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Bertram CA, Donovan TA, Bartel A. Mitotic activity: A systematic literature review of the assessment methodology and prognostic value in canine tumors. Vet Pathol 2024:3009858241239565. [PMID: 38533804 DOI: 10.1177/03009858241239565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
One of the most relevant prognostic indices for tumors is cellular proliferation, which is most commonly measured by the mitotic activity in routine tumor sections. The goal of this systematic review was to analyze the methods and prognostic relevance of histologically measuring mitotic activity that have been reported for canine tumors in the literature. A total of 137 articles that correlated the mitotic activity in canine tumors with patient outcome were identified through a systematic (PubMed and Scopus) and nonsystematic (Google Scholar) literature search and eligibility screening process. Mitotic activity methods encompassed the mitotic count (MC, number of mitotic figures per tumor area) in 126 studies, presumably the MC (method not specified) in 6 studies, and the mitotic index (MI, number of mitotic figures per number of tumor cells) in 5 studies. A particularly high risk of bias was identified based on the available details of the MC methods and statistical analyses, which often did not quantify the prognostic discriminative ability of the MC and only reported P values. A significant association of the MC with survival was found in 72 of 109 (66%) studies. However, survival was evaluated by at least 3 studies in only 7 tumor types/groups, of which a prognostic relevance is apparent for mast cell tumors of the skin, cutaneous melanoma, and soft tissue tumor of the skin and subcutis. None of the studies using the MI found a prognostic relevance. This review highlights the need for more studies with standardized methods and appropriate analysis of the discriminative ability to prove the prognostic value of the MC and MI in various tumor types. Future studies are needed to evaluate the influence of the performance of individual pathologists on the appropriateness of prognostic thresholds and investigate methods to improve interobserver reproducibility.
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Winter RL, Maneval KL, Ferrel CS, Clark WA, Herrold EJ, Rhinehart JD. Evaluation of right ventricular diastolic function, systolic function, and circulating galectin-3 concentrations in dogs with pulmonary stenosis. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2030-2038. [PMID: 37767953 PMCID: PMC10658516 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases with increased right ventricular (RV) afterload induce RV diastolic and systolic dysfunction, and myocardial fibrosis in humans. Studies in dogs with pulmonary stenosis (PS) evaluating RV diastolic function and markers of myocardial fibrosis are lacking. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Dogs with PS have echocardiographic evidence of RV diastolic and systolic dysfunction and increased serum concentrations of galectin-3 (Gal-3), a surrogate biomarker for myocardial fibrosis. ANIMALS Forty client-owned dogs (10 controls, 30 with PS). METHODS Prospective study. All dogs had systemic blood pressure measurement, serum biochemical analysis, echocardiography, and measurement of serum Gal-3 concentration performed. RESULTS Variables of RV diastolic function were obtained in 39/40 dogs. Trans-tricuspid flow velocity in early diastole to trans-tricuspid flow velocity in late diastole ratios (RV E/A) were lower (P < .001) in dogs with PS (median, 0.94; range, 0.62-2.04) compared to controls (1.78; 1.17-2.35). Trans-tricuspid flow velocity in early diastole to tricuspid annular myocardial velocity in early diastole ratios (RV E/e') were higher (P < .001) in dogs with PS (11.55; 4.69-28) compared to control (6.21; 5.16-7.21). Variables of RV systolic function were lower in dogs with PS (P = <.001). Serum Gal-3 concentration was higher (P = .002) in dogs with PS (285.1 pg/mL; 94.71-406.97) compared to control dogs (162.83 pg/mL; 52.3-232.82). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Dogs with PS have RV diastolic and systolic dysfunction, and increased Gal-3 concentrations. These findings suggest the presence of RV myocardial fibrosis in dogs with PS, which could impact clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kara L. Maneval
- College of Veterinary MedicineAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | | | - William A. Clark
- Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Emily J. Herrold
- Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
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Smedley RC, Bongiovanni L, Bacmeister C, Clifford CA, Christensen N, Dreyfus JM, Gary JM, Pavuk A, Rowland PH, Swanson C, Tripp C, Woods JP, Bergman PJ. Diagnosis and histopathologic prognostication of canine melanocytic neoplasms: A consensus of the Oncology-Pathology Working Group. Vet Comp Oncol 2022; 20:739-751. [PMID: 35522017 PMCID: PMC9796073 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the primary objectives of the Oncology Pathology Working Group (OPWG) is for oncologists and pathologists to collaboratively generate consensus documents to standardize aspects of and provide guidelines for veterinary oncologic pathology. Consensus is established through review of relevant peer-reviewed literature relative to a subgroup's particular focus. In this article, the authors provide a critical review of the current literature for the diagnosis of, and histopathologic prognostication for, canine cutaneous and oral/lip melanocytic neoplasms, suggest guidelines for reporting, provide recommendations for clinical interpretation, and discuss future directions. This document represents the opinions of the working group and the authors and does not constitute a formal endorsement by the American College of Veterinary Pathologists, American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine or the Veterinary Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C. Smedley
- Veterinary Diagnostic LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityLansingMichiganUSA
| | - Laura Bongiovanni
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TeramoTeramoItaly,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomolecular SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Craig A. Clifford
- Oncology ServiceHope Veterinary Specialists/BluePearlMalvernPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Neil Christensen
- Oncology ServiceVeterinary Specialty Hospital Hong KongWan ChaiHong Kong,Veterinary Medical Teaching HospitalUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Jennifer M. Dreyfus
- Anatomic PathologyDreyfus Veterinary Pathology ConsultingMadisonWisconsinUSA,School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Joy M. Gary
- NeuropathologyStageBioFrederickMarylandUSA,Comparative Biomedical Training Program, Molecular Pathology UnitNCI, NIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Alana Pavuk
- Anatomic PathologyAntech DiagnosticsDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Christine Swanson
- Oncology ServiceBluePearl Specialty and Emergency Pet HospitalGrand RapidsMichiganUSA
| | - Chelsea Tripp
- Oncology ServiceBridge Animal Referral CenterEdmondsWashingtonUSA
| | - J. Paul Woods
- Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
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Diagnosis and Prognosis of Canine Melanocytic Neoplasms. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9040175. [PMID: 35448673 PMCID: PMC9030435 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9040175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine melanocytic neoplasms have a highly variable biological behavior ranging from benign cutaneous melanocytomas to malignant oral melanomas that readily metastasize to lymph nodes and internal organs. This review focuses on the diagnosis and prognosis of canine melanocytic neoplasms. While pigmented melanocytic neoplasms can be diagnosed with fine-needle aspirates, an accurate prognosis requires surgical biopsy. However, differentiating amelanotic spindloid melanomas from soft tissue sarcomas is challenging and often requires immunohistochemical labeling with a diagnostic cocktail that contains antibodies against Melan-A, PNL-2, TRP-1, and TRP-2 as the current gold standard. For questionable cases, RNA expression analysis for TYR, CD34, and CALD can further differentiate these two entities. The diagnosis of amelanotic melanomas will be aided by submitting overlying and/or lateral flanking epithelium to identify junctional activity. Wide excision of lateral flanking epithelium is essential, as lentiginous spread is common for malignant mucosal melanomas. Combining histologic features (nuclear atypia, mitotic count, degree of pigmentation, level of infiltration, vascular invasion; tumor thickness and ulceration) with the Ki67 index provides the most detailed prognostic assessment. Sentinel lymph nodes should be evaluated in cases of suspected malignant melanomas using serial sectioning of the node combined with immunohistochemical labeling for Melan-A and PNL-2.
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Lee GW, Kang MH, Ro WB, Song DW, Park HM. Circulating Galectin-3 Evaluation in Dogs With Cardiac and Non-cardiac Diseases. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:741210. [PMID: 34722704 PMCID: PMC8551921 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.741210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is involved in important biological functions such as fibrogenesis and inflammation. Notably, it is associated with various diseases and plays a major role in cardiac inflammation and fibrosis. Although heart diseases are relatively common in dogs, a few studies have analyzed the circulating galectin-3 concentration in dogs with various heart diseases, including myxomatous mitral valve disease, patent ductus arteriosus, and pulmonic stenosis. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the effect of heart disease on circulating galectin-3 levels in dogs, and also to evaluate the correlation between galectin-3 concentration and conventional echocardiographic indices along with N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentration in dogs with heart diseases. The medical records and archived serum samples of 107 dogs were evaluated retrospectively. In total, 107 dogs were classified into healthy dogs (n = 8), cardiac disease (n = 26), and non-cardiac disease groups (n = 73). The circulatory galectin-3 levels were analyzed using a commercially available canine-specific galectin-3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. This study demonstrated that dogs with heart, endocrine, and dermatologic diseases had significantly higher galectin-3 levels than healthy dogs (p = 0.009, p = 0.007, and p = 0.026, respectively). Among dogs with heart diseases, dogs with concentric cardiomyopathy had significantly increased circulatory galectin-3 levels compared with healthy dogs (p = 0.028). E'/A' had a positive association with galectin-3 levels among conventional echocardiographic indices. Moreover, the galectin-3 concentration could predict diastolic dysfunction. In dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease, a significantly positive correlation was revealed between galectin-3 levels and NT-proBNP levels (p = 0.007). Overall, this study demonstrates that circulatory galectin-3 levels increase in dogs with heart, endocrine, and dermatologic diseases. Moreover, this study demonstrates that galectin-3 concentration could be helpful to evaluate cardiac remodeling and diastolic function. Further large-scale research is required to evaluate the role of circulating galectin-3 in dogs with heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hee-Myung Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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Vargas THM, Barra CN, Pulz LH, Huete GC, Cadrobbi KG, Nishiya AT, Kleeb SR, Xavier JG, Catão-Dias JL, Strefezzi RF. Galectin-3 immunolabelling correlates with BCL2 expression in canine cutaneous mast cell tumours. Acta Vet Hung 2021; 69:169-174. [PMID: 34111022 DOI: 10.1556/004.2021.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell tumour (MCT) is the most frequent skin neoplasm in dogs. These tumours are characterised by variable behaviour and clinical presentation that make prognosis an important and challenging task in the veterinary practice. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is known to influence several biological processes that are important in the cancer context and has been described as a prognostic marker for several human cancers. The aim of the present work was to characterise Gal-3 immunolabelling in canine cutaneous MCTs and to investigate its value as a prognostic marker for the disease. Thirty-four random cases of canine cutaneous MCT that were surgically treated with wide margins were included in this study. Gal-3 expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry and the results were compared with the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, Ki67 index, histopathological grades, mortality due to the disease and post-surgical survival. The majority of the MCTs (65.8%) were positive for Gal-3. Gal-3 immunolabelling was variable among the samples (2.7%-86.8% of the neoplastic cells). The protein was located in the cytoplasm or in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Gal-3 positivity was correlated with BCL2 expression (P < 0.001; r = 0.604), but not with Ki67 and BAX. No significant differences were detected between histological grades or in the survival analysis. Gal-3 expression correlates with BCL2 expression in MCTs. Although an efficient marker for several human neoplasms, the results presented herein suggest that Gal-3 immunolabelling is not an independent prognostic indicator for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Henrique M. Vargas
- 1Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional (LOCT), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Jd. Elite, Pirassununga, CEP 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila N. Barra
- 1Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional (LOCT), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Jd. Elite, Pirassununga, CEP 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
- 2Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lidia H. Pulz
- 1Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional (LOCT), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Jd. Elite, Pirassununga, CEP 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
- 2Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Greice C. Huete
- 1Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional (LOCT), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Jd. Elite, Pirassununga, CEP 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karine G. Cadrobbi
- 1Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional (LOCT), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Jd. Elite, Pirassununga, CEP 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- 2Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo F. Strefezzi
- 1Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional (LOCT), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Jd. Elite, Pirassununga, CEP 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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Marques GR, Rocha LF, Vargas THM, Pulz LH, Huete GC, Cadrobbi KG, Pires CG, Sanches DS, Mota EFF, Strefezzi RF. Relationship of Galectin-3 Expression in Canine Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinomas with Histopathological Grading and Proliferation Indices. J Comp Pathol 2020; 178:16-21. [PMID: 32800103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a frequent malignant neoplasm of the skin that usually arises from areas of solar dermatosis. It is characterized by local invasiveness and regional lymph node metastasis, mainly in poorly differentiated tumours. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a lectin that is expressed in the nucleus or cytoplasm and has been identified as a prognostic tool for human neoplasms. The purpose of this study was to characterize Gal-3 expression in canine cutaneous SCCs and to investigate its relationship with tumour differentiation and cell proliferation indices. Immunohistochemical analysis of 50 SCCs for Gal-3 revealed no correlation between the localization or intensity of immunolabelling, or number of immunopositive cells, with histological grade of tumour or proliferative activity. The results suggest that Gal-3 expression is not a reliable prognostic marker for cutaneous SCC in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Marques
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - L F Rocha
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - T H M Vargas
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - L H Pulz
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil; Centro Universitário da Fundação de Ensino Octávio Bastos, São João da Boa Vista, Brazil
| | - G C Huete
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil; PROVET Veterinária Diagnóstica, Brazil
| | - K G Cadrobbi
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil; PROVET Veterinária Diagnóstica, Brazil
| | - C G Pires
- Centro Veterinário de Anatomia Patológica - CVAP, Brazil
| | - D S Sanches
- Centro Veterinário de Anatomia Patológica - CVAP, Brazil
| | - E F F Mota
- Histopet Patologia Veterinária, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R F Strefezzi
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil.
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