Protein imprinted ionic liquid polymer on the surface of multiwall carbon nanotubes with high binding capacity for lysozyme

Green Chemistry and Molecularly Imprinted Membranes

Technological progress has made chemistry assume a role of primary importance in our daily life. However, the worsening of the level of environmental pollution is increasingly leading to the realization of more eco-friendly chemical processes due to the advent of green chemistry. The challenge of green chemistry is to produce more and better while consuming and rejecting less. It represents a profitable approach to address environmental problems and the new demands of industrial competitiveness. The concept of green chemistry finds application in several material syntheses such as organic, inorganic, and coordination materials and nanomaterials. One of the different goals pursued in the field of materials science is the application of GC for producing sustainable green polymers and membranes. In this context, extremely relevant is the application of green chemistry in the production of imprinted materials by means of its combination with molecular imprinting technology. Referring to this issue, in the present review, the application of the concept of green chemistry in the production of polymeric materials is discussed. In addition, the principles of green molecular imprinting as well as their application in developing greenificated, imprinted polymers and membranes are presented. In particular, green actions (e.g., the use of harmless chemicals, natural polymers, ultrasound-assisted synthesis and extraction, supercritical CO2, etc.) characterizing the imprinting and the post-imprinting process for producing green molecularly imprinted membranes are highlighted.

Functional Nanoparticles with Magnetic 3D Covalent Organic Framework for the Specific Recognition and Separation of Bovine Serum Albumin

Glutathione functionalized magnetic 3D covalent organic frameworks combined with molecularly imprinted polymer (magnetic 3D COF–GSH MIPs) were developed for the selective recognition and separation of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Ultrasonication was used to prepare magnetic 3D COFs with high porosity (~1 nm) and a large surface area (373 m² g⁻¹). The magnetic 3D COF–GSH MIP nanoparticles had an imprinting factor of 4.79, absorption capacity of 429 mg g⁻¹, magnetic susceptibility of 32 emu g⁻¹, and five adsorption–desorption cycles of stability. The proposed method has the advantages of a shorter equilibrium absorption time (1.5 h), higher magnetic susceptibility (32 emu g⁻¹), and larger imprinting factor (4.79) compared with those reported from other studies. The magnetic 3D COF–GSH MIPs used with BSA had selectivity factors of 3.68, 2.76, and 3.30 for lysozyme, ovalbumin, and cytochrome C, respectively. The successful recognition and separation of BSA in a real sample analysis verified the capability of the magnetic 3D COF–GSH MIP nanoparticles.

Multi-Interactions in Ionic Liquids for Natural Product Extraction

Natural products with a variety of pharmacological effects are important sources for commercial drugs, and it is very crucial to develop effective techniques to selectively extract and isolate bioactive natural components from the plants against the background of sustainable development. Ionic liquids (ILs) are a kind of designable material with unique physicochemical properties, including good thermal stability, negligible vapor pressure, good solvation ability, etc. ILs have already been used in pharmaceuticals for extraction, purification, drug delivery, etc. It has been reported that multi-interactions, like hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, play important roles in the extraction of bioactive components from the plants. In this review, recent progress in the understanding of scientific essence of hydrogen bonding, the special interaction, in ILs was summarized. The extraction of various natural products, one important area in pharmaceutical, by conventional and functional ILs as well as the specific roles of multi-interactions in this process were also reviewed. Moreover, problems existing in bioactive compound extraction by ILs and the future developing trends of this area are given, which might be helpful for scientists, especially beginners, in this field.

Integrating ionic liquids with molecular imprinting technology for biorecognition and biosensing: A review

As promising alternatives to natural receptors, artificial molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have received great attention in biotechnology. Nevertheless, some bottlenecks limit their further development, including low adsorption capacity, poor recognition efficiency, slow response, and insipid aqueous compatibility. Ionic liquids (ILs) show the features of tailored structures and properties, high conductivity, good solubility, and excellent stability. Because of these advantages, they have found intensive use in MIPs by remedying the latter's shortcomings. In this review, we summarize the integration of ILs and MIPs for biorecognition and biosensing. The versatile roles of ILs in improving the performance of MIPs are firstly summarized, including serving as solvents, porogens, functional monomers, organic surface modifiers, dummy templates, and cross-linkers. Then, specific applications of IL-based MIPs in peptide recognition, protein sensing, and food safety analysis are discussed. Finally, future trends and challenges for the design and development of IL-based MIPs and their applications in the biorecognition and biosensing are proposed.

Green Strategies for Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Development

Molecular imprinting is a powerful technology to create artificial receptors within polymeric matrices. Although it was reported for the first time by Polyakov, eighty-four years ago, it remains, nowadays, a very challenging research area. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been successfully used in several applications where selective binding is a requirement, such as immunoassays, affinity separation, sensors, and catalysis. Conventional methods used on MIP production still use large amounts of organic solvents which, allied with stricter legislation on the use and release of chemicals to the environment and the presence of impurities on final materials, will boost, in our opinion, the use of new cleaner synthetic strategies, in particular, with the application of the principles of green chemistry and engineering. Supercritical carbon dioxide, microwave, ionic liquids, and ultrasound technology are some of the green strategies which have already been applied in MIP production. These strategies can improve MIP properties, such as controlled morphology, homogeneity of the binding sites, and the absence of organic solvents. This review intends to give examples reported in literature on green approaches to MIP development, from nano- to micron-scale applications.

Recent advances in green reagents for molecularly imprinted polymers

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are tailor-made materials with special binding sites.

Preparation and characterization of biocompatible molecularly imprinted poly(ionic liquid) films on the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

A series of novel biocompatible MIPs were synthesized for BSA recognition by using MWCNTs with different outside diameters as substrates, and allyl-functionalized ionic liquids with different anion species as monomers.

Highly dispersed magnetic molecularly imprinted nanoparticles with well-defined thin film for the selective extraction of glycoprotein

Highly dispersed magnetic molecularly imprinted nanoparticles (MMINs) with a well-defined thin film for the selective extraction of glycoprotein HRP were developed in this work.

Laccase-catalyzed controlled radical polymerization of N-vinylimidazole

Laccase from Trametes versicolor catalyzes the controlled radical polymerization of N-vinylimidazole, yielding narrowly dispersed, metal-free polymers.

Molecularly imprinted polymers for separating and sensing of macromolecular compounds and microorganisms

The present review article focuses on gathering, summarizing, and critically evaluating the results of the last decade on separating and sensing macromolecular compounds and microorganisms with the use of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) synthetic receptors. Macromolecules play an important role in biology and are termed that way to contrast them from micromolecules. The former are large and complex molecules with relatively high molecular weights. The article mainly considers chemical sensing of deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs), proteins and protein fragments as well as sugars and oligosaccharides. Moreover, it briefly discusses fabrication of chemosensors for determination of bacteria and viruses that can ultimately be considered as extremely large macromolecules.

Unexpected thermal decomposition behavior of poly(N-vinylimidazole)-l-poly(tetrahydrofuran) amphiphilic conetworks, a class of chemically forced blends

The underlying chemical processes of the unexpected thermal decomposition behavior of poly(N-vinylimidazole)-l-poly(tetrahydrofuran) amphiphilic conetworks were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry.

Ionic liquid poly(3-n-dodecyl-1-vinylimidazolium) bromide as an adsorbent for the sorption of hemoglobin

A novel polymeric ionic liquid, poly(1-vinylimidazolium-3-n-dodecyl) bromide, exhibits selective adsorption of hemoglobin from human whole blood.

Thermal preparation of lysozyme-imprinted microspheres by using ionic liquid as a stabilizer

Thermal preparation of lysozyme-imprinted microspheres was firstly investigated by using biocompatible ionic liquid (IL) as a thermal stabilizer. The imprinted microspheres made with IL could obtain the good recognition ability to template protein, whereas the imprinted polymer synthesized in the absence of it had a similar adsorption capacity to the non-imprinted one. Furthermore, the preparation conditions of imprinted polymers (MIPs) including the content of IL, temperature of polymerization, and types of functional monomers and crosslinkers were systematically analyzed via circular dichroism spectrum and activity assay. The results illustrated that using hydroxyethyl acrylate as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the crosslinker, 5 % IL as the stabilizer, and 75 °C as the reaction temperature could retain the structure of template protein as much as possible. The obtained MIPs showed excellent recognition ability to the template protein with the separation factor and selectivity factor value of 4.30 and 2.21, respectively. Consequently, it is an effective way to accurately imprint and separate template protein by cooperatively using circular dichroism spectroscopy and activity assay during the preparation of protein MIPs. The method of utilizing IL to stabilizing protein at high temperature would offer a good opportunity for various technologies to improve the development of macromolecules imprinting.