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Krumins E, Crawford LA, Rogers DM, Machado F, Taresco V, East M, Irving SH, Fowler HR, Jiang L, Starr N, Parmenter CDJ, Kortsen K, Cuzzucoli Crucitti V, Avery SV, Tuck CJ, Howdle SM. A facile one step route that introduces functionality to polymer powders for laser sintering. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3137. [PMID: 38605004 PMCID: PMC11009337 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Laser Sintering (LS) is a type of Additive Manufacturing (AM) exploiting laser processing of polymeric particles to produce 3D objects. Because of its ease of processability and thermo-physical properties, polyamide-12 (PA-12) represents ~95% of the polymeric materials used in LS. This constrains the functionality of the items produced, including limited available colours. Moreover, PA-12 objects tend to biofoul in wet environments. Therefore, a key challenge is to develop an inexpensive route to introduce desirable functionality to PA-12. We report a facile, clean, and scalable approach to modification of PA-12, exploiting supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) and free radical polymerizations to yield functionalised PA-12 materials. These can be easily printed using commercial apparatus. We demonstrate the potential by creating coloured PA-12 materials and show that the same approach can be utilized to create anti-biofouling objects. Our approach to functionalise materials could open significant new applications for AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduards Krumins
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Liam A Crawford
- Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - David M Rogers
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Fabricio Machado
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Vincenzo Taresco
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mark East
- Centre of Additive Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, 522 Derby Rd, Lenton, Nottingham, NG7 2GX, UK
| | - Samuel H Irving
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Harriet R Fowler
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Long Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Nichola Starr
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Christopher D J Parmenter
- Nottingham Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Kristoffer Kortsen
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Valentina Cuzzucoli Crucitti
- Centre of Additive Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, 522 Derby Rd, Lenton, Nottingham, NG7 2GX, UK
| | - Simon V Avery
- Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Christopher J Tuck
- Centre of Additive Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, 522 Derby Rd, Lenton, Nottingham, NG7 2GX, UK
| | - Steven M Howdle
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK.
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Wang H, Chen R, Song D, Sun G, Yu J, Liu Q, Liu J, Zhu J, Liu P, Wang J. Silicone-modified polyurea-interpenetrating polymer network fouling release coatings with excellent wear resistance property tailored to regulations. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 653:971-980. [PMID: 37776724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.09.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The invasion of alien species via marine organisms attaching to the surfaces of ship hulls is a growing problem. A number of countries have introduced corresponding regulations to combat ship biofouling. One effective way to solve this problem is to apply a fouling release coating with excellent wear resistance. In this study, a silicone-modified polyaspartic ester polyurea was synthesized by a simultaneous crosslinking polymerization. Polyaspartic ester polyurea is employed to form a tightly cross-linked network with excellent toughness and outstanding adhesion, while polydimethylsiloxane is used to form a relatively soft cross-linked network with low surface energy and surface elasticity modulus. Polyurea and silicone molecular chain lock onto each other to form interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) through their respective polymerization systems and cross-linking processes. The synergy between silicone and polyurea provides excellent mechanical properties as well as fouling release performance through the locking mechanism. This study provides a promising and universal strategy for the development of fouling release coatings with excellent wear resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Rongrong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China; Nanhai Institute of Harbin Engineering University, Hainan 572024, China.
| | - Dalei Song
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Gaohui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China; Nanhai Institute of Harbin Engineering University, Hainan 572024, China
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China; Nanhai Institute of Harbin Engineering University, Hainan 572024, China
| | - Jiahui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Peili Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China; Nanhai Institute of Harbin Engineering University, Hainan 572024, China
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3
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Zhao J, Chen J, Zheng X, Lin Q, Zheng G, Xu Y, Lin F. Urushiol-Based Benzoxazine Containing Sulfobetaine Groups for Sustainable Marine Antifouling Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102383. [PMID: 37242960 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzoxazine resins are new thermosetting resins with excellent thermal stability, mechanical properties, and a flexible molecular design, demonstrating promise for applications in marine antifouling coatings. However, designing a multifunctional green benzoxazine resin-derived antifouling coating that combines resistance to biological protein adhesion, a high antibacterial rate, and low algal adhesion is still challenging. In this study, a high-performance coating with a low environmental impact was synthesized using urushiol-based benzoxazine containing tertiary amines as the precursor, and a sulfobetaine moiety into the benzoxazine group was introduced. This sulfobetaine-functionalized urushiol-based polybenzoxazine coating (poly(U-ea/sb)) was capable of clearly killing marine biofouling bacteria adhered to the coating surface and significantly resisting protein attachment. poly(U-ea/sb) exhibited an antibacterial rate of 99.99% against common Gram negative bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli and Vibrio alginolyticus) and Gram positive bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus sp.), with >99% its algal inhibition activity, and it effectively prevented microbial adherence. Here, a dual-function crosslinkable zwitterionic polymer, which used an "offensive-defensive" tactic to improve the antifouling characteristics of the coating was presented. This simple, economic, and feasible strategy provides new ideas for the development of green marine antifouling coating materials with excellent performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Jipeng Chen
- Fujian Engineering Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zheng
- Fujian Engineering Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Qi Lin
- Fujian Engineering Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Guocai Zheng
- Fujian Engineering Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yanlian Xu
- Fujian Engineering Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Fengcai Lin
- Fujian Engineering Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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Zhang P, Chen X, Bu F, Chen C, Huang L, Xie Z, Li G, Wang X. Dual Coordination between Stereochemistry and Cations Endows Polyethylene Terephthalate Fabrics with Diversiform Antimicrobial Abilities for Attack and Defense. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:9926-9939. [PMID: 36774642 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Modification of fabrics by stereochemical antiadhesion strategies is an emerging approach to antimicrobial fabric finishing. However, a purely antiadhesive fabric cannot avoid the passive adhesion of pathogenic microorganisms. To address this issue, borneol 4-formylbenzoate (BF) with a stereochemical structure is introduced into a cationic polymer PEI-modified PET fabric by a simple two-step method. The obtained fabric exhibits remarkable features of high bactericidal activity, excellent resistance to bacterial adhesion, desirable fungal repellent performance, and low cytotoxicity. More impressively, this modified fabric not only effectively reduces microbial contamination during food preservation but also plays a role in avoiding infection and accelerating wound healing in the mouse wound model. The dual coordination between stereochemistry and cations is validated as a viable "attack and defense" antimicrobial strategy, providing an effective guide for diversiform antimicrobial designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Fanqiang Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Lifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zixu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Guofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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Zhang Y, Ge T, Li Y, Lu J, Du H, Yan L, Tan H, Li J, Yin Y. Anti-Fouling and Anti-Biofilm Performance of Self-Polishing Waterborne Polyurethane with Gemini Quaternary Ammonium Salts. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020317. [PMID: 36679198 PMCID: PMC9865321 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are known to be difficult to eradicate and control, complicating human infections and marine biofouling. In this study, self-polishing and anti-fouling waterborne polyurethane coatings synthesized from gemini quaternary ammonium salts (GQAS), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and polycaprolactone diol (PCL) demonstrate excellent antibiofilm efficacy. Their anti-fouling and anti-biofilm performance was confirmed by a culture-based method in broth media, with the biofilm formation factor against Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative bacterial strains (E. coli) for 2 days. The results indicate that polyurethane coatings have excellent anti-biofilm activity when the content of GQAS reached 8.5 wt% against S. aureus, and 15.8 wt% against E. coli. The resulting waterborne polyurethane coatings demonstrate both hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation, and the surface erosion enzymatic degradation mechanism enables them with good self-polishing capability. The extracts cyto-toxicity of these polyurethane coatings and degradation liquids was also systematically studied; they could be degraded to non-toxic or low toxic compositions. This study shows the possibility to achieve potent self-polishing and anti-biofilm efficacy by integrating antibacterial GQAS, PEG, and PCL into waterborne polyurethane coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Corrosion Control and Protection of Materials in Extreme Marine Environment, Guangzhou Maritime University, Guangzhou 510725, China
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Tao Ge
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Corrosion Control and Protection of Materials in Extreme Marine Environment, Guangzhou Maritime University, Guangzhou 510725, China
| | - Yifan Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jinlin Lu
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Corrosion Control and Protection of Materials in Extreme Marine Environment, Guangzhou Maritime University, Guangzhou 510725, China
| | - Hao Du
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Corrosion Control and Protection of Materials in Extreme Marine Environment, Guangzhou Maritime University, Guangzhou 510725, China
| | - Ling Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Material for Marine Equipment and Application, Anshan 114000, China
| | - Hong Tan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiehua Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yansheng Yin
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Corrosion Control and Protection of Materials in Extreme Marine Environment, Guangzhou Maritime University, Guangzhou 510725, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Y.Y.)
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Polyethylene Glycol-b-poly(trialkylsilyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) Hydrolyzable Block Copolymers for Eco-Friendly Self-Polishing Marine Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214589. [PMID: 36365584 PMCID: PMC9656287 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrolyzable block copolymers consisting of a polyethylene glycol (PEG) first block and a random poly(trialkylsilyl methacrylate (TRSiMA, R = butyl, isopropyl)-co-methyl methacrylate (MMA)) second block were synthesized by RAFT polymerization. Two PEGs with different molar masses (Mn = 750 g/mol (PEG1) and 2200 g/mol (PEG2)) were used as macro-chain transfer agents and the polymerization conditions were set in order to obtain copolymers with a comparable mole content of trialkylsilyl methacrylate (~30 mole%) and two different PEG mole percentages of 10 and 30 mole%. The hydrolysis rates of PEG-b-(TRSiMA-co-MMA) in a THF/basic (pH = 10) water solution were shown to drastically depend on the nature of the trialkylsilyl groups and the mole content of the PEG block. Films of selected copolymers were also found to undergo hydrolysis in artificial seawater (ASW), with tunable erosion kinetics that were modulated by varying the copolymer design. Measurements of the advancing and receding contact angles of water as a function of the immersion time in the ASW confirmed the ability of the copolymer film surfaces to respond to the water environment as a result of two different mechanisms: (i) the hydrolysis of the silylester groups that prevailed in TBSiMA-based copolymers; and (ii) a major surface exposure of hydrophilic PEG chains that was predominant for TPSiMA-based copolymers. AFM analysis revealed that the surface nano-roughness increased upon immersion in ASW. The erosion of copolymer film surfaces resulted in a self-polishing, antifouling behavior against the diatom Navicula salinicola. The amount of settled diatoms depended on the hydrolysis rate of the copolymers.
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Wang W, Bao X, Bové M, Rigole P, Meng X, Su J, Coenye T. Antibiofilm Activities of Borneol-Citral-Loaded Pickering Emulsions against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in Physiologically Relevant Chronic Infection Models. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0169622. [PMID: 36194139 PMCID: PMC9602683 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01696-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals are promising antibacterials for the development of novel antibiofilm drugs, but their antibiofilm activity in physiologically relevant model systems is poorly characterized. As the host microenvironment can interfere with the activity of the phytochemicals, mimicking the complex environment found in biofilm associated infections is essential to predict the clinical potential of novel phytochemical-based antimicrobials. In the present study, we examined the antibiofilm activity of borneol, citral, and combinations of both as well as their Pickering emulsions against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an in vivo-like synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM2) model, an in vitro wound model (consisting of an artificial dermis and blood components at physiological levels), and an in vivo Galleria mellonella model. The Pickering emulsions demonstrated an enhanced biofilm inhibitory activity compared to both citral and the borneol/citral combination, reducing the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) values up to 2 to 4 times against P. aeruginosa PAO1 and 2 to 8 times against S. aureus P8-AE1 in SCMF2. In addition, citral, the combination borneol/citral, and their Pickering emulsions can completely eliminate the established biofilm of S. aureus P8-AE1. The effectiveness of Pickering emulsions was also demonstrated in the wound model with a reduction of up to 4.8 log units in biofilm formation by S. aureus Mu50. Furthermore, citral and Pickering emulsions exhibited a significant degree of protection against S. aureus infection in the G. mellonella model. The present findings reveal the potential of citral- or borneol/citral-based Pickering emulsions as a type of alternative antibiofilm candidate to control pathogenicity in chronic infection. IMPORTANCE There is clearly an urgent need for novel formulations with antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity, but while there are plenty of studies investigating them using simple in vitro systems, there is a lack of studies in which (combinations of) phytochemicals are evaluated in relevant models that closely resemble the in vivo situation. Here, we examined the antibiofilm activity of borneol, citral, and their combination as well as Pickering emulsions (stabilized by solid particles) of these compounds. Activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in in vitro models mimicking cystic fibrosis sputum and wounds as well as in an in vivo Galleria mellonella model. The Pickering emulsions showed drastically increased antibiofilm activity compared to that of the compounds as such in both in vitro models and protected G. mellonella larvae from S. aureus-induced killing. Our data show that Pickering emulsions from phytochemicals are potentially useful for treating specific biofilm-related chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- China-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuerui Bao
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mona Bové
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petra Rigole
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xiaofeng Meng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- China-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianyu Su
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- China-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Wang H, Zhang L, Chen R, Liu Super vision Q, Liu J, Yu J, Liu P, Duan J, Wang J. Surface Morphology Properties and Antifouling Activity of Bi2WO6/Boron-grafted Polyurethane Composite Coatings Realized via Multiple Synergy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 626:815-823. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.06.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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