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Yang B, Zhang Z, Song J, Qi T, Zeng J, Feng L, Jia X. Interpreting the efficacy enhancement mechanism of Chinese medicine processing from a biopharmaceutic perspective. Chin Med 2024; 19:14. [PMID: 38238801 PMCID: PMC10797928 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00887-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Chinese medicine processing (CMP) is a unique pharmaceutical technology that distinguishes it from natural medicines. Current research primarily focuses on changes in chemical components to understand the mechanisms behind efficacy enhancement in processing. However, this paper presents a novel perspective on the biopharmaceutics of CMP. It provides a comprehensive overview of the current research, emphasizing two crucial aspects: the role of 'heat' during processing and the utilization of processing adjuvants. The paper highlights the generation of easily absorbed components through the hydrolysis of glycosides by 'heat', as well as the facilitation of dissolution, absorption, and targeted distribution of active components through the utilization of processing adjuvants. From a biopharmaceutic perspective, this paper provides a lucid comprehension of the scientific foundation for augmenting the efficacy of CMP. Moreover, it proposes a three-dimensional research framework encompassing chemical reactions, phase transitions, and biopharmaceutical properties to further investigate the mechanisms involved in enhancing the efficacy of CMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhubin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingqi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
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Sun F, Zeng L, Li J, Zhong Y, Wu X, Wang K, Wang S, Liang S. Developing the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for simultaneously quantifying five components in rat serums after oral administration of hawthorn aqueous extracts and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1839-1846. [PMID: 35318796 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hawthorn, one of the widely-used traditional Chinese medicines, has been used to treat dyspepsia, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular disease in the clinic. Our previous study revealed that gallic acid, neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, vitexin, and quercetin were active components of hawthorn. In this study, a simple, precise, and reliable liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of five components in rat serums. The separation was achieved on the Hypersil GOLD C18 column, and the mobile phases consisted of 0.1% acetic acid water and methanol at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The mass spectrometry data acquisition was performed on Q-Extractive-Orbitrap mass spectrometry with an electrospray ionization source in negative ion mode. The proposed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was validated in terms of linearity, intra- and inter-precision, accuracy, recoveries, matrix effects, and stability. Then this newly proposed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study on rats after oral administration of hawthorn aqueous extracts. This study provided relevant information on the pharmacokinetics of active components of hawthorn and explained the underlying mechanism of their bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Engineering and Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Innovation Team of Chinese Materia Medica Analysis of Department of Education, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lu Zeng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yongqi Zhong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiangqin Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Kaiyang Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shumei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Engineering and Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Innovation Team of Chinese Materia Medica Analysis of Department of Education, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shengwang Liang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Engineering and Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Innovation Team of Chinese Materia Medica Analysis of Department of Education, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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Chen Z, Ye SY, Zhu RG. The extraordinary transformation of traditional Chinese medicine: processing with liquid excipients. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:561-573. [PMID: 32615903 PMCID: PMC8641677 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1778740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Context: The Chinese medicinal materials originate from animals, plants, or minerals must undergo appropriate treatment before use as decoction pieces. Processing of Chinese medicines with liquid excipients is a pharmaceutical technique that transforms medicinal raw materials into decoction pieces which are significantly different from the original form. During processing, significant changes occur in chemical constituents, which inevitably affects clinical efficacy. At present, the liquid materials in processing mainly involve wine, vinegar, honey, saline water, ginger juice, herbal juice, etc.Objective: This review introduces the typical methods of liquid excipients processing, summarizes the influence on chemical composition, pharmacological efficacy, and expounds the ways and mechanisms of liquid excipients to change the properties of drugs, enhance the efficacy, eliminate or reduce toxicity and adverse reaction.Methods: English and Chinese literature from 1986 to 2020 was collected from databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Elsevier, Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015, and CNKI (Chinese). Liquid excipients, processing, pharmacological effects, synergism, chemical constitution, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) were used as the key words.Results: Liquid excipients play a key role in the application of TCM. Processing with proper liquid excipients can change the content of toxic or active components by physical or chemical transformation, decrease or increase drug dissolution, alter drug pharmacokinetics, or exert their own pharmacological effects. Thus, processing with liquid excipients is essential to ensure the safety and efficacy of TCM in clinic.Conclusion: This article could be helpful for researchers who are interested in traditional Chinese herbs processed with liquid excipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Pharmaceutical College, Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, China
- CONTACT Zhi Chen College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, China
| | - Si-Yong Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Second People’s Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Rong-Gang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Second People’s Hospital, Jinan, China
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Abstract
The hyphenation of Ultra-Performance Liquid performance (UPLC) with mass spectrometry
(MS) has emerged as a powerful tool in analytical research due to its advanced sensitivity,
resolution and speed. Its advanced instrumentation, specialized columns, separation at ultra-high
pressure and sophisticated software are the distinguishing features as compared to the traditional
separating techniques. It has a wide range of applications in various fields such as analysis of food
stuffs, drug metabolites, beverages, toxicology, soil samples and micronutrient analysis. In the present
compilation, authors have highlighted the applicability of UPLC-MS in the analysis of food stuffs and
drug metabolites along with the various optimized analytical conditions and obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Semwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy (ISFCP), Moga 142001, India
| | - Raghav Dogra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy (ISFCP), Moga 142001, India
| | - Kritika Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy (ISFCP), Moga 142001, India
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy (ISFCP), Moga 142001, India
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Wang Y, Zhang L, Gu S, Yin Z, Shi Z, Wang P, Xu C. The Current Application of LC-MS/MS in Pharmacokinetics of Traditional Chinese Medicines (Recent Three Years): A Systematic Review. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:969-978. [PMID: 33038908 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666201009142418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With significant clinical effects, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been attracting increasing interest of the world's scientific community. However, TCM contains immense amounts of chemical components. It is a great challenge to objectively evaluate the correlation between the in vivo process and the therapeutic effect of TCM. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the recent investigation (from 2017 to 2019) on preclinical pharmacokinetics (PK) of TCM via liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). METHODS We reviewed the published articles regarding the PK of TCM by LC-MS/MS. In addition, we summarized information on PK parameter of bioactive components, single herb and traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions. RESULTS The vast majority of literature on preclinical PK of TCM uses single oral administration, the biological matrix is mostly rat plasma, and the main PK parameters include AUC, Cmax, Tmax and T1/2, etc. Conclusion: Although LC-MS/MS can be used for high-throughput analysis, the characterization of in vivo processes of TCM still has a long way. With the advantages of high sensitivity, high specificity and simple operation, the increasingly mature LC-MS/MS technology will play an important role in the PK study of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300112, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shuang Gu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300112, China
| | - Zhaorui Yin
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300112, China
| | - Zhe Shi
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300112, China
| | - Ping Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Changhua Xu
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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Toxicokinetics of 11 Gelsemium Alkaloids in Rats by UPLC-MS/MS. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8247270. [PMID: 32733957 PMCID: PMC7378607 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8247270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Gelsemium elegans (Gardn. & Champ.) Benth. is a plant belonging to the genus Gelsemium (family Gelsemiaceae), and its main components are alkaloids. It is a Chinese traditional medicinal plant and notoriously known as a highly toxic medicine. However, a method has not yet been found for the simultaneous detection of 11 Gelsemium alkaloids in rat plasma, and the toxicokinetics of 11 Gelsemium alkaloids after intravenous administration has not been reported. In this work, we have developed a sensitive and rapid method of ultraperformance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for the detection of 11 Gelsemium alkaloids in rat plasma. The toxicokinetic behavior was also investigated, so as to provide a reference of the scientific properties of Gelsemium elegans and improve the efficacy and safety of drugs. Sixty-six Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 11 groups, six rats in each group. Each group was intravenously given one alkaloid (0.1 mg/kg), respectively. A Waters UPLC BEH C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) was used for chromatographic separation. Methanol and water (containing 0.1% formic acid) were used for the mobile phase with gradient elution. Multiple reactions were monitored, and positive electrospray ionization was used for quantitative analysis. The precision was less than 16%, and the accuracy was between 86.9% and 113.2%. The extraction efficiency was better than 75.8%, and the matrix effects ranged from 88.5% to 107.8%. The calibration curves were in the range of 0.1–200 ng/mL, with a correlation coefficient (R2) greater than 0.995. The UPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to the toxicokinetics of 11 Gelsemium alkaloids in rats after intravenous administration (0.1 mg/kg for each alkaloid). The results of the toxicokinetics provide a basis for the pharmacology and toxicology of Gelsemium alkaloids and scientific evidence for the clinical use of Gelsemium alkaloids.
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Gai QY, Jiao J, Wang X, Liu J, Fu YJ, Lu Y, Wang ZY, Xu XJ. Simultaneous determination of taxoids and flavonoids in twigs and leaves of three Taxus species by UHPLC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 189:113456. [PMID: 32653816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Taxus species are highly concerned due to the presence of anticancer taxoids (especially paclitaxel) and health beneficial flavonoids. For the first time, an UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous determination of seven taxoids and seven flavonoids in twigs and leaves of three Taxus species. The satisfactory separation of fourteen target compounds was achieved within 5 min of running time on an Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm I.D., 1.8 μm) using an acetonitrile-water gradient elution program. Mass transitions of all analytes in selected reaction monitoring acquisition mode were systematically optimized for obtaining the highest signal intensities. Regression equations of all analytes exhibited excellent linearities with coefficients higher than 0.9990, and the lowest limits of quantification of all analytes ranged from 0.01 to 1.66 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day precisions (relative standard deviations) of all analytes were less than 4.17% for retention time and less than 7.42% for peak area, and the spiking standard recoveries of all analytes ranged from 96.85%-104.77%. By the aid of the proposed method, the distribution of fourteen target compounds in twigs and leaves of Taxus chinensis, Taxus cuspidata, and Taxus media was clearly figured out. Overall, the present work provided a rapid and valid UHPLC-MS/MS approach, which could not only be useful for quality control and applicability assessment of twigs and leaves of the three Taxus species in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries, but also offer a good reference for the systematic analysis of taxoids and flavonoids in other Taxus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yan Gai
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China
| | - Yu-Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China.
| | - Yao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China
| | - Zi-Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China
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Comparative Pharmacokinetic Study of Taxifolin after Oral Administration of Fructus Polygoni Orientalis Extract in Normal and Fibrotic Rats by UPLC-MS/MS. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:9348075. [PMID: 31976002 PMCID: PMC6955125 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9348075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fructus polygoni orientalis (FPO) is widely used in clinical practice in China, especially in treatment of liver diseases including viral hepatitis, liver fibrosis, and liver cirrhosis. However, its pharmacokinetic (PK) alterations in liver fibrotic rats have rarely been reported. To study whether taxifolin, one of the main flavonoids in FPO can be absorbed into blood after oral administration of FPO extract and to compare the differences in pharmacokinetic parameters of taxifolin to normal and liver fibrotic rats induced by porcine serum (PS), a UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for determination of taxifolin in rat plasma using puerarin as the internal standard (IS). All validation parameters met the acceptance criteria according to regulatory guidelines. The results indicated that after treatment of rats with PS alone for 12 weeks, the liver fibrotic model group was built successfully. The taxifolin can be absorbed into the blood after oral administration of the FPO extract. The C max of taxifolin was 1940 ± 502.2 ng/mL and 2648 ± 208.5 ng/mL (p < 0.05), the AUC0∼t of taxifolin was 4949.7 ± 764.89 h·ng/mL and 6679.9 ± 734.26 h·ng/mL (p < 0.05), the AUC0∼∞ of taxifolin was 5049.4 ± 760.7 and 7095.2 ± 962.3 h·ng/mL (p < 0.05), and the mean residence time (MRT) of taxifolin was 2.46 ± 0.412 h and 3.17 ± 0.039 h (p < 0.05) in the normal and fibrotic model groups, respectively. These results confirmed that the pharmacokinetic parameters of taxifolin are altered in liver fibrosis, manifested as C max, AUC0∼t , AUC0∼∞, and the mean residence time (MRT). It suggested that it is essential to consider the characteristics of pharmacokinetics after oral administration of FPO in liver disease patients.
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