fluid from cattle via ESI-LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1007:132-9. [PMID: 26600283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The family of steroid hormones is quite attractive for the approach of phenotype monitoring in farm animals. Therefore, we developed a new protocol for the quantitative analysis of natural steroids in follicular fluid from dairy cows. The corresponding steroid profile, which consists of progesterone, corticosterone, hydrocortisone, testosterone, and androstenedione covering three distinct steroid classes, was determined by LC/MS. Quantification is achieved by use of steroid standards diluted in steroid-free follicular fluid as calibrators. Thus, the new protocol does not require deuterated standards. In order to correct for conditional performance of the analytical system we have used dexamethasone as an internal standard. The method was validated according to EMA guidelines. Within- and between-day variations were below 20% for most parameters assessed. All steroids assessed had lower limits of quantification in the range of 2.1 to 4.4ng/ml. We have established a simple and sensitive analytical system in order to step towards a broader and cost-efficient phenotyping analysis in follicular fluid from dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kunze
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, W.-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Elisa Wirthgen
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, W.-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Christina Walz
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, W.-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Marion Spitschak
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, W.-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Julia Brenmoehl
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, W.-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Jens Vanselow
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, W.-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Manfred Schwerin
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, W.-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, W.-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Hoeflich
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, W.-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Derivatization of steroids in biological samples for GC–MS and LC–MS analyses. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2515-36. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of steroids in biological samples is essential in different areas of knowledge. MS combined with either GC or LC is considered the best analytical technique for specific and sensitive determinations. However, due to the physicochemical properties of some steroids, and the low concentrations found in biological samples, the formation of a derivative prior to their analysis is required. In GC–MS determinations, derivatization is needed for generating volatile and thermally stable compounds. The improvement in terms of stability and chromatographic retention are the main reasons for selecting the derivatization agent. On the other hand, derivatization is not compulsory in LC–MS analyses and the derivatization is typically used for improving the ionization and therefore the overall sensitivity achieved.
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15
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Current status and recent advantages in derivatization procedures in human doping control. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2537-56. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivatization is one of the most important steps during sample preparation in doping control analysis. Its main purpose is the enhancement of chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of analytes in the full range of laboratory doping control activities. Its application is shown to broaden the detectable range of compounds, even in LC–MS analysis, where derivatization is not a prerequisite. The impact of derivatization initiates from the stage of the metabolic studies of doping agents up to the discovery of doping markers, by inclusion of the screening and confirmation procedures of prohibited substances in athlete's urine samples. Derivatization renders an unlimited number of opportunities to advanced analyte detection.
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16
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Fan H, Papouskova B, Lemr K, Wigginton JG, Schug KA. Bulk derivatization and direct injection of human cerebrospinal fluid for trace-level quantification of endogenous estrogens using trap-and-elute liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2010-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | - Barbora Papouskova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry-RCPTM; Palacky University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Karel Lemr
- Department of Analytical Chemistry-RCPTM; Palacky University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Jane G. Wigginton
- Department of Surgery; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas TX USA
| | - Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
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Fan YB, Yin YM, Jiang WB, Chen YP, Yang JW, Wu J, Xie MX. Simultaneous determination of ten steroid hormones in animal origin food by matrix solid-phase dispersion and liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2014; 142:170-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.06.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Saxena A, Gupta A, Kasibhatta R, Bob M, Kumar VP, Purwar B. Rapid and sensitive method for quantification of gestodene in human plasma as the oxime derivative by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) and its application to bioequivalence study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 945-946:240-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Wozniak B, Zuchowska IM, Zmudzki J. Determination of stilbenes and resorcylic acid lactones in bovine, porcine and poultry muscle tissue by liquid chromatography–negative ion electrospray mass spectrometry and QuEChERS for sample preparation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 940:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Androgen glucuronides analysis by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry: could it raise new perspectives in the diagnostic field of hormone-dependent malignancies? J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 940:24-34. [PMID: 24140653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Breast and prostate constitute organs of intense steroidogenic activity. Clinical and epidemiologic data provide strong evidence on the influence of androgens and estrogens on the risk of typical hormone-dependent malignancies, like breast and prostate cancer. Recent studies have focused on the role of androgen metabolites in regulating androgen concentrations in hormone-sensitive tissues. Steroid glucuronidation has been suggested to have a prominent role in controlling the levels and the biological activity of unconjugated androgens. It is well-established that serum levels of androgen glucuronides reflect androgen metabolism in androgen-sensitive tissues. Quantitative analysis of androgen metabolites in blood specimens is the only minimally invasive approach permitting an accurate estimate of the total pool of androgens. During the past years, androgen glucuronides analysis most often involved radioimmunoassays (RIA) or direct immunoassays, both methods bearing serious limitations. However, recent impressive technical advances in mass spectrometry, and particularly in high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), have overcome these drawbacks enabling the simultaneous, quantitative analysis of multiple steroids even at low concentrations. Blood androgen profiling by LC-MS/MS, a robust and reliable technique of high selectivity, sensitivity, specificity, precision and accuracy emerges as a promising new approach in the study of human pathology. The present review offers a contemporary insight in androgen glucuronides profiling through the application of LC-MS/MS, highlighting new perspectives in the study of steroids and their implication in hormone-dependent malignancies.
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21
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Chen Z, Li J, Zhang J, Xing X, Gao W, Lu Z, Deng H. Simultaneous determination of hair cortisol, cortisone and DHEAS with liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry in negative mode. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 929:187-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Abdel-Khalik J, Björklund E, Hansen M. Simultaneous determination of endogenous steroid hormones in human and animal plasma and serum by liquid or gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 928:58-77. [PMID: 23598050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Analytical methodologies based on liquid or gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of two or more endogenous steroid hormones in human and animal plasma and serum has received increased attention the last few years. Especially in the clinical setting steroid profiling is of major importance in disease diagnostics. This paper discusses recent findings in such multi-steroid hormone procedures published from 2001 to 2012. The aim was to elucidate possible relationships between chosen analytical technique and the obtained analyte sensitivity for endogenous steroid hormones. By evaluating the success, at which the currently applied techniques have been utilized, more general knowledge on the field is provided. Furthermore the evaluation provides directions in which future studies may be interesting to conduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Toxicology Laboratory, Analytical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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23
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Athanasiadou I, Angelis YS, Lyris E, Georgakopoulos C, Athanasiadou I, Georgakopoulos C. Chemical derivatization to enhance ionization of anabolic steroids in LC-MS for doping-control analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Yao S, Zhao Y, Li X, Chen X, Jin M. [Determination of 11 anabolic hormones in fish tissue by multi-function impurity adsorption solid-phase extraction-ultrafast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry]. Se Pu 2012; 30:572-7. [PMID: 23016290 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2012.02014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A method was developed for the determination of 11 anabolic hormones (boldenone, androstenedione, nandrolone, methandrostenolone, methyltestosterone, testosterone, testosterone acetate, trenbolone, testosterone propionate, stanozolol, fluoxymesterone) in fish by multi-function impurity adsorption solid-phase extraction-ultrafast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. After the sample was extracted by methanol, the extract was cleaned-up quickly by C18 adsorbent, neutral alumina adsorbent and amino-functionalized nano-adsorbent. The separation was performed on a Shim-Pack XR-ODS II column (100 mm x 2.0 mm, 2.2 microm) using the mobile phases of 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in acetonitrile and 0.1% (v/v) formic acid solution in a gradient elution mode. The identification and quantification were achieved by using electrospray ionization in positive ion mode (ESI+) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The matrix-matched external standard calibration curves were used for quantitative determination. The results showed that the calibration curves were in good linearity for the eleven analytes with the correlation coefficients (r) more than 0.999. The limits of detection (LODs, S/N > 3) for the 11 anabolic hormones were from 0.03 microg/kg to 0.4 microg/kg and the limits of quantification (LOQs, S/N > 10) were from 0.1 microg/kg to 1.5 microg/kg. The average recoveries ranged from 80.9% to 98.1% with the relative standard deviations between 5.2% and 11.5%. The method is simple, rapid, sensitive, accurate and suitable for the quantitative determination and confirmation of the 11 anabolic hormones in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yao
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo 315010, China.
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25
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Regal P, Cepeda A, Fente C. Development of an LC-MS/MS method to quantify sex hormones in bovine milk and influence of pregnancy in their levels. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:770-9. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.653989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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26
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Blokland MH, Van Tricht EF, Van Rossum HJ, Sterk SS, Nielen MWF. Endogenous steroid profiling by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and multivariate statistics for the detection of natural hormone abuse in cattle. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1030-45. [PMID: 22651818 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.675593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
For years it has been suspected that natural hormones are illegally used as growth promoters in cattle in the European Union. Unfortunately there is a lack of methods and criteria that can be used to detect the abuse of natural hormones and distinguish treated from non-treated animals. Pattern recognition of steroid profiles is a promising approach for tracing/detecting the abuse of natural hormones administered to cattle. Traditionally steroids are analysed in urine as free steroid after deconjugation of the glucuronide (and sulphate) conjugates. The disadvantage of this deconjugation is that valuable information about the steroid profile in the sample is lost. In this study we develop a method to analyse steroids at very low concentration levels (ng l(-1)) for the free steroid, glucuronide and sulphate conjugates in urine samples. This method was used to determine concentrations of natural (pro)hormones in a large population (n = 620) of samples from male and female bovine animals and from bovine animals treated with testosterone-cypionate, estradiol-benzoate, dihydroepiandrosterone and pregnenolone. The data acquired were used to build a statistical model applying the multivariate technique 'Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy' (SIMCA). It is demonstrated that by using this model the results of the urine analysis can indicate which animal may have had illegal treatment with natural (pro)hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Blokland
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Residues, Wageningen UR, The Netherlands.
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27
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Quantification of steroids and endocrine disrupting chemicals in rat ovaries by LC-MS/MS for reproductive toxicology assessment. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:1629-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5990-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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28
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Multi-residue analysis of free and conjugated hormones and endocrine disruptors in rat testis by QuEChERS-based extraction and LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402:2777-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5723-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Abstract
LC with atmospheric pressure ionization MS is essential to a large number of quantitative bioanalyses for a variety of compounds, especially nonvolatile or highly polar compounds. However, in many instances, weak ionization, poor LC retention and instability of certain analytes hinder the development of the LC–MS/MS method. Chemical derivatization has been used for different classes of analytes to improve their ionization efficiency, chromatographic separation and chemical stability. This work presents an overview of chemical derivatization methods that have been applied to the quantitative LC–MS/MS analyses of nine classes of molecules, including aldehydes, amino acids, bisphosphonate drugs, carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, nucleosides and their associated analogs, steroids, thiol-containing compounds and vitamin D metabolites, in biological matrices.
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30
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Xu F, Zou L, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Ong CN. Enhancement of the capabilities of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with derivatization: general principles and applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1143-1172. [PMID: 21557289 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The integration of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with derivatization is a relatively new and unique strategy that could add value and could enhance the capabilities of LC-MS-based technologies. The derivatization process could be carried out in various analytical steps, for example, sampling, storage, sample preparation, HPLC separation, and MS detection. This review presents an overview of derivatization-based LC-MS strategy over the past 10 years and covers both the general principles and applications in the fields of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, biomarker and metabolomic research, environmental analysis, and food-safety evaluation. The underlying mechanisms and theories for derivative reagent selection are summarized and highlighted to guide future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengguo Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117600, Singapore
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31
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Anizan S, Bichon E, Di Nardo D, Monteau F, Cesbron N, Antignac JP, Le Bizec B. Screening of 4-androstenedione misuse in cattle by LC–MS/MS profiling of glucuronide and sulfate steroids in urine. Talanta 2011; 86:186-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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32
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Liu Y, Zhang X, Ouyang Y, Hu Z, Ma L, Zhang J, Lin J, Chen H. Trace detection of hormones and sulfonamides in viscous cosmetic products by neutral desorption extractive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:794-803. [PMID: 21834018 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive method based on a geometry-independent neutral desorption (GIND) in combination with extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) has been developed for fast detection of illicit additives such as sulfonamides and hormones in highly viscous cosmetic products. The method gave a low limit of detection (LOD) (in the range of 0.001-1 ng/g), acceptable relative standard deviation (RSD=6.8-11.4%) and reasonable recovery (87-116%) for direct measuring of nine types of hormones and sulfonamides in the cosmetic products. The average measurement time for two types of samples was less than 1 min. Trace amounts of analytes in commercial cosmetic products have been quantitatively detected, without any sample pretreatment. The experimental results showed that non-volatile illicit additives such as sulfonamides and hormones could be sensitively liberated using the GIND device for quantitative detection from the highly viscous cosmetic products, demonstrating that GIND-EESI-MS is a promising tool for high throughput, sensitive and quantitative analysis of highly complex viscous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing 100089, PR China
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33
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Fernandes RMT, Gomes GC, Porcari AM, Pimentel JRV, Porciúncula PM, Martins-Júnior HA, Miguez PHP, da Costa JL, Amaral PH, Perecin F, Meurer EC, Furtado PV, Simas RC, Eberlin MN, Ferreira CR, Madureira EH. LC-MS/MS quantitation of plasma progesterone in cattle. Theriogenology 2011; 76:1266-74.e1-2. [PMID: 21798587 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Quantitation of progesterone (P(4)) in biological fluids is often performed by radioimmunoassay (RIA), whereas liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been used much less often. Due to its autoconfirmatory nature, LC-MS/MS greatly minimizes false positives and interference. Herein we report and compare with RIA an optimized LC-MS/MS method for rapid, efficient, and cost-effective quantitation of P(4) in plasma of cattle with no sample derivatization. The quantitation of plasma P(4) released from three nonbiodegradable, commercial, intravaginal P(4)-releasing devices (IPRD) over 192 h in six ovariectomized cows was compared in a pairwise study as a test case. Both techniques showed similar P(4) kinetics (P > 0.05) whereas results of P(4) quantitation by RIA were consistently higher compared with LC-MS/MS (P < 0.05) due to interference and matrix effects. The LC-MS/MS method was validated according to the recommended analytical standards and displayed P(4) limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) of 0.08 and a 0.25 ng/mL, respectively. The high selective LC-MS/MS method proposed herein for P(4) quantitation eliminates the risks associated with radioactive handling; it also requires no sample derivatization, which is a common requirement for LC-MS/MS quantitation of steroid hormones. Its application to multisteroid assays is also viable, and it is envisaged that it may provide a gold standard technique for hormone quantitation in animal reproductive science studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M T Fernandes
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Regal P, Nebot C, Díaz-Bao M, Barreiro R, Cepeda A, Fente C. Disturbance in sex-steroid serum profiles of cattle in response to exogenous estradiol: a screening approach to detect forbidden treatments. Steroids 2011; 76:365-75. [PMID: 21172370 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol benzoate (EB) has been one of the most widely used estrogenic agents in animal husbandry, as a way of exogenously introducing the natural hormone estradiol-17β into the animal organism. Estradiol was previously employed to induce anabolic effects or reproductive improvements in cattle. However, the employment of EB in European countries has been permanently forbidden by Directive 2008/97/EC to guarantee consumers' health. Despite this prohibition, the control of estradiol-17β and its esters continues to be a difficult task for residue-monitoring plans in European Communities because official analyses of natural thresholds for hormones in cattle have not yet been established, leading to a lack of confirmation for any exogenous administration of natural hormones. Several researchers have worked on excretion profiles of metabolites, variation in specific hormonal ratios and metabolomic fingerprints after hormonal treatments. This research focuses on the possible existence of disturbances in the serum profile of animals treated with EB in terms of steroid sex hormones (androgens, oestrogens and progestogens), by investigating the serum levels of several of these hormones. The serum samples were collected from three groups of cows: one treated with an intramuscular injection of EB, one treated with a combination of intravaginal EB and progesterone and a control (non-treated) group. The samples have been analysed by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method, and 17 natural hormones were identified and quantified. Subsequently, data from the serum profiles were submitted for statistic and multivariate analysis, and it was possible to observe a manifest variation between animal groups. The obtained results can help in the development of a viable screening tool for monitoring purposes in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Regal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
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35
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Hu B, Zhang X, Li M, Peng X, Han J, Yang S, Ouyang Y, Chen H. Coupling corona discharge for ambient extractive ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 2011; 136:4977-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15483d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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36
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Guan F, Uboh CE, Soma LR, You Y, Liu Y, Li X. High-throughput UHPLC-MS/MS method for the detection, quantification and identification of fifty-five anabolic and androgenic steroids in equine plasma. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2010; 45:1270-1279. [PMID: 20872903 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic and androgenic steroids (AASs) are synthetic substances related to the primary male sex hormone, testosterone. AASs can be abused in both human and equine sports and, thus, are banned by the International Olympic Committee and the Association of Racing Commissioners International (ARCI). Enforcement of the ban on the use of AASs in racehorses during competition requires a defensible and robust method of analysis. To address this requirement, a high-throughput ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric (UHPLC-MS) method was developed for the detection, quantification and confirmation of 55 AASs in equine plasma. AASs were recovered from equine plasma samples by liquid-liquid extraction with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). Analytes were chromatographically separated on a sub-2 µm particle size C(18) column with a mobile phase gradient elution and detected by selected-reaction monitoring (SRM) on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. AASs with isobaric precursor ions were either chromatographically resolved or mass spectrometrically differentiated by unique precursor-to-product ion transitions. A few of them that could not be resolved by both approaches were differentiated by intensity ratios of three major product ions. All the epimer pairs, testosterone and epitestosterone, boldenone and epiboldenone, nandrolone and epinandrolone, were chromatographically base-line separated. The limit of detection and that of quantification was 50 pg/ml for most of the AASs, and the limit of confirmation was 100-500 pg/ml. Full product ion spectra of AASs at concentrations as low as 100-500 pg/ml in equine plasma were obtained using the triple quadrupole instrument, to provide complementary evidentiary data for confirmation. The method is sensitive and selective for the detection, quantification and confirmation of multiple AASs in a single analysis and will be useful in the fight against doping of racehorses with AASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu Guan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
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37
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Regal P, Nebot C, Vázquez BI, Cepeda A, Fente C. Determination of naturally occurring progestogens in bovine milk as their oxime derivatives using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:1621-1627. [PMID: 20564454 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.3990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hormones and hormone-like substances which are present in the environment have been repeatedly accused of being the cause of most endocrine disruption. However, the possible role of endogenous hormones in food of animal origin deserves to be discussed as well. The relation between steroid hormones and several human health problems has been previously reported, such as prostate and breast cancer, perturbation of human reproduction and endocrine disruption on humans and wildlife. This research is particularly concerned with cow's milk, which contains a considerable amount of sex hormones. RESULTS A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed for the simultaneous detection and quantification of four naturally occurring steroid hormones in commercial bovine milk (pregnenolone (P5), progesterone (P4), 17-hydroxypregnenolone (17-OHP5), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (P4)). Oxime derivatives of steroids were analyzed in positive ionization and multiple reaction monitoring mode. Methodology has been validated according to Decision 2002/657/EC criteria. CONCLUSION This method has been successfully used in real samples. It is fast and easy-handling and provides a useful tool for the assessment of progestogens in bovine milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Regal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
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Quantification of endogenous steroids in human urine by gas chromatography mass spectrometry using a surrogate analyte approach. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:845-52. [PMID: 20189891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Providing "real blank sample" is a problem in determination of endogenous steroids in complex matrices. A new quantification strategy is proposed in the present study, which is based on using isotope-labeled steroids instead of natural steroids for constructing calibration line. This approach is called surrogate analyte and it is shown that its accuracy is better than some of the previously described methods at low concentrations and comparable to standard addition method at medium and high concentration levels. The method was fully validated to satisfy the ICH criteria and it was applied for determination of endogenous steroids in several urine samples.
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