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Alt V, Gessner A, Merabishvili M, Hitzenbichler F, Mannala GK, Peterhoff D, Walter N, Pirnay JP, Hiergeist A, Rupp M. Case report: Local bacteriophage therapy for fracture-related infection with polymicrobial multi-resistant bacteria: hydrogel application and postoperative phage analysis through metagenomic sequencing. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1428432. [PMID: 39071087 PMCID: PMC11272550 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1428432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Fracture-related infections can be challenging, particularly with concomitant severe bone defects and multi-resistant microorganisms. We present a case of a 42-year-old patient with a fracture-related infection following a war injury from a gunshot, resulting in a 12-cm subtrochanteric segmental bone defect and the detection of four different multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Due to antibiotic drug resistance, treatment with bacteriophages was considered. Phage susceptibility testing revealed the activity of a commercially available bacteriophage cocktail (Intesti bacteriophage, Eliava Institute, Tbilisi, Georgia). This phage cocktail was included in a modified two-stage Masquelet technique. During the first intervention, the bone was debrided and samples for microbiological and phage testing were harvested. The indwelling intramedullary rod was removed, and the bone defect was filled with a PMMA spacer loaded with colistin and the bone stabilized with a plate. During the second procedure, the PMMA spacer was removed and a silver-coated angular stable plate was implanted. The bone defect was filled with a fibular autograft and allograft cancellous bone chips. At the end of the procedure, the Intesti bacteriophage cocktail was injected into a DAC hydrogel and this bacteriophage hydrogel composite was then put onto the angular stable plate. Postoperatively the wound fluid was collected over 72 h, and high-throughput metagenomic sequencing was performed. This showed a time-dependent release of the bacteriophages in the wound fluid, with a relatively high concentration after 12 h, decreasing to DNA copies of 0 after 72 h. Furthermore, we have assessed the release of phages from DAC gel and the effect of DAC gel on the phages in vitro. The results showed a stable and rapid release of phages from the DAC gel (~1×103 PFU/mL). The clinical course of the patient showed no relapse of the infection with good bone consolidation of the bone defect after 1 year without the need for any surgical revision. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case that shows the detection of bacteriophage DNA copies by high-throughput metagenomics sequencing in a patient with a complex fracture-related infection. Successful treatment of this case encourages further investigation of bacteriophage therapy in patients with complex bone and joint infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Alt
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - André Gessner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maya Merabishvili
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology (LabMCT), Queen Astrid Military Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florian Hitzenbichler
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - David Peterhoff
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nike Walter
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jean-Paul Pirnay
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology (LabMCT), Queen Astrid Military Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andreas Hiergeist
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus Rupp
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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2
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Raman SK, Siva Reddy DV, Jain V, Bajpai U, Misra A, Singh AK. Mycobacteriophages: therapeutic approach for mycobacterial infections. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104049. [PMID: 38830505 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a significant global health threat, and cases of infection with non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) causing lung disease (NTM-LD) are rising. Bacteriophages and their gene products have garnered interest as potential therapeutic options for bacterial infections. Here, we have compiled information on bacteriophages and their products that can kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis or NTM. We summarize the mechanisms whereby viable phages can access macrophage-resident bacteria and not elicit immune responses, review methodologies of pharmaceutical product development containing mycobacteriophages and their gene products, mainly lysins, in the context of drug regulatory requirements and we discuss industrially relevant methods for producing pharmaceutical products comprising mycobacteriophages, emphasizing delivery of mycobacteriophages to the lungs. We conclude with an outline of some recent case studies on mycobacteriophage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Raman
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - D V Siva Reddy
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Vikas Jain
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Urmi Bajpai
- Department of Biomedical Science, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji , New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Amit Misra
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Experimental Animal Facility, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, M. Miyazaki Marg, Tajganj, Agra 282004, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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3
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Bolsan AC, Sampaio GV, Rodrigues HC, Silva De Souza S, Edwiges T, Celant De Prá M, Gabiatti NC. Phage formulations and delivery strategies: Unleashing the potential against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Microbiol Res 2024; 282:127662. [PMID: 38447457 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial control promoted by bacteriophages (phages) is an attractive tool in the face of the antibiotic crisis triggered by the exacerbated use of these drugs. Despite the growing interest in using these viruses, some gaps still need answers, such as the protection and delivery of phages. Some limitation points involve the degradation of phage proteins by enzymes or inactivation in low-pH environments. In this review, a literature search using keywords related to the field of virus delivery formulations was done to understand the current scenario of using delivery techniques and phage formulations. A total of 2096 raw results were obtained, which resulted in 140 publications after refinement. These studies were analyzed for main application techniques and areas, keywords, and countries. Of the total, 57% of the publications occurred in the last five years, and the encapsulation technique was the most used among the articles analyzed. As excipient agents, lactose, trehalose, mannitol, PEG, and Leucine stand out. The development of phage formulations, protection approaches, their delivery routes, and the knowledge about the best application strategy enables the use of these organisms in several sectors. It can act as a powerful tool against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Chiapetti Bolsan
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Sustentabilidade Ambiental Urbana (PPGSAU) - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81280-340, Brazil
| | - Gabrielli Vaz Sampaio
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Campeão Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBIOTEC) - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, PR 85660-000, Brazil
| | - Samara Silva De Souza
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBIOTEC) - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, PR 85660-000, Brazil
| | - Thiago Edwiges
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Sustentabilidade Ambiental Urbana (PPGSAU) - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81280-340, Brazil
| | - Marina Celant De Prá
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBIOTEC) - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, PR 85660-000, Brazil
| | - Naiana Cristine Gabiatti
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBIOTEC) - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, PR 85660-000, Brazil.
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4
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Moghtader F, Solakoglu S, Piskin E. Alginate- and Chitosan-Modified Gelatin Hydrogel Microbeads for Delivery of E. coli Phages. Gels 2024; 10:244. [PMID: 38667663 PMCID: PMC11049077 DOI: 10.3390/gels10040244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are among the most significant health problems/concerns worldwide. A very critical concern is the rapidly increasing number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which requires much more effective countermeasures. As nature's antibacterial entities, bacteriophages shortly ("phages") are very important alternatives to antibiotics, having many superior features compared with antibiotics. The development of phage-carrying controlled-release formulations is still challenging due to the need to protect their activities in preparation, storage, and use, as well as the need to create more user-friendly forms by considering their application area/site/conditions. Here, we prepared gelatin hydrogel microbeads by a two-step process. Sodium alginate was included for modification within the initial recipes, and these composite microbeads were further coated with chitosan. Their swelling ratio, average diameters, and Zeta potentials were determined, and degradations in HCl were demonstrated. The target bacteria Escherichia coli (E.coli) and its specific phage (T4) were obtained from bacterial culture collections and propagated. Phages were loaded within the microbeads with a simple method. The phage release characteristics were investigated comparatively and were demonstrated here. High release rates were observed from the gelatin microbeads. It was possible to reduce the phage release rate using sodium alginate in the recipe and chitosan coating. Using these gelatin-based microbeads as phage carrier matrices-especially in lyophilized forms-significantly improved the phage stability even at room temperature. It was concluded that phage release from gelatin hydrogel microbeads could be further controlled by alginate and chitosan modifications and that user-friendly lyophilized phage formulations with a much longer shelf life could be produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Moghtader
- NanoBMT: Nanobiyomedtek Biyomedikal ve Biyoteknoloji San.Tic., Ltd. Sti., 48800 Köycegiz, Mugla, Turkey;
- Feyzciftligi A.S., 16700 Karacabey, Bursa, Turkey;
- TiPHAGE San.Tic. A.S., Teknopark İstanbul, 34906 İstanbul, Marmara, Turkey
| | | | - Erhan Piskin
- NanoBMT: Nanobiyomedtek Biyomedikal ve Biyoteknoloji San.Tic., Ltd. Sti., 48800 Köycegiz, Mugla, Turkey;
- TiPHAGE San.Tic. A.S., Teknopark İstanbul, 34906 İstanbul, Marmara, Turkey
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Faltus T. The Medicinal Phage-Regulatory Roadmap for Phage Therapy under EU Pharmaceutical Legislation. Viruses 2024; 16:443. [PMID: 38543808 PMCID: PMC10974108 DOI: 10.3390/v16030443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage therapy is a promising approach to treating bacterial infections. Research and development of bacteriophage therapy is intensifying due to the increase in antibiotic resistance and the faltering development of new antibiotics. Bacteriophage therapy uses bacteriophages (phages), i.e., prokaryotic viruses, to specifically target and kill pathogenic bacteria. The legal handling of this type of therapy raises several questions. These include whether phage therapeutics belong to a specially regulated class of medicinal products, and which legal framework should be followed with regard to the various technical ways in which phage therapeutics can be manufactured and administered. The article shows to which class of medicinal products phage therapeutics from wild type phages and from genetically modified (designer) phages do or do not belong. Furthermore, the article explains which legal framework is relevant for the manufacture and administration of phage therapeutics, which are manufactured in advance in a uniform, patient-independent manner, and for tailor-made patient-specific phage therapeutics. For the systematically coherent, successful translation of phage therapy, the article considers pharmaceutical law and related legal areas, such as genetic engineering law. Finally, the article shows how the planned legislative revisions of Directive 2001/83/EC and Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 may affect the legal future of phage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Faltus
- Chair of Public Law, Law School, Faculty of Law, Economics and Business, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle an der Saale, Germany
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6
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Aljabali AAA, Aljbaly MBM, Obeid MA, Shahcheraghi SH, Tambuwala MM. The Next Generation of Drug Delivery: Harnessing the Power of Bacteriophages. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2738:279-315. [PMID: 37966606 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3549-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of biomaterials, such as bacteriophages, as drug delivery vehicles (DDVs) has gained increasing interest in recent years due to their potential to address the limitations of conventional drug delivery systems. Bacteriophages offer several advantages as drug carriers, such as high specificity for targeting bacterial cells, low toxicity, and the ability to be engineered to express specific proteins or peptides for enhanced targeting and drug delivery. In addition, bacteriophages have been shown to reduce the development of antibiotic resistance, which is a major concern in the field of antimicrobial therapy. Many initiatives have been taken to take up various payloads selectively and precisely by surface functionalization of the outside or interior of self-assembling viral protein capsids. Bacteriophages have emerged as a promising platform for the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents, including drugs, genes, and imaging agents. They possess several properties that make them attractive as drug delivery vehicles, including their ability to specifically target bacterial cells, their structural diversity, their ease of genetic manipulation, and their biocompatibility. Despite the potential advantages of using bacteriophages as drug carriers, several challenges and limitations need to be addressed. One of the main challenges is the limited host range of bacteriophages, which restricts their use to specific bacterial strains. However, this can also be considered as an advantage, as it allows for precise and targeted drug delivery to the desired bacterial cells. The use of biomaterials, including bacteriophages, as drug delivery vehicles has shown promising potential to address the limitations of conventional drug delivery systems. Further research is needed to fully understand the potential of these biomaterials and address the challenges and limitations associated with their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.
| | | | - Mohammad A Obeid
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Seyed Hossein Shahcheraghi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School, Brayford Pool Campus, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK.
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7
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Cortés P, Cano-Sarabia M, Colom J, Otero J, Maspoch D, Llagostera M. Nano/microformulations for Bacteriophage Delivery. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2734:117-130. [PMID: 38066365 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3523-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation methodologies allow the protection of bacteriophages for overcoming critical environmental conditions. Moreover, they improve the stability and the controlled delivery of bacteriophages which is of great innovative value in bacteriophage therapy. Here, two different encapsulation methodologies of bacteriophages are described using two biocompatible materials: a lipid cationic mixture and a combination of alginate with the antacid CaCO3. To perform bacteriophage encapsulation is necessary to dispose of a purified and highly concentrated lysate (around 1010 to 1011 pfu/mL) and a specific equipment. Both methodologies have been successfully applied for encapsulating Salmonella bacteriophages with different morphologies. Also, the material employed does not modify the antibacterial action of bacteriophages. Moreover, both technologies can be adapted to any bacteriophage and possibly to any delivery route for bacteriophage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Cortés
- Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Mary Cano-Sarabia
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Joan Colom
- Deerland Ireland R&D Ltd., Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Otero
- Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Llagostera
- Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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8
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Wang R, Yeh YJ, An YN, Virly. Engineering pH-sensitive erodible chitosan hydrogel composite containing bacteriophage: An interplay between hydrogel and bacteriophage against Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127371. [PMID: 37827407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation of phages represents a key approach for improving phage stability and controlling phage delivery dosage. The hydrogel made from positively charged quaternized chitosan (QCS) and multivalent crosslinker, aldehyde-modified poly(xylitol sebacate)-co-poly(ethylene glycol) (APP) was introduced for the first time for drug (phage 44AHJD) delivery. The freeze-thawing (FT) treatment enhanced the porous structure and the stress resistance of native hydrogel with increased compression stress (stiffness) from 10 to 20 kPa. The stiffness of the phage-loaded hydrogel (FTP) was suitable for the proper release of phage particles and polymer chains, both working synergistically against bacterial growth. The FTP followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model's anomalous diffusion of phage particles at different temperatures (30-45 °C) and pH (6.6-8.5) conditions. FTP was sensitive to pH, which released more phage particles at pH-neutral conditions, while the release under acidic and alkaline conditions was more based on gel degradation. The high biocompatibility of FTP hydrogel at its working concentration of 30 mg mL-1 was demonstrated through a hemolysis ratio of <2 %. Sixty percent of the total encapsulated phages and 6 mg mL-1 of hydrogel debris were released after 10 h of hydrogel submerge treatment, which can fight the growing bacteria and the emergence of phage-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben Wang
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan; Master of Public Health (MPH) Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan; GIP-TRIAD Master's Degree in Agro-Biomedical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jia Yeh
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ning An
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Virly
- Global Health Program, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Śliwka P, Skaradziński G, Dusza I, Grzywacz A, Skaradzińska A. Freeze-Drying of Encapsulated Bacteriophage T4 to Obtain Shelf-Stable Dry Preparations for Oral Application. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2792. [PMID: 38140132 PMCID: PMC10747124 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic application of bacterial viruses (phage therapy) has in recent years been rediscovered by many scientists, as a method which may potentially replace conventional antibacterial strategies. However, one of the main problems related to phage application is the stability of bacterial viruses. Though many techniques have been used to sustain phage activity, novel tools are needed to allow long-term phage storage and application in versatile forms. In this study, we combined two well-known methods for bacteriophage immobilization. First, encapsulated phages were obtained by means of extrusion-ionic gelation, and then alginate microspheres were dried using the lyophilization process (freeze-drying). To overcome the risk of phage instability upon dehydration, the microspheres were prepared with the addition of 0.3 M mannitol. Bacteriophage-loaded microspheres were stored at room temperature for 30 days and subsequently exposed to simulated gastric fluid (SGF). The survival of encapsulated phages after drying was significantly higher in the presence of mannitol. The highest number of viable bacteriophages exceeding 4.8 log10 pfu/mL in SGF were recovered from encapsulated and freeze-dried microspheres, while phages in lyophilized lysate were completely inactivated. Although the method requires optimization, it may be a promising approach for the immobilization of bacteriophages in terms of practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Aneta Skaradzińska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland (G.S.)
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O’Connell LM, Coffey A, O’Mahony J. Alginate-Encapsulated Mycobacteriophage: A Potential Approach for the Management of Intestinal Mycobacterial Disease. Viruses 2023; 15:2290. [PMID: 38140531 PMCID: PMC10747741 DOI: 10.3390/v15122290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Encapsulated medication is a common method of administering therapeutic treatments. As researchers explore alternative therapies, it is likely that encapsulation will remain a feature of these novel treatments, particularly when routes of delivery are considered. For instance, alginate-encapsulation is often favoured where gastric digestion poses an obstacle. When exposed to cations (namely Ca2+), alginate readily forms gels that are resilient to acidic conditions and readily dissociate in response to mid-range pH. This action can be extremely valuable for the encapsulation of phages. The efficient delivery of phages to the intestine is important when considering mycobacteriophage (MP) therapy (or MP prophylaxis) for disseminated mycobacterial infections and chronic gastroenteritis conditions. This study presents the design and in vitro validation of an alginate-encapsulated MP capable of releasing phages in a pH-dependent manner. Ultimately, it is shown that encapsulated phages pretreated with simulated gastric fluid (SGF) are capable of releasing viable phages into simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) and thereby reducing the mycobacterial numbers in spiked SIF by 90%. These findings suggest that alginate encapsulation may be a viable option for therapeutic and prophylactic approaches to the management of intestinal mycobacterial disease, such as Johne's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jim O’Mahony
- Biological Sciences Department, Munster Technological University Bishopstown Campus, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
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Mahmoud M, Tan Y. New advances in the treatments of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:863-870. [PMID: 37477234 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2240022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION TB is associated with high mortality and morbidity among infected individuals and a high transmission rate from person to person. Despite the availability of vaccines and several anti-TB,TB infection continues to increase. Global resistance to TB remains the greatest challenge. There has not been extensive research into a new treatment and management strategy for TB resistance therapy. This review is based on a review of new advances and alternative drugs in the treatment of drug-resistant TB. AREAS COVERED New drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis therapy involves a combination of the latest TB drugs, new anti-TB drugs based on medicinal plant extracts for drug-resistant TB, mycobacteriophage therapy, the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and nanotechnology. EXPERT OPINION It is necessary to determine the function of individual gene alterations in drug-resistant TB. A combination of the most recent anti-TB drugs, such as bedaquiline and delamanid, is recommended. Longitudinal studies and animal model experiments with some medicinal plant extracts are required for better results. Nanotechnology has the potential to reduce drug side effects. Useful efficacy of phage therapy and CRISPR-cas9 technology as adjunct therapies for the management of drug-resistant TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanad Mahmoud
- Department of Medical Microbiology; China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yurong Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology; China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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12
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Kumar M, Parkhey P, Mishra SK, Paul PK, Singh A, Singh V. Phage for drug delivery vehicles. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 201:191-201. [PMID: 37770171 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Viruses being the natural carriers of gene have been widely used as drug delivery systems. However, the commonly used eukaryotic viruses such as adenoviruses, retroviruses, and lentiviruses, besides efficiently targeting the cells, can also stimulate immunological response or disrupt tumour suppressor genes leading to cancer. Consequently, there has been an increase interest in the scientific fraternity towards exploring other alternatives, which are safer and equally efficient for drug delivery. Bacteriophages, in this context have been at the forefront as an efficient, reliable, and safer choice. Novel phage dependent technologies led the foundation of peptide libraries and provides way to recognising abilities and targeting of specific ligands. Hybridisation of phage with inorganic complexes could be an appropriate strategy for the construction of carrying bioinorganic carriers. In this chapter, we have tried to cover major advances in the phage species that can be used as drug delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Piyush Parkhey
- Techno-Commercial Division, Trinity International, New Delhi, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Prabir Kumar Paul
- Department of Biotechnology Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Avinash Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Meerut Institute of Engineering & Technology, Meerut, U.P., India
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
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Patil R, Dehari D, Chaudhuri A, Kumar DN, Kumar D, Singh S, Nath G, Agrawal AK. Recent advancements in nanotechnology-based bacteriophage delivery strategies against bacterial ocular infections. Microbiol Res 2023; 273:127413. [PMID: 37216845 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is growing as a critical challenge in a variety of disease conditions including ocular infections leading to disastrous effects on the human eyes. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) mediated ocular infections are very common affecting different parts of the eye viz. vitreous chamber, conjunctiva, cornea, anterior and posterior chambers, tear duct, and eyelids. Blepharitis, dacryocystitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis, endophthalmitis, and orbital cellulitis are some of the commonly known ocular infections caused by S. aureus. Some of these infections are so fatal that they could cause bilateral blindness like panophthalmitis and orbital cellulitis, which is caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistance S. aureus (VRSA). The treatment of S. aureus infections with known antibiotics is becoming gradually difficult because of the development of resistance against multiple antibiotics. Apart from the different combinations and formulation strategies, bacteriophage therapy is growing as an effective alternative to treat such infections. Although the superiority of bacteriophage therapy is well established, yet physical factors (high temperatures, acidic pH, UV-rays, and ionic strength) and pharmaceutical barriers (poor stability, low in-vivo retention, controlled and targeted delivery, immune system neutralization, etc.) have the greatest influence on the viability of phage virions (also phage proteins). A variety of Nanotechnology based formulations such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, nanoemulsions, and nanofibres have been recently reported to overcome the above-mentioned obstacles. In this review, we have compiled all these recent reports and discussed bacteriophage-based nanoformulations techniques for the successful treatment of ocular infections caused by multidrug-resistant S. aureus and other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Deepa Dehari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Aiswarya Chaudhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Dulla Naveen Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P., India; Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Gopal Nath
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Ashish Kumar Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P., India.
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Recent advances in nanoparticle-mediated antibacterial applications. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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Khambhati K, Bhattacharjee G, Gohil N, Dhanoa GK, Sagona AP, Mani I, Bui NL, Chu D, Karapurkar JK, Jang SH, Chung HY, Maurya R, Alzahrani KJ, Ramakrishna S, Singh V. Phage engineering and phage-assisted CRISPR-Cas delivery to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10381. [PMID: 36925687 PMCID: PMC10013820 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance ranks among the top threats to humanity. Due to the frequent use of antibiotics, society is facing a high prevalence of multidrug resistant pathogens, which have managed to evolve mechanisms that help them evade the last line of therapeutics. An alternative to antibiotics could involve the use of bacteriophages (phages), which are the natural predators of bacterial cells. In earlier times, phages were implemented as therapeutic agents for a century but were mainly replaced with antibiotics, and considering the menace of antimicrobial resistance, it might again become of interest due to the increasing threat of antibiotic resistance among pathogens. The current understanding of phage biology and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) assisted phage genome engineering techniques have facilitated to generate phage variants with unique therapeutic values. In this review, we briefly explain strategies to engineer bacteriophages. Next, we highlight the literature supporting CRISPR-Cas9-assisted phage engineering for effective and more specific targeting of bacterial pathogens. Lastly, we discuss techniques that either help to increase the fitness, specificity, or lytic ability of bacteriophages to control an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushal Khambhati
- Department of Biosciences, School of ScienceIndrashil UniversityRajpurMehsanaGujaratIndia
| | - Gargi Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biosciences, School of ScienceIndrashil UniversityRajpurMehsanaGujaratIndia
| | - Nisarg Gohil
- Department of Biosciences, School of ScienceIndrashil UniversityRajpurMehsanaGujaratIndia
| | - Gurneet K. Dhanoa
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Warwick, Gibbet Hill CampusCoventryUnited Kindgom
| | - Antonia P. Sagona
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Warwick, Gibbet Hill CampusCoventryUnited Kindgom
| | - Indra Mani
- Department of MicrobiologyGargi College, University of DelhiNew DelhiIndia
| | - Nhat Le Bui
- Center for Biomedicine and Community HealthInternational School, Vietnam National UniversityHanoiVietnam
| | - Dinh‐Toi Chu
- Center for Biomedicine and Community HealthInternational School, Vietnam National UniversityHanoiVietnam
- Faculty of Applied SciencesInternational School, Vietnam National UniversityHanoiVietnam
| | | | - Su Hwa Jang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Hee Yong Chung
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- College of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Rupesh Maurya
- Department of Biosciences, School of ScienceIndrashil UniversityRajpurMehsanaGujaratIndia
| | - Khalid J. Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories SciencesCollege of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif UniversityTaifSaudi Arabia
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- College of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of ScienceIndrashil UniversityRajpurMehsanaGujaratIndia
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Liu X, Min HS, Chai Y, Yu X, Wen G. Masquelet technique with radical debridement and alternative fixation in treatment of infected bone nonunion. Front Surg 2022; 9:1000340. [PMID: 36299571 PMCID: PMC9589492 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.1000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infected bone nonunion is the toughest problem in fracture-related infection, leading to high disability and recurrence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Masquelet technique with radical debridement and alternative fixation in the management of infected bone nonunion. Patients and Methods A retrospective study of prospectively collected data in two trauma centers was performed from 2016 to 2020. Patients diagnosed as infected bone nonunion were included in this study. The initial implant was removed and all patients received a two-stage Masquelet procedure with radical debridement and alternative fixation. The disappearance of inflammatory manifestations and regression of infection indicators (such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein, white blood cell count) to the normal range were regarded as radical debridement. The alternative fixation depended on local soft tissue conditions. Results were evaluated according to clinical and radiographic assessment and patient satisfaction. Results A total of 23 patients were included in our study. Six of them received internal fixation, while the other 17 received external fixation. Of the 23 cases, 21 were successfully reconstructed without infection recurrence, except 2 reinfected cases. Mean full weight bearing time was 6.6 months follow-up post last surgery. Out of the 23, 20 cases had satisfactory functional outcomes without additional bone or soft tissue comorbidities. Discrepancies in leg length and joint stiffness were observed in three cases and marked as unsatisfied results. Conclusions Infected bone nonunion can be successfully managed using the Masquelet technique under radical debridement combined with an alternative fixation method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gen Wen
- Correspondence: Xiaowei Yu Gen Wen
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Wdowiak M, Paczesny J, Raza S. Enhancing the Stability of Bacteriophages Using Physical, Chemical, and Nano-Based Approaches: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1936. [PMID: 36145682 PMCID: PMC9502844 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phages are efficient in diagnosing, treating, and preventing various diseases, and as sensing elements in biosensors. Phage display alone has gained attention over the past decade, especially in pharmaceuticals. Bacteriophages have also found importance in research aiming to fight viruses and in the consequent formulation of antiviral agents and vaccines. All these applications require control over the stability of virions. Phages are considered resistant to various harsh conditions. However, stability-determining parameters are usually the only additional factors in phage-related applications. Phages face instability and activity loss when preserved for extended periods. Sudden environmental changes, including exposure to UV light, temperature, pH, and salt concentration, also lead to a phage titer fall. This review describes various formulations that impart stability to phage stocks, mainly focusing on polymer-based stabilization, encapsulation, lyophilization, and nano-assisted solutions.
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Li D, Li Y, Yang S, Lu J, Jin X, Wu M. Diet-gut microbiota-epigenetics in metabolic diseases: From mechanisms to therapeutics. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113290. [PMID: 35724509 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic diseases, including obesity, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is a severe burden in human society owing to the ensuing high morbidity and mortality. Various factors linked to metabolic disorders, particularly environmental factors (such as diet and gut microbiota) and epigenetic modifications, contribute to the progression of metabolic diseases. Dietary components and habits regulate alterations in gut microbiota; in turn, microbiota-derived metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), are influenced by diet. Interestingly, diet-derived microbial metabolites appear to produce substrates and enzymatic regulators for epigenetic modifications (such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA expression). Epigenetic changes mediated by microbial metabolites participate in metabolic disorders via alterations in intestinal permeability, immune responses, inflammatory reactions, and insulin resistance. In addition, microbial metabolites can trigger inflammatory immune responses and microbiota dysbiosis by directly binding to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Hence, diet-gut microbiota-epigenetics may play a role in metabolic diseases. However, their complex relationships with metabolic diseases remain largely unknown and require further investigation. This review aimed to elaborate on the interactions among diet, gut microbiota, and epigenetics to uncover the mechanisms and therapeutics of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Guang'an men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Yujuan Li
- Guang'an men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Shengjie Yang
- Guang'an men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Jing Lu
- Guang'an men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Xiao Jin
- Guang'an men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Min Wu
- Guang'an men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
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