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Chen G, Chu F, Zhang S, Li W, Zhou S, Wei W, Chen W, Wang X, Yue L, Feng H, Cui Y, Pan Y. Ortho C-H Bond Activations in an Atmospheric Microwave Plasma Ion Source. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:951-959. [PMID: 38597607 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
C-H bond ortho-substitution reaction has always been a significant and challenging topic in organic chemistry. We proposed a synthesis method based on microwave plasma torches. High-resolution mass spectrometry was used to monitor rapid reaction products. 2-Alkylbenzimidazole can be formed through the reaction of phenylnitrenium ion and nitriles on a millisecond scale. This reaction can achieve the one-step formation of benzimidazoles from benzene ring single-substituted compounds without the addition of external oxidants or catalysts. A similar C-H bond activation reaction can be accomplished with ketones. Meanwhile, the microwave plasma reactor was modified, and the resulting 2-methylbenzimidazole was successfully collected, indicating the device has good application potential in organic reactions such as C-H bond activation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanru Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Fengjian Chu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Shuheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Wangyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Shiwen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Lei Yue
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Hongru Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 Zhejiang, P. R. China
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Feng L, Gu Y, Dong M, Liu J, Jiang L, Wu Y. CO 2 utilization for methanol production: a review on the safety concerns and countermeasures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:23393-23407. [PMID: 38451455 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32779-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide is one of the important ways to achieve the goal of carbon neutralization, which can be further divided into electrocatalysis, thermal catalysis, and photocatalysis. Although photocatalysis and electrocatalysis have the advantages of mild reaction conditions and low energy consumption, the thermal catalytic conversion of CO2 has larger processing capacity, better reduction effect, and more complete industrial foundation, which is a promising technology in the future. During the development of new technology from laboratory to industrial application, ensuring the safety of production process is essential. In this work, safety optimization design of equipment, safety performance of catalysts, accident types, and their countermeasures in the industrial applications of CO2 to methanol are reviewed and discussed in depth. Based on that, future research demands for industrial process safety of CO2 to methanol were proposed, which provide guidance for the large-scale application of CO2 thermal catalytic conversion technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Feng
- School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yifan Gu
- School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Maifan Dong
- School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liangliang Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yuxin Wu
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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3
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Li X, Zhao H, Gu B, Chen Y. Carbon sinks/sources' spatiotemporal heterogeneity and their spatial response to economic-social factors in relatively developed regions: A case of China's coastal area. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120494. [PMID: 38417364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
With the global climate change, carbon reduction in economically active regions has gradually become a focus of attention and its underlying drivers were essential for understanding alterations in ecosystems in response to human behavior. However, the exploration of Carbon Sinks/Sources Patterns (CSSP) in an Economic-Social context was lacking. Distinguished from traditional Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) estimation methods, we optimized model parameters, adjusted estimation logic, and revealed CSSP more reasonably. Moreover, spatial econometric model was used to reveal the spatial effects mechanism of Economic-Social Development on CSSP. Over the past 20 years, we revealed that: (a) The pattern of NEP exhibited distinct spatial heterogeneity, with higher sinks observed in the north and offshore regions. It demonstrated regular cyclic fluctuations, averaging a 3-4-year cycle, featuring a gradual ascent followed by a rapid descent; (b) The Carbon Sequestration Capacity (CSC) of vegetation significantly increased. Based on the carbon sink properties, the study area was distinctly divided into three clusters; (c) CSSP have been profoundly affected by economic-social factors. Economic growth and industrial structure optimization contributed to the enhancement of CSC, but population aggregation and urban expansion had negative impacts. The direct effect of innovation capacity and the spatial spillover effect of industrial structure optimization were negative. Overall, exploring CSSP against the backdrop of economic-social factors not only provides a new perspective for understanding the regularities of change and the underlying mechanisms driven by human factors but also offers valuable insights for achieving sustainable development and green growth in other coastal regions globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
| | - Haixia Zhao
- Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Binjie Gu
- Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
| | - Yijiang Chen
- School of Agricultural and Food Science, The University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
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Xie J, Olsbye U. The Oxygenate-Mediated Conversion of CO x to Hydrocarbons─On the Role of Zeolites in Tandem Catalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11775-11816. [PMID: 37769023 PMCID: PMC10603784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Decentralized chemical plants close to circular carbon sources will play an important role in shaping the postfossil society. This scenario calls for carbon technologies which valorize CO2 and CO with renewable H2 and utilize process intensification approaches. The single-reactor tandem reaction approach to convert COx to hydrocarbons via oxygenate intermediates offers clear benefits in terms of improved thermodynamics and energy efficiency. Simultaneously, challenges and complexity in terms of catalyst material and mechanism, reactor, and process gaps have to be addressed. While the separate processes, namely methanol synthesis and methanol to hydrocarbons, are commercialized and extensively discussed, this review focuses on the zeolite/zeotype function in the oxygenate-mediated conversion of COx to hydrocarbons. Use of shape-selective zeolite/zeotype catalysts enables the selective production of fuel components as well as key intermediates for the chemical industry, such as BTX, gasoline, light olefins, and C3+ alkanes. In contrast to the separate processes which use methanol as a platform, this review examines the potential of methanol, dimethyl ether, and ketene as possible oxygenate intermediates in separate chapters. We explore the connection between literature on the individual reactions for converting oxygenates and the tandem reaction, so as to identify transferable knowledge from the individual processes which could drive progress in the intensification of the tandem process. This encompasses a multiscale approach, from molecule (mechanism, oxygenate molecule), to catalyst, to reactor configuration, and finally to process level. Finally, we present our perspectives on related emerging technologies, outstanding challenges, and potential directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiu Xie
- SMN
Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 26, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- Green
Chemical Reaction Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute
Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Hecimovic A, Kiefer C, Meindl A, Antunes R, Fantz U. Fast gas quenching of microwave plasma effluent for enhanced CO2 conversion. J CO2 UTIL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2023.102473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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6
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Olivier A, Desgagnés A, Mercier E, Iliuta MC. New Insights on Catalytic Valorization of Carbon Dioxide by Conventional and Intensified Processes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Olivier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Québec, G1 V 0A6, Canada
| | - Alex Desgagnés
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Québec, G1 V 0A6, Canada
| | - Etienne Mercier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Québec, G1 V 0A6, Canada
| | - Maria C. Iliuta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Québec, G1 V 0A6, Canada
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Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Looping Oxidative Coupling of Methane through Synergy between Metal-Loaded Dielectric Particles and Non-Thermal Plasma. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A plasma–catalyst hybrid system has been developed for the direct conversion of methane to C2+ hydrocarbons in dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma. TiO2 presented the highest C2+ yield of 11.63% among different dielectric materials when integrated with DBD plasma, which made us concentrate on the TiO2-based catalyst. It was demonstrated that MnTi catalyst showed the best methane coupling performance of 27.29% C2+ yield with 150 V applied voltage, without additional thermal input. The catalytic performance of MnTi catalyst under various operation parameters was further carried out, and different techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and H2-temperature-programmed reduction were used to explore the effect of Mn loading on methane oxidative coupling (OCM) performance. The results showed that applied voltage and flow rate had a significant effect on methane activation. The dielectric particles of TiO2 loaded with Mn not only synergistically affected the coupling reaction, but also facilitated charge deposition to generate a strong local electric field to activate methane. The synergy effects boosted the OCM performance and the C2+ yield became 1.25 times higher than that of the undoped TiO2 under identical operating conditions in plasma, which was almost impossible to occur even at 850 °C on the MnTi catalyst in the absence of plasma. Moreover, the reaction activity of the catalyst was fully recovered by plasma regeneration at 300 °C and maintained its stability in for at least 30 consecutive cyclic redox tests. This work presents a new opportunity for efficient methane conversion to produce C2+ at low temperatures by plasma assistance.
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Dsouza K, Vashaee D. EMReact: a tool for modelling electromagnetic field induced effects in chemical reactions by solving the discrete stochastic master equation. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2152744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Dsouza
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Daryoosh Vashaee
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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9
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Sustainability Assessment of the Utilization of CO2 in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor Powered by Photovoltaic Energy. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10091851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct activation of diluted CO2 in argon was studied in a co-axial dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor powered by photovoltaic energy. The influence of the initial CO2 and argon concentration on the CO2 decomposition to form CO was investigated using a copper-based catalyst in the discharge zone. It was observed that the CO2 conversion was higher at lower CO2 concentrations. The presence of the diluent gas (argon) was also studied and it was observed how it has a high influence on the decomposition of CO2, improving the conversion at high argon concentrations. At the highest observed energy efficiency (1.7%), the CO2 conversion obtained was 40.2%. It was observed that a way to enhance the sustainability of the process was to use photovoltaic energy. Taking into account a life cycle assessment approach (LCA), it was estimated that within the best-case scenario, it would be feasible to counterbalance 97% of the CO2 emissions related to the process.
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Lebedev YA, Shakhatov VA. Decomposition of Carbon Dioxide in Microwave Discharges (an Analytical Review). RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427222010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Pandiyan A, Kyriakou V, Neagu D, Welzel S, Goede A, van de Sanden MC, Tsampas MN. CO2 conversion via coupled plasma-electrolysis process. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.101904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Hecimovic A, D’Isa FA, Carbone E, Fantz U. Enhancement of CO2 conversion in microwave plasmas using a nozzle in the effluent. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Centi G, Perathoner S, Papanikolaou G. Plasma assisted CO2 splitting to carbon and oxygen: A concept review analysis. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Cheng H, Liu D, Ostrikov K(K. Synergistic CO2 plasma catalysis: CO production pathways and effects of vibrationally excited species. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Interactive mechanism of plasma-assisted CO2 capture for calcium looping cycle via in-situ DRIFTS. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Chen G, Snyders R, Britun N. CO2 conversion using catalyst-free and catalyst-assisted plasma-processes: Recent progress and understanding. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zamri AA, Ong MY, Nomanbhay S, Show PL. Microwave plasma technology for sustainable energy production and the electromagnetic interaction within the plasma system: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111204. [PMID: 33894238 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The composition of carbon dioxide (CO2) is increasing day by day in the Earth's atmosphere. Worldwide energy demand is now increasing, and this has led to an increase in the percentage of global carbon emission. Moreover, this phenomenon can occur from the careless use of heating systems, generators and especially transportation, therefore, the release of these gases will continue to be widespread if there is no solution. Interaction within the microwave plasma-based gasification system of synthetic natural gas (syngas) production is presented in this paper. Consequently, this reduces the high concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide emission in our atmosphere. Syngas is very useful products that can be used as a source of energy such as fuel production and fuel source. The overview and basic theory about gasification process and microwave plasma technology are provided. Modelling of the microwave plasma system particularly on its application of system electromagnetic field inside waveguide of plasma reactor to produce microwave plasma and how it was calculated are presented in this paper. To recapitulate, the global challenges on the rising of greenhouse gases volume can be regulated with microwave plasma technology and its important aspects have been underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alif Aiman Zamri
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; UNITEN R&D Sdn Bhd, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mei Yin Ong
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Saifuddin Nomanbhay
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Ray D, Chawdhury P, Bhargavi K, Thatikonda S, Lingaiah N, Subrahmanyam C. Ni and Cu oxide supported γ-Al2O3 packed DBD plasma reactor for CO2 activation. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Conversion of CO2 in a low-powered atmospheric microwave plasma: In-depth study on the trade-off between CO2 conversion and energy efficiency. Chem Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2020.110913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mansfeld D, Sintsov S, Chekmarev N, Vodopyanov A. Conversion of carbon dioxide in microwave plasma torch sustained by gyrotron radiation at frequency of 24 GHz at atmospheric pressure. J CO2 UTIL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Numerical 3D Modeling: Microwave Plasma Torch at Intermediate Pressure. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10155393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study represents a self-consistent three-dimensional (3D) fluid plasma model coupled with Maxwell equations at an intermediate pressure between 1000 and 5000 Pa. The model was established using the finite element method to analyze the effects of time–space characteristics, which is the variation of plasma parameters with time and the 3D spatial distribution of plasma parameters in the plasma torch at various times. The numerical modeling was demonstrated in three different stages, where the growth of electron density is associated with time. From the distribution characteristics of molecular ions, it can be concluded that they are distributed mainly at the port of the quartz tube of the torch, which is larger than the center of the tube. The density ratio of molecular ion to electron is decreased because of the reduction of pressure and distance, which has been calculated from the port to the center of the quartz tube. The analysis of microwave plasma parameters indicated that intermediate pressure is useful for modeling and plasma source designing, especially for carbon dioxide conversion.
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Abstract
The concentration of carbon dioxide in the air has risen sharply due to the use of fossil fuels, causing environmental problems such as the greenhouse effect, which seriously threatens humans’ living environment. Reducing carbon dioxide emissions while addressing energy shortages requires the conversion of CO2 into high added-value products. In this paper, the status of CO2 conversion research in the past ten years is analyzed using the bibliometric method; the influence of countries and institutions, journal article statistics and other aspects are statistically analyzed, and the research status of carbon dioxide catalytic conversion is briefly introduced. Finally, according to the analysis results and the existing problems of CO2 catalytic conversion research, the future development direction of CO2 catalytic conversion research is prospected.
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Abstract
Since the late 1980s, the scientific community has been attracted to microwave energy as an alternative method of heating, due to the advantages that this technology offers over conventional heating technologies. In fact, differently from these, the microwave heating mechanism is a volumetric process in which heat is generated within the material itself, and, consequently, it can be very rapid and selective. In this way, the microwave-susceptible material can absorb the energy embodied in the microwaves. Application of the microwave heating technique to a chemical process can lead to both a reduction in processing time as well as an increase in the production rate, which is obtained by enhancing the chemical reactions and results in energy saving. The synthesis and sintering of materials by means of microwave radiation has been used for more than 20 years, while, future challenges will be, among others, the development of processes that achieve lower greenhouse gas (e.g., CO2) emissions and discover novel energy-saving catalyzed reactions. A natural choice in such efforts would be the combination of catalysis and microwave radiation. The main aim of this review is to give an overview of microwave applications in the heterogeneous catalysis, including the preparation of catalysts, as well as explore some selected microwave assisted catalytic reactions. The review is divided into three principal topics: (i) introduction to microwave chemistry and microwave materials processing; (ii) description of the loss mechanisms and microwave-specific effects in heterogeneous catalysis; and (iii) applications of microwaves in some selected chemical processes, including the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts.
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