1
|
Impellitteri F, Yunko K, Calabrese G, Porretti M, Martyniuk V, Gnatyshyna L, Nava V, Potortì AG, Piccione G, Di Bella G, Stoliar O, Faggio C. Chlorpromazine's impact on Mytilus galloprovincialis: a multi-faceted investigation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141079. [PMID: 38160957 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The antipsychotic chlorpromazine (Cpz) has raised concern as a pharmaceutical effluent due to its wide medical applications. Moreover, its potent pro-oxidant properties and impact on the cell viability of the marine mollusc Mytilus galloprovincialis, even at low concentrations (ng/L), have been noted. Based on this evidence, in this study, we investigated the physiological effects of Cpz on M. galloprovincialis, to elucidate its fate within the organism, in terms of bioaccumulation, biotransformation, byssus changes and stress responses of the cellular thiolome. Histological and indicators of vitality analyses were also performed to better evaluate the influence of the drug on the morphology and cell viability of the digestive gland. To this end, two different concentrations of Cpz (Cpz I (12 ng/L or 37 pM) and Cpz II (12 μg/L or 37 nM)) were administered to mussels over 14 days. Cpz accumulation in the digestive gland significantly increased with water concentration (BCF of Cpz I and Cpz II). Biochemical analyses indicated lysosomal dysfunction, reflected in elevated total Cathepsin D activity and compromised lysosomal membrane stability. Stress-related and metal-buffering proteins (GST and metallothionein) responded to both Cpz concentrations. Cpz I induced phase I biotransformation activity (CYP450-dependent EROD), while Cpz II triggered caspase-3 activation, indicative of detoxification overload. Histological analysis revealed digestive gland atrophy, epithelial thinning, haemocyte infiltration, and brown cell presence. Byssus analysis showed significant alterations. In conclusion, our study underscores Cpz-induced physiological and histological changes in M. galloprovincialis, posing potential implications for mussel health and confirming the utilisation of this mussel as an indication of Cpz ecotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Impellitteri
- Dept. of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci Snc, 98168, Messina, Italy.
| | - Katerina Yunko
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, M. Kryvonosa Str. 2, 46027, Ternopil, Ukraine.
| | - Giovanna Calabrese
- Dept. of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Miriam Porretti
- Dept. of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - Viktoria Martyniuk
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, M. Kryvonosa Str. 2, 46027, Ternopil, Ukraine.
| | - Lesya Gnatyshyna
- I.Ya. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Maidan Voli 1, 46001, Ternopil, Ukraine.
| | - Vincenzo Nava
- University of Messina, Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Images Sciences (BIOMORF), 98100, Messina, Italy.
| | - Angela Giorgia Potortì
- University of Messina, Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Images Sciences (BIOMORF), 98100, Messina, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Piccione
- Dept. of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci Snc, 98168, Messina, Italy.
| | - Giuseppa Di Bella
- University of Messina, Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Images Sciences (BIOMORF), 98100, Messina, Italy.
| | - Oksana Stoliar
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, M. Kryvonosa Str. 2, 46027, Ternopil, Ukraine; Dept. of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Dept. of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy; Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen R, Chen Q, Wang Y, Feng Z, Xu Z, Zhou P, Huang W, Cheng H, Li L, Feng J. Ultrasensitive SERS substrate for label-free therapeutic drug monitoring of chlorpromazine hydrochloride and aminophylline in human serum. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1803-1815. [PMID: 36928580 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04621-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been widely used in the field of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) because of its powerful fingerprinting capability. In this paper, we used an in situ synthesis method to anchor Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the surface of MIL-101(Cr) to obtain MIL-101(Cr)@Ag. Owing to the large specific surface area and ultra-high porosity of MIL-101(Cr)@Ag, we developed a method for the determination of chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ) and aminophylline (AMP) in human serum by using it as a solid-phase extraction sorbent and SERS substrate. The label-free TDM-SERS method was able to evaluate the levels of CPZ and AMP in serum samples with detection limits as low as 8.91 × 10-2 µg/mL and 3.4 × 10-2 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, influencing factors including sample solution pH, AgNO3 concentration, drug adsorption time, and the amount of sample solution were optimized. This protocol provides a new method with good selectivity, stability, reproducibility, homogeneity, and sensitivity for the determination of small-molecule drug content in serum samples. This label-free TDM-SERS method will help to achieve rapid individualized dosing regimens in clinical practice and has potential applications in the field of TDM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijue Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, School of Medicine/College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, No. 257 Liushi Road, Yufeng District, Liuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Provine and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center of Sugarcane and Sugar Industry, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiying Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, School of Medicine/College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, No. 257 Liushi Road, Yufeng District, Liuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Provine and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center of Sugarcane and Sugar Industry, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, School of Medicine/College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, No. 257 Liushi Road, Yufeng District, Liuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Provine and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center of Sugarcane and Sugar Industry, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyang Feng
- KingMed College of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - ZiWei Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, School of Medicine/College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, No. 257 Liushi Road, Yufeng District, Liuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Provine and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center of Sugarcane and Sugar Industry, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, School of Medicine/College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, No. 257 Liushi Road, Yufeng District, Liuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Provine and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center of Sugarcane and Sugar Industry, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyi Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, School of Medicine/College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, No. 257 Liushi Road, Yufeng District, Liuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Provine and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center of Sugarcane and Sugar Industry, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, School of Medicine/College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, No. 257 Liushi Road, Yufeng District, Liuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Provine and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center of Sugarcane and Sugar Industry, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, School of Medicine/College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, No. 257 Liushi Road, Yufeng District, Liuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. .,Provine and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center of Sugarcane and Sugar Industry, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Feng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, School of Medicine/College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, No. 257 Liushi Road, Yufeng District, Liuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Determination of chlorpromazine and its metabolites in animal-derived foods using QuEChERS-based extraction, EMR-Lipid cleanup, and UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS analysis. Food Chem 2023; 403:134298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
4
|
Feng S, Zhang Y, Gao F, Li M, Zhu L, Wen H, Xi Y, Xiang X. Inhibitory Effects of Antipsychotic Chlorpromazine on the Survival, Reproduction and Population Growth Other Than Neurotransmitters of Zooplankton in Light of Global Warming. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16167. [PMID: 36498239 PMCID: PMC9736287 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Global warming and environmental pollution have created a unique combination of abiotic and biotic stresses to zooplankton. However, little information is available on the effects of antipsychotic drugs commonly used to treat psychosis, such as chlorpromazine (CPZ), on non-target aquatic organisms in light of global warming. This study investigated how dopamine concentrations (DAC), acute toxicity and chronic toxicity of Brachionus calyciflorus changed in response to CPZ and gradually increasing temperatures. The results showed that the concentration range of rotifer DAC was 1.06~2.51 ng/g. At 18, 25 and 32 °C, the 24 h LC50 was 1.795, 1.242 and 0.833 mg/L, respectively. Compared to the control, exposure to CPZ significantly decreased life expectancy at hatching, the net reproduction rate, generation time, population growth rate and dopamine concentration of B. calyciflorus in all three temperatures (p < 0.05). The toxicity of CPZ to rotifers was increased by high temperature. These findings indicated that CPZ is highly toxic to rotifers, displaying high ecological risks to aquatic ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sen Feng
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yongzhi Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Fan Gao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Meng Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Lingyun Zhu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Hao Wen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yilong Xi
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Xianling Xiang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Wuhu 241002, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stando K, Korzeniewska E, Felis E, Harnisz M, Buta-Hubeny M, Bajkacz S. Determination of antimicrobial agents and their transformation products in an agricultural water-soil system modified with manure. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17529. [PMID: 36266434 PMCID: PMC9584908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Manure fertilization is the primary source of veterinary antimicrobials in the water-soil system. The research gap is the fate of antimicrobials after their release into the environment. This study aimed to provide a detailed and multi-faceted examination of fertilized cultivated fields using two types of manure (poultry and bovine) enriched with selected antimicrobials. The research focused on assessing the mobility and stability of antimicrobials in the water-soil system. Additionally, transformation products of antimicrobials in the environment were identified. The extraction (solid-phase extraction and/or solid-liquid extraction) and LC-MS/MS analysis procedures were developed to determine 14 antimicrobials in the soil and pore water samples. Ten out of fourteen antimicrobials were detected in manure-amended soil and pore water samples. The highest concentration in the soil was 109.1 ng g-1 (doxycycline), while in pore water, it was 186.6 ng L-1 (ciprofloxacin). Sixteen transformation products of antimicrobials were identified in the soil and soil-related pore water. The same transformation products were detected in both soil and soil pore water extracts, with significantly higher signal intensities observed in soil extracts than in water. Transformation products were formed in oxidation, carbonylation, and ring-opening reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Stando
- grid.6979.10000 0001 2335 3149Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 6 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ewa Korzeniewska
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Engineering of Water Protection and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1 Str., 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ewa Felis
- grid.6979.10000 0001 2335 3149The Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland ,grid.6979.10000 0001 2335 3149Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Power and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Monika Harnisz
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Engineering of Water Protection and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1 Str., 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Martyna Buta-Hubeny
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Engineering of Water Protection and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1 Str., 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bajkacz
- grid.6979.10000 0001 2335 3149Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 6 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland ,grid.6979.10000 0001 2335 3149The Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Castle JW, Butzbach DM, Reith F, Walker GS, Lenehan CE, Costello SP, Kirkbride KP. Investigations into the stability of 17 psychoactive drugs in a "simulated postmortem blood" model. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1200-1222. [PMID: 35170234 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the postmortem environment some drugs and metabolites may degrade due to microbial activity, even forming degradation products that are not produced in humans. Consequently, under- or over-estimation of perimortem drug concentrations or even false negatives are possible when analyzing postmortem specimens. Therefore, understanding whether medications may be susceptible to microbial degradation is critical in order to ensure that reliable detection and quantitation of drugs and their degradation products is achieved in toxicology screening methods. In this study, a "simulated postmortem blood" model constructed of antemortem human whole blood inoculated with a broad population of human fecal microorganisms was used to investigate the stability of 17 antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs. Microbial communities present in the experiments were determined to be relevant to postmortem blood microorganisms by 16S rRNA sequencing analyses. After 7 days of exposure to the community at 37 °C, drug stability was evaluated using liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (LC-DAD) and with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Most of the investigated drugs were found to be stable in inoculated samples and non-inoculated controls. However, the 1,2-benzisothiazole antipsychotics, ziprasidone and lurasidone, were found to degrade at a rate comparable to the known labile control, risperidone. In longer experiments (seven to twelve months), where specimens were stored at -20 °C, 4 °C, and ambient temperature, N-dealkylation degradation products were detected for many of the drugs, with greater formation in specimens stored at -20 °C than at 4 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared W Castle
- College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.,CSIRO Land & Water, Environmental Contaminant Mitigation and Technologies, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Danielle M Butzbach
- College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.,Forensic Science SA, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Frank Reith
- CSIRO Land & Water, Environmental Contaminant Mitigation and Technologies, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - G Stewart Walker
- College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Claire E Lenehan
- College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Samuel P Costello
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
| | - K Paul Kirkbride
- College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khoma V, Martinyuk V, Matskiv T, Gnatyshyna L, Baranovsky V, Gladiuk M, Gylytė B, Manusadžianas L, Stoliar O. Environmental concentrations of Roundup in combination with chlorpromazine or heating causes biochemical disturbances in the bivalve mollusc Unio tumidus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:14131-14142. [PMID: 34601683 PMCID: PMC8487405 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16775-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bivalve molluscs represent the most recognized bioindicators of freshwater pollution. However, their ability to indicate specific xenobiotics in complex exposures is unclear. In this study, we aimed to track the particular effects of the pesticide Roundup (Rnd) and the antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine (Cpz) on the mussel Unio tumidus at the simpler environmentally relevant models. We treated the mussels by Rnd (17 μg L-1), Cpz (18 μg L-1), the mixture of Rnd and Cpz at 18 °C (RndCpz), and Rnd at 25 °C (RndT) and examined their digestive glands after 14 days of exposure. We analyzed total antioxidant capacity, glutathione (GSH&GSSG) and protein carbonyls levels, total and Zn-related concentrations of metallothioneins (MT and Zn-MT, respectively), the activities of CYP450-related EROD, glutathione S-transferase, cholinesterase, caspase-3, citrate synthase (CS), lysosomal membrane integrity (NRR), and Zn level in the tissue. Shared responses were indicated as the increase of the antioxidant, Zn-MT, and EROD levels, whereas the changes of Zn concentration, NRR, and caspase-3 activity were most diverse compared to control. According to discriminant analysis, complex exposures abolished the individual response traits and intensified the harmful effects that caused a decrease in the Zn level in the RndCpz- and RndT-groups and the loss of lysosomal integrity in the RndT-group. We concluded that multi-marker expertise with the application of integrated indices had benefits when evaluating the effects of complex exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vira Khoma
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Viktoria Martinyuk
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Tetyana Matskiv
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
- I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Lesya Gnatyshyna
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
- I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Vitaliy Baranovsky
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Mykola Gladiuk
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | | | | | - Oksana Stoliar
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hao X, Liu W, Zhang Y, Kang W, Niu L, Ai L. A novel and rapid method to detect chlorpromazine hydrochloride in biological sample based on SERS. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
9
|
Golbaz S, Yaghmaeian K, Isazadeh S, Zamanzadeh M. Environmental risk assessments of multiclass pharmaceutical active compounds: selection of high priority concern pharmaceuticals using entropy-utility functions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59745-59770. [PMID: 34146330 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14693-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This research aimed to identify high-risk pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) by analyzing occurrence (O), persistence (P), bioaccumulation (B), and toxicity (T) of 62 drugs which are widely used in Iran. A comprehensive approach was taken in risk assessment of the selected PhACs and in their prioritization using multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) such as utility functions and principal component analysis (PCA). In practice, assigning weight to each criterion (i.e., O, P, B, and T) for risk assessment of PhACs is a challenge. In this research, the impact of giving both equal and unequal weight to each criterion by using a quantitative entropy method was studied. For risk assessment, two exposure approaches (consumption rate and occurrence of PhACs) and three MCDA approaches (PCA and utility functions with and without equal weights for each criterion) were compared. The utility function using equal weights for all O, P, B, and T criteria showed that thioridazine, pimozide, chlorpromazine, sertraline, clomipramine, and aripiprazole were at the highest level of risk, with concern score of 0.75, 0.75, 0.67, 0.58, 0.58, and 0.58, respectively. Unequal weight approach included additional compounds such as fluoxetine, citalopram, and methadone as a priority. All three MCDA approaches showed that sedatives and antidepressants were prevalent PhACs in the risk-based priority lists. However, the exposure-based approaches showed antibiotics and analgesics as the pharmaceutical of the highest priority. Overall, selection of the high priority concern pharmaceuticals depends on the prioritization approach employed. However, the utility function using unequal weights is a more conservative and effective approach for prioritization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Golbaz
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamyar Yaghmaeian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Siavash Isazadeh
- Research and Development, American Water Works Co., Delran, NJ, 08075, USA
| | - Mirzaman Zamanzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Light-Induced Reactions of Chlorpromazine in the Presence of a Heterogeneous Photocatalyst: Formation of a Long-Lasting Sulfoxide. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9070627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A commercial carbon-modified titanium dioxide, KRONOClean 7000, was applied as a UV(A) and visible-light active photocatalyst to investigate the conversion of the antipsychotic pharmaceutical chlorpromazine in aqueous phase employing two monochromatic light sources emitting at wavelengths of 365 and 455 nm. Photocatalytic and photolytic conversion of chlorpromazine under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions was analyzed using a HPLC-MS technique. Depending on the irradiation wavelength and presence of oxygen, varying conversion rates and intermediates revealing different reaction pathways were observed. Upon visible light irradiation under aerobic conditions, chlorpromazine was only converted in the presence of the photocatalyst. No photocatalytic conversion of this compound under anaerobic conditions upon visible light irradiation was observed. Upon UV(A) irradiation, chlorpromazine was successfully converted into its metabolites in both presence and absence of the photocatalyst. Most importantly, chlorpromazine sulfoxide, a very persistent metabolite of chlorpromazine, was produced throughout the photolytic and photocatalytic conversions of chlorpromazine under aerobic conditions. Chlorpromazine sulfoxide was found to be highly stable under visible light irradiation even in the presence of the photocatalyst. Heterogeneous photocatalysis under UV(A) irradiation resulted in a slow decrease of the sulfoxide concentration, however, the required irradiation time for its complete removal was found to be much longer compared to the removal of chlorpromazine at the same initial concentration.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang J, Sun-Waterhouse D, Feng Y, Su G, Zhao M, Lin L. The umami intensity enhancement of peanut protein isolate hydrolysate and its derived factions and peptides by Maillard reaction and the analysis of peptide (EP) Maillard products. Food Res Int 2019; 120:895-903. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
12
|
Osawa RA, Carvalho AP, Monteiro OC, Oliveira MC, Florêncio MH. Transformation products of citalopram: Identification, wastewater analysis and in silico toxicological assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 217:858-868. [PMID: 30458421 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify transformation products (TPs) of citalopram (CIT), an antidepressant drug, in laboratory experiments. Moreover, toxicity predictions and analyzes in wastewater samples were performed. For the formation of TPs, raw water was used for the processes of hydrolysis; photodegradation under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and chlorination. The toxicities were predicted by computational toxicity assessment. The TPs were identified by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS) in broadband collision induced dissociation (bbCID) acquisition mode and product ion scan mode (MS/MS). The probable structures of the TPs under study were established based on accurate mass, fragmentations observed in the MS spectra and prediction tools software. The experiments resulted in seventeen possible identified TPs and their stability and formation was monitored over time in the experiments. Two of these TPs were identified in wastewater samples It was also observed that most of TPs formed were either less toxic then CIT or had a similar toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Osawa
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, 70040-020, Brasília-DF, Brazil.
| | - Ana P Carvalho
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Olinda C Monteiro
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Conceição Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Helena Florêncio
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Khaleel NDH, Mahmoud WMM, Olsson O, Kümmerer K. Studying the fate of the drug Chlorprothixene and its photo transformation products in the aquatic environment: Identification, assessment and priority setting by application of a combination of experiments and various in silico assessments. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 149:467-476. [PMID: 30472549 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlorprothixene (CPTX) is an antipsychotic drug of the thioxanthene class. Although it is widely used as a tranquillizer in psychiatry, anesthesiology, pediatrics, and in general medical practice, there is a gap in knowledge regarding its occurrence and fate in the environment. Therefore, we provide for the first-time data on the environmental fate and ecotoxicity of CPTX and its potential photo-transformations products (PTPs). Firstly, two standardized biodegradation tests (Closed Bottle test (CBT) and Manometric Respiratory test (MRT)) were performed to assess CPTX's environmental biodegradability. Then, its photodegradability was studied using Xenon and UV lamps. Effects of different conditions (initial drug concentration, pH, and temperature) were applied during UV-photodegradation. Subsequently, the time courses of CPTX and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were monitored throughout the photodegradation tests. After that, high-resolution mass spectrometry was employed to elucidate the structures of the formed photo-transformation products (PTPs). In addition, biodegradation tests were performed for the photolytic mixtures to assess the biodegradability of the PTPs. Finally, the (eco)toxicity assessment for CPTX and its photolytic mixtures was predicted using different (quantitative) structure-activity relationship ((Q)SAR) software. CPTX was found to be not readily biodegradable in CBT and MRT. CPTX was not eliminated by irradiation with the Xenon lamp, however primarily eliminated using the UV-lamp. The CPTX elimination during UV-irradiation was faster at lower concentrations. CPTX UV-photodegradation was affected by pH value, while not affected by the temperature of the irradiated solution. 13 PTPs were detected in UV-photolysis mixtures. One additional product was detected in CPTX standard solution, and it was degraded simultaneously with CPTX during UV-irradiation. On one hand, Biodegradation assays revealed that UV-photolytic mixtures of CPTX, containing its PTPs, were not better biodegradable than CPTX itself. On the other hand, LC-MS analysis showed some PTPs which were eliminated after the biodegradation tests indicating possible biodegradability of these PTPs. This because those PTPs are present in low concentrations in the photolysis mixture and their effect can be hindered by the effect of CPTX and other non-biodegradable PTPs. QSAR analysis revealed that CPTX and some of its PTPs may have some human and/or eco-toxic properties. In conclusion, the release of CPTX into aquatic environments could be harmful. Therefore, further research focusing on CPTX and its PTPs are strongly recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nareman D H Khaleel
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1 C13, DE-21335, Lüneburg, Germany; Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Waleed M M Mahmoud
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1 C13, DE-21335, Lüneburg, Germany; Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1 C13, DE-21335, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1 C13, DE-21335, Lüneburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pereira SAP, Costa SPF, Cunha E, Passos MLC, Araújo ARST, Saraiva MLMFS. Manual or automated measuring of antipsychotics' chemical oxygen demand. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 152:55-60. [PMID: 29407782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Antipsychotic (AP) drugs are becoming accumulated in terrestrial and aqueous resources due to their actual consumption. Thus, the search of methods for assessing the contamination load of these drugs is mandatory. The COD is a key parameter used for monitoring water quality upon the assessment of the effect of polluting agents on the oxygen level. Thus, the present work aims to assess the chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels of several typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs in order to obtain structure-activity relationships. It was implemented the titrimetric method with potassium dichromate as oxidant and a digestion step of 2h, followed by the measurement of remained unreduced dichromate by titration. After that, an automated sequential injection analysis (SIA) method was, also, used aiming to overcome some drawbacks of the titrimetric method. The results obtained showed a relationship between the chemical structures of antipsychotic drugs and their COD values, where the presence of aromatic rings and oxidable groups give higher COD values. It was obtained a good compliance between the results of the reference batch procedure and the SIA system, and the APs were clustered in two groups, with the values ratio between the methodologies, of 2 or 4, in the case of lower or higher COD values, respectively. The SIA methodology is capable of operating as a screening method, in any stage of a synthetic process, being also more environmentally friendly, and cost-effective. Besides, the studies presented open promising perspectives for the improvement of the effectiveness of pharmaceutical removal from the waste effluents, by assessing COD values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A P Pereira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana P F Costa
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Edite Cunha
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marieta L C Passos
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - André R S T Araújo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Unidade de Investigação para o Desenvolvimento do Interior, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, Av. Dr. Francisco de Sá Carneiro, n° 50, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal.
| | - M Lúcia M F S Saraiva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wilde ML, Menz J, Leder C, Kümmerer K. Combination of experimental and in silico methods for the assessment of the phototransformation products of the antipsychotic drug/metabolite Mesoridazine. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:697-711. [PMID: 29055596 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The lack of studies on the fate and effects of drug metabolites in the environment is of concern. As their parent compounds, metabolites enter the aquatic environment and are subject to biotic and abiotic process. In this regard, photolysis plays an important role. This study combined experimental and in silico quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) methods to assess the fate and effects of Mesoridazine (MESO), a pharmacologically active human drug and metabolite of the antipsychotic agent Thioridazine, and its transformation products (TPs) formed through a Xenon lamp irradiation. After 256min, the photodegradation of MESO⋅besylate (50mgL-1) achieved 90.4% and 6.9% of primary elimination and mineralization, respectively. The photon flux emitted by the lamp (200-600nm) was 169.55Jcm-2. Sixteen TPs were detected by means of liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), and the structures were proposed based on MSn fragmentation patterns. The main transformation reactions were sulfoxidation, hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and sulfoxide elimination. A back-transformation of MESO to Thioridazine was evidenced. Aerobic biodegradation tests (OECD 301 D and 301F) were applied to MESO and the mixture of TPs present after 256min of photolysis. Most of TPs were not biodegraded, demonstrating their tendency to persist in aquatic environments. The ecotoxicity towards Vibrio fischeri showed a decrease in toxicity during the photolysis process. The in silico QSAR tools QSARINS and US-EPA PBT profiler were applied for the screening of TPs with character of persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT). They have revealed the carbazole derivatives TP 355 and TP 337 as PBT/vPvB (very persistent and very bioaccumulative) compounds. In silico QSAR predictions for mutagenicity and genotoxicity provided by CASE Ultra and Leadscope® indicated positive alerts for mutagenicity on TP 355 and TP 337. Further studies regarding the carbazole derivative TPs should be considered to confirm their hazardous character.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L Wilde
- Formerly: Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Jakob Menz
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Leder
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pereira SAP, Costa SPF, Cunha E, Passos MLC, Araújo ARST, Saraiva MLMFS. Biodegradability of several antipsychotic drugs: manual and automatic assessment. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj01636d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, the biodegradability values were determined for several antipsychotic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. P. Pereira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Porto University
| | - Susana P. F. Costa
- LAQV, REQUIMTE
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Porto University
| | - Edite Cunha
- LAQV, REQUIMTE
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Porto University
| | - Marieta L. C. Passos
- LAQV, REQUIMTE
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Porto University
| | - André R. S. T. Araújo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Porto University
| | - M. Lúcia M. F. S. Saraiva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Porto University
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bassuney D, Tawfik A. Baffled duckweed pond system for treatment of agricultural drainage water containing pharmaceuticals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2017; 19:774-780. [PMID: 28156132 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2017.1284756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to assess the efficiency of a novel bioremediation system namely baffled duckweed pond (BDWP) system for the treatment of agricultural drainage water containing pharmaceuticals at different hydraulic retention times (HRTs). The removal efficiencies of acetaminophen (ACT), amoxicillin (AMX), and ampicillin (AMP) increased from 69.3 ± 8.6 to 87.3 ± 3.5%, from 52.9 ± 9.4 to 82.9 ± 5.2%, and from 55.3 ± 7.9 to 90.6 ± 2.8% at increasing the HRT from 6 to 8 days, respectively. However, ACT, AMX, and AMP removal efficiencies were slightly improved at increasing the HRT from 8 to 12 days. Diclofenac (DFC) removal efficiencies amounted to 56.6 ± 11.6, 55.7 ± 11.9, and 28.3 ± 12.9% at an HRTs of 12, 8, and 6 days, respectively. The results showed no relationship between the uptake/absorption of pharmaceuticals fractions and BOD5/chemical oxygen demand (COD) ratio except ACT where R2 was 0.84. The effect of COD/N ratio on the removal efficiency of pharmaceuticals fractions was slight. Additional removal of pharmaceuticals fractions and nitrification occurred in carrier sponge media situated in the last compartment of the BDWP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Bassuney
- a Department of Environmental Engineering , Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-Just) , Alexandria , Egypt
| | - Ahmed Tawfik
- a Department of Environmental Engineering , Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-Just) , Alexandria , Egypt
- b National Research Centre , Water Pollution Research Department , Giza , Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wilde ML, Schneider M, Kümmerer K. Fenton process on single and mixture components of phenothiazine pharmaceuticals: Assessment of intermediaries, fate, and preliminary ecotoxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 583:36-52. [PMID: 28126283 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals do not occur isolated in the environment but in multi-component mixtures and may exhibit antagonist, synergistic or additive behavior. Knowledge on this is still scarce. The situation is even more complicated if effluents or potable water is treated by oxidative processes or such transformations occur in the environment. Thus, determining the fate and effects of parent compounds, metabolites and transformation products (TPs) formed by transformation and degradation processes in the environment is needed. This study investigated the fate and preliminary ecotoxicity of the phenothiazine pharmaceuticals, Promazine (PRO), Promethazine (PRM), Chlorpromazine (CPR), and Thioridazine (THI) as single and as components of the resulting mixtures obtained from their treatment by Fenton process. The Fenton process was carried out at pH7 and by using 0.5-2mgL-1 of [Fe2+]0 and 1-12.5mgL-1 of [H2O2]0 at the fixed ratio [Fe2+]0:[H2O2]0 of 1:10 (w:w). No complete mineralization was achieved. Constitutional isomers and some metabolite-like TPs formed were suggested based on their UHPLC-HRMSn data. A degradation pathway was proposed considering interconnected mechanisms such as sulfoxidation, hydroxylation, N-dealkylation, and dechlorination steps. Aerobic biodegradation tests (OECD 301 D and OECD 301 F) were applied to the parent compounds separately, to the mixture of parent compounds, and for the cocktail of TPs present after the treatment by Fenton process. The samples were not readily biodegradable. However, LC-MS analysis revealed that abiotic transformations, such hydrolysis, and autocatalytic transformations occurred. The initial ecotoxicity tested towards Vibrio fischeri as individual compounds featured a reduction in toxicity of PRM and CPR by the treatment process, whereas PRO showed an increase in acute luminescence inhibition and THI a stable luminescence inhibition. Concerning effects of the mixture components, reduction in toxicity by the Fenton process was predicted by concentration addition and independent action models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L Wilde
- Formerly: Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Mandy Schneider
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Trawiński J, Skibiński R. Studies on photodegradation process of psychotropic drugs: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:1152-1199. [PMID: 27696160 PMCID: PMC5306312 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of psychotropic drugs is still increasing, especially in high-income countries. One of the most crucial consequences of this fact is significant release of them to the environment. Considerable amounts of atypical antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and their metabolites were detected in river, lake, and sea water, as well as in tissues of aquatic organisms. Their ecotoxicity was proved by numerous studies. It should be noticed that interaction between psychotropic pharmaceuticals and radiation may lead to formation of potentially more toxic intermediates. On the other hand, photo-assisted wastewater treatment methods can be used as an efficient way to eliminate them from the environment. Many methods based on photolysis and photocatalysis were proposed and developed recently; nevertheless, the problem is still unsolved. However, according to recent studies, photocatalysis could be considered as the most promising and far more effective than regular photolysis. An overview on photolytic as well as homogenous and heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation methods with the use of various catalysts is presented. The photostability and phototoxicity of pharmaceuticals were also discussed. Various analytical methods were used for the photodegradation research, and this issue was also compared and summarized. Use of high-resolution multistage mass spectrometry (Q-TOF, ion trap, Orbitrap) was suggested. The combined techniques such as LC-MS, GC-MS, and LC-NMR, which enable qualitative and quantitative analyses in one run, proved to be the most valuable in this case. Assembling of MS/MS spectra libraries of drug molecules and their phototransformation products was identified as the future challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Trawiński
- Department of Medicinal, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Robert Skibiński
- Department of Medicinal, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Herrmann M, Menz J, Gassmann M, Olsson O, Kümmerer K. Experimental and in silico assessment of fate and effects of the antipsychotic drug quetiapine and its bio- and phototransformation products in aquatic environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:66-76. [PMID: 27552039 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The antipsychotic drug quetiapine (QUT) has been frequently detected in sewage treatment plants. However, information on the fate of QUT in aquatic environments and its behavior during UV treatment is limited. In this study, QUT is shown not to be readily biodegradable in the Closed Bottle Test and the Manometric Respirometry Test according to OECD guidelines. The main biotransformation product (BTP) formed in the tests, a carboxylic acid derivative, was identified by means of high-resolution mass spectrometry. This BTP is presumably a human metabolite and showed higher detection rates than QUT in a river sampling campaign conducted in northern Germany. UV elimination kinetics of QUT at different initial concentrations (226.5, 45.3, 11.3, and 2.3 μmol L-1) were faster at lower initial concentrations. All seven phototransformation products (PTPs) could be still identified at initial concentration of 11.3 μmol L-1. The photolytic mixture generated after 128 min of photolysis of QUT was not better biodegradable than QUT. Initial UV treatment of QUT led to the formation of several additional BTPs. Four of them were identified. The bacterial cytotoxicity and genotoxicity before and after phototransformation of QUT in a modified luminescent bacteria test (LBT) and the umu-test (ISO/FDIS 13829) showed cytotoxic effects in the LBT for QUT. Furthermore, PTPs had similar cytotoxic effects on luminescent bacteria. The umu-test did not reveal any genotoxic activity for QUT or PTPs. In conclusion, the release of QUT into sewage treatment plants and aquatic environments could result in the formation of a main BTP. Additional UV treatment of QUT would lead to the formation of additional BTPs. Moreover, treatment did not result in lower toxicity to tested organisms. In conclusion, UV treatment of QUT should be considered critically as a potential treatment for QUT in aquatic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Herrmann
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, C13, Scharnhorststrasse 1, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany; Hospital Pharmacy, Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg-Gengenbach, Ebertplatz 12, DE-77654 Offenburg, Germany.
| | - Jakob Menz
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, C13, Scharnhorststrasse 1, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Matthias Gassmann
- Water Quality Management - Modelling and Simulation, Institute of Water, Waste and Environment, Kurt-Wolters-Strasse 3, DE-34125 Kassel, Germany.
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, C13, Scharnhorststrasse 1, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, C13, Scharnhorststrasse 1, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jiménez JJ, Muñoz BE, Sánchez MI, Pardo R, Vega MS. Fate of the drug chlorpromazine in river water according to laboratory assays. Identification and evolution over time of degradation products. Sorption to sediment. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 162:285-292. [PMID: 27513549 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxic effects of the non-biodegradable drug chlorpromazine and its degradation products have been reported on microorganisms in aqueous media. Here, chlorpromazine degradation assays in forced and non-forced conditions have been done to know its persistence and degradation products in river water. Sunlight irradiation promotes the complete degradation of chlorpromazine (2 μg L(-1)) in less than 4 h, but if the exposure to sunlight is limited chlorpromazine is detected during 4 weeks in river water. Sixteen degradation products in surface water are described for first time after solid-phase extraction and analysis by ultra-pressure liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry; their structures are proposed from the molecular formulae of the fragment-ions observed in high-resolution tandem mass spectra. Hydroxylation and oxidation products such as chlorpromazine sulfoxide, 2-hydroxypromazine and 2-hydroxypromazine sulfoxide were predominant degradation products in the early stages; some benzo[1,4]thiazin-6-ol derivatives resulting from the breakdown of the phenothiazine core were the major and relatively stable products after 20 weeks under non-forced conditions. A degradation pathway of chlorpromazine in water is outlined. Moreover, it is shown that chlorpromazine is very strongly adsorbed on sediment while the degradation products that kept the promazine core have a notable capacity of sorption, too; sorption coefficients are calculated. Finally, a prediction about the toxicity of the degradation products in aquatic ecosystems suggests that some of them have toxicities similar, or even higher, than chlorpromazine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Jiménez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus Miguel Delibes, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; I.U. CINQUIMA, Campus Miguel Delibes, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 5, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Beatriz E Muñoz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Industrial Engineers, University of Valladolid, Francisco Mendizábal 1, 47014 Valladolid, Spain
| | - María I Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Industrial Engineers, University of Valladolid, Francisco Mendizábal 1, 47014 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rafael Pardo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus Miguel Delibes, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - María S Vega
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus Miguel Delibes, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen X, Zhao J, Bao L, Wang L, Zhang Y. The investigation of different pollutants and operation processes on sludge toxicity in sequencing batch bioreactors. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2016; 37:2048-2057. [PMID: 26914341 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1140813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The influence of different target pollutants and operation modes in sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs) on sludge toxicity was compared in this study. Sludge toxicity was characterized by the inhibiting luminosity through using luminescent bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum (P. phosphoreum) during either gradual acclimation or impaction processes with synthetic wastewater containing high-strength bisphenol A (BPA) or N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF). When the activated sludge was first acclimated with either 120 mg/L DMF or 20 mg/L BPA, and then respectively increased to 200 mg/L DMF and 40 mg/L BPA it was defined as gradual acclimation process, whereas when the activated sludge was, respectively, injected with 200 mg/L DMF and 40 mg/L BPA directly it was defined as impaction process. Results showed that the toxicity of the impacted sludge was greater than that of the gradual acclimated sludge, especially in the initial stage before 10 d. Activated sludge treating BPA synthetic wastewater exhibited higher toxicity due to the more inhibition of BPA to sludge activity compared to that of DMF. The proteomics analysis indicated that the stress responses of activated sludge to DMF and BPA stimulation were both significant. In turn, the secretions from two kinds of sludge under stress conditions contributed to sludge toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiurong Chen
- a State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- a State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , People's Republic of China
- b Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education , Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007 , People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Bao
- b Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education , Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- a State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- a State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wilde ML, Menz J, Trautwein C, Leder C, Kümmerer K. Environmental fate and effect assessment of thioridazine and its transformation products formed by photodegradation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:658-670. [PMID: 27020046 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An experimental and in silico quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) approach was applied to assess the environmental fate and effects of the antipsychotic drug Thioridazine (THI). The sunlight-driven attenuation of THI was simulated using a Xenon arc lamp. The photodegradation reached the complete primary elimination, whereas 97% of primary elimination and 11% of mineralization was achieved after 256 min of irradiation for the initial concentrations of 500 μg L(-1) and 50 mg L(-1), respectively. A non-target approach for the identification and monitoring of transformation products (TPs) was adopted. The structure of the TPs was further elucidated using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The proposed photodegradation pathway included sulfoxidation, hydroxylation, dehydroxylation, and S- and N-dealkylation, taking into account direct and indirect photolysis through a self-sensitizing process in the higher concentration studied. The biodegradability of THI and photolytic samples of THI was tested according to OECD 301D and 301F, showing that THI and the mixture of TPs were not readily biodegradable. Furthermore, THI was shown to be highly toxic to environmental bacteria using a modified luminescent bacteria test with Vibrio fischeri. This bacteriotoxic activity of THI was significantly reduced by phototransformation and individual concentration-response analysis confirmed a lowered bacterial toxicity for the sulfoxidation products Thioridazine-2-sulfoxide and Thioridazine-5-sulfoxide. Additionally, the applied QSAR models predicted statistical and rule-based positive alerts of mutagenic activities for carbazole derivative TPs (TP 355 and TP 339) formed through sulfoxide elimination, which would require further confirmatory in vitro validation tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L Wilde
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Jakob Menz
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Trautwein
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Leder
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
de Oliveira LLD, Antunes SC, Gonçalves F, Rocha O, Nunes B. Acute and chronic ecotoxicological effects of four pharmaceuticals drugs on cladoceranDaphnia magna. Drug Chem Toxicol 2015; 39:13-21. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2015.1029048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
25
|
Targeted and non-targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric workflows for identification of transformation products of emerging pollutants in the aquatic environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
26
|
Gutowski L, Olsson O, Leder C, Kümmerer K. A comparative assessment of the transformation products of S-metolachlor and its commercial product Mercantor Gold(®) and their fate in the aquatic environment by employing a combination of experimental and in silico methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 506-507:369-379. [PMID: 25460972 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Even appropriately used, pesticides can enter the surface and groundwater by several routes where photochemical degradation along with biotic processes contributes to their fate, resulting sometimes in the formation of stable transformation products (TPs). Yet, little is known about S-metolachlor (SM) transformation in the aquatic environment. Furthermore, commercial formulation of a pesticide might have different physical and biological properties compared to its pure grade. The present study assessed the biodegradability of the pure SM and its commercial product Mercantor Gold(®) (MG) by employing two OECD biodegradation (301D, F) tests. Photolysis in water was investigated by using a Xe lamp. Subsequently the biodegradability of the photolysis mixtures was examined. The primary elimination of SM was monitored and structures of its TPs were elucidated by HPLC-UV-MS/MS. Additionally, a set of in silico prediction programs was applied for supporting analytical results and toxicity assessment of SM and TPs. S-metolachlor and Mercantor Gold(®) were not biodegraded. HPLC-UV analysis showed higher elimination of SM in MG compared to pure SM during photolysis. A total of 10 photo-TPs of SM and MG were identified. According to MS data and in silico predictions, chemical structures were proposed for all found photo-TPs. Likewise for the parent compounds, no biodegradation has been observed for their photo-TPs. However, in the 301F test new bio-TPs have been generated from photo-TPs which were observed for the first time according to authors' best knowledge. The results suggest that the MG formulation does not affect the biodegradation process, but it influences the photolysis efficiency and potentially might result in faster formation of TPs in the environment. This study also demonstrates that photo-TPs can be further transformed into new products due to bacterial activity in the water phase. Moreover biotransformation might lead to an increased toxicity compared with the parent compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Gutowski
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Leder
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh A, Shirzadi A. Enhancement of the photocatalytic activity of Ferrous Oxide by doping onto the nano-clinoptilolite particles towards photodegradation of tetracycline. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 107:136-144. [PMID: 24875881 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Photodegradation of tetracycline (TC) aqueous solution by FeO doped onto nano-clinoptilolite particles was investigated using a high pressure Hg lamp as radiation source. Nano-particles of clinoptilolite were prepared using ball-milling of micro crystals of zeolite. The pretreated nano-particles ion exchanged in a ferrous solution and the Fe(II)-exchanged form was calcined at 450°C. All samples were characterized by FT-IR, DRS, SEM and XRD. The degradation extent was determined via UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and COD. Based on the study of the effect of key operating parameters, the optimal conditions were determined to reach the higher efficiency of the process. The best photocatalytic activity was obtained in presence of the catalyst containing 5.4% FeO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh
- Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 311-86145, Shahreza, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Arezoo Shirzadi
- Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 311-86145, Shahreza, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Challis JK, Hanson ML, Friesen KJ, Wong CS. A critical assessment of the photodegradation of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments: defining our current understanding and identifying knowledge gaps. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:672-96. [PMID: 24643336 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00615h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a critical assessment of the state and quality of knowledge around the aquatic photochemistry of human- and veterinary-use pharmaceuticals from laboratory experiments and field observations. A standardized scoring rubric was used to assess relevant studies within four categories: experimental design, laboratory-based direct and indirect photolysis, and field/solar photolysis. Specific metrics for each category are defined to evaluate various aspects of experimental design (e.g., higher scores are given for more appropriate characterization of light source wavelength distribution). This weight of evidence-style approach allowed for identification of knowledge strengths and gaps covering three areas: first, the general extent of photochemical data for specific pharmaceuticals and classes; second, the overall quality of existing data (i.e., strong versus weak); and finally, trends in the photochemistry research around these specific compounds, e.g. the observation of specific and consistent oversights in experimental design. In general, those drugs that were most studied also had relatively good quality data. The four pharmaceuticals studied experimentally at least ten times in the literature had average total scores (lab and field combined) of ≥29, considered decent quality; carbamazepine (13 studies; average score of 31), diclofenac (12 studies; average score of 31), sulfamethoxazole (11 studies; average score of 34), and propranolol (11 studies; average score of 29). Major oversights and errors in data reporting and/or experimental design included: lack of measurement and reporting of incident light source intensity, lack of appropriate controls, use of organic co-solvents in irradiation solutions, and failure to consider solution pH. Consequently, a number of these experimental parameters were likely a cause of inconsistent measurements of direct photolysis rate constants and quantum yields, two photochemical properties that were highly variable in the literature. Overall, the assessment rubric provides an objective and scientifically-defensible set of metrics for assessing the quality of a study. A major recommendation is the development of a method guideline, based on this rubric, for conducting and reporting on photochemical studies that would produce consistent and reliable data for quantitative comparison across studies. Furthermore, an emphasis should be placed on conducting more dual-fate studies involving controlled photolysis experiments in natural sunlight, and whole system fate studies in either natural or artificial systems. This would provide accurate data describing the actual contribution of photolysis to the overall fate of pharmaceuticals in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Challis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Khataee AR, Fathinia M, Joo SW. Simultaneous monitoring of photocatalysis of three pharmaceuticals by immobilized TiO2 nanoparticles: chemometric assessment, intermediates identification and ecotoxicological evaluation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 112:33-45. [PMID: 23659949 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the photocatalytic degradation of a mixture of three pharmaceuticals, Metronidazole (MET), Atenolol (ATL) and Chlorpromazine (CPR), was quantified simultaneously during the UV/TiO2 process. The investigated TiO2 was Millennium PC-500 immobilized on ceramic plates by sol-gel based method. The partial least squares modeling was successfully applied for the multivariate calibration of the spectrophotometric data. The central composite design was applied to model and optimize the UV/TiO2 process. Predicted values of removal efficiency were found to be in good agreement with experimental values for MET, ATL and CPR (R(2)=0.947 and Adj-R(2)=0.906, R(2)=0.977 and Adj-R(2)=0.960 and R(2)=0.982 and Adj-R(2)=0.969, respectively). The optimum initial concentration of pharmaceuticals, reaction time and UV light intensity was found to be 10 mg L(-1), 150 min and 38.45 W m(-2), respectively. The main degradation intermediates of pharmaceuticals produced in this process were identified by GC-MS technique. The chronic ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals was evaluated using aquatic species Spirodela polyrrhiza prior to and after photocatalysis. The TOC results (90% removal after 16 h) and ecotoxicological experiments revealed that the photocatalysis process could effectively mineralize and reduce the ecotoxicity of the pharmaceuticals from their aqueous solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Khataee
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wilde ML, Mahmoud WMM, Kümmerer K, Martins AF. Oxidation-coagulation of β-blockers by K2FeVIO4 in hospital wastewater: assessment of degradation products and biodegradability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 452-453:137-147. [PMID: 23500407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the degradation of atenolol, metoprolol and propranolol beta-blockers by ferrate (K2FeO4) in hospital wastewater and in aqueous solution. In the case of hospital wastewater, the effect of the independent variables pH and [Fe(VI)] was evaluated by means of response surface methodology. The results showed that Fe(VI) plays an important role in the oxidation-coagulation process, and the treatment of the hospital wastewater led to degradations above 90% for all the three β-blockers, and to reductions of aromaticity that were close to 60%. In addition, only 17% of the organic load was removed. In aqueous solution, the degradation of the β-blockers atenolol, metoprolol and propranolol was 71.7%, 24.7% and 96.5%, respectively, when a ratio of 1:10 [β-blocker]:[Fe(VI)] was used. No mineralization was achieved, which suggests that there was a conversion of the β-blockers to degradation products identified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry tandem. Degradation pathways were proposed, which took account of the role of Fe(VI). Furthermore, the ready biodegradability of the post-process samples was evaluated by using the closed bottle test, and showed an increase in biodegradability. The use of the ferrate advanced oxidation technology seems to be a useful means of ensuring the remediation of hospital and similar wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L Wilde
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Trautwein C, Kümmerer K. Ready biodegradability of trifluoromethylated phenothiazine drugs, structural elucidation of their aquatic transformation products, and identification of environmental risks studied by LC-MS( n ) and QSAR. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:3162-3177. [PMID: 22678547 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The environmental fate of transformation products from organic pollutants such as drugs has become a new research area of increasing interest over the last few years. Whereas in the past mainly parent compounds or their major human metabolites were studied, new questions have arisen what compounds could be formed during incomplete degradation in the aquatic environment and what effects the resulting transformation products might have on nature and mankind. Psychiatric drugs are among the most important prescription drugs worldwide, but so far only little data is provided upon their degradation behavior. This especially accounts for tricyclic antipsychotic drugs of the phenothiazine class. Therefore, the degradation of such drugs was investigated in this study. In this study the aerobic Closed Bottle test (The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 301D) was used to assess the ready biodegradability of three trifluoromethylated phenothiazine drugs: fluphenazine, triflupromazine, and trifluoperazine. As it is known from literature that phenothiazine drugs can easily form various photolytic transformation products under light exposure, photochemical transformation was also investigated. Since transformation products are usually not available commercially, the calculation of environmental parameters with the aid of quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) software was used for first evaluation of these compounds. According to the OECD test guideline, all trifluoromethylated phenothiazines had to be classified as not readily biodegradable. Chromatographic data revealed the formation of some transformation products. Comparing retention time and mass spectrometric data with the analytical results of the light exposure experiments, we found peaks with the same retention time and mass spectra. So these transformation products were not of bacterial, but photolytic, origin and are formed very quickly even under low light doses. A special chromatographic column and solvent gradient along with multiple stage mass spectrometric fragmentation experiments uncovered the presence of, in total, nine photolytic transformation products and allowed for their structural elucidation. Typical modifications of the molecules were sulfoxidation, exocyclic N-oxidation, and transformation of the trifluoromethyl to a carboxylic moiety. The obtained results of the QSAR calculations show that all transformation products are highly mobile in the aquatic environment and elimination through biotic or abiotic pathways cannot be expected. Transformation products of trifluoromethylated phenothiazine drugs have to be expected in the aquatic environment, yet nothing is known about their toxicological properties. Therefore, further risk assessment upon these drugs and their fate is strongly recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Trautwein
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115B, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|