1
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Imanimoghadam M, Yaghoobi E, Alizadeh F, Ramezani M, Alibolandi M, Abnous K, Taghdisi SM. Improving Chemotherapy Effectiveness: Utilizing CuS Nanoparticles Coated with AS1411 Aptamer and Chitosan for Targeted Delivery of Doxorubicin to Cancerous Cells. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1865-1873. [PMID: 38342338 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Here, a novel targeted nanostructure complex was designed as an alternative to the traditional treatment approaches for breast cancer. A delivery system utilizing CuS nanoparticles (CuS NPs) was developed for the purpose of targeted administration of doxorubicin (Dox), an anticancer agent. To regulate Dox release, chitosan (CS), a biodegradable and hydrophilic polymer with biocompatible properties, was applied to coat the Dox-loaded CuS NPs. Furthermore, AS1411 aptamer, served as a targeting agent for breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and 4T1 cells), was conjugated with CS-Dox-CuS NPs effectively. To assess the effectiveness of APT-CS-CuS NPs, various methods such as flow cytometry analysis, MTT assay, fluorescence imaging, and in vivo antitumor efficacy were employed. The hollow core and porous surface of CuS NPs improved the Dox loading capacity and entrapment efficiency (almost 100%). The rate of drug release at the tumor site (citrate buffer with pH 5.6) exhibited a marked increase in comparison to that observed within the physiological environment (phosphate buffer with pH 7.4). The targeted formulation (APT-CS-Dox-CuS NPs) significantly increased cytotoxicity of the Dox payload in target cells, including 4T1 (p ≤ 0.0001 (****)) and MCF7 (p ≤ 0.01 (**)) cells compared to CHO cells. Moreover, the ability of tumor growth inhibition of the targeted system was significantly (p ≤ 0.05 (*)) more than free Dox in tumor-bearing mice. The findings indicate that the targeted formulation augmented effectiveness and specificity while minimizing harm to non-targeted cells, signifying its potential as a sophisticated cancer drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elnaz Yaghoobi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Alizadeh
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mona Alibolandi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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2
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Alizadeh F, Yaghoobi E, Imanimoghadam M, Ramezani M, Alibolandi M, Abnous K, Taghdisi SM. Targeted delivery of epirubicin to cancerous cell using copper sulphide nanoparticle coated with polyarginine and 5TR1 aptamer. J Drug Target 2023; 31:986-997. [PMID: 37869893 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2023.2274804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy has been widely acknowledged as a primary approach for cancer treatment. However, the administration of chemotherapy agents is often limited by their adverse effects that result from an inability to distinguish between healthy and malignant cells. As such, utilising nanocarriers in targeted drug delivery can significantly reduce these side effects while enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Herein, we developed copper sulphide nanoparticles (CuSNPs) loaded with epirubicin (Epi) coated by polyarginine and 5TR1 aptamer (CEPA) to target mucin-1 which is overexpressed on various types of cancer cells. MTT results revealed that CEPA significantly induced cytotoxicity of the drug in desired cell lines (C26 and MCF-7, mucin+) compared to CEPA-treated CHO cells (non-target, mucin-), verifying the targeting ability of CEPA complex. The obtained results from both flow cytometry analysis and cell imaging demonstrated that CEPA complex had successful internalisation in both target cell lines but no internalisation in CHO cell line. The result of in vivo assay showed more tumour inhibition and more accumulation in tumour tissue for CEPA complex in comparison to free Epi. To conclude, the CEPA complex has demonstrated superior efficacy and fewer adverse reactions compared to Epi. This indicates a promising and effective strategy for treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Alizadeh
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elnaz Yaghoobi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mona Alibolandi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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3
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Chehelgerdi M, Chehelgerdi M, Allela OQB, Pecho RDC, Jayasankar N, Rao DP, Thamaraikani T, Vasanthan M, Viktor P, Lakshmaiya N, Saadh MJ, Amajd A, Abo-Zaid MA, Castillo-Acobo RY, Ismail AH, Amin AH, Akhavan-Sigari R. Progressing nanotechnology to improve targeted cancer treatment: overcoming hurdles in its clinical implementation. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:169. [PMID: 37814270 PMCID: PMC10561438 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01865-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize the detection and treatment of cancer. Developments in protein engineering and materials science have led to the emergence of new nanoscale targeting techniques, which offer renewed hope for cancer patients. While several nanocarriers for medicinal purposes have been approved for human trials, only a few have been authorized for clinical use in targeting cancer cells. In this review, we analyze some of the authorized formulations and discuss the challenges of translating findings from the lab to the clinic. This study highlights the various nanocarriers and compounds that can be used for selective tumor targeting and the inherent difficulties in cancer therapy. Nanotechnology provides a promising platform for improving cancer detection and treatment in the future, but further research is needed to overcome the current limitations in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Chehelgerdi
- Novin Genome (NG) Institute, Research and Development Center for Biotechnology, Shahrekord, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran.
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran.
| | - Matin Chehelgerdi
- Novin Genome (NG) Institute, Research and Development Center for Biotechnology, Shahrekord, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran
| | | | | | - Narayanan Jayasankar
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM College Of Pharmacy, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Devendra Pratap Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Coordination Chemistry Laboratory, Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (PG) College, Kanpur-208001, U.P, India
| | - Tamilanban Thamaraikani
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM College Of Pharmacy, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Manimaran Vasanthan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM College Of Pharmacy, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Patrik Viktor
- Keleti Károly Faculty of Business and Management, Óbuda University, Tavaszmező U. 15-17, 1084, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Natrayan Lakshmaiya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, 11831, Jordan
| | - Ayesha Amajd
- Faculty of Organization and Management, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, CEMMPRE, University of Coimbra, Polo II, 3030-788, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mabrouk A Abo-Zaid
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, 82817, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed H Ismail
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, 82817, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali H Amin
- Deanship of Scientific Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reza Akhavan-Sigari
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Health Care Management and Clinical Research, Collegium Humanum Warsaw Management University Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Abdullahi A, Wong TWL, Ng SSM. Putative role of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in cancer pathology and immunotherapy: Can this be a hidden treasure, especially for the elderly? Cancer Med 2023; 12:19081-19090. [PMID: 37587897 PMCID: PMC10557911 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is globally a disease of significant public health concern owing to its prevalence, and association with morbidity and mortality. Thus, cost-effective treatments for cancer are important to help reduce its significant morbidity and mortality. However, the current therapeutic options for cancer such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery may produce serious adverse events such as nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and peripheral neuropathy, especially in the long term. In addition, these therapeutic options may not be well tolerated by the elderly especially those who are frail. The current article is aimed at discussing an alternative therapeutic option, non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), and the roles it plays in cancer pathology and immunotherapy. The VNS does this by reducing oxidative stress via silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1); inhibiting inflammation via both hypothalamic-pituitary-axis (HPA) and the release of corticosteroid from the adrenal gland, and cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP), and increasing vagal activity which helps in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and metabolism, and increase chance of survival. Furthermore, it helps with reducing complications due to cancer or its treatments such as postoperative ileus and severity of peripheral neuropathy induced by chemotherapy, and improves cancer-related fatigue, lymphopenia, and quality of life. These suggest that the importance of non-invasive VNS in cancer pathology and immunotherapy cannot be overemphasized. Therefore, considering the safety of non-invasive VNS and its cost-effectiveness, it is a therapeutic option worth trying for these patients, especially in combination with other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auwal Abdullahi
- Department of Rehabilitation SciencesThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina
| | - Thomson W. L. Wong
- Department of Rehabilitation SciencesThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina
| | - Shamay S. M. Ng
- Department of Rehabilitation SciencesThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina
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5
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Karati D, Kumar D. A Comprehensive Review on Targeted Cancer Therapy: New Face of Treatment Approach. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:3282-3294. [PMID: 38038008 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128272203231121034814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of life's most difficult difficulties and a severe health risk everywhere. Except for haematological malignancies, it is characterized by unchecked cell growth and a lack of cell death, which results in an aberrant tissue mass or tumour. Vascularization promotes tumor growth, which eventually aids metastasis and migration to other parts of the body, ultimately resulting in death. The genetic material of the cells is harmed or mutated by environmental or inherited influences, which results in cancer. Presently, anti-neoplastic medications (chemotherapy, hormone, and biological therapies) are the treatment of choice for metastatic cancers, whilst surgery and radiotherapy are the mainstays for local and non-metastatic tumors. Regrettably, chemotherapy disturbs healthy cells with rapid proliferation, such as those in the gastrointestinal tract and hair follicles, leading to the typical side effects of chemotherapy. Finding new, efficient, targeted therapies based on modifications in the molecular biology of tumor cells is essential because current chemotherapeutic medications are harmful and can cause the development of multidrug resistance. These new targeted therapies, which are gaining popularity as demonstrated by the FDA-approved targeted cancer drugs in recent years, enter molecules directly into tumor cells, diminishing the adverse reactions. A form of cancer treatment known as targeted therapy goes after the proteins that regulate how cancer cells proliferate, divide, and disseminate. Most patients with specific cancers, such as chronic myelogenous leukemia (commonly known as CML), will have a target for a particular medicine, allowing them to be treated with that drug. Nonetheless, the tumor must typically be examined to determine whether it includes drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanjan Karati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Techno India University, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal 900017, India
| | - Dileep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharti Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra 411038, India
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Hamdy NM, Eskander G, Basalious EB. Insights on the Dynamic Innovative Tumor Targeted-Nanoparticles-Based Drug Delivery Systems Activation Techniques. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:6131-6155. [PMID: 36514378 PMCID: PMC9741821 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s386037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-cancer conventional chemotherapeutic drugs novel formula progress, nowadays, uses nano technology for targeted drug delivery, specifically tailored to overcome therapeutic agents' delivery challenges. Polymer drug delivery systems (DDS) play a crucial role in minimizing off-target side effects arising when using standard cytotoxic drugs. Using nano-formula for targeted localized action, permits using larger effective cytotoxic doses on a single special spot, that can seriously cause harm if it was administered systemically. Therefore, various nanoparticles (NPs) specifically have attached groups for targeting capabilities, not seen in bulk materials, which then need activation. In this review, we will present a simple innovative, illustrative, in a cartoon-way, enumeration of NP anti-cancer drug targeting delivery system activation-types. Area(s) covered in this review are the mechanisms of various NP activation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia M Hamdy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Georgette Eskander
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Postgraduate Student, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emad B Basalious
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt,Correspondence: Emad B Basalious; Nadia M Hamdy, Email ;
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7
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Rahimi H, Abdollahzade A, Ramezani M, Alibolandi M, Abnous K, Taghdisi SM. Targeted delivery of doxorubicin to tumor cells using engineered circular bivalent aptamer. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Yaghoobi E, Zavvar T, Ramezani M, Alibolandi M, Rahimzadeh Oskuei S, Zahiri M, Alinezhad Nameghi M, Abnous K, Taghdisi SM. A multi-storey DNA nanostructure containing doxorubicin and AS1411 aptamer for targeting breast cancer cells. J Drug Target 2022; 30:1106-1112. [PMID: 35736221 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2094387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we presented a novel DOX-loaded multi-storey DNA nanostructure, including AS1411 aptamer as a targeting agent for treatment of target cells (MCF-7 and 4T1). Gel retardation test and fluorometric analysis were used to examine the construction of DNA nanostructure and loading of DOX in the complex. At pH 5.5 and 7.4, the release patterns of DOX from the prepared formulation were studied. Cell viability test was conducted to analyze the cell cytotoxicity ability of the DOX loaded multi-storey DNA nanostructure compared to free DOX in 4T1, MCF-7 (target) and CHO cells (non-target). Flow cytometry analysis was used to examine the DOX-loaded DNA nanostructure internalization. Finally, the developed DOX-loaded multi-storey DNA nanostructure was tested in vivo to see if it could prevent tumor growth. The drug was released from the nanocomplex in a pH-related process (higher release in acidic pH compared to neutral pH). According to MTT assay, DOX-loaded DNA nanostructure damaged nucleolin positive cells while not significantly affecting nucleolin negative cells. The formulation was efficaciously internalized into target cells (4T1 and MCF-7), but not into non-target ones. Moreover, DOX-loaded DNA nanostructure can restrict tumor growth, increase survival rate, and accumulate significantly more in the tumor site than free DOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Yaghoobi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - TaranehSadat Zavvar
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mona Alibolandi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sara Rahimzadeh Oskuei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahsa Zahiri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Morteza Alinezhad Nameghi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Shete MB, Patil TS, Deshpande AS, Saraogi G, Vasdev N, Deshpande M, Rajpoot K, Tekade RK. Current trends in theranostic nanomedicines. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Siavash Sazideh, Masoud Reza Shishehbore. Electrochemical Determination of Cisplatin at Modified Carbon Paste Electrode with Graphene Nano Sheets/Gold Nano Particles and a Hydroquinone Derivative in Biological Samples. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193521110070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Aptamer grafted nanoparticle as targeted therapeutic tool for the treatment of breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112530. [PMID: 34915416 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast carcinomas repeat their number and grow exponentially making it extremely frequent malignancy among women. Approximately, 70-80% of early diagnosed or non-metastatic conditions are treatable while the metastatic cases are considered ineffective to treat with current ample amount of therapy. Target based anti-cancer treatment has been in the limelight for decades and is perceived significant consideration of scientists. Aptamers are the 'coming of age' therapeutic approach, selected using an appropriate tool from the library of sequences. Aptamers are non-immunogenic, stable, and high-affinity ligand which are poised to reach the clinical benchmark. With the heed in nanoparticle application, the delivery of aptamer to the specific site could be enhanced which also protects them from nuclease degradation. Moreover, nanoparticles due to robust structure, high drug entrapment, and modifiable release of cargo could serve as a successful candidate in the treatment of breast carcinoma. This review would showcase the method and modified method of selection of aptamers, aptamers that were able to make its way towards clinical trial and their targetability and selectivity towards breast cancers. The appropriate usage of aptamer-based biosensor in breast cancer diagnosis have also been discussed.
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Rizwanullah M, Ahmad MZ, Ghoneim MM, Alshehri S, Imam SS, Md S, Alhakamy NA, Jain K, Ahmad J. Receptor-Mediated Targeted Delivery of Surface-ModifiedNanomedicine in Breast Cancer: Recent Update and Challenges. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2039. [PMID: 34959321 PMCID: PMC8708551 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer therapeutic intervention continues to be ambiguous owing to the lack of strategies for targeted transport and receptor-mediated uptake of drugs by cancer cells. In addition to this, sporadic tumor microenvironment, prominent restrictions with conventional chemotherapy, and multidrug-resistant mechanisms of breast cancer cells possess a big challenge to even otherwise optimal and efficacious breast cancer treatment strategies. Surface-modified nanomedicines can expedite the cellular uptake and delivery of drug-loaded nanoparticulate constructs through binding with specific receptors overexpressed aberrantly on the tumor cell. The present review elucidates the interesting yet challenging concept of targeted delivery approaches by exploiting different types of nanoparticulate systems with multiple targeting ligands to target overexpressed receptors of breast cancer cells. The therapeutic efficacy of these novel approaches in preclinical models is also comprehensively discussed in this review. It is concluded from critical analysis of related literature that insight into the translational gap between laboratories and clinical settings would provide the possible future directions to plug the loopholes in the process of development of these receptor-targeted nanomedicines for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Rizwanullah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Mohammad Zaki Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (S.S.I.)
| | - Syed Sarim Imam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (S.S.I.)
| | - Shadab Md
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.M.); (N.A.A.)
| | - Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.M.); (N.A.A.)
| | - Keerti Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)—Raebareli, Lucknow 226002, India;
| | - Javed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia;
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13
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Debela DT, Muzazu SGY, Heraro KD, Ndalama MT, Mesele BW, Haile DC, Kitui SK, Manyazewal T. New approaches and procedures for cancer treatment: Current perspectives. SAGE Open Med 2021; 9:20503121211034366. [PMID: 34408877 PMCID: PMC8366192 DOI: 10.1177/20503121211034366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a global health problem responsible for one in six deaths worldwide. Treating cancer has been a highly complex process. Conventional treatment approaches, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, have been in use, while significant advances are being made in recent times, including stem cell therapy, targeted therapy, ablation therapy, nanoparticles, natural antioxidants, radionics, chemodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, and ferroptosis-based therapy. Current methods in oncology focus on the development of safe and efficient cancer nanomedicines. Stem cell therapy has brought promising efficacy in regenerating and repairing diseased or damaged tissues by targeting both primary and metastatic cancer foci, and nanoparticles brought new diagnostic and therapeutic options. Targeted therapy possessed breakthrough potential inhibiting the growth and spread of specific cancer cells, causing less damage to healthy cells. Ablation therapy has emerged as a minimally invasive procedure that burns or freezes cancers without the need for open surgery. Natural antioxidants demonstrated potential tracking down free radicals and neutralizing their harmful effects thereby treating or preventing cancer. Several new technologies are currently under research in clinical trials, and some of them have already been approved. This review presented an update on recent advances and breakthroughs in cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejene Tolossa Debela
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Seke GY Muzazu
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Enteric Diseases and Vaccines Research Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kidist Digamo Heraro
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Maureen Tayamika Ndalama
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Betelhiem Woldemedhin Mesele
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Kotebe Metropolitan University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dagimawi Chilot Haile
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Sophia Khalayi Kitui
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tsegahun Manyazewal
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Yaghoobi E, Shojaee S, Ramezani M, Alibolandi M, Charbgoo F, Nameghi MA, Khatami F, Ashjaei MS, Abnous K, Taghdisi SM. A novel targeted co-delivery system for transfer of epirubicin and antimiR-10b into cancer cells through a linear DNA nanostructure consisting of FOXM1 and AS1411 aptamers. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Nanomedicines accessible in the market for clinical interventions. J Control Release 2021; 330:372-397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Jahan S, Karim ME, Chowdhury EH. Nanoparticles Targeting Receptors on Breast Cancer for Efficient Delivery of Chemotherapeutics. Biomedicines 2021; 9:114. [PMID: 33530291 PMCID: PMC7910939 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The journey of chemotherapeutic drugs from the site of administration to the site of action is confronted by several factors including low bioavailability, uneven distribution in major organs, limited accessibility of drug molecules to the distant tumor tissues, and lower therapeutic indexes. These unavoidable features of classical chemotherapeutics necessitate an additional high, repetitive dose of drugs to obtain maximum therapeutic responses with the result of unintended adverse side effects. An erratic tumor microenvironment, notable drawbacks of conventional chemotherapy, and multidrug-resistant mechanisms of breast cancer cells warrant precisely designed therapeutics for the treatment of cancers. In recent decades, nanoparticles have been deployed for the delivery of standard anticancer drugs to maximize the therapeutic potency while minimizing the adverse effects to increase the quality and span of life. Several organic and inorganic nanoplatforms that have been designed exploiting the distinctive features of the tumor microenvironment and tumor cells offer favorable physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic profiles of a parent drug, with delivery of higher amounts of the drug to the pathological site and its controlled release, thereby improving the balance between its efficacy and toxicity. Advances to this front have included design and construction of targeted nanoparticles by conjugating homing devices like peptide, ligand, and Fab on the surface of nanomaterials to navigate nanoparticledrug complexes towards the target tumor cell with minimal destruction of healthy cells. Furthermore, actively targeting nanoparticles can facilitate the delivery and cellular uptake of nanoparticle-loaded drug constructs via binding with specific receptors expressed aberrantly on the surface of a tumor cell. Herein, we present an overview of the principle of targeted delivery approaches, exploiting drug-nanoparticle conjugates with multiple targeting moieties to target specific receptors of breast cancer cells and highlighting therapeutic evaluation in preclinical studies. We conclude that an understanding of the translational gap and challenges would show the possible future directions to foster the development of novel targeted nanotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ezharul Hoque Chowdhury
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (S.J.); (M.E.K.)
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17
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Wu HM, Chang HM, Leung PCK. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs: Mechanisms of action and clinical applications in female reproduction. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 60:100876. [PMID: 33045257 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extra-hypothalamic GnRH and extra-pituitary GnRH receptors exist in multiple human reproductive tissues, including the ovary, endometrium and myometrium. Recently, new analogs (agonists and antagonists) and modes of GnRH have been developed for clinical application during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for assisted reproductive technology (ART). Additionally, the analogs and upstream regulators of GnRH suppress gonadotropin secretion and regulate the functions of the reproductive axis. GnRH signaling is primarily involved in the direct control of female reproduction. The cellular mechanisms and action of the GnRH/GnRH receptor system have been clinically applied for the treatment of reproductive disorders and have widely been introduced in ART. New GnRH analogs, such as long-acting GnRH analogs and oral nonpeptide GnRH antagonists, are being continuously developed for clinical application. The identification of the upstream regulators of GnRH, such as kisspeptin and neurokinin B, provides promising potential to develop these upstream regulator-related analogs to control the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Ming Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsun-Ming Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3V5, Canada
| | - Peter C K Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3V5, Canada.
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18
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Tafazoli H, Safaei M, Shishehbore MR. A New Sensitive Method for Quantitative Determination of Cisplatin in Biological Samples by Kinetic Spectrophotometry. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:1217-1222. [PMID: 32418934 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study describes a kinetic spectrophotometric method for accurate, sensitive and rapid determination of cisplatin in biofluids. The developed method is based on the inhibitory effect of cisplatin on the oxidization of Janus Green by bromate in acidic media. The change in absorbance as the criteria of the oxidation reaction was followed spectrophotometrically. To obtain the highest rate of sensitivity, efficient reaction parameters were optimized. Under optimum experimental conditions, a calibration graph was obtained linearly over the range 10.0 - 5750.0 μg L-1 and the limit of detection (3sb/m) was 4.2 μg L-1 of cisplatin. The interfering effect of diverse species was investigated. The developed method was used for the quantification of cisplatin in bio fluids of patients treated with cisplatin, spiked bio fluids and pharmaceutical samples and yielded satisfactory results.
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19
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Singh S, Numan A, Agrawal N, Tambuwala MM, Singh V, Kesharwani P. Role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the revolutionization of advanced melanoma care. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106417. [PMID: 32200155 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma cancer is an important public health concern owing to its prevalence, high recurrence risk, treatment failures and immunosuppressive abilities. Prolonged immune system activation is the main objective of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapies directed against melanoma cancer. Despite the staggering advancements in approved ICIs therapy effectiveness, immune-related adverse events (imAEs) and therapeutic resistance has limited its wide application. Thus, there is a need to establish biomarkers that predict the response to ICIs and imAEs. In this review article, we provide an in-depth understanding of the role of tolerance, immunity, and immunosuppression in antitumor immune response regulation, together with ongoing clinical therapy and suggested biomarkers. These attainments advise that approved ICIs provide a novel approach to durable and prolonged response in cancer patients and will aid in the reduction of treatment cost and duration and enhance patient recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Singh
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Arshid Numan
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, SIST, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Nikhil Agrawal
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT370QB, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vijender Singh
- School of Pharmacy, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard 110062, New Delhi, India. https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=DJkvOAQAAAAJ&hl=en
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20
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Liu Q, Zhou X, Feng W, Pu T, Li X, Li F, Kang Y, Zhang X, Xu C. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor-Targeted Near-Infrared Fluorescence Probe for Specific Recognition and Localization of Peritoneal Metastases of Ovarian Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:266. [PMID: 32185134 PMCID: PMC7059204 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Peritoneal dissemination is common in advanced ovarian cancer. The completeness of cytoreduction is an independent prognostic factor. The intraoperative fluorescence imaging via tumor-specific near-infrared fluorophore might improve staging and surgical completeness. A promising target for ovarian cancer is the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR). This study aimed to develop a GnRHR-targeted near-infrared imaging probe for the detection of peritoneal metastases of ovarian cancer. Methods: Indocyanine green (ICG) was conjugated with GnRH antagonist peptide to develop an ovarian cancer-selective fluorescence probe GnRHa-ICG. GnRHR expression was detected in ovarian cancer tissues. The binding capacity of GnRHa-ICG and ICG was detected in both cancer cell lines and mouse models of peritoneal metastatic ovarian cancer using fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and near-infrared fluorescence imaging. Results: Tissue microarray analysis revealed the overexpression of GnRHR in ovarian cancer. GnRH-ICG exhibited the binding capacity in a panel of cancer cell lines with different expression levels of GnRHR. In ovarian cancer mouse models, GnRHa-ICG signals were detected in peritoneal tumor lesions rather than normal peritoneal and intestines tissues. ICG showed intensive fluorescence signals in intestines. The tumor-to-muscle ratio and tumor-to-intestine ratio of GnRHa-ICG was 7.41 ± 2.82 and 4.37 ± 1.66, higher than that of ICG (4.60 ± 0.50 and 0.57 ± 0.06) at 2 h post administration. The fluorescence signal of peritoneal metastases peaked in intensity at 2 h and maintained for up to 48 h. ICG also showed a weak signal in the tumor lesions due to the enhanced permeability and retention effect, but the intensity decreased quickly within 48 h. Conclusions: The developed GnRHR-targeted imaging agent GnRHa-ICG could specifically detected peritoneal tumor lesions from normal peritoneal and intestines tissues because of the modification of GnRHa to ICG. The plateau period of GnRHa-ICG accumulation may be feasible for clinical applications in fluorescence-guided surgery. Our GnRHR imaging concept may be effective in other hormone-related tumors with upregulated GnRHR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Pu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fuyou Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Kang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Congjian Xu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
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21
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Dong P, Rakesh K, Manukumar H, Mohammed YHE, Karthik C, Sumathi S, Mallu P, Qin HL. Innovative nano-carriers in anticancer drug delivery-a comprehensive review. Bioorg Chem 2019; 85:325-336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Doroszko M, Chrusciel M, Stelmaszewska J, Slezak T, Anisimowicz S, Plöckinger U, Quinkler M, Bonomi M, Wolczynski S, Huhtaniemi I, Toppari J, Rahman NA. GnRH antagonist treatment of malignant adrenocortical tumors. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:103-117. [PMID: 30400009 PMCID: PMC6215908 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aberrantly expressed G protein-coupled receptors in tumors are considered as potential therapeutic targets. We analyzed the expressions of receptors of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRHR), luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin (LHCGR) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHR) in human adrenocortical carcinomas and assessed their response to GnRH antagonist therapy. We further studied the effects of the GnRH antagonist cetrorelix acetate (CTX) on cultured adrenocortical tumor (ACT) cells (mouse Cα1 and Y-1, and human H295R), and in vivo in transgenic mice (SV40 T-antigen expression under inhibin α promoter) bearing Lhcgr and Gnrhr in ACT. Both models were treated with control (CT), CTX, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or CTX+hCG, and their growth and transcriptional changes were analyzed. In situ hybridization and qPCR analysis of human adrenocortical carcinomas (n = 11-13) showed expression of GNRHR in 54/73%, LHCGR in 77/100% and FSHR in 0%, respectively. CTX treatment in vitro decreased cell viability and proliferation, and increased caspase 3/7 activity in all treated cells. In vivo, CTX and CTX+hCG (but not hCG alone) decreased ACT weights and serum LH and progesterone concentrations. CTX treatment downregulated the tumor markers Lhcgr and Gata4. Upregulated genes included Grb10, Rerg, Nfatc and Gnas, all recently found to be abundantly expressed in healthy adrenal vs ACT. Our data suggest that CTX treatment may improve the therapy of human adrenocortical carcinomas by direct action on GNRHR-positive cancer cells inducing apoptosis and/or reducing gonadotropin release, directing tumor cells towards a healthy adrenal gene expression profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joanna Stelmaszewska
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological EndocrinologyMedical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Tomasz Slezak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Ursula Plöckinger
- Interdisciplinary Center of Metabolism: EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Quinkler
- Endocrinology in CharlottenburgBerlin, Germany
- Department of Clinical EndocrinologyCharité Campus Mitte, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Bonomi
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Community HealthUniversity of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Slawomir Wolczynski
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological EndocrinologyMedical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ilpo Huhtaniemi
- Institute of BiomedicineUniversity of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Surgery and CancerFaculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K.
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Institute of BiomedicineUniversity of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of PediatricsTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Nafis A Rahman
- Institute of BiomedicineUniversity of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological EndocrinologyMedical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- Correspondence should be addressed to N Rahman:
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23
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Abnous K, Danesh NM, Ramezani M, Charbgoo F, Bahreyni A, Taghdisi SM. Targeted delivery of doxorubicin to cancer cells by a cruciform DNA nanostructure composed of AS1411 and FOXM1 aptamers. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2018; 15:1045-1052. [PMID: 30269603 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1530656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Here, a novel cruciform DNA nanostructure was developed for targeted delivery of doxorubicin (Dox), as an anticancer agent, to lung (A549 cells) and breast (4T1 cells) cancer cells. The cruciform DNA nanostructure consisted of AS1411 aptamer as targeting agent and Forkhead Box Protein M1(FOXM1) aptamer as therapeutic agent. METHODS MTT assay, fluorescence imaging, flow cytometry analysis, and in vivoantitumor efficacy were performed to evaluate the function of the Dox-DNA nanostructure complex. RESULTS The presented delivery system benefited from tumor targeting, high stability in serum and simple construction. The Dox-DNA nanostructure complex showed a noticeable higher internalization degree into A549 and 4T1 cells (target), overexpressing nucleolin on their cell membranes, compared to CHO cells (nontarget, nucleolin negative). Moreover, the results of MTT assay exhibited that Dox-DNA nanostructure complex significantly decreased cell viability in A549 and 4T1 cells compared to CHO cells, which significantly preserved their viability. Besides, Dox-DNA nanostructure complex significantly reduced tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice in comparison with Dox and DNA nanostructure treatments. CONCLUSION These findings confirmed that synergistic combination of FOXM1 aptamer and Dox into Dox-DNA nanostructure complex enhanced antitumor effectiveness and reduced toxicity toward nontarget cells, opening up new insights in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Abnous
- a Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
- b Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Ramezani
- a Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Fahimeh Charbgoo
- a Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Amirhossein Bahreyni
- a Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
- d Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
- e Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
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Schuster S, Biri-Kovács B, Szeder B, Farkas V, Buday L, Szabó Z, Halmos G, Mező G. Synthesis and in vitro biochemical evaluation of oxime bond-linked daunorubicin-GnRH-III conjugates developed for targeted drug delivery. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:756-771. [PMID: 29719573 PMCID: PMC5905287 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin releasing hormone-III (GnRH-III), a native isoform of the human GnRH isolated from sea lamprey, specifically binds to GnRH receptors on cancer cells enabling its application as targeting moieties for anticancer drugs. Recently, we reported on the identification of a novel daunorubicin–GnRH-III conjugate (GnRH-III–[4Lys(Bu), 8Lys(Dau=Aoa)] with efficient in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity. To get a deeper insight into the mechanism of action of our lead compound, the cellular uptake was followed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Hereby, the drug daunorubicin could be visualized in different subcellular compartments by following the localization of the drug in a time-dependent manner. Colocalization studies were carried out to prove the presence of the drug in lysosomes (early stage) and on its site of action (nuclei after 10 min). Additional flow cytometry studies demonstrated that the cellular uptake of the bioconjugate was inhibited in the presence of the competitive ligand triptorelin indicating a receptor-mediated pathway. For comparative purpose, six novel daunorubicin–GnRH-III bioconjugates have been synthesized and biochemically characterized in which 6Asp was replaced by D-Asp, D-Glu and D-Trp. In addition to the analysis of the in vitro cytostatic effect and cellular uptake, receptor binding studies with 125I-triptorelin as radiotracer and degradation of the GnRH-III conjugates in the presence of rat liver lysosomal homogenate have been performed. All derivatives showed high binding affinities to GnRH receptors and displayed in vitro cytostatic effects on HT-29 and MCF-7 cancer cells with IC50 values in a low micromolar range. Moreover, we found that the release of the active drug metabolite and the cellular uptake of the bioconjugates were strongly affected by the amino acid exchange which in turn had an impact on the antitumor activity of the bioconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schuster
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös L. University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös L. University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Biri-Kovács
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös L. University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös L. University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Szeder
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Farkas
- MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös L. University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Buday
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Szabó
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Halmos
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Mező
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös L. University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös L. University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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25
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Zhang L, Ren Y, Wang Y, He Y, Feng W, Song C. Pharmacokinetics, distribution and anti-tumor efficacy of liposomal mitoxantrone modified with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone receptor-specific peptide. Int J Nanomedicine 2018. [PMID: 29520138 PMCID: PMC5833774 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s150512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A previous study developed a novel luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) receptor-targeted liposome. The aim of this study was to further assess the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and anti-tumor efficacy of LHRH receptor-targeted liposomes loaded with the anticancer drug mitoxantrone (MTO). Methods Plasma and tissue distribution profiles of LHRH receptor-targeted MTO-loaded liposomes (LHRH-MTO-LIPs) were quantified in healthy mice or a xenograft tumor nude mouse model of MCF-7 breast cancer, and were compared with non-targeted liposomes and a free-drug solution. Results The LHRH-MTO-LIPs demonstrated a superior pharmacokinetic profile relative to free MTO. The first target site of accumulation is the kidney, followed by the liver, and then the tumor; maximal tumor accumulation occurs at 4 h post-administration. Moreover, the LHRH-MTO-LIPs exhibited enhanced inhibition of MCF-7 breast cancer cell growth in vivo compared with non-targeted MTO-loaded liposomes (MTO-LIPs) and free MTO. Conclusion The novel LHRH receptor-targeted liposome may become a viable platform for the future targeted treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material of Tianjin, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanqing Ren
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Pharmaceutical College, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, College of Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yingna He
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Pharmaceutical College, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Pharmaceutical College, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Cunxian Song
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material of Tianjin, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
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26
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Hong SS, Zhang MX, Zhang M, Yu Y, Chen J, Zhang XY, Xu CJ. Follicle-stimulating hormone peptide-conjugated nanoparticles for targeted shRNA delivery lead to effective gro-α silencing and antitumor activity against ovarian cancer. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:576-584. [PMID: 29461120 PMCID: PMC6058603 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1440667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinct hormone molecules and receptors, such as follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) in ovarian cancer, provide opportunities for more precisely targeted therapy. We previously developed FSHR-mediated nanoparticles and found that FSH peptides on the surface of nanoparticles improved the delivery of short interfering RNA (siRNA) into ovarian cancer cells. However, the high toxicity of the nanoparticles and the transient silencing of the siRNA in vivo limited further study. Here, we developed FSH peptide-conjugated nanoparticles with an increased amount of polyethylene glycol (PEG) grafting and encapsulated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to silence the target gene, growth-regulated oncogene α (gro-α). The nanoparticle complexes exhibited good stability over three weeks. Expression of the target gene, gro-α, was significantly down-regulated by gro-α shRNA-loaded nanoparticles conjugated with FSH peptides (FSH33-G-NP) in FSHR-positive HEY cells. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were also inhibited by FSH33-G-NP. Tumor growth was delayed significantly in the mice treated with FSH33-G-NP. No significant loss of body weight or severe toxic effects were observed in any groups. In conclusion, gro-α shRNA-loaded nanoparticles conjugated with FSH peptides overcame the drawbacks of the in vivo application of RNAi therapeutics and polymer-based nanocarriers and showed safe antitumor efficacy. Our study might contribute to the application of FSHR-based targeted therapy and imaging in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Hong
- a Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Ming-Xing Zhang
- a Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Meng Zhang
- a Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Yi Yu
- a Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jun Chen
- b Departments of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhang
- a Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School , Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,d Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases , Shanghai , China
| | - Cong-Jian Xu
- a Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School , Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,d Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases , Shanghai , China
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27
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Bansal KK, Gupta J, Rosling A, Rosenholm JM. Renewable poly(δ-decalactone) based block copolymer micelles as drug delivery vehicle: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 26:358-368. [PMID: 29556127 PMCID: PMC5856948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers from natural resources are attracting much attention in various fields including drug delivery as green alternatives to fossil fuel based polymers. In this quest, novel block copolymers based on renewable poly(δ-decalactone) (PDL) were evaluated for their drug delivery capabilities and compared with a fossil fuel based polymer i.e. methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone) (mPEG-b-PCL). Using curcumin as a hydrophobic drug model, micelles of PDL block copolymers with different orientation i.e. AB (mPEG-b-PDL), ABA (PDL-b-PEG-b-PDL), ABC (mPEG-b-PDL-b-poly(pentadecalactone) and (mPEG-b-PCL) were prepared by nanoprecipitation method. The size, drug loading and curcumin stability studies results indicated that mPEG-b-PDL micelles was comparable to its counterpart mPEG-b-PCL micelles towards improved delivery of curcumin. Therefore, mixed micelles using these two copolymers were also evaluated to see any change in size, loading and drug release. Drug release studies proposed that sustained release can be obtained using poly(pentadecalactone) as crystalline core whereas rapid release can be achieved using amorphous PDL core. Further, mPEG-b-PDL micelles were found to be non-haemolytic, up to the concentration of 40 mg/mL. In vivo toxicity studies on rats advised low-toxic behaviour of these micelles up to 400 mg/kg dose, as evident by histopathological and biochemical analysis. In summary, it is anticipated that mPEG-b-PDL block copolymer micelles could serve as a renewable alternative for mPEG-b-PCL copolymers in drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep K Bansal
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281406, India.,Laboratory of Polymer Technology, Centre of Excellence in Functional Materials at Biological Interfaces, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500 Turku, Finland.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Abo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jitendra Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281406, India
| | - Ari Rosling
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, Centre of Excellence in Functional Materials at Biological Interfaces, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Jessica M Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Abo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
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28
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Xin Y, Qi Q, Mao Z, Zhan X. PLGA nanoparticles introduction into mitoxantrone-loaded ultrasound-responsive liposomes: In vitro and in vivo investigations. Int J Pharm 2017; 528:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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29
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Li SC, Vu LT, Luo JJ, Zhong JF, Li Z, Dethlefs BA, Loudon WG, Kabeer MH. Tissue Elasticity Bridges Cancer Stem Cells to the Tumor Microenvironment Through microRNAs: Implications for a "Watch-and-Wait" Approach to Cancer. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 12:455-470. [PMID: 28270089 PMCID: PMC5587377 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x12666170307105941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME) through which cancer stem cells (CSCs) crosstalk for cancer initiation and progression, may open new treatments different from those centered on the original hallmarks of cancer genetics thereby implying a new approach for suppression of TME driven activation of CSCs. Cancer is dynamic, heterogeneous, evolving with the TME and can be influenced by tissue-specific elasticity. One of the mediators and modulators of the crosstalk between CSCs and mechanical forces is miRNA, which can be developmentally regulated, in a tissue- and cellspecific manner. OBJECTIVE Here, based on our previous data, we provide a framework through which such gene expression changes in response to external mechanical forces can be understood during cancer progression. Recognizing the ways mechanical forces regulate and affect intracellular signals with applications in cancer stem cell biology. Such TME-targeted pathways shed new light on strategies for attacking cancer stem cells with fewer side effects than traditional gene-based treatments for cancer, requiring a "watchand- wait" approach. We attempt to address both normal brain microenvironment and tumor microenvironment as both works together, intertwining in pathology and physiology - a balance that needs to be maintained for the "watch-and-wait" approach to cancer. CONCLUSION This review connected the subjects of tissue elasticity, tumor microenvironment, epigenetic of miRNAs, and stem-cell biology that are very relevant in cancer research and therapy. It attempts to unify apparently separate entities in a complex biological web, network, and system in a realistic and practical manner, i.e., to bridge basic research with clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Calvin Li
- Neuro-Oncology and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience Research, CHOC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, 1201 West La Veta Ave., Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA 92697-4292, USA
- Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA
| | - Long T. Vu
- Neuro-Oncology and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience Research, CHOC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, 1201 West La Veta Ave., Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA
| | | | - Jiang F. Zhong
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene and Biomedical Sciences, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Zhongjun Li
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene and Biomedical Sciences, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Division of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao Road, Shapingba, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Brent A Dethlefs
- Neuro-Oncology and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience Research, CHOC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, 1201 West La Veta Ave., Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - William G. Loudon
- Neuro-Oncology and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience Research, CHOC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, 1201 West La Veta Ave., Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA
- Division of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao Road, Shapingba, Chongqing 400037, China
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Saint Joseph Hospital, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA 92862, USA
| | - Mustafa H. Kabeer
- Neuro-Oncology and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience Research, CHOC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, 1201 West La Veta Ave., Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, CHOC Children’s Hospital, 1201 West La Veta Ave., Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, 333 City Blvd. West, Suite 700, Orange, CA 92868, USA
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