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Mottola S, De Marco I. Supercritical Antisolvent Precipitation of Corticosteroids/β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:29. [PMID: 38201694 PMCID: PMC10780522 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, corticosteroid-β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) inclusion complexes were prepared by using supercritical antisolvent (SAS) precipitation to enhance the dissolution rate of dexamethasone (DEX) and prednisolone (PRED), which are poorly water soluble drugs. The processing of the active principles in the absence of a carrier led to their almost complete extraction (the small amount of obtained material precipitates in the form of crystals). The coprecipitation of the ingredients in the presence of β-CD was investigated at different concentrations, pressures, and molar ratios. For both the corticosteroids, the optimized operating conditions were 40 °C, 120 bar, an equimolar ratio, and a concentration in DMSO of 20 mg/mL; these conditions led to the attainment of microparticles with mean diameters equal to 0.197 ± 0.180 μm and 0.131 ± 0.070 μm in the case of DEX and PRED, respectively. Job's method confirmed the formation of inclusion complexes with a 1/1 mol/mol ratio. Compared to the pure ingredients, the obtained powders have an improved release rate, which is about three times faster in both cases. The release curves obtained under the best operating conditions were fitted using different models. The best fitting was obtained using the Weibull model, whose parameters are compatible with a combined release mechanism involving Fickian diffusion and controlled release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Mottola
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy;
- Research Centre for Biomaterials BIONAM, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Iolanda De Marco
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy;
- Research Centre for Biomaterials BIONAM, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
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2
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Sözeri Atik D, Bölük E, Bildik F, Altay F, Torlak E, Kaplan AA, Kopuk B, Palabıyık İ. Particle morphology and antimicrobial properties of electrosprayed propolis. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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3
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Guastaferro M, Baldino L, Cardea S, Reverchon E. Supercritical CO2 assisted electrospray of PVP-Rutin mixtures using a liquid collector. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Supercritical CO2 Assisted Electrospray to Produce Poly(lactic-co-glycolic Acid) Nanoparticles. CHEMENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemengineering6050066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work proposes an improvement of the traditional electrospraying process, in which supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) is used to produce poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles. The experiments were performed at different PLGA concentrations (1, 3 and 5% w/w), applied voltages (10 and 30 kV) and operating pressures (80, 120 and 140 bar). It was found that working at 140 bar and 30 kV, spherical nanoparticles, with mean diameters of 101 ± 13 nm and 151 ± 45 nm, were obtained, when solutions at 1% w/w and 3% w/w PLGA were electrosprayed, respectively. Increasing PLGA concentration up to 5% w/w, a mixture of fibers and particles was observed, indicating the transition to the electrospinning regime.
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5
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Supercritical CO2 assisted process for the production of mixed phospholipid nanoliposomes: Unloaded and vitamin D3-loaded vesicles. J FOOD ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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6
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Nadaf A, Gupta A, Hasan N, Fauziya, Ahmad S, Kesharwani P, Ahmad FJ. Recent update on electrospinning and electrospun nanofibers: current trends and their applications. RSC Adv 2022; 12:23808-23828. [PMID: 36093244 PMCID: PMC9396637 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02864f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrospinning is a versatile and viable technique for generating ultrathin fibers. Remarkable progress has been made in techniques for creating electro-spun and non-electro-spun nanofibers. Nanofibers were the center of attention for industries and researchers due to their simplicity in manufacture and setup. The review discusses a thorough overview of both electrospinning and non-electrospinning processes, including their setup, fabrication process, components, and applications. The review starts with an overview of the field of nanotechnology, the background of electrospinning, the surge in demand for nanofiber production, the materials needed to make nanofibers, and the critical process variables that determine the characteristics of nanofibers. Additionally, the diverse applications of electrospun nanofibers, such as smart mats, catalytic supports, filtration membranes, energy storage/heritage components, electrical devices (batteries), and biomedical scaffolds, are then covered. Further, the review concentrates on the most recent and pertinent developments in nanofibers that are connected to the use of nanofibers, focusing on the most illustrative cases. Finally, challenges and their possible solutions, marketing, and the future prospects of nanofiber development are discussed. Electrospinning is a versatile and viable technique for generating ultrathin fibers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Nadaf
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Akash Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Nazeer Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Fauziya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Shadaan Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Farhan J. Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
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7
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Supercritical CO2 elimination of solvent residues from active pharmaceutical ingredients: Beclometasone dipropionate and Budesonide. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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8
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Spindler LM, Feuerhake A, Ladel S, Günday C, Flamm J, Günday-Türeli N, Türeli E, Tovar GEM, Schindowski K, Gruber-Traub C. Nano-in-Micro-Particles Consisting of PLGA Nanoparticles Embedded in Chitosan Microparticles via Spray-Drying Enhances Their Uptake in the Olfactory Mucosa. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:732954. [PMID: 34539414 PMCID: PMC8440808 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.732954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intranasal delivery has gained prominence since 1990, when the olfactory mucosa was recognized as the window to the brain and the central nervous system (CNS); this has enabled the direct site specific targeting of neurological diseases for the first time. Intranasal delivery is a promising route because general limitations, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are circumvented. In the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) or Alzheimer’s disease, for example, future treatment prospects include specialized particles as delivery vehicles. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles are well known as promising delivery systems, especially in the area of nose-to-brain (N2B) delivery. Chitosan is also broadly known as a functional additive due to its ability to open tight junctions. In this study, we produced PLGA nanoparticles of different sizes and revealed for the first time their size-time-dependent uptake mechanism into the lamina propria of porcine olfactory mucosa. The intracellular uptake was observed for 80 and 175 nm within only 5 min after application to the epithelium. After 15 min, even 520 nm particles were detected, associated with nuclei. Especially the presence of only 520 nm particles in neuronal fibers is remarkable, implying transcellular and intracellular transport via the olfactory or the trigeminal nerve to the brain and the CNS. Additionally, we developed successfully specialized Nano-in-Micro particles (NiMPs) for the first time via spray drying, consisting of PLGA nanoparticles embedded into chitosan microparticles, characterized by high encapsulation efficiencies up to 51%, reproducible and uniform size distribution, as well as smooth surface. Application of NiMPs accelerated the uptake compared to purely applied PLGA nanoparticles. NiMPs were spread over the whole transverse section of the olfactory mucosa within 15 min. Faster uptake is attributed to additional paracellular transport, which was examined via tight-junction-opening. Furthermore, a separate chitosan penetration gradient of ∼150 µm caused by dissociation from PLGA nanoparticles was observed within 15 min in the lamina propria, which was demonstrated to be proportional to an immunoreactivity gradient of CD14. Due to the beneficial properties of the utilized chitosan-derivative, regarding molecular weight (150–300 kDa), degree of deacetylation (80%), and particle size (0.1–10 µm) we concluded that M2-macrophages herein initiated an anti-inflammatory reaction, which seems to already take place within 15 min following chitosan particle application. In conclusion, we demonstrated the possibility for PLGA nanoparticles, as well as for chitosan NiMPs, to take all three prominent intranasal delivery pathways to the brain and the CNS; namely transcellular, intracellular via neuronal cells, and paracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Marie Spindler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Innovation Field Functional Surfaces and Materials, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Feuerhake
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Innovation Field Functional Surfaces and Materials, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Simone Ladel
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Science, Biberach, Germany.,Faculty of Natural Science, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Flamm
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Science, Biberach, Germany.,Faculty of Natural Science, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Günter E M Tovar
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Innovation Field Functional Surfaces and Materials, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katharina Schindowski
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Science, Biberach, Germany
| | - Carmen Gruber-Traub
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Innovation Field Functional Surfaces and Materials, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, Stuttgart, Germany
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9
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Charles APR, Jin TZ, Mu R, Wu Y. Electrohydrodynamic processing of natural polymers for active food packaging: A comprehensive review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:6027-6056. [PMID: 34435448 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The active packaging materials fabricated using natural polymers is increasing in recent years. Electrohydrodynamic processing has drawn attention in active food packaging due to its potential in fabricating materials with advanced structural and functional properties. These materials have the significant capability in enhancing food's quality, safety, and shelf-life. Through electrospinning and electrospray, fibers and particles are encapsulated with bioactive compounds for active packaging applications. Understanding the principle behind electrohydrodynamics provides fundamentals in modulating the material's physicochemical properties based on the operating parameters. This review provides a deep understanding of electrospray and electrospinning, along with their advantages and recent innovations, from food packaging perspectives. The natural polymers suitable for developing active packaging films and coatings through electrohydrodynamics are intensely focused. The critical properties of the packaging system are discussed with characterization techniques. Furthermore, the limitations and prospects for natural polymers and electrohydrodynamic processing in active packaging are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anto Pradeep Raja Charles
- Food and Animal Sciences Program, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tony Z Jin
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard Mu
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Engineering Research Institute, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ying Wu
- Food and Animal Sciences Program, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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10
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Supercritical CO2 assisted strategy for acetic acid elimination from industrial cellulose acetate–water mixtures. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Geetha Devi M, Dutta S, Al Hinai AT, Feroz S. Nano engineered biodegradable capsules for the encapsulation and kinetic release studies of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Dhiman A, Suhag R, Singh A, Prabhakar PK. Mechanistic understanding and potential application of electrospraying in food processing: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8288-8306. [PMID: 34039180 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1926907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrospraying (ESPR) is a cost effective, flexible, and facile method that has been used in the pharmaceutical industry, and thanks to its wide variety of uses such as bioactive compound encapsulation, micronization, and food product coating, which have received a great attention in the food market. It uses a jet of polymer solution for processing food and food-derived products. Droplet size can be extremely small up to nanometers and can be regulated by altering applied voltage and flow rate. Compared to conventional techniques, it is simple, cost effective, uses less solvent and products are obtained in one step with a very high encapsulation efficiency (EE). Encapsulation provided using it protects bioactives from moisture, thermal, oxidative, and mechanical stresses, and thus provides them a good storage stability which will help in increasing the application of these ingredients in food formulation. This technique has an enormous potential for increasing the shelf life of fruit and vegetables through coating and improvement of eating quality. This study is aimed at overviewing the operating principles of ESPR, working parameters, applications, and advantages in the food sector. The article also covers new ESPR techniques like supercritical assisted ESPR and ESPR assisted by pressurized gas (EAPG) which have high yield as compared to conventional ESPR. This article is enriched with good information for research and development in ESPR techniques for development of novel foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Dhiman
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Rajat Suhag
- Department of Food Science Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipat, India
| | - Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Pramod K Prabhakar
- Department of Food Science Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipat, India
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13
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Cojocaru E, Ghitman J, Biru EI, Pircalabioru GG, Vasile E, Iovu H. Synthesis and Characterization of Electrospun Composite Scaffolds Based on Chitosan-Carboxylated Graphene Oxide with Potential Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:2535. [PMID: 34068207 PMCID: PMC8153126 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This research study reports the development of chitosan/carboxylated graphene oxide (CS/GO-COOH) composite scaffolds with nanofibrous architecture using the electrospinning method. The concept of designed composite fibrous material is based on bringing together the biological properties of CS, mechanical, electrical, and biological characteristics of GO-COOH with the versatility and efficiency of ultra-modern electrospinning techniques. Three different concentrations of GO-COOH were added into a chitosan (CS)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) solution (the ratio between CS/PEO was 3/7 (w/w)) and were used in the synthesis process of composite scaffolds. The effect of GO-COOH concentration on the spinnability, morphological and mechanical features, wettability, and biological properties of engineered fibrous scaffolds was thoroughly investigated. FTIR results revealed the non-covalent and covalent interactions that could take place between the system's components. The SEM micrographs highlighted the nanofibrous architecture of scaffolds, and the presence of GO-COOH sheets along the composite CS/GO-COOH nanofibers. The size distribution graphs showed a decreasing trend in the mean diameter of composite nanofibers with the increase in GO-COOH content, from 141.40 nm for CS/PG 0.1% to 119.88 nm for CS/PG 0.5%. The dispersion of GO-COOH led to composite scaffolds with increased elasticity; the Young's modulus of CS/PG 0.5% (84 ± 4.71 MPa) was 7.5-fold lower as compared to CS/PEO (662 ± 15.18 MPa, p < 0.0001). Contact angle measurements showed that both GO-COOH content and crosslinking step influenced the surface wettability of scaffolds, leading to materials with ~1.25-fold higher hydrophobicity. The in vitro cytocompatibility assessment showed that the designed nanofibrous scaffolds showed a reasonable cellular proliferation level after 72 h of contact with the fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cojocaru
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (E.C.); (J.G.); (E.I.B.)
| | - Jana Ghitman
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (E.C.); (J.G.); (E.I.B.)
| | - Elena Iuliana Biru
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (E.C.); (J.G.); (E.I.B.)
| | - Gratiela Gradisteanu Pircalabioru
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Eugeniu Vasile
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Horia Iovu
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (E.C.); (J.G.); (E.I.B.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
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14
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Franco P, De Marco I. Controlled-release antihistamines using supercritical antisolvent process. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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El-Hamshary H, El-Naggar ME, El-Faham A, Abu-Saied MA, Ahmed MK, Al-Sahly M. Preparation and Characterization of Nanofibrous Scaffolds of Ag/Vanadate Hydroxyapatite Encapsulated into Polycaprolactone: Morphology, Mechanical, and In Vitro Cells Adhesion. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1327. [PMID: 33919554 PMCID: PMC8073657 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Series of nanofibrous composites of polycaprolactone (PCL) were fabricated in different compositions of modified hydroxyapatite (HAP). The encapsulated HAP was co-doped with Ag/vanadate ions at different Ag contributions. XRD and FTIR techniques confirmed the powder and fibrous phase formation. Further, the morphological and mechanical behaviors of the electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds containing hydroxyapatite were investigated. The nanofibrous phases were biologically evaluated via studying contact angle, antibacterial, cell viability, and in vitro growth of human fibroblasts cell line (HFB4). It is obvious that silver ions cause gradual deviation in powder grains from wafer-like to cloudy grains. The maximum height of the roughness (Rt) ranged from 902.0 to 956.9 nm, while the valley depth of the roughness (Rv) ranged from 308.3 to 442.8 nm, for the lowest and the highest additional Ag ions for powdered phases. Moreover, the highest contribution of silver through the nanofibrous phases leads to the formation of lowest filaments size ranged from 0.07 to 0.53 µm. Further, the fracture strength was increased exponentially from 2.51 ± 0.35 MPa at zero concentration of silver ions up to 4.23 ± 0.64 MPa at 0.6 Ag/V-HAP@PCL. The fibrous phases were biologically evaluated in terms of antibacterial, cell viability, and in vitro growth of human fibroblasts cell line (HFB4). The nanofibrous composition of 0.8 Ag/V-HAP@PCL reached the maximum potential against E. coli and S. aureus and recorded 20.3 ± 1.1 and 19.8 ± 1.2 mm, respectively. This significant performance of the antibacterial activity and cell viability of co-doped HAP distributed through PCL could recommend these compositions for more research in biological applications, including wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany El-Hamshary
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.E.-F.); (M.A.-S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Mehrez E. El-Naggar
- Textile Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Ayman El-Faham
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.E.-F.); (M.A.-S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - M. A. Abu-Saied
- Polymeric Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-CITY), New Borg El-Arab City 21934, Alexandria, Egypt;
| | - M. K. Ahmed
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez 43518, Egypt;
- Faculty of Nanotechnology for Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, El-Sheikh Zayed 12588, Egypt
| | - Mosaed Al-Sahly
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.E.-F.); (M.A.-S.)
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16
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Supercritical CO2 assisted preparation of chitosan-based nano-in-microparticles with potential for efficient pulmonary drug delivery. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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17
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Hariyanto P, Myint AA, Kim J. Complete drying and micronization of ecamsule using supercritical CO2 as the antisolvent. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.105157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Kchaou M, Alquraish M, Abuhasel K, Abdullah A, Ali AA. Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds: Review of Current Progress in the Properties and Manufacturing Process, and Possible Applications for COVID-19. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:916. [PMID: 33809662 PMCID: PMC8002202 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last twenty years, researchers have focused on the potential applications of electrospinning, especially its scalability and versatility. Specifically, electrospun nanofiber scaffolds are considered an emergent technology and a promising approach that can be applied to biosensing, drug delivery, soft and hard tissue repair and regeneration, and wound healing. Several parameters control the functional scaffolds, such as fiber geometrical characteristics and alignment, architecture, etc. As it is based on nanotechnology, the concept of this approach has shown a strong evolution in terms of the forms of the materials used (aerogels, microspheres, etc.), the incorporated microorganisms used to treat diseases (cells, proteins, nuclei acids, etc.), and the manufacturing process in relation to the control of adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of the mimetic nanofibers. However, several difficulties are still considered as huge challenges for scientists to overcome in relation to scaffolds design and properties (hydrophilicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility) but also in relation to transferring biological nanofibers products into practical industrial use by way of a highly efficient bio-solution. In this article, the authors review current progress in the materials and processes used by the electrospinning technique to develop novel fibrous scaffolds with suitable design and that more closely mimic structure. A specific interest will be given to the use of this approach as an emergent technology for the treatment of bacteria and viruses such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Kchaou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 001, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (K.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Mohammed Alquraish
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 001, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (K.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Khaled Abuhasel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 001, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (K.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Ahmad Abdullah
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 001, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81542, Egypt
| | - Ashraf A. Ali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 001, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (K.A.); (A.A.A.)
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Micronization in food processing: A comprehensive review of mechanistic approach, physicochemical, functional properties and self-stability of micronized food materials. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Tutek K, Masek A, Kosmalska A, Cichosz S. Application of Fluids in Supercritical Conditions in the Polymer Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:729. [PMID: 33673482 PMCID: PMC7956827 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the use of fluids under supercritical conditions in processes related to the modern and innovative polymer industry. The most important processes using supercritical fluids are: extraction, particle formation, micronization, encapsulation, impregnation, polymerization and foaming. This review article briefly describes and characterizes the individual processes, with a focus on extraction, micronization, particle formation and encapsulation. The methods mentioned focus on modifications in the scope of conducting processes in a more ecological manner and showing higher quality efficiency. Nowadays, due to the growing trend of ecological solutions in the chemical industry, we see more and more advanced technological solutions. Less toxic fluids under supercritical conditions can be used as an ecological alternative to organic solvents widely used in the polymer industry. The use of supercritical conditions to conduct these processes creates new opportunities for obtaining materials and products with specialized applications, in particular in the medical, pharmacological, cosmetic and food industries, based on substances of natural sources. The considerations contained in this article are intended to increase the awareness of the need to change the existing techniques. In particular, the importance of using supercritical fluids in more industrial methods and for the development of already known processes, as well as creating new solutions with their use, should be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Tutek
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Masek
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Kosmalska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Stefan Cichosz
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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21
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Li X, Xu T, Liang Z, Amar VS, Huang R, Maddipudi BK, Shende RV, Fong H. Simultaneous Electrospinning and Electrospraying for the Preparation of a Precursor Membrane Containing Hydrothermally Generated Biochar Particles to Produce the Value-Added Product of Carbon Nanofibrous Felt. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:676. [PMID: 33668134 PMCID: PMC7956330 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochar is a byproduct generated from the hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass, such as corn stover, in an anaerobic environment. This work aims to convert biochar into a value-added product of carbon nanofibrous felt. First, the biochar-containing precursor membrane was prepared from simultaneous electrospinning and electrospraying. After thermal stabilization in air and carbonization in argon, the obtained precursor membrane was converted into a mechanically flexible and robust carbon nanofibrous felt. Electrochemical results revealed that the biochar-derived carbon nanofibrous felt might be a good candidate as a supercapacitor electrode with a good rate capability and high kinetic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biological Sciences, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA; (X.L.); (T.X.); (Z.L.); (R.H.)
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biological Sciences, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA; (X.L.); (T.X.); (Z.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Zhipeng Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biological Sciences, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA; (X.L.); (T.X.); (Z.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Vinod S. Amar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA; (V.S.A.); (B.K.M.)
| | - Runzhou Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biological Sciences, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA; (X.L.); (T.X.); (Z.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Bharath K. Maddipudi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA; (V.S.A.); (B.K.M.)
| | - Rajesh V. Shende
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA; (V.S.A.); (B.K.M.)
| | - Hao Fong
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biological Sciences, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA; (X.L.); (T.X.); (Z.L.); (R.H.)
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Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Electrospun Polycaprolactone Scaffolds: Effect of Applied Voltage. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040662. [PMID: 33672211 PMCID: PMC7926916 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of the applied voltage on the morphological and mechanical properties of electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds for potential use in tissue engineering. The morphology of the scaffolds was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the BET techniques for measuring the surface area and pore volume. Stress-strain curves from tensile tests were obtained for estimating the mechanical properties. Additional studies for detecting changes in the chemical structure of the electrospun PCL scaffolds by Fourier transform infrared were performed, while contact angle and X-ray diffraction analysis were realized for determining the wettability and crystallinity, respectively. The SEM, AFM and BET results demonstrate that the electrospun PCL fibers exhibit morphological changes with the applied voltage. By increasing the applied voltage (10 to 25 kV) a significate influence was observed on the fiber diameter, surface roughness, and pore volume. In addition, tensile strength, elongation, and elastic modulus increase with the applied voltage, the crystalline structure of the fibers remains constant, and the surface area and wetting of the scaffolds diminish. The morphological and mechanical properties show a clear correlation with the applied voltage and can be of great relevance for tissue engineering.
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Determination of the Operational Parameters for the Manufacturing of Spherical PVP Particles via Electrospray. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040529. [PMID: 33578985 PMCID: PMC7916815 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aims at bridging experimental and numerical approaches to determine the optimal operating parameters for the fabrication of well-shaped polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) particles via electrohydrodynamic atomization. Particular emphasis is given to the role of the PVP solution viscosity. Solutions of PVP at various concentrations dissolved in Dimethylformamide (DMF) were prepared and analyzed. Numerical simulation using a coupled electro-CFD model was used to determine the ranges of experimental flow rate and the voltage, ensuring that well-shaped spherical particles are produced. It was deduced that the optimal combination of the parameters (flow rate, voltage, and polymer concentration) can be well approximated by a scaling law. The established relationship allowed determination of a stability island that guarantees that the given polymer solution will form spherical particles. Analyzing morphology and sizes of the particles manufactured in the optimal parameters range, we show, among others, that the size of the PVP particles can be predicted as a function of the flow rate by a power scaling relationship.
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Guastaferro M, Baldino L, Cardea S, Reverchon E. Supercritical assisted electrospray/spinning to produce PVP+quercetin microparticles and microfibers. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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AlHammadi AA, Abutaqiya MIL. Thermodynamic Assessment of the Partitioning of Acetone between Supercritical CO 2 and Polystyrene Using the Polar PC-SAFT Equation of State. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:29530-29537. [PMID: 33225184 PMCID: PMC7676333 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) has gained considerable attention in the process industry due to its favorable economic, environmental, and technical characteristics. Polymer processing is one of the key industrial applications where scCO2 plays an important role. In order to be able to efficiently design the polymer processing equipment, understanding the phase behavior and partition of solutes between scCO2 and polymers is necessary. This paper investigates the partitioning of acetone - a conventional polar cosolvent - between scCO2 and polystyrene - a glassy polymer. We highlight the importance of taking into account the polar interactions between acetone molecules and their role in the polymer phase behavior. The system is modeled under a wide range of temperatures and pressures (278.15-518.2 K and 1.0-20.0 MPa) using the polar version of the perturbed chain statistical associating fluid theory (polar PC-SAFT) equation of state. The results show that at relatively low pressure, the system exhibits a vapor-liquid-liquid (VLL) three-phase region bounded by two two-phase regions (VL and LL). At high pressure, VLL and VL regions disappear and only the LL region remains. The temperature effect is more interesting, showing a transition of upper critical solution temperature behavior to lower critical solution temperature behavior at 10 MPa and 398.15 K. It is found that neglecting the polar term can lead to significant changes in the description of the polymeric-system phase behavior especially at lower temperatures. No such differences are observed at higher temperatures (above 500 K) where the effect of polar interaction is considerably weaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. AlHammadi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab
Emirates
- Center
for Catalysis and Separation, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab
Emirates
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Palazzo I, Raimondo M, Della Porta G, Guadagno L, Reverchon E. Encapsulation of health-monitoring agent in poly-methyl-methacrylate microcapsules using supercritical emulsion extraction. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Morais AÍS, Vieira EG, Afewerki S, Sousa RB, Honorio LMC, Cambrussi ANCO, Santos JA, Bezerra RDS, Furtini JAO, Silva-Filho EC, Webster TJ, Lobo AO. Fabrication of Polymeric Microparticles by Electrospray: The Impact of Experimental Parameters. J Funct Biomater 2020; 11:jfb11010004. [PMID: 31952157 PMCID: PMC7151563 DOI: 10.3390/jfb11010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) with controlled morphologies and sizes have been investigated by several researchers due to their importance in pharmaceutical, ceramic, cosmetic, and food industries to just name a few. In particular, the electrospray (ES) technique has been shown to be a viable alternative for the development of single particles with different dimensions, multiple layers, and varied morphologies. In order to adjust these properties, it is necessary to optimize different experimental parameters, such as polymer solvent, voltage, flow rate (FR), type of collectors, and distance between the collector and needle tip, which will all be highlighted in this review. Moreover, the influence and contributions of each of these parameters on the design and fabrication of polymeric MPs are described. In addition, the most common configurations of ES systems for this purpose are discussed, for instance, the main configuration of an ES system with monoaxial, coaxial, triaxial, and multi-capillary delivery. Finally, the main types of collectors employed, types of synthesized MPs and their applications specifically in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields will be emphasized. To date, ES is a promising and versatile technology with numerous excellent applications in the pharmaceutical and biomaterials field and such MPs generated should be employed for the improved treatment of cancer, healing of bone, and other persistent medical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Í. S. Morais
- LIMAV—Interdisciplinary Advanced Materials Laboratory, PPGCM—Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program, UFPI—Federal University of Piaui, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil; (A.Í.S.M.); (E.G.V.); (L.M.C.H.); (A.N.C.O.C.); (J.A.S.); (J.A.O.F.); (E.C.S.-F.)
| | - Ewerton G. Vieira
- LIMAV—Interdisciplinary Advanced Materials Laboratory, PPGCM—Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program, UFPI—Federal University of Piaui, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil; (A.Í.S.M.); (E.G.V.); (L.M.C.H.); (A.N.C.O.C.); (J.A.S.); (J.A.O.F.); (E.C.S.-F.)
| | - Samson Afewerki
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ricardo B. Sousa
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Tocantins, Dianápolis Campus, IFTO, Dianápolis 77300-000, Tocantins, Brazil;
| | - Luzia M. C. Honorio
- LIMAV—Interdisciplinary Advanced Materials Laboratory, PPGCM—Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program, UFPI—Federal University of Piaui, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil; (A.Í.S.M.); (E.G.V.); (L.M.C.H.); (A.N.C.O.C.); (J.A.S.); (J.A.O.F.); (E.C.S.-F.)
| | - Anallyne N. C. O. Cambrussi
- LIMAV—Interdisciplinary Advanced Materials Laboratory, PPGCM—Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program, UFPI—Federal University of Piaui, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil; (A.Í.S.M.); (E.G.V.); (L.M.C.H.); (A.N.C.O.C.); (J.A.S.); (J.A.O.F.); (E.C.S.-F.)
| | - Jailson A. Santos
- LIMAV—Interdisciplinary Advanced Materials Laboratory, PPGCM—Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program, UFPI—Federal University of Piaui, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil; (A.Í.S.M.); (E.G.V.); (L.M.C.H.); (A.N.C.O.C.); (J.A.S.); (J.A.O.F.); (E.C.S.-F.)
| | - Roosevelt D. S. Bezerra
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Piauí, Teresina-Central Campus, IFPI, Teresina 64000-040, Brazil;
| | - Josy A. O. Furtini
- LIMAV—Interdisciplinary Advanced Materials Laboratory, PPGCM—Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program, UFPI—Federal University of Piaui, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil; (A.Í.S.M.); (E.G.V.); (L.M.C.H.); (A.N.C.O.C.); (J.A.S.); (J.A.O.F.); (E.C.S.-F.)
| | - Edson C. Silva-Filho
- LIMAV—Interdisciplinary Advanced Materials Laboratory, PPGCM—Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program, UFPI—Federal University of Piaui, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil; (A.Í.S.M.); (E.G.V.); (L.M.C.H.); (A.N.C.O.C.); (J.A.S.); (J.A.O.F.); (E.C.S.-F.)
| | - Thomas J. Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Anderson O. Lobo
- LIMAV—Interdisciplinary Advanced Materials Laboratory, PPGCM—Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program, UFPI—Federal University of Piaui, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil; (A.Í.S.M.); (E.G.V.); (L.M.C.H.); (A.N.C.O.C.); (J.A.S.); (J.A.O.F.); (E.C.S.-F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-86-3237-1057
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Chakravarty P, Famili A, Nagapudi K, Al-Sayah MA. Using Supercritical Fluid Technology as a Green Alternative During the Preparation of Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E629. [PMID: 31775292 PMCID: PMC6956038 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro- and nano-carrier formulations have been developed as drug delivery systems for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) that suffer from poor physico-chemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties. Encapsulating the APIs in such systems can help improve their stability by protecting them from harsh conditions such as light, oxygen, temperature, pH, enzymes, and others. Consequently, the API's dissolution rate and bioavailability are tremendously improved. Conventional techniques used in the production of these drug carrier formulations have several drawbacks, including thermal and chemical stability of the APIs, excessive use of organic solvents, high residual solvent levels, difficult particle size control and distributions, drug loading-related challenges, and time and energy consumption. This review illustrates how supercritical fluid (SCF) technologies can be superior in controlling the morphology of API particles and in the production of drug carriers due to SCF's non-toxic, inert, economical, and environmentally friendly properties. The SCF's advantages, benefits, and various preparation methods are discussed. Drug carrier formulations discussed in this review include microparticles, nanoparticles, polymeric membranes, aerogels, microporous foams, solid lipid nanoparticles, and liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paroma Chakravarty
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutics, Genentech, Inc. So. San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (P.C.); (K.N.)
| | - Amin Famili
- Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc. So. San Francisco, CA 94080, USA;
| | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutics, Genentech, Inc. So. San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (P.C.); (K.N.)
| | - Mohammad A. Al-Sayah
- Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc. So. San Francisco, CA 94080, USA;
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