1
|
Herth J, Schmidt F, Basler S, Sievi NA, Kohler M. Exhaled breath analysis in patients with potentially curative lung cancer undergoing surgery: a longitudinal study. J Breath Res 2024; 18:036003. [PMID: 38718786 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ad48a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Exhaled breath analysis has emerged as a non-invasive and promising method for early detection of lung cancer, offering a novel approach for diagnosis through the identification of specific biomarkers present in a patient's breath. For this longitudinal study, 29 treatment-naive patients with lung cancer were evaluated before and after surgery. Secondary electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry was used for exhaled breath analysis. Volatile organic compounds with absolute log2fold change ⩾1 andq-values ⩾ 0.71 were selected as potentially relevant. Exhaled breath analysis resulted in a total of 3482 features. 515 features showed a substantial difference before and after surgery. The small sample size generated a false positive rate of 0.71, therefore, around 154 of these 515 features were expected to be true changes. Biological identification of the features with the highest consistency (m/z-242.18428 andm/z-117.0539) revealed to potentially be 3-Oxotetradecanoic acid and Indole, respectively. Principal component analysis revealed a primary cluster of patients with a recurrent lung cancer, which remained undetected in the initial diagnostic and surgical procedures. The change of exhaled breath patterns after surgery in lung cancer emphasizes the potential for lung cancer screening and detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Herth
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Schmidt
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Basler
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Noriane A Sievi
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malcolm Kohler
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Paiva AC, Crucello J, de Aguiar Porto N, Hantao LW. Fundamentals of and recent advances in sorbent-based headspace extractions. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
3
|
Drabińska N, Flynn C, Ratcliffe N, Belluomo I, Myridakis A, Gould O, Fois M, Smart A, Devine T, Costello BDL. A literature survey of all volatiles from healthy human breath and bodily fluids: the human volatilome. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 33761469 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abf1d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper comprises an updated version of the 2014 review which reported 1846 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) identified from healthy humans. In total over 900 additional VOCs have been reported since the 2014 review and the VOCs from semen have been added. The numbers of VOCs found in breath and the other bodily fluids are: blood 379, breath 1488, faeces 443, milk 290, saliva 549, semen 196, skin 623 and urine 444. Compounds were assigned CAS registry numbers and named according to a common convention where possible. The compounds have been included in a single table with the source reference(s) for each VOC, an update on our 2014 paper. VOCs have also been grouped into tables according to their chemical class or functionality to permit easy comparison. Careful use of the database is needed, as a number of the identified VOCs only have level 2-putative assignment, and only a small fraction of the reported VOCs have been validated by standards. Some clear differences are observed, for instance, a lack of esters in urine with a high number in faeces and breath. However, the lack of compounds from matrices such a semen and milk compared to breath for example could be due to the techniques used or reflect the intensity of effort e.g. there are few publications on VOCs from milk and semen compared to a large number for breath. The large number of volatiles reported from skin is partly due to the methodologies used, e.g. by collecting skin sebum (with dissolved VOCs and semi VOCs) onto glass beads or cotton pads and then heating to a high temperature to desorb VOCs. All compounds have been included as reported (unless there was a clear discrepancy between name and chemical structure), but there may be some mistaken assignations arising from the original publications, particularly for isomers. It is the authors' intention that this work will not only be a useful database of VOCs listed in the literature but will stimulate further study of VOCs from healthy individuals; for example more work is required to confirm the identification of these VOCs adhering to the principles outlined in the metabolomics standards initiative. Establishing a list of volatiles emanating from healthy individuals and increased understanding of VOC metabolic pathways is an important step for differentiating between diseases using VOCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Drabińska
- Division of Food Sciences, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Cheryl Flynn
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Norman Ratcliffe
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Belluomo
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, QEQM Building, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Antonis Myridakis
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, QEQM Building, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Gould
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Fois
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Smart
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Terry Devine
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Ben De Lacy Costello
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aspromonte J, Wolfs K, Adams E. Current application and potential use of GC × GC in the pharmaceutical and biomedical field. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 176:112817. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
5
|
Giri A, Coutriade M, Racaud A, Stefanuto PH, Okuda K, Dane J, Cody RB, Focant JF. Compositional elucidation of heavy petroleum base oil by GC × GC-EI/PI/CI/FI-TOFMS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:148-157. [PMID: 30536759 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a powerful separation tool for complex petroleum product analysis. However, the most commonly used electron ionization (EI) technique often makes the identification of the majority of hydrocarbons impossible due to the exhaustive fragmentation and lack of molecular ion preservation, prompting the need of soft-ionization energies. In this study, three different soft-ionization techniques including photo ionization (PI), chemical ionization (CI), and field ionization (FI) were compared against EI to elucidate their relative capabilities to reveal different base oil hydrocarbon classes. Compared with EI (70 eV), PI (10.8 eV) retained significant molecular ion (M+· ) information for a large number of isomeric species including branched-alkanes and saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons along with unique fragmentation patterns. However, for bicyclic/polycyclic naphthenic and aromatic compounds, EI played upper hand by retaining molecular as well as fragment ions to identify the species, whereas PI exhibited mainly molecular ion signals. On the other hand, CI revealed selectivity towards different base oil groups, particularly for steranes, sulfur-containing thiophenes, and esters, yielding protonated molecular ions (M + H)+ for unsaturated and hydride abstracted ions (M-H+ ) for saturated hydrocarbons. FI, as expected, generated intact molecular ions (M+· ) irrespective to the base oil chemical classes. It allowed elemental composition by TOFMS with a mass resolving power up to 8000 (FWHM) and a mass accuracy of 1 mDa, leading to the calculation of heteroatomic content, double bond equivalency, and carbon number of the compounds. The qualitative and quantitative results presented herein offer a unique perspective into the detailed comparison of different ionization techniques corresponding to several hydrocarbon classes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Giri
- Analytical GTC-EUR, SABIC, Plasticslaan 1, Bergen op Zoom, 4612CX, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Coutriade
- Centre de Recherche de Solaize, Total Marketing Services, Chemin du Canal-BP 22, Solaize, 69360, France
| | - Amandine Racaud
- Centre de Recherche de Solaize, Total Marketing Services, Chemin du Canal-BP 22, Solaize, 69360, France
| | - Pierre-Hugues Stefanuto
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Liège, Allée du 6 aout, B6c, Liège (Sart Tilman), B-4000, Belgium
| | - Koji Okuda
- JEOL USA, 11 Dearborn Road, Peabody, MA, 01960, USA
| | - John Dane
- JEOL USA, 11 Dearborn Road, Peabody, MA, 01960, USA
| | | | - Jean-François Focant
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Liège, Allée du 6 aout, B6c, Liège (Sart Tilman), B-4000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ganeev AA, Gubal AR, Lukyanov GN, Arseniev AI, Barchuk AA, Jahatspanian IE, Gorbunov IS, Rassadina AA, Nemets VM, Nefedov AO, Korotetsky BA, Solovyev ND, Iakovleva E, Ivanenko NB, Kononov AS, Sillanpaa M, Seeger T. Analysis of exhaled air for early-stage diagnosis of lung cancer: opportunities and challenges. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
7
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human breath can contain thousands of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile compounds that are related to metabolism and other biochemical processes. The presence of cancer cells can affect the identity and abundances of chemicals in breath when compared to those in healthy control subjects, which can be used to indicate the likelihood of a patient having cancer. Recently, the chemical analysis of exhaled breath from patients has been shown to be promising for diagnosing many different types of cancers, including lung, breast, colon, head, neck, and prostate, along with pre-cancerous conditions (dysplasia). AREAS COVERED Here, we reviewed the sampling, analytical and data analysis methods reported in the recent patent literature related to cancer breath testing (2014-2017). In addition, the different types of cancer biomarkers that were disclosed are discussed. EXPERT OPINION The major advantages of breath testing compared to conventional X-ray and imaging based methods includes simplicity of use, non-invasiveness, and the potential to detect cancer at a relatively early stage. Such methods are also suitable to perform population screening because of their non-invasiveness. However, the establishment of standard sampling, detection and quantification methods for breath testing is required before the methods can be employed for clinical diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Mohibul Kabir
- a School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales, NSW , Sydney , Australia
| | - William A Donald
- a School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales, NSW , Sydney , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Giri A, Coutriade M, Racaud A, Okuda K, Dane J, Cody RB, Focant JF. Molecular Characterization of Volatiles and Petrochemical Base Oils by Photo-Ionization GC×GC-TOF-MS. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5395-5403. [PMID: 28410443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of organic mixtures by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled to electron impact (EI) ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) allows the detection of thousands of compounds. However, owing to the exhaustive fragmentation following EI ionization, despite the use of mass spectral libraries, a majority of the compounds remains unidentified because of the lack of parent ion preservation. Thus, soft-ionization energies leading to organic compounds being ionized with limited or no fragmentation, retaining the molecular ion, has been of interest for many years. In this study, photoionization (PI) was evaluated as the ion source for GC×GC-TOF-MS measurements. First, capabilities and limitations of PI were tested using an authentic mixture of compounds of several chemical classes. Ionization energy exhibited by PI, equivalent to 10.8 eV, resulted in significant retention of molecular ion information; [M]+• for alkanes, ketones, FAMEs, aromatics, [M-H]+• for chloroalkanes, and [M-H2O]+• for alcohols. Second, considering the potential of PI for hydrocarbons, base oils, complex mixtures of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons blended for finished lubricant formulations, were extensively evaluated. Several chemical classes of hydrocarbons were positively identified including a large number of isomeric compounds, both aliphatics and cyclics. Interestingly, branched-alkanes were ionized with lower excess internal energy, not only retaining the molecular ions but also exhibiting unique fragmentation patterns. The results presented herein offer a unique perspective into the detailed molecular characterization of base oils. Such unprecedented identification power of PI coupled with GC×GC-TOF-MS is the first report covering volatiles to low-volatile organic mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Giri
- University of Liège , Department of Chemistry, Organic & Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, Allée du 6 aout, B6c, B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium
| | - Marion Coutriade
- Total Marketing Services, Centre de Recherche de Solaize , Chemin du Canal-BP 22, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Amandine Racaud
- Total Marketing Services, Centre de Recherche de Solaize , Chemin du Canal-BP 22, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Koji Okuda
- Jeol U.S.A. , 11 Dearborn Road, Peabody, Massachusetts 01960, United States
| | - John Dane
- Jeol U.S.A. , 11 Dearborn Road, Peabody, Massachusetts 01960, United States
| | - Robert B Cody
- Jeol U.S.A. , 11 Dearborn Road, Peabody, Massachusetts 01960, United States
| | - Jean-François Focant
- University of Liège , Department of Chemistry, Organic & Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, Allée du 6 aout, B6c, B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Alam MS, Harrison RM. Recent advances in the application of 2-dimensional gas chromatography with soft and hard ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry in environmental analysis. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3968-3977. [PMID: 30155039 PMCID: PMC6013788 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00465b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional gas chromatography has huge power for separating complex mixtures. The principles of the technique are outlined together with an overview of detection methods applicable to GC × GC column effluent with a focus on selectivity. Applications of GC × GC techniques in the analysis of petroleum-related and airborne particulate matter samples are reviewed. Mass spectrometric detection can be used alongside spectral libraries to identify eluted compounds, but in complex petroleum-related and atmospheric samples, when used conventionally at high ionisation energies, may not allow differentiation of structural isomers. Available low energy ionisation methods are reviewed and an example given of the additional structural information which can be extracted by measuring mass spectra at both low and high ionisation energies, hence greatly enhancing the selectivity of the technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Alam
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham B15 2TT , UK .
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham B15 2TT , UK .
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Alam MS, Stark C, Harrison RM. Using Variable Ionization Energy Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry with Comprehensive GC×GC To Identify Isomeric Species. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4211-20. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S. Alam
- Division of Environmental
Health and Risk Management School of Geography, Earth and Environmental
Sciences University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Stark
- Division of Environmental
Health and Risk Management School of Geography, Earth and Environmental
Sciences University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M. Harrison
- Division of Environmental
Health and Risk Management School of Geography, Earth and Environmental
Sciences University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|