1
|
Lombardo M, Serrao S, Bernava GM, Lombardo G. Spatial targeted delivery of riboflavin with a controlled corneal iontophoresis delivery system in theranostic-guided UV-A light photo-therapy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202400068. [PMID: 38697616 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202400068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Seven human donor eye globes underwent corneal cross-linking using theranostic UV-A device with accessory corneal iontophoresis system for patterned delivery of a 0.22% riboflavin solution. Theranostic-guided UV-A light illumination assessed riboflavin distribution and treated corneas at 10 mW/cm2 for 9 min with a 5.0-mm beam size. Corneal topography maps were taken at baseline and 2-h post-treatment. Analysis utilized corneal topography elevation data, with results showing controlled riboflavin delivery led to a consistent gradient, with 40% higher levels centrally (248 ± 79 μg/cm3) than peripherally (180 ± 72 μg/cm3 at ±2.5 mm from the center). Theranostic-guided UV-A light irradiation resulted in significant changes in corneal topography, with a decrease in best-fit sphere value (-0.7 ± 0.2 D; p < 0.001) and consistent downward shift in corneal elevation map (-11.7 ± 3.7 μm). The coefficient of variation was 2.5%, indicating high procedure performance in achieving significant and reliable corneal flattening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lombardo
- Studio Italiano di Oftalmologia, Rome, Italy
- Vision Engineering Italy srl, Rome, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Serrao
- Studio Italiano di Oftalmologia, Rome, Italy
- Vision Engineering Italy srl, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Lombardo
- Studio Italiano di Oftalmologia, Rome, Italy
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pawar VU, Dessai AD, Nayak UY. Oleogels: Versatile Novel Semi-Solid System for Pharmaceuticals. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:146. [PMID: 38937416 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Oleogels is a novel semi-solid system, focusing on its composition, formulation, characterization, and diverse pharmaceutical applications. Due to their stability, smoothness, and controlled release qualities, oleogels are frequently utilized in food, cosmetics, and medicinal products. Oleogels are meticulously formulated by combining oleogelators like waxes, fatty acids, ethyl cellulose, and phytosterols with edible oils, leading to a nuanced understanding of their impact on rheological characteristics. They can be characterized by methods like visual inspection, texture analysis, rheological measurements, gelation tests, and microscopy. The applications of oleogels are explored in diverse fields such as nutraceuticals, cosmetics, food, lubricants, and pharmaceutics. Oleogels have applications in topical, transdermal, and ocular drug delivery, showcasing their potential for revolutionizing drug administration. This review aims to enhance the understanding of oleogels, contributing to the evolving landscape of pharmaceutical formulations. Oleogels emerge as a versatile and promising solution, offering substantial potential for innovation in drug delivery and formulation practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi U Pawar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Akanksha D Dessai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Usha Y Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee S, Kim SN, Lee C, Choy YB, Im CH. Multi-physics simulations for investigating the effect of electrode conditions on transscleral ocular iontophoresis for particulate drug delivery into ocular tissues. Biomed Eng Lett 2024; 14:439-450. [PMID: 38645594 PMCID: PMC11026336 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-024-00359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Transscleral ocular iontophoresis has been proposed to deliver charged particulate drugs to ocular tissues effectively by transmitting a weak electrical current through the sclera. The electric fields formed are influenced by the electrode conditions, thus affecting the amount of particulate drugs delivered to the ocular tissues via iontophoresis. Computational simulation is widely used to simulate drug concentrations in the eye; therefore, reflecting the characteristics of the drugs in living tissues to the simulations is important for a more precise estimation of drug concentration. In this study, we investigated the effect of electrode conditions (location and size) on the efficacy of transscleral iontophoresis. Methods We first determined the simulation parameters based on the comparison of the amount of drug in the sclera in the simulation and in vivo experimental results. The injection of the negatively charged nanoparticles into the cul-de-sac of the lower eyelid was simulated. The active electrode (cathode) was attached to the skin immediately above the injection site, while the return electrode (anode) was placed over the eyebrow. The drug concentration distribution in the eye, based on either the location or size of each electrode, was evaluated using the finite element method with the estimated simulation parameters. Results Our results indicate that drug permeability varies depending on the location and the size of the electrodes. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that the determination of optimal electrode conditions is necessary to enhance the effectiveness of transscleral iontophoresis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13534-024-00359-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangjun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong- gu, Seoul, 133-791 Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Na Kim
- Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chany Lee
- Department of Structure & Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bin Choy
- Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Im
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong- gu, Seoul, 133-791 Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu S, Yan Z, Huang Z, Yang H, Li J. Smart Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Retinal Diseases. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2070-2085. [PMID: 38489843 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinoblastoma, stand as the leading causes of irreversible vision impairment and blindness worldwide. Effectively administering drugs for retinal diseases poses a formidable challenge due to the presence of complex ocular barriers and elimination mechanisms. Over time, various approaches have been developed to fabricate drug delivery systems for improving retinal therapy including virus vectors, lipid nanoparticles, and polymers. However, conventional nanocarriers encounter issues related to the controllability, efficiency, and safety in the retina. Therefore, the development of smart nanocarriers for effective or more invasive long-term treatment remains a desirable goal. Recently, approaches have surfaced for the intelligent design of nanocarriers, leveraging specific responses to external or internal triggers and enabling multiple functions for retinal therapy such as topical administration, prolonged drug release, and site-specific drug delivery. This Review provides an overview of prevalent retinal pathologies and related pharmacotherapies to enhance the understanding of retinal diseases. It also surveys recent developments and strategies employed in the intelligent design of nanocarriers for retinal disease. Finally, the challenges of smart nanocarriers in potential clinical retinal therapeutic applications are discussed to inspire the next generation of smart nanocarriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Zhike Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Zixiang Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Huanghao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Jingying Li
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ansari M, Kulkarni YA, Singh K. Advanced Technologies of Drug Delivery to the Posterior Eye Segment Targeting Angiogenesis and Ocular Cancer. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2024; 41:85-124. [PMID: 37824419 DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2023045298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB), a childhood retinal cancer is caused due to RB1 gene mutation which affects the child below 5 years of age. Angiogenesis has been proven its role in RB metastasis due to the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in RB cells. Therefore, exploring angiogenic pathway by inhibiting VEGF in treating RB would pave the way for future treatment. In preclinical studies, anti-VEGF molecule have shown their efficacy in treating RB. However, treatment requires recurrent intra-vitreal injections causing various side effects along with patient nonadherence. As a result, delivery of anti-VEGF agent to retina requires an ocular delivery system that can transport it in a non-invasive manner to achieve patient compliance. Moreover, development of these type of systems are challenging due to the complicated physiological barriers of eye. Adopting a non-invasive or minimally invasive approach for delivery of anti-VEGF agents would not only address the bioavailability issues but also improve patient adherence to therapy overcoming the side effects associated with invasive approach. The present review focuses on the eye cancer, angiogenesis and various novel ocular drug delivery systems that can facilitate inhibition of VEGF in the posterior eye segment by overcoming the eye barriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mudassir Ansari
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Kavita Singh
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Y, Luo Y, Zhao J, Zheng W, Zhan J, Zheng H, Luo F. Emerging delivery systems based on aqueous two-phase systems: A review. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:110-132. [PMID: 38239237 PMCID: PMC10792979 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) is an all-aqueous system fabricated from two immiscible aqueous phases. It is spontaneously assembled through physical liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and can create suitable templates like the multicompartment of the intracellular environment. Delicate structures containing multiple compartments make it possible to endow materials with advanced functions. Due to the properties of ATPSs, ATPS-based drug delivery systems exhibit excellent biocompatibility, extraordinary loading efficiency, and intelligently controlled content release, which are particularly advantageous for delivering drugs in vivo . Therefore, we will systematically review and evaluate ATPSs as an ideal drug delivery system. Based on the basic mechanisms and influencing factors in forming ATPSs, the transformation of ATPSs into valuable biomaterials is described. Afterward, we concentrate on the most recent cutting-edge research on ATPS-based delivery systems. Finally, the potential for further collaborations between ATPS-based drug-carrying biomaterials and disease diagnosis and treatment is also explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yankun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jingqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wenzhuo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jun Zhan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huaping Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Rare Diseases Center, Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Feng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wei D, Pu N, Li SY, Wang YG, Tao Y. Application of iontophoresis in ophthalmic practice: an innovative strategy to deliver drugs into the eye. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2165736. [PMID: 36628545 PMCID: PMC9851230 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2165736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivery of drugs to special locations of ocular lesions, while minimizing systemic and local toxic effects, is recognized as a critical challenge in the ophthalmic practice. The special anatomy and physiology barriers within the eyeball entail effective drug delivery systems. Emerging attempts in drug delivery has led to developments in ocular iontophoresis, which acts as a noninvasive technology to enhance drug penetration using a small electric current. This technique offers greater flexibility to deliver desired drug dose in a controlled and tolerable manner. In previous studies, this technique has been testified to deliver antibiotics, corticoid, proteins and other gene drugs into the eye with the potency of treating or alleviating diverse ophthalmological diseases including uveitis, cataract, retinoblastoma, herpes simplex and cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR), etc. In this review, we will introduce the recent developments in iontophoresis device. We also summarize the latest progress in coulomb controlled iontophoresis (CCI), hydrogel ionic circuit (HIC) and EyeGate II delivery system (EGDS), as well as overview the potential toxicity of iontophoresis. We will discuss these factors that affect the efficacy of iontophoresis experiments, and focus on the latest progress in its clinical application in the treatment of eye diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wei
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University School of Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China,College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ning Pu
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University School of Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China,College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Si-Yu Li
- College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ge Wang
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University School of Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China,CONTACT Yan-Ge Wang
| | - Ye Tao
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University School of Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China,Ye Tao Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University School of Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou450003, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hwang JS, Kim J, You GE, Hong IH, Cho IH, Song HB, Shin YJ, Ma DJ. In Vivo Electroporation Improves Retinal Delivery of Intravitreally Injected Exosomes. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2023; 39:463-471. [PMID: 37486724 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2023.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes are promising therapeutic agents and natural nanoscale delivery platforms for treating degenerative retinal diseases. This study investigated the effect of electroporation on the retinal delivery of intravitreally administered MSC-derived exosomes in a murine model. Methods: Exosomes isolated from adipose tissue-derived MSCs were stained with ExoGlow exosome-specific dye and administered to the right eyes of 40 Sprague-Dawley rats. Electroporation was performed in 20 rats immediately after intravitreal injection (electroporation group); 5 square pulses of 40 V/cm for 50 ms each with 950-ms intervals were administered. The remaining 20 rats were assigned to the no-electroporation group. The eyeballs were harvested 24 h later for evaluation. The total number of fluorescent particles per hyperfield was counted from the retinal flat mounts to quantify the retinal delivery of exosomes. Tissue damage after electroporation was evaluated using retinal histological sections and a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Results: A significantly higher number of fluorescent particles per hyperfield were observed in the retinal flat mounts of the electroporation group compared with that in the no-electroporation group (599.0 ± 307.5 vs. 376.9 ± 175.4; P = 0.013). Retinal histological sections and TUNEL assays showed no signs of tissue damage after electroporation. Conclusions: In vivo electroporation can improve the retinal delivery of intravitreally injected exosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sun Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital; Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center; Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Kim
- Research and Development Institute, Biosolution, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga Eun You
- Research and Development Institute, Biosolution, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hwan Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hwan Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soon Chun Hyang University Hospital Cheonan, Cheonan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Beom Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital; Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center; Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Joong Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital; Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center; Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wei D, Pu N, Li SY, Zhao N, Song ZM, Tao Y. Application of Hydrogels in the Device of Ophthalmic Iontophoresis: Theory, Developments and Perspectives. Gels 2023; 9:519. [PMID: 37504398 PMCID: PMC10379725 DOI: 10.3390/gels9070519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The human eye is a consolidated organ with delicate structures and unique immune privileges. Ocular diseases are intractable due to the intrinsic biological barriers within the eyeball. Hydrogels are excellent drug-carrying substances with soft material and excellent properties. They have been extensively used to deliver drugs into ocular tissue via iontophoresis devices. Ophthalmic iontophoresis is an electrochemical technique using tiny electrical currents to deliver drugs into the eye non-invasively. The early infantile iontophoresis technique often required long applying time to achieve therapeutic dose in the posterior ocular segment. The potential limitations in the initial drug concentration and the maximum safe currents would also impede the efficiency and safety of iontophoresis. Moreover, the poor patient compliance always leads to mechanical damage to the cornea and sclera during application. Advantageously, the flexible drug-carrying hydrogel can be in direct contact with the eye during iontophoresis, thereby reducing mechanical damage to the ocular surface. Moreover, the water absorption and adjustable permeability of hydrogels can reduce the electrochemical (EC) reactions and enhance the efficiency of iontophoresis. In this review, we focus on recent developments of hydrogels iontophoresis in ophthalmologic practice. Refinements of the knowledge would provide an outlook for future application of hydrogels in treating ocular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wei
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University), Zhengzhou 450003, China
- College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ning Pu
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University), Zhengzhou 450003, China
- College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Si-Yu Li
- College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Na Zhao
- College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zong-Ming Song
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University), Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University), Zhengzhou 450003, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dhull A, Yu C, Wilmoth AH, Chen M, Sharma A, Yiu S. Dendrimers in Corneal Drug Delivery: Recent Developments and Translational Opportunities. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1591. [PMID: 37376040 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrimers are biocompatible organic nanomaterials with unique physicochemical properties, making them the focus of recent research in drug delivery. The cornea of the human eye presents a challenge for drug transit due to its inherently impenetrable nature, requiring nanocarrier-mediated targeted drug delivery. This review intends to examine recent advancements in the use of dendrimers for corneal drug delivery, including their properties and their potential for treating various ocular diseases. The review will also highlight the benefit of the novel technologies that have been developed and applied in the field, such as corneal targeting, drug release kinetics, treatments for dry eye disease, antibacterial drug delivery, corneal inflammation, and corneal tissue engineering. The review seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research in this field, along with the translational developments in the field of dendrimer-based therapeutics and imaging agents and inspire the potential for future developments and translational opportunities in dendrimers based corneal drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anubhav Dhull
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Carson Yu
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Cornea Division, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Alex Hunter Wilmoth
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Minjie Chen
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Cornea Division, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Samuel Yiu
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Cornea Division, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li L, Jia F, Wang Y, Liu J, Tian Y, Sun X, Lei Y, Ji J. Trans-corneal drug delivery strategies in the treatment of ocular diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 198:114868. [PMID: 37182700 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The cornea is a remarkable tissue that possesses specialized structures designed to safeguard the eye against foreign objects. However, its unique properties also make it challenging to deliver drugs in a non-invasive manner. This review highlights recent advancements in achieving highly efficient drug transport across the cornea, focusing on nanomaterials. We have classified these strategies into three main categories based on their mechanisms and have analyzed their success and limitations in a systematic manner. The purpose of this review is to examine potential general principles that could improve drug penetration through the cornea and other natural barriers in the eye. We hope it will inspire the development of more effective drug delivery systems that can better treat ocular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Key Laboratory of Myopia of Ministry of Health, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, PR China
| | - Fan Jia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Youxiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Jiamin Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Key Laboratory of Myopia of Ministry of Health, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, PR China
| | - Yi Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Key Laboratory of Myopia of Ministry of Health, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, PR China
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Key Laboratory of Myopia of Ministry of Health, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, PR China.
| | - Yuan Lei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Key Laboratory of Myopia of Ministry of Health, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, PR China.
| | - Jian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 Zhejiang Province, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fan X, Jiang K, Geng F, Lu W, Wei G. Ocular therapies with biomacromolecules: From local injection to eyedrop and emerging noninvasive delivery strategies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 197:114864. [PMID: 37156266 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The last two decades have witnessed a continuously increasing number of biomacromolecules approved for the treatment of ocular diseases. The eye possesses multiple protective mechanisms to resist the invasion of exogenous substances, but meanwhile these physiological defense systems also act as strong barriers, impeding absorption of most biomacromolecules into the eye. As a result, local injections play predominant roles for posterior ocular delivery of biomacromolecules in clinical practice. To achieve safe and convenient application of biomacromolecules, alternative strategies to realize noninvasive intraocular delivery are necessary. Various nanocarriers, novel penetration enhancers and physical strategies have been explored to facilitate delivery of biomacromolecules to both anterior and posterior ocular segments but still suffered difficulties in clinical translation. This review compares the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the eyes from those frequently adopted experimental species and profiles the well-established animal models of ocular diseases. We also summarize the ophthalmic biomacromolecules launched on the market and put emphasis on emerging noninvasive intraocular delivery strategies of peptides, proteins and genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Kuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, P.R. China
| | - Feiyang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Weiyue Lu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; The Institutes of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, PR China
| | - Gang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; The Institutes of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of ImmunoTherapeutics, Shanghai, 201203, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim TY, Lee GH, Mun J, Cheong S, Choi I, Kim H, Hahn SK. Smart Contact Lens Systems for Ocular Drug Delivery and Therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 196:114817. [PMID: 37004938 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Ocular drug delivery and therapy systems have been extensively investigated with various methods including direct injections, eye drops and contact lenses. Nowadays, smart contact lens systems are attracting a lot of attention for ocular drug delivery and therapy due to their minimally invasive or non-invasive characteristics, highly enhanced drug permeation, high bioavailability, and on-demand drug delivery. Furthermore, smart contact lens systems can be used for direct light delivery into the eyes for biophotonic therapy replacing the use of drugs. Here, we review smart contact lens systems which can be classified into two groups of drug-eluting contact lens and ocular device contact lens. More specifically, this review covers smart contact lens systems with nanocomposite-laden systems, polymeric film-incorporated systems, micro and nanostructure systems, iontophoretic systems, electrochemical systems, and phototherapy systems for ocular drug delivery and therapy. After that, we discuss the future opportunities, challenges and perspectives of smart contact lens systems for ocular drug delivery and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yeon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon-Hui Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwan Mun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunah Cheong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhoo Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sei Kwang Hahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea; PHI BIOMED Co., 168 Yeoksam-ro, Gangnamgu, Seoul 06248, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Iontophoretic delivery of dexamethasone-loaded nanoparticles to the anterior segment of the eye. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
15
|
Lombardo M, Serrao S, Lombardo G. Challenges in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: From Risk Factors to Novel Diagnostics and Prevention Strategies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:887104. [PMID: 35733877 PMCID: PMC9207205 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.887104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic multifactorial eye disease representing the primary cause of vision loss in people aged 60 years and older. The etiopathogenesis of the disease remains uncertain, with several risk factors contributing to its onset and progression, such as genotype, aging, hypertension, smoking, overweight, and low dietary intake of carotenoids. Since the aging populations of the industrialized world are increasing rapidly, the impact of AMD in the socio-economical life-developed countries is expected to increase dramatically in the next years. In this context, the benefits of prevention and early disease detection for prompt and effective treatment can be enormous to reduce the social and economic burden of AMD. Nutritional and lifestyle changes, including dietary intake of xanthophyll pigments, such as lutein and zeaxanthin, no smoking, and regular exercise, are known to protect from risk of AMD progression from early to advanced disease stages. In this review, we present the clinical outcomes of a pilot study on trans-scleral iontophoresis delivery of lutein in patients with AMD. Topical delivery of lutein directly to the macula may provide a more efficient method for enriching the macular pigment and for achieving greater patient compliance to therapy than oral administration and thus enhancing prevention strategies. Modern diagnostic methodologies shall address the major problem of accurately detecting the risk of transition from intermediate AMD to advanced AMD stages. Adaptive optics retinal imaging and resonance Raman spectroscopy are two highly promising technologies for the objective assessment of patients with AMD. In this review, we present some of their clinical applications for collecting quantitative measurements of retinal cellular changes and macular content of xanthophyll pigments, respectively. In conclusion, there is great expectation that technological advancements in AMD management will deliver improved screening, therapeutic prevention, and diagnostic systems in the coming decade through a pro-active strategy of “treatment for prevention” that will aim to reduce the global burden of vision loss caused by AMD in the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lombardo
- Studio Italiano di Oftalmologia, Rome, Italy
- Vision Engineering Italy srl, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Marco Lombardo
| | - Sebastiano Serrao
- Studio Italiano di Oftalmologia, Rome, Italy
- Vision Engineering Italy srl, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lombardo
- Vision Engineering Italy srl, Rome, Italy
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Messina, Italy
- Giuseppe Lombardo
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kim SN, Min CH, Kim YK, Ha A, Park CG, Lee SH, Park KH, Choy YB. Iontophoretic ocular delivery of latanoprost-loaded nanoparticles via skin-attached electrodes. Acta Biomater 2022; 144:32-41. [PMID: 35292414 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged drug efficacy to reduce the number of administrations is a key factor in the successful treatment of glaucoma through topical drug delivery to the eye. Therefore, we propose a new strategy for iontophoretic ocular delivery of drug-loaded nanoparticles. Considering safety and convenience, our strategy is involved with topical administration of the drug-loaded nanoparticles followed by their permeation into the eye tissues via noninvasive iontophoresis, using the skin-attached electrodes. Thus, those nanoparticles stayed longer in the eye, and during this period, the drug was released in a sustained manner, thereby prolonging drug exposure even with one-time treatment. The nanoparticles were made of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), which were loaded with a glaucoma drug, latanoprost. We varied the size of the nanoparticles at 100, 200, 300, and 500 nm and sought to find the optimum size under the fixed conditions for iontophoresis proposed in this work (4 mA; 30 min). Even with iontophoresis through the skin-attached electrodes, the nanoparticles were indeed deposited in the eye tissues, where with an increase in particle size, drug release was more sustained, but fewer particles could permeate into the eye tissues. Because of these two competing factors, iontophoretic delivery of the 300-nm particles exhibited the most prolonged drug efficacy in vivo for more than 7 days, and showed an approximately 23-fold increase in drug efficacy compared with that of Xalatan®, a commercially available eye drop of latanoprost developed for once-a-day administration every day. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: To treat glaucoma, conventional eye drops are often prescribed; however, they often require multiple daily administrations due to rapid preocular clearance. To resolve this, we suggest a noninvasive iontophoretic ocular delivery of latanoprost-loaded PLGA nanoparticles using the skin-attached electrodes. Even with iontophoresis via the skin-attached electrodes, the nanoparticles can indeed be deposited into the eye tissues. However, with an increase in particle size, fewer particles can permeate into the eye tissues, although drug release is more sustained. Therefore, the particles with a size of 300 nm show the optimal in vivo delivery profile in this work, where the drug efficacy can be extended for more than 7 days with a single administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Se-Na Kim
- Medical Research Center, Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hee Min
- Medical Research Center, Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kook Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahnul Ha
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Gwon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Lee
- Medical Research Center, Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Ho Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bin Choy
- Medical Research Center, Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhao F, Fan S, Ghate D, Romanova S, Bronich TK, Zhao S. A Hydrogel Ionic Circuit Based High-Intensity Iontophoresis Device for Intraocular Macromolecule and Nanoparticle Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107315. [PMID: 34716729 PMCID: PMC8813891 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Iontophoresis is an electrical-current-based, noninvasive drug-delivery technology, which is particularly suitable for intraocular drug delivery. Current ocular iontophoresis devices use low current intensities that significantly limit macromolecule and nanoparticle (NP) delivery efficiency. Increasing current intensity leads to ocular tissue damage. Here, an iontophoresis device based on a hydrogel ionic circuit (HIC), for high-efficiency intraocular macromolecule and NP delivery, is described. The HIC-based device is capable of minimizing Joule heating, effectively buffering electrochemical (EC) reaction-generated pH changes, and absorbing electrode overpotential-induced heating. As a result, the device allows safe application of high current intensities (up to 87 mA cm-2 , more than 10 times higher than current ocular iontophoresis devices) to the eye with minimal ocular cell death and tissue damage. The high-intensity iontophoresis significantly enhances macromolecule and NP delivery to both the anterior and posterior segments by up to 300 times compared to the conventional iontophoresis. Therapeutically effective concentrations of bevacizumab and dexamethasone are delivered to target tissue compartments within 10-20 min of iontophoresis application. This study highlights the significant safety enhancement enabled by an HIC-based device design and the potential of the device to deliver therapeutic doses of macromolecule and NP ophthalmic drugs within a clinically relevant time frame.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhao
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Shan Fan
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Deepta Ghate
- Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Svetlana Romanova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Tatiana K Bronich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Siwei Zhao
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lee S, Lee C, Kim E, Ko SA, Kim SN, Choy YB, Im CH. In-vivo estimation of tissue electrical conductivities of a rabbit eye for precise simulation of electric field distributions during ocular iontophoresis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022; 38:e3540. [PMID: 34672120 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Precise estimation of electrical conductivity of the eyes is important for the accurate analysis of electric field distributions in the eyes during ocular iontophoresis. In this study, we estimated the tissue electrical conductivities of a rabbit eye, which has been widely employed for neuro-ophthalmological experiments, through an in vivo experiment for the first time. Electrical potentials were measured at multiple locations on the skin, while weak currents were transmitted into the skin via two surface electrodes attached to the skin around the eye. A finite element model was constructed to calculate the electric potentials at the measurement locations. The conductivity values of different tissues were then estimated using an optimization procedure to minimize the difference between the measured and calculated electric potentials. The accuracy of the estimated tissue conductivity values of the rabbit eye was validated by comparing the measured and calculated electric potential values for different electrode montages. Further multi-physical analyses of iontophoretic drug delivery to the rabbit eye showed a significant influence of the conductivity profile on the resultant particle distribution. Overall, our results provide an important reference for the tissue electrical conductivity values of the rabbit eye, which could be further utilized for designing new medical devices for delivering electric fields to the eyes, such as transorbital and transscleral electrical stimulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangjun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chany Lee
- Department of Structure & Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Euijin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Ah Ko
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Na Kim
- Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bin Choy
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Im
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Drakon AK, Pateyuk LS, Sheludchenko VM, Korchazhkina NB. [Ocular iontophoresis]. Vestn Oftalmol 2021; 137:119-127. [PMID: 34965077 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2021137061119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Iontophoresis in medicine is a combined pharmacological and physical method of treatment that unites the therapeutic effect of an electric current with the pharmacological effect of medicinal substances administered at the same time via an electric current. The article describes the physical basis of the therapeutic effect of direct electric current on biological tissues, and highlights the physical and chemical mechanisms of target administration of pharmaceutical substances into the human body through intact skin or mucous membrane by means of direct electric current. In addition, it presents the results of international as well as Russian domestic scientific studies on the clinical effectiveness of iontophoresis in ophthalmology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Drakon
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - L S Pateyuk
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - N B Korchazhkina
- Russian Scientific Center of Surgery named after Academician B.V. Petrovsky, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Enhanced topical corticosteroids delivery to the eye: A trade-off in strategy choice. J Control Release 2021; 339:91-113. [PMID: 34560157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Topical corticosteroids are the primary treatment of ocular inflammation caused by surgery, injury, or other conditions. Drug pre-corneal residence time, drug water solubility, and drug corneal permeability coefficient are the major factors that determine the ocular drug bioavailability after topical administration. Although growing research successfully enhanced local delivery of corticosteroids utilizing various strategies, rational and dynamic approaches to strategy selection are still lacking. Within this review, an overview of the various strategies as well as their performance in retention, solubility, and permeability coefficient of corticosteroids are provided. On this basis, the tradeoff of strategy selection is discussed, which may shed light on the rational choice and application of ophthalmic delivery enhancement strategies.
Collapse
|
21
|
Wróblewska KB, Jadach B, Muszalska-Kolos I. Progress in drug formulation design and delivery of medicinal substances used in ophthalmology. Int J Pharm 2021; 607:121012. [PMID: 34400274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Due to the very low bioavailability of drugs administered to the surface of the eyeball, issues related to the formulation of an ophthalmic drug pose a technological challenge. The essence of an ophthalmic drug is the selection of an appropriate active substance (API), but also auxiliary substances that determine the desired drug quality and API availability. The ophthalmic drug is not only classic eye drops. Therefore, on the basis of the literature data, the properties and application of auxiliary substances increasing the pharmaceutical availability of API, improving the penetration of API into the eye structures and modifying the viscosity of eye drops were characterized. The possibility of chemical modification of API and the use of prodrugs in ophthalmic drug forms was also noted. Taking into account the progress in the field of ophthalmic drug formulation, the use of multi-compartment systems (lipid particles, nanoparticles, microparticles, liposomes, niosomes, dendrimers) and modern ophthalmic drug delivery systems (inserts, implants, microneedles, contact lenses, ionophoretic systems) have been indicated. Examples of solutions already used by manufacturers, as well as those in the phase of laboratory or clinical trials, were indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna B Wróblewska
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Barbara Jadach
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Izabela Muszalska-Kolos
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Aytekin E, Pehlivan SB. Corneal cross-linking approaches on keratoconus treatment. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
23
|
Peter M, Panonnummal R. A Review on Newer Ocular Drug Delivery Systems with an Emphasis on Glaucoma. Adv Pharm Bull 2021; 11:399-413. [PMID: 34513615 PMCID: PMC8421633 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2021.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is an irreversible condition resulting from the increase in intraocular pressure (IOP); which leads to permanent loss of vision with the destruction of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The IOP elevations are controlled in normal by the physiological flow of aqueous humour. A population with age above 40 is more susceptible to glaucoma. Other factors like gender, genetics, race etc. plays major roles in the development of the disease. Current treatment methods available for the disease includes drugs come under the classes of beta receptor blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, cholinergic agonists, prostaglandins etc. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibition, cytoskeletal agents, Rho-kinase inhibitors etc are few novel targets sites which are in research focus for the treatment of the disease. Developments in nanomedicine are also being evaluated for their potential in treating the growing glaucomatous population. Nanosystems are suggested to avoid the difficulties in tackling the various ocular barriers to a limit, help to decrease the instillation frequency of topical medication and can provide drug delivery in a sustained or controlled manner. This review focuses on the current and emerging treatment methods for glaucoma along with some of the nanoformulations for ocular drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajitha Panonnummal
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Science & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi-682041, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Lyu Q, Peng L, Hong X, Fan T, Li J, Cui Y, Zhang H, Zhao J. Smart nano-micro platforms for ophthalmological applications: The state-of-the-art and future perspectives. Biomaterials 2021; 270:120682. [PMID: 33529961 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Smart nano-micro platforms have been extensively applied for diverse biomedical applications, mostly focusing on cancer therapy. In comparison with conventional nanotechnology, the smart nano-micro matrix can exhibit specific response to exogenous or endogenous triggers, and thus can achieve multiple functions e.g. site-specific drug delivery, bio-imaging and detection of bio-molecules. These intriguing techniques have expanded into ophthalmology in recent years, yet few works have been summarized in this field. In this work, we provide the state-of-the-art of diverse nano-micro platforms based on both the conventional materials (e.g. natural or synthetic polymers, lipid nanomaterials, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles) and emerging nanomaterials (e.g. up-conversion nanoparticles, quantum dots and carbon materials) in ophthalmology, with some smart nano/micro platformers highlighted. The common ocular diseases studied in the field of nano-micro systems are firstly introduced, and their therapeutic method and the related drawback in clinic treatment are presented. The recent progress of different materials for diverse ocular applications is then demonstrated, with the representative nano- and micro-systems highlighted in detail. At last, an in-depth discussion on the clinical translation challenges faced in this field and the future direction are provided. This review would allow the researchers to design more smart nanomedicines in a more rational manner for specific ophthalmology applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Lyu
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518040, PR China; Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Ling Peng
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Xiangqian Hong
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518040, PR China; Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Taojian Fan
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Jingying Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, PR China
| | - Yubo Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College,Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, PR China
| | - Han Zhang
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China.
| | - Jun Zhao
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518040, PR China; Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College,Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nanodiagnostics and Nanotherapeutics for age-related macular degeneration. J Control Release 2021; 329:1262-1282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
27
|
Rahić O, Tucak A, Omerović N, Sirbubalo M, Hindija L, Hadžiabdić J, Vranić E. Novel Drug Delivery Systems Fighting Glaucoma: Formulation Obstacles and Solutions. Pharmaceutics 2020; 13:E28. [PMID: 33375224 PMCID: PMC7824381 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is considered to be one of the biggest health problems in the world. It is the main cause of preventable blindness due to its asymptomatic nature in the early stages on the one hand and patients' non-adherence on the other. There are several approaches in glaucoma treatment, whereby this has to be individually designed for each patient. The first-line treatment is medication therapy. However, taking into account numerous disadvantages of conventional ophthalmic dosage forms, intensive work has been carried out on the development of novel drug delivery systems for glaucoma. This review aims to provide an overview of formulation solutions and strategies in the development of in situ gel systems, nanosystems, ocular inserts, contact lenses, collagen corneal shields, ocular implants, microneedles, and iontophoretic devices. The results of studies confirming the effectiveness of the aforementioned drug delivery systems were also briefly presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ognjenka Rahić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.T.); (M.S.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Amina Tucak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.T.); (M.S.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Naida Omerović
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Merima Sirbubalo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.T.); (M.S.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Lamija Hindija
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.T.); (M.S.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Jasmina Hadžiabdić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.T.); (M.S.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Edina Vranić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.T.); (M.S.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Moarefian M, Davalos RV, Tafti DK, Achenie LE, Jones CN. Modeling iontophoretic drug delivery in a microfluidic device. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3310-3321. [PMID: 32869052 PMCID: PMC8272289 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00602e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Iontophoresis employs low-intensity electrical voltage and continuous constant current to direct a charged drug into a tissue. Iontophoretic drug delivery has recently been used as a novel method for cancer treatment in vivo. There is an urgent need to precisely model the low-intensity electric fields in cell culture systems to optimize iontophoretic drug delivery to tumors. Here, we present an iontophoresis-on-chip (IOC) platform to precisely quantify carboplatin drug delivery and its corresponding anti-cancer efficacy under various voltages and currents. In this study, we use an in vitro heparin-based hydrogel microfluidic device to model the movement of a charged drug across an extracellular matrix (ECM) and in MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. Transport of the drug through the hydrogel was modeled based on diffusion and electrophoresis of charged drug molecules in the direction of an oppositely charged electrode. The drug concentration in the tumor extracellular matrix was computed using finite element modeling of transient drug transport in the heparin-based hydrogel. The model predictions were then validated using the IOC platform by comparing the predicted concentration of a fluorescent cationic dye (Alexa Fluor 594®) to the actual concentration in the microfluidic device. Alexa Fluor 594® was used because it has a molecular weight close to paclitaxel, the gold standard drug for treating TNBC, and carboplatin. Our results demonstrated that a 50 mV DC electric field and a 3 mA electrical current significantly increased drug delivery and tumor cell death by 48.12% ± 14.33 and 39.13% ± 12.86, respectively (n = 3, p-value <0.05). The IOC platform and mathematical drug delivery model of iontophoresis are promising tools for precise delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs into solid tumors. Further improvements to the IOC platform can be made by adding a layer of epidermal cells to model the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moarefian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Corticosteroids in ophthalmology: drug delivery innovations, pharmacology, clinical applications, and future perspectives. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 11:866-893. [PMID: 32901367 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Corticosteroids remain the mainstay of the treatment for various ocular conditions affecting the ocular surface, anterior and posterior segments of the eye due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oedematous, and anti-neovascularization properties. Prednisolone, prednisolone acetate, dexamethasone, triamcinolone acetonide, fluocinolone acetonide, and loteprednol etabonate are amongst the most widely used ophthalmic corticosteroids. Corticosteroids differ in their activity and potency in the eye due to their inherent pharmacological and pharmaceutical differences. Different routes and regimens are available for ocular administration of corticosteroids. Conventional topical application to the eye is the route of choice when targeting diseases affecting the ocular surface and anterior segment, while periocular, intravitreal, and suprachoroidal injections can be potentially effective for posterior segment diseases. Corticosteroid-induced intraocular pressure elevation and cataract formation remain the most significant local risks following topical as well as systemic corticosteroid administration. Invasive drug administration via intracameral, subconjunctival, and intravitreal injection can enhance ocular bioavailability and minimize dose and dosing frequency of administration, yet may exacerbate ocular side effects of corticosteroids. This review provides a critical appraisal of the ophthalmic uses of corticosteroid, routes of administration, drug delivery fundamentals and novel ocular implantable steroid delivery systems, factors influencing side effects, and future perspectives for ocular corticosteroid therapy.
Collapse
|
30
|
Sun T, Dasgupta A, Zhao Z, Nurunnabi M, Mitragotri S. Physical triggering strategies for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 158:36-62. [PMID: 32589905 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Physically triggered systems hold promise for improving drug delivery by enhancing the controllability of drug accumulation and release, lowering non-specific toxicity, and facilitating clinical translation. Several external physical stimuli including ultrasound, light, electric fields and magnetic fields have been used to control drug delivery and they share some common features such as spatial targeting, spatiotemporal control, and minimal invasiveness. At the same time, they possess several distinctive features in terms of interactions with biological entities and/or the extent of stimulus response. Here, we review the key advances of such systems with a focus on discussing their physical mechanisms, the design rationales, and translational challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anshuman Dasgupta
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Zongmin Zhao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cheng KJ, Hsieh CM, Nepali K, Liou JP. Ocular Disease Therapeutics: Design and Delivery of Drugs for Diseases of the Eye. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10533-10593. [PMID: 32482069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ocular drug discovery field has evidenced significant advancement in the past decade. The FDA approvals of Rhopressa, Vyzulta, and Roclatan for glaucoma, Brolucizumab for wet age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD), Luxturna for retinitis pigmentosa, Dextenza (0.4 mg dexamethasone intracanalicular insert) for ocular inflammation, ReSure sealant to seal corneal incisions, and Lifitegrast for dry eye represent some of the major developments in the field of ocular therapeutics. A literature survey also indicates that gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and target discovery through genomic research represent significant promise as potential strategies to achieve tissue repair or regeneration and to attain therapeutic benefits in ocular diseases. Overall, the emergence of new technologies coupled with first-in-class entries in ophthalmology are highly anticipated to restructure and boost the future trends in the field of ophthalmic drug discovery. This perspective focuses on various aspects of ocular drug discovery and the recent advances therein. Recent medicinal chemistry campaigns along with a brief overview of the structure-activity relationships of the diverse chemical classes and developments in ocular drug delivery (ODD) are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Ju Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 111, Section 3, Xing-Long Road, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ming Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lynch CR, Kondiah PPD, Choonara YE, du Toit LC, Ally N, Pillay V. Hydrogel Biomaterials for Application in Ocular Drug Delivery. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:228. [PMID: 32266248 PMCID: PMC7099765 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many challenges involved in ocular drug delivery. These are a result of the many tissue barriers and defense mechanisms that are present with the eye; such as the cornea, conjunctiva, the blinking reflex, and nasolacrimal drainage system. This leads to many of the conventional ophthalmic preparations, such as eye drops, having low bioavailability profiles, rapid removal from the administration site, and thus ineffective delivery of drugs. Hydrogels have been investigated as a delivery system which is able to overcome some of these challenges. These have been formulated as standalone systems or with the incorporation of other technologies such as nanoparticles. Hydrogels are able to be formulated in such a way that they are able to change from a liquid to gel as a response to a stimulus; known as "smart" or stimuli-responsive biotechnology platforms. Various different stimuli-responsive hydrogel systems are discussed in this article. Hydrogel drug delivery systems are able to be formulated from both synthetic and natural polymers, known as biopolymers. This review focuses on the formulations which incorporate biopolymers. These polymers have a number of benefits such as the fact that they are biodegradable, biocompatible, and non-cytotoxic. The biocompatibility of the polymers is essential for ocular drug delivery systems because the eye is an extremely sensitive organ which is known as an immune privileged site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R. Lynch
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutics Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Pierre P. D. Kondiah
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutics Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yahya E. Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutics Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lisa C. du Toit
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutics Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Naseer Ally
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Viness Pillay
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutics Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Molokhia S, Papangkorn K, Butler C, Higuchi JW, Brar B, Ambati B, Li SK, Higuchi WI. Transscleral Iontophoresis for Noninvasive Ocular Drug Delivery of Macromolecules. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2020; 36:247-256. [PMID: 32155098 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2019.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The objectives were to investigate the effect of transscleral iontophoresis of macromolecules in vitro and in vivo, to study the importance of electroosmosis on macromolecules of low charge to mass ratio, and to evaluate transscleral iontophoresis efficacy in a choroidal neovascularization (CNV) animal model. Methods: Through in vitro transport experiments, the permeability coefficients of macromolecules [eg, immunoglobulin G (IgG), dextran 70 kDa] were determined under different conditions. The effect of ionic strength formulations and iontophoretic conditions was studied on the distribution of IgG and bevacizumab into the eye in vivo. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was utilized to evaluate in vivo real time distribution of gadolinium-labeled albumin (Galbumin) following iontophoresis. The efficacy between no treatment, intravitreal injection (IVT), and iontophoresis of bevacizumab on a CNV model of subretinal injection of adeno-associated virus encoding human VEGF-165 was investigated. Results: The permeability data suggested a significant effect of ionic strength on the iontophoretic transport of macromolecules. Transscleral iontophoresis of IgG at 4 mA with a low ionic strength formulation was about 600 times greater than passive diffusion and 14-fold over a conventional formulation in vitro. Approximately 0.6 mg of bevacizumab can be delivered into the rabbit eye in vivo with a 20-min treatment of iontophoresis. MRI showed that Galbumin was in the posterior tissues after iontophoresis. In the CNV model, the iontophoresis and IVT methods of bevacizumab delayed retinal neovascularization by 4 and 8 weeks, respectively. Conclusions: Transscleral iontophoresis is capable of delivering macromolecule drugs through the conjunctiva and sclera, eventually exposing the retina/choroid to the drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Molokhia
- Aciont, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah.,iVeena Delivery Systems, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | | | | | | | - Balamurali Ambati
- iVeena Delivery Systems, Salt Lake City, Utah.,University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - S Kevin Li
- College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Luu KY, Zhao M, Mannis MJ. The Use of Electrotherapeutics in Ophthalmology. Am J Ophthalmol 2020; 211:4-14. [PMID: 31738895 PMCID: PMC7949834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To present a perspective on the use of electrotherapeutics in the history of ophthalmology along with the development of novel contemporary ophthalmic instrumentation. DESIGN Perspective study. METHODS We reviewed historical journals, articles, and books discussing the use of electricity and electrotherapeutics in ophthalmology. RESULTS Electrotherapeutic applications have been researched and used to treat ocular diseases as far back as the 18th century. By the 20th century, research in electrotherapeutics in ophthalmology had caught the eye of Edward Jackson, the first president of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and first editor of the present (third) series American Journal of Ophthalmology. Edward Jackson published an extensive review on this topic and reported a variety of modalities used to treat ocular diseases. CONCLUSIONS While many early therapeutic uses of electricity did not produce effective and replicable results, studies on electrical stimulation of the eye provided the foundation for the development of clinically significant vision enhancing and restoring instrumentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kieu-Yen Luu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Mark J Mannis
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Iontophoretic Dexamethasone Phosphate Compared to Topical Prednisolone Acetate 1% for Noninfectious Anterior Segment Uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2020; 211:76-86. [PMID: 31726034 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of dexamethasone phosphate ophthalmic solution (EGP-437) delivered by a transscleral iontophoresis delivery system (EyeGate II) compared to that of topical prednisolone acetate 1% (PA 1%) in subjects with noninfectious anterior uveitis. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, double-masked, parallel group, noninferiority clinical trial. METHODS A total of 193 subjects with active noninfectious anterior uveitis (anterior chamber [AC] cell count ≥11 cells) were randomized to EGP-437 delivered by iontophoresis (days 0 and 7) or self-administered PA 1% daily (tapered schedule, days 0-28). Masking was maintained with placebo iontophoresis or eye drops. The primary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of subjects with an AC cell count of zero on day 14. Noninferiority of EGP-437 was defined if the lower limit of the confidence interval (CI) for the difference (EGP-437 minus PA 1%) was less than -10%. RESULTS At day 14, 32 of 96 EGP-437 subjects (33.3%) and 32 of 97 PA 1% subjects (33.0%) had an AC cell count of zero (difference, 0.34; 95% CI, -12.94 to 13.63; P = 0.064). Efficacy trended better with EGP-437 among patients with more severe baseline uveitis (AC cell count >25). Safety and tolerability were good with both treatments. EGP-437 subjects experienced fewer IOP elevations ≥6 mm Hg versus PA 1% subjects (13 vs 24 incidents, respectively, through day 28). CONCLUSIONS Despite clinically similar response rates, statistical noninferiority of EGP-437 versus a tapered regimen of PA 1% was not achieved. Numerical trends suggesting fewer IOP elevations with EGP-437, similar efficacy overall, and possibly better efficacy in more severe disease warrant further study.
Collapse
|
36
|
Perez VL, Wirostko B, Korenfeld M, From S, Raizman M. Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Using Iontophoresis: Recent Clinical Applications. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 36:75-87. [PMID: 31755807 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2019.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Iontophoresis is a noninvasive delivery system designed to overcome barriers to ocular penetration of topical ophthalmic medications by employing a low-amplitude electrical current to promote the migration of a charged drug substance across biological membranes. Trans-scleral iontophoresis of dexamethasone phosphate has demonstrated dramatically increased intraocular concentrations of dexamethasone in rabbit ocular tissues compared with topical instillation, including 50- to 100-fold greater aqueous humor concentrations. Methods: This article reviews available data on recent clinical applications of iontophoretic ophthalmic drug delivery. Results: The EyeGate II delivery system (EGDS) is a trans-scleral iontophoresis system that has been used in conjunction with EGP-437, a proprietary-charged formulation of dexamethasone phosphate for iontophoretic delivery. In patients with noninfectious anterior uveitis, EGP-437, delivered through 2 iontophoretic treatments using the EGDS, demonstrated similar efficacy to topical prednisolone acetate 1% eye drops instilled 8 times daily over 28 days, suggesting the potential to decrease or eliminate the need for daily dosing of topical steroids in this patient population. Other applications for EGP-437 delivered through the EGDS that have been explored in clinical trials include treatment of dry eye, postsurgical inflammation and pain, and scleritis. In addition, transcorneal iontophoresis has been used outside of the United States to enhance riboflavin penetration in patients undergoing corneal cross-linking as therapy for progressive keratoconus. Conclusions: The reviewed studies demonstrate the feasibility of using iontophoresis to enhance drug delivery to ocular tissues and support the potential of this noninvasive technique across a range of ophthalmic indications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Wirostko
- EyeGate Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts.,Department of Ophthalmology Moran Eye Center, and Bio Medical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Stephen From
- EyeGate Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Raizman
- Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston, Boston, Massachusetts.,New England Eye Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Macoon R, Guerriero T, Chauhan A. Extended release of dexamethasone from oleogel based rods. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 555:331-341. [PMID: 31394320 PMCID: PMC6764860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Topical and systemic methods are not able to deliver ophthalmic drugs for treatment of retinal diseases. Consequently, invasive monthly intravitreal injections through the eyeball are required to deliver retinal drugs. A reduction in the frequency of the injection through extended release of the drugs could have significant clinical benefits. EXPERIMENTS Oleogels containing ethyl cellulose as the gelator at 10% (wt%) in soybean oil were loaded with dexamethasone above the solubility limit and expunged from a syringe to create cylindrical rods for extended drug delivery. The devices were imaged to explore particle distribution and drug release was measured under sink conditions in buffer. A model was developed and fitted to data to determine effective drug diffusivity. FINDINGS Dexamethasone is released slowly due to the presence of the drug particles that serve as drug depots. The release increases from 600 to 3000 h as the drug loading is increased from 3% to 28%. The release profiles can be modeled by considering drug dissolution and diffusion, as well as the tortuosity of the matrix due to the presence of the voids formed after the drug particles have dissolved. The proposed approach is promising as the release profiles of the drug are comparable to commercial devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell Macoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
| | - Timothy Guerriero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
| | - Anuj Chauhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Schiroli D, Gómara MJ, Maurizi E, Atkinson SD, Mairs L, Christie KA, Cobice DF, McCrudden CM, Nesbit MA, Haro I, Moore T. Effective In Vivo Topical Delivery of siRNA and Gene Silencing in Intact Corneal Epithelium Using a Modified Cell-Penetrating Peptide. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 17:891-906. [PMID: 31476668 PMCID: PMC6723413 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominantly inherited genetic disorders such as corneal dystrophies are amenable to allele-specific gene silencing with small interfering RNA (siRNA). siRNA delivered to the cornea by injection, although effective, is not suitable for a frequent long-term treatment regimen, whereas topical delivery of siRNA to the cornea is hampered by the eye surface's protective mechanisms. Herein we describe an attractive and innovative alternative for topical application using cell-penetrating peptide derivatives capable of complexing siRNA non-covalently and delivering them into the cornea. Through a rational design approach, we modified derivatives of a cell-penetrating peptide, peptide for ocular delivery (POD), already proved to diffuse into the corneal layers. These POD derivatives were able to form siRNA-peptide complexes (polyplexes) of size and ζ-potential similar to those reported able to undergo cellular internalization. Successful cytoplasmic release and gene silencing in vitro was obtained when an endosomal disruptor, chloroquine, was added. A palmitoylated-POD, displaying the best delivery properties, was covalently functionalized with trifluoromethylquinoline, an analog of chloroquine. This modified POD, named trifluoromethylquinoline-palmitoyl-POD (QN-Palm-POD), when complexed with siRNA and topically applied to the eye in vivo, resulted in up to 30% knockdown of luciferase reporter gene expression in the corneal epithelium. The methods developed within represent a valid standardized approach that is ideal for screening of a range of delivery formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Schiroli
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - María J Gómara
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eleonora Maurizi
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - Sarah D Atkinson
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland; Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, University of Ulster, Londonderry BT47 6SB, UK
| | - Laura Mairs
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - Kathleen A Christie
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - Diego F Cobice
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - Cian M McCrudden
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
| | - M Andrew Nesbit
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - Isabel Haro
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tara Moore
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jung JH, Chae JJ, Prausnitz MR. Targeting drug delivery within the suprachoroidal space. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1654-1659. [PMID: 30953867 PMCID: PMC6708497 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The suprachoroidal space (SCS), a potential anatomical space between the sclera and choroid, is a novel route for drug delivery targeting the chorioretinal layers of the eye. The safety and efficacy of SCS drug delivery have been shown in multiple clinical trials. Recent studies have developed methods for more precise targeting within the SCS at sites of action at the posterior pole (e.g., macula), near the limbus (e.g., ciliary body), and throughout the SCS using iontophoresis, swollen hydrogels, high-density particle emulsions, highly viscous and non-Newtonian fluids, and microstents. Here, we review novel technologies targeting the posterior, anterior, or entire SCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hwan Jung
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - J Jeremy Chae
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Mark R Prausnitz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Delivery of ionic molecules to anterior chamber by iontophoretic contact lenses. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 140:40-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
41
|
Kompella UB, Domb A, Urtti A, Jayagopal A, Wilson CG, Tang-Liu D. ISOPT Clinical Hot Topic Panel Discussion on Ocular Drug Delivery. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 35:457-465. [PMID: 31259643 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2018.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular drug delivery offers unique challenges and opportunities in the era of novel therapeutic agents ranging from small molecules to gene therapies. Noninvasive delivery of drugs into the back of the eye or any part of the eye is extremely limited by short precorneal residence time and formidable biological barriers. The eye is a sensitive, sensory organ that requires a high level of material and procedural safety, while achieving therapeutic efficacy. Some recent advances and unmet needs for ocular drug delivery and disposition are discussed in this article. Specifically, nanomedicines, physical and chemical means to enhance delivery, stimuli-responsive delivery systems, the role of vitreal binding on ocular pharmacokinetics, and the influence of aging eye on drug delivery, and the associated unmet needs are highlighted. Additionally, the unmet needs in the medication management for the elderly patients with eye diseases are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uday B Kompella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Abraham Domb
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Arto Urtti
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Chemistry, St Petersburg State University, Petergoff, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Ashwath Jayagopal
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Clive G Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Diane Tang-Liu
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,DTL Biopharma Consulting, Irvine, California
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Although the eye is an accessible organ for direct drug application, ocular drug delivery remains a major challenge due to multiple barriers within the eye. Key barriers include static barriers imposed by the cornea, conjunctiva, and retinal pigment epithelium and dynamic barriers including tear turnover and blood and lymphatic clearance mechanisms. Systemic administration by oral and parenteral routes is limited by static blood-tissue barriers that include epithelial and endothelial layers, in addition to rapid vascular clearance mechanisms. Together, the static and dynamic barriers limit the rate and extent of drug delivery to the eye. Thus, there is an ongoing need to identify novel delivery systems and approaches to enhance and sustain ocular drug delivery. This chapter summarizes current and recent experimental approaches for drug delivery to the anterior and posterior segments of the eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Burcin Yavuz
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, 12850 East Montview Blvd., C238-V20, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Uday B Kompella
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, 12850 East Montview Blvd., C238-V20, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Song H, Bush RA, Zeng Y, Qian H, Wu Z, Sieving PA. Trans-ocular Electric Current In Vivo Enhances AAV-Mediated Retinal Gene Transduction after Intravitreal Vector Administration. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2018; 13:77-85. [PMID: 30719486 PMCID: PMC6350231 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-mediated gene delivery is a promising approach for therapy, but implementation in the eye currently is hampered by the need for delivering the vector underneath the retina, using surgical application into the subretinal space. This limits the extent of the retina that is treated and may cause surgical injury. Vector delivery into the vitreous cavity would be preferable because it is surgically less invasive and would reach more of the retina. Unfortunately, most conventional, non-modified AAV vector serotypes penetrate the retina poorly from the vitreous; this limits efficient transduction and expression by target cells (retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors). We developed a method of applying a small and safe electric current across the intact eye in vivo for a brief period following intravitreal vector administration. This significantly improved AAV-mediated transduction of retinal cells in wild-type mice following intravitreal delivery, with gene expression in retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells. The low-level current had no adverse effects on retinal structure and function. This method should be generally applicable for other AAV serotypes and may have broad application in both basic research and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongman Song
- Section for Translational Research on Retinal and Macular Degeneration, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald A Bush
- Section for Translational Research on Retinal and Macular Degeneration, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yong Zeng
- Section for Translational Research on Retinal and Macular Degeneration, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Haohua Qian
- National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhijian Wu
- National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul A Sieving
- Section for Translational Research on Retinal and Macular Degeneration, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Santer V, Chen Y, Kalia YN. Controlled non-invasive iontophoretic delivery of triamcinolone acetonide amino acid ester prodrugs into the posterior segment of the eye. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 132:157-167. [PMID: 30266666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated short duration transscleral iontophoretic delivery of four triamcinolone acetonide (TA) amino acid ester prodrugs (TA-AA) (alanine, Ala; arginine, Arg; isoleucine, Ile and lysine, Lys) using whole porcine eyes globes in vitro. Post-iontophoretic biodistribution of TA was quantified by UHPLC-MS/MS in the different ocular compartments (cornea, aqueous humor, sclera, ciliary body, choroid and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), neural retina and vitreous humor). Transscleral iontophoresis (3 mA/cm2 for 10 min) increased total drug delivery of the TA-AA prodrugs by 14-30-fold as compared to passive diffusion. The TA-AA prodrugs had distinct biodistribution profiles - the penetration depth achieved was dependent on their physicochemical properties (e.g. lipophilicity for TA-Ile) and susceptibility to hydrolysis (e.g. TA-Arg). Intraocular drug distribution was also influenced by prodrug binding to melanin (TA-Lys). Interestingly, under conditions of equivalent charge (6 mA/cm2 for 5 min vs. 1.5 mA/cm2 for 20 min, i.e. 1.44 C respectively) the longer duration (20 min) at lower current density resulted in ∼6 times more TA delivery into the vitreous humor. Overall, the study provided further evidence of the potential of transscleral iontophoresis for the non-invasive treatment of posterior segment inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Santer
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva & University of Lausanne, CMU-1, rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Yong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva & University of Lausanne, CMU-1, rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Yogeshvar N Kalia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva & University of Lausanne, CMU-1, rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
A comprehensive review on contact lens for ophthalmic drug delivery. J Control Release 2018; 281:97-118. [PMID: 29782944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
With the prevalence of electronic devices and an aging population, the number of people affected with eye disease is increasing year by year. In spite of a large number of eye drops on the market, most of them do not perform sufficiently, due to rapid clearance mechanisms and ocular barriers. To enhance drug delivery to the eye, a number of novel formulations for ocular diseases have been investigated over recent decades, aiming to increase drug retention and permeation while also allowing for sustained drug release over prolonged periods. The contact lens, initially used to correct visual acuity and beautify female eyes, is one such novel formulation with outstanding potential. Recently, contact lenses have been extensively used for ocular drug delivery to enhance ocular bioavailability and reduce side effects, and are particularly suitable for the treatment of chronic diseases, and thus are of interest to ophthalmic scientists. This review summarizes contact lens classification, methods of preparation, strategies for integrating drugs into lenses, in vitro and in vivo studies, and clinical applications. This review also discusses the current state of ocular drug therapy and provides an outlook for future therapeutic opportunities in the field of ocular drug delivery.
Collapse
|
47
|
Jia HZ, Peng XJ. Efficacy of iontophoresis-assisted epithelium-on corneal cross-linking for keratoconus. Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:687-694. [PMID: 29675392 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.04.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal cross-linking (CXL) is a noninvasive therapeutic procedure for keratoconus that is aimed at improving corneal biomechanical properties by induction of covalent cross-links between stromal proteins. It is accomplished by ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation of the cornea, which is first saturated with photosensitizing riboflavin. It has been shown that standard epithelium-off CXL (S-CXL) is efficacious, and it has been recommended as the standard of care procedure for keratoconus. However, epithelial removal leads to pain, transient vision loss, and a higher risk of corneal infection. To avoid these disadvantages, transepithelial CXL was developed. Recently, iontophoresis has been adopted to increase riboflavin penetration through the epithelium. Several clinical observations have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of iontophoresis-assisted epithelium-on CXL (I-CXL) for keratoconus. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive summary of the published studies regarding I-CXL and a comparison between I-CXL and S-CXL. All articles used in this review were mainly retrieved from the PubMed database. Original articles and reviews were selected if they were related to the I-CXL technique or related to the comparison between I-CXL and S-CXL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Zhen Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiu-Jun Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kaji H, Nagai N, Nishizawa M, Abe T. Drug delivery devices for retinal diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 128:148-157. [PMID: 28690136 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases are a leading cause of irreversible blindness and visual impairment, affecting millions of people worldwide. Although intravitreal injection can directly deliver drugs to the posterior segment of the eye, it is invasive and associated with serious side effects. The design of drug delivery systems targeting the posterior segment of the eye in a less invasive manner has still been challenging because of various anatomical and physiological barriers. In this review, we provide an overview of the current implant device-based approaches used for treating retinal degenerative diseases. We then offer our perspectives on future directions and challenges that remain for developing more effective device-based therapies for retinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kaji
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiro Nagai
- Division of Clinical Cell Therapy, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Matsuhiko Nishizawa
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Abe
- Division of Clinical Cell Therapy, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Jung JH, Chiang B, Grossniklaus HE, Prausnitz MR. Ocular drug delivery targeted by iontophoresis in the suprachoroidal space using a microneedle. J Control Release 2018; 277:14-22. [PMID: 29505807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of many posterior-segment ocular indications would benefit from improved targeting of drug delivery to the back of the eye. Here, we propose the use of iontophoresis to direct delivery of negatively charged nanoparticles through the suprachoroidal space (SCS) toward the posterior pole of the eye. Injection of nanoparticles into the SCS of the rabbit eye ex vivo without iontophoresis led to a nanoparticle distribution mostly localized at the site of injection near the limbus and <15% of nanoparticles delivered to the most posterior region of SCS (>9 mm from the limbus). Iontophoresis using a novel microneedle-based device increased posterior targeting with >30% of nanoparticles in the most posterior region of SCS. Posterior targeting increased with increasing iontophoresis current and increasing application time up to 3 min, but further increasing to 5 min was not better, probably due to the observed collapse of the SCS within 5 min after injection ex vivo. Reversing the direction of iontophoretic flow inhibited posterior targeting, with just ~5% of nanoparticles reaching the most posterior region of SCS. In the rabbit eye in vivo, iontophoresis at 0.14 mA for 3 min after injection of a 100 μL suspension of nanoparticles resulted in ~30% of nanoparticles delivered to the most posterior region of the SCS, which was consistent with ex vivo findings. The procedure was well tolerated, with only mild, transient tissue effects at the site of injection. We conclude that iontophoresis in the SCS using a microneedle has promise as a method to target ocular drug delivery within the eye, especially toward the posterior pole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hwan Jung
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Bryce Chiang
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hans E Grossniklaus
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mark R Prausnitz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lombardo M, Villari V, Micali N, Roy P, Sousa SH, Lombardo G. Assessment of trans-scleral iontophoresis delivery of lutein to the human retina. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11. [PMID: 28700128 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of novel scleral iontophoresis device for in situ delivery of lutein to the human retina was assessed by Resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) technique. Eight human donor eye globes were used for experiments, 6 of which underwent trans-scleral iontophoresis delivery of lutein and the other 2 were used as controls. The scleral iontophoresis applicator was filled with liposome-enriched 0.1% lutein solution and the generator's current was set at 2.5 mA and delivered for 4 min. A custom RRS setup was used for detecting lutein in the inner sclera, choroid, retinal periphery and macula of treated samples and controls. Forty minutes after iontophoresis, the inner sclera, choroid and retinal periphery were greatly enriched with lutein (P < .05); no lutein was found in the same ocular regions of non-treated samples. In the same period, the average concentration of lutein in the macula (4.8 ± 1.7 ng/mm2 ) of treated samples was 1.3 times greater than controls (3.7 ± 1.0 ng/mm2 ; P = .4). Scleral iontophoresis was shown to be effective in delivering lutein to the human retina. Future studies will aim at assessing if this therapeutic strategy is valuable to enrich the macular pigment in human subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Norberto Micali
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Sara H Sousa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Giuseppe Lombardo
- Vision Engineering Italy srl, Rome, Italy
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|