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Mu J, Xiong T, Xu F, Guo W, Sun C, Chen H, Fan W. Tolerance to induced astigmatism of patients with trifocal or extended depth of focus intraocular lens implantation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1462205. [PMID: 39247637 PMCID: PMC11377219 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1462205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Residual astigmatism is common after cataract surgery involving implantation of an intraocular lens, yet the tolerance of presbyopia-correcting intraocular lens to astigmatism of different magnitudes and axes is poorly understood. Here we compared visual acuity and quality in the presence of induced astigmatism after implantation of a trifocal or extended-depth-of-focus (EDOF) intraocular lens, the two widely used presbyopia-correcting intraocular lenses. Methods At least 3 months after implantation of a TFNT00 or ZXR00 intraocular lens, patients were analyzed by slit-lamp examination, non-contact tonometry, subjective refraction, iTrace aberrometry, and corneal topography. After correction of residual astigmatism, astigmatism of different magnitudes on different axes was induced using cylindrical lenses, and overall visual acuity was measured, while objective visual quality was measured using the Optical Quality Analysis System II. Subjects were also asked about subjective visual quality using the Visual Function-14 questionnaire. Results Comparison of 18 individuals who received a trifocal lens and 19 who received an EDOF lens showed that objective visual quality was better in the EDOF group regardless of the magnitude or axis of the induced astigmatism. In both groups, astigmatism of at least -1.00 DC influenced distant vision more severely when the axis was 45° than 0° or 90°, meanwhile astigmatism of at least -1.50 DC influenced near and intermediate vision more severely when the axis was 45° than 0° or 90°. Conclusion Trifocal or EDOF intraocular lenses are less tolerant of oblique astigmatism than astigmatism with or against the rule. EDOF lenses may provide better objective visual quality than trifocal lenses in the presence of astigmatism, regardless of its magnitude or axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Mu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianxu Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanyue Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chuhuan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Pérez-Sanz L, Vega F, Azor-Morón JA, Cuellar F, Millán MS, Garzón N. Tolerance to residual astigmatism of an isofocal intraocular lens. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024; 262:1169-1180. [PMID: 37950754 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the impact of residual astigmatism on the optical and visual performance of an enhanced-monofocal isofocal intraocular lens (EM Isopure, BVI medical, Belgium) compared to a monofocal one (Micropure, BVI medical, Belgium). METHODS Laboratory investigation and prospective, comparative and randomized clinical study. Optical quality was assessed on an optical bench for 2.0, 3.0, and 4.5 mm pupils. The effect of residual astigmatism was investigated from through-focus images recorded with increasing amounts of regular positive astigmatism induced with a deformable mirror. To evaluate the impact of residual astigmatism, 28 eyes of 28 patients were randomly assigned to either group. Residual astigmatism was induced with positive and negative cylinder lenses at 90 and 180°. Visual acuity (VA) was measured at each step. RESULTS The optical performance of both IOLs was quite similar for 2.0 and 3.0 mm pupils. For 4.5-mm pupil, the EM Isopure showed a significant reduction of its optical quality in comparison with the monofocal IOL. When visual performance was evaluated, no statistically significant differences were found for any power of induced astigmatism. More differences were found when positive induced astigmatism was compared within each group, and VA was better when the astigmatism was induced at 180° vs. 90°. The greatest differences were found for and induced positive astigmatism of + 1.50D (p = 0.009 for Isopure and p = 0.023 for Micropure). CONCLUSIONS The tolerance to residual astigmatism of the EM Isopure lens is similar to that of a reference monofocal lens with pupils up to 3.5 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Pérez-Sanz
- Optometry and Vision Department, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Arcos de Jalón 118, 28037, Madrid, Spain.
- Miranza IOA. C/Galileo 104, 28003, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fidel Vega
- Grupo de Óptica Aplicada y Procesado de Imagen (GOAPI), Department of Optics and Optometry, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech, Violinista Vellsolà 37, 08222, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Juan A Azor-Morón
- Grupo de Óptica Aplicada y Procesado de Imagen (GOAPI), Department of Optics and Optometry, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech, Violinista Vellsolà 37, 08222, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Fátima Cuellar
- Grupo de Óptica Aplicada y Procesado de Imagen (GOAPI), Department of Optics and Optometry, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech, Violinista Vellsolà 37, 08222, Terrassa, Spain
| | - María S Millán
- Grupo de Óptica Aplicada y Procesado de Imagen (GOAPI), Department of Optics and Optometry, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech, Violinista Vellsolà 37, 08222, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Nuria Garzón
- Optometry and Vision Department, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Arcos de Jalón 118, 28037, Madrid, Spain
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Chang JSM, Liu SCT, Ma NTC, Ng JCM. Comparative Analysis of Tolerance to Experimentally Induced Astigmatism with Three Types of Multifocal Intraocular Lenses. Clin Ophthalmol 2024; 18:139-149. [PMID: 38235488 PMCID: PMC10793118 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s429630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The effect of residual astigmatism and its axis on distance and near visual acuities (VAs) with multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) has not been studied extensively. This study compared the tolerance to experimentally induced residual astigmatism among bifocal, trifocal, and extended depth-of-focus (EDOF) IOLs. Patients and Methods This retrospective, comparative study included 70 eyes of 70 patients implanted with bifocal, trifocal, or EDOF IOLs. Distance and near VAs were assessed with experimentally induced astigmatism by placing positive cylindrical lenses in increments of 0.50 diopters to 2.00 diopters at 90° and 180° axes over the best distance correction. Results Both distance and near VAs worsened with increasing magnitudes of experimentally induced astigmatism except in the EDOF group, in which the near VA remained within a clinically acceptable limit, ie, within one line from the best corrected VA under all ranges of experimentally induced astigmatism. Furthermore, the EDOF group showed the highest astigmatic threshold for losing VA lines following experimental astigmatic induction at both distance and near. The distance VA was generally better at with-the-rule (WTR) than against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism for all three IOL groups. On the other hand, the near VA was generally better at WTR than ATR astigmatism in the bifocal group, comparable between WTR and ATR astigmatism in the trifocal group, and generally better at ATR than WTR astigmatism in the EDOF group. Conclusion The EDOF IOL demonstrated the highest tolerance to experimentally induced astigmatism at both distance and near. VA was generally less affected by WTR astigmatism than ATR astigmatism, especially at distance. We proposed the residual astigmatism thresholds for clinically acceptable VA reduction in all three IOL groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- John So Min Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, Hong Kong
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4
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Shen J, Ma D, Cai L, Zhang L, Guo H, Yang J. Comparison of visual outcomes in adult patients with different types of developmental cataracts after toric multifocal intraocular lenses implantation. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 261:3521-3530. [PMID: 37382611 PMCID: PMC10667390 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze and compare the visual performance and patient satisfaction following the implantation of toric multifocal intraocular lenses (TMIOLs) in adult patients with different types of developmental cataracts (DC) accompanied by corneal astigmatism (CA). METHODS This is a prospective observational cohort study. Patients diagnosed with DC aged 18-30 years were divided into three groups according to the anatomic location of the lens opacity: cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular (PSC) groups, and implanted with TMIOLs. Visual acuity (VA), postoperative refractive astigmatism (RA), intraocular lens (IOL) rotation, high-order aberrations (HOAs), modulation transfer function (MTF) curve, and Strehl ratio were compared. The functional vision and incidence of photic phenomena were surveyed using questionnaires. RESULTS Fifty-five eyes of 37 patients were enrolled and completed a 1-year follow-up. The mean CA was 2.06 ± 0.79 D preoperatively, and the mean RA was 0.29 ± 0.30 D 3-month postoperatively. The IOL rotation was 2.48° ± 1.89°, with no deviation > 10°. At 12 months, mean uncorrected distance VA improved from 0.93 ± 0.41 preoperatively to 0.08 ± 0.08 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR), mean uncorrected near VA increased from 0.45 ± 0.30 preoperatively to 0.12 ± 0.11 logMAR, and mean uncorrected intermediate VA was 0.14 ± 0.08 logMAR. The cortical and nuclear groups displayed better improvements in uncorrected near and intermediate VA than that in the PSC group. Similar results were observed in the 3-month defocus curves, HOAs, MTF curve, halo incidence, and near vision satisfaction. CONCLUSION In adult patients with DC accompanied by CA, TMIOLs implantation achieved good postoperative visual outcomes and significantly reduced glasses dependency. Patients with cortical or nuclear lens opacity showed better whole-course VA and quality of vision, while patients with PSC opacity showed unsatisfactory near vision and suffered more photic phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Heping Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongmei Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology and the Eye Institute, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
- Key National Health Committee of the Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology and the Eye Institute, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
- Key National Health Committee of the Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Limei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Heping Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Haike Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Heping Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and the Eye Institute, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China.
- Key National Health Committee of the Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Moreno JRA, Micó V, Albarrán Diego C. Subjective refraction using power vectors by updating a conventional phoropter with a Stokes lens for continuous astigmatic power generation. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2023; 43:1029-1039. [PMID: 37264763 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To implement a pure power vector method for monocular subjective refraction using a regular phoropter with the only modification being the inclusion of a Stokes lens. The proposed methodology was tested with three different Stokes lenses, and the results were compared with conventional clinical refraction procedures. METHODS Power vector subjective refraction was performed by attaching a Stokes lens to the Risley prism holder. Stokes lenses allow for pure astigmatic compensation in the form of the J0 , J45 components while the spherical lenses in the phoropter allow determination of the spherical component in the form of M (spherical equivalent). The proposed routine is presented step-by-step using three Stokes lenses having different astigmatic powers. RESULTS Monocular subjective refraction was performed on 26 healthy subjects with a mean age of 44 ± 16 years, mean spherical equivalent of -0.56 D (range -5.50 to +2.38 D) and refractive astigmatism ≤1.50 D. No differences were found between the results obtained with the conventional technique versus the vector-based procedure for the spherical equivalent (p = 0.28) or astigmatic components (p = 0.34). In addition, visual acuity (VA) was equivalent through the refractions measured with the conventional and vector procedures (p = 0.12). Repeatability coefficients for J0 and J45 with the new vector methodology were <0.38 D. CONCLUSIONS The proposed routine could be helpful for cases where it is difficult to get a valid starting point for conventional refraction (e.g., irregular corneas and media opacities), for testing facilities with limited resources/equipment and/or for motivated clinicians who wish to know about alternative methods of refractive error determination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vicente Micó
- Departamento de Óptica y Optometría y Ciencias de la Visión, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Cesar Albarrán Diego
- Departamento de Óptica y Optometría y Ciencias de la Visión, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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6
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Rocha-de-Lossada C, Rodríguez-Vallejo M, Rodríguez-Calvo-de-Mora M, Ribeiro FJ, Fernández J. Managing low corneal astigmatism in patients with presbyopia correcting intraocular lenses: a narrative review. BMC Ophthalmol 2023; 23:254. [PMID: 37280550 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-03003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cataract surgery has become a refractive procedure in which emmetropia is the goal, with the implantation of extended depth-of-focus or multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) being the commonly selected option to restore vision beyond the far distance. The selection criteria for implanting these lenses can differ from those for monofocal IOLs and even between technologies, as eye characteristics can affect postoperative visual performance. Corneal astigmatism is an eye characteristic that can affect visual performance differently, depending on the implanted IOL. The magnitude of corneal astigmatism, the tolerance of the IOL to this astigmatism, economic aspects, comorbidities, and the efficacy of astigmatism treatment are factors that can make surgeons' doubt as to what astigmatism treatment should be applied to each patient. This review aims to summarize the current evidence related to low astigmatism tolerance in presbyopia-correcting lenses, the efficacy achieved through corneal incisions, and their comparison with the implantation of toric IOLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rocha-de-Lossada
- Qvision, Department of Ophthalmology of VITHAS Almería Hospital, Almería, 04120, Spain
- Ophthalmology Department, VITHAS Málaga, Málaga, 29016, Spain
- Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Plaza del Hospital Civil, S/N, Málaga, 29009, Spain
- Departamento de Cirugía, Universidad de Sevilla, Área de Oftalmología. Doctor Fedriani, S/N, Sevilla, 41009, Spain
| | | | - Marina Rodríguez-Calvo-de-Mora
- Qvision, Department of Ophthalmology of VITHAS Almería Hospital, Almería, 04120, Spain
- Ophthalmology Department, VITHAS Málaga, Málaga, 29016, Spain
- Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Plaza del Hospital Civil, S/N, Málaga, 29009, Spain
| | - Filomena J Ribeiro
- Departamento de Oftalmologia, Hospital da Luz, Lisbon, 1500-650, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Joaquín Fernández
- Qvision, Department of Ophthalmology of VITHAS Almería Hospital, Almería, 04120, Spain
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7
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Gil P, Farcas A, Benito A, Tabernero J. Functional visual tests to evaluate the effect of small astigmatism correction with toric contact lenses. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:2811-2820. [PMID: 37342708 PMCID: PMC10278640 DOI: 10.1364/boe.487410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The prescription of daily contact lenses does not often include a full astigmatic correction. We question here whether this full astigmatic correction (for low to moderate astigmatism) provides a substantial improvement in the overall visual performance compared to a more conservative approach based only on the prescription of spherical contact lenses. The visual performance of 56 contact lens neophytes divided in two contact lens fitting groups (toric versus spherical lens fit) was assessed using standard visual acuity and contrast sensitivity tests. A new set of functional tests simulating everyday tasks was also used. Results showed that subjects with toric lenses had significantly better visual acuity and contrast sensitivity than those with spherical lenses. Functional tests did not render significant differences between groups, which was explained by several factors like i) the visual demand of the functional tests, ii) the dynamic blur due to misalignments and iii) small misfits between the available and measured axis of the astigmatic contact lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gil
- Departamento de Electromagnetismo y Electrónica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo (Edificio 34), Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Alexandra Farcas
- Departamento de Electromagnetismo y Electrónica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo (Edificio 34), Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Antonio Benito
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo (Edificio 34), Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Juan Tabernero
- Departamento de Electromagnetismo y Electrónica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo (Edificio 34), Murcia 30100, Spain
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8
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Kasowski J, Johnson BA, Neydavood R, Akkaraju A, Beyeler M. A systematic review of extended reality (XR) for understanding and augmenting vision loss. J Vis 2023; 23:5. [PMID: 37140911 PMCID: PMC10166121 DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.5.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, extended reality (XR) has emerged as an assistive technology not only to augment residual vision of people losing their sight but also to study the rudimentary vision restored to blind people by a visual neuroprosthesis. A defining quality of these XR technologies is their ability to update the stimulus based on the user's eye, head, or body movements. To make the best use of these emerging technologies, it is valuable and timely to understand the state of this research and identify any shortcomings that are present. Here we present a systematic literature review of 227 publications from 106 different venues assessing the potential of XR technology to further visual accessibility. In contrast to other reviews, we sample studies from multiple scientific disciplines, focus on technology that augments a person's residual vision, and require studies to feature a quantitative evaluation with appropriate end users. We summarize prominent findings from different XR research areas, show how the landscape has changed over the past decade, and identify scientific gaps in the literature. Specifically, we highlight the need for real-world validation, the broadening of end-user participation, and a more nuanced understanding of the usability of different XR-based accessibility aids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Kasowski
- Graduate Program in Dynamical Neuroscience, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Byron A Johnson
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Neydavood
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Anvitha Akkaraju
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Michael Beyeler
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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9
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Hughes R, Aristodemou P, Sparrow JM, Kaye S. Surgeon effects on cataract refractive outcomes are minimal compared with patient comorbidity and gender: an analysis of 490 987 cases. Br J Ophthalmol 2023; 107:488-494. [PMID: 34764082 PMCID: PMC10086271 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-320231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate effect of patient age, gender, comorbidities and surgeon on refractive outcomes following cataract surgery. METHODS Study population: patients on UK national ophthalmic cataract database on cataract operations undertaken between 1 April 2010 and 31 August 2018. Variables examined included gender, age, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, high myopia, inherited retinal disease, optic nerve disease, uveitis, pseudoexfoliation, vitreous opacities, retinal pathology, cataract type, previous surgery and posterior capsular rupture. A multivariate normal cross-classified model was fitted to the refractive outcome using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods with diffuse priors to approximate maximum likelihood estimation. A MCMC chain was generated with a burn-in of 5000 iterations and a monitoring chain of 50 000 iterations. RESULTS 490 987 cataract operations were performed on 351 864 patients by 2567 surgeons. Myopic and astigmatic errors were associated with posterior capsule rupture (-0.38/+0.04×72), glaucoma (-0.10/+0.05×95), previous vitrectomy (-0.049/+0.03×66) and high myopia (-0.07/+0.03×57). Hyperopic and astigmatic errors were associated with diabetic retinopathy (+0.08/+0.03×104), pseudoexfoliation (+0.07/+0.01×158), male gender (+0.12/+0.05×91) and age (-0.01/+0.06×97 per increasing decade). Inherited retinal disease, optic nerve disease, previous trabeculectomy, uveitis, brunescent/white cataract had no significant impact on the error of the refractive outcome. The effect of patient gender and comorbidity was additive. Surgeons only accounted for 4% of the unexplained variance in refractive outcome. CONCLUSION Patient comorbidities and gender account for small but statistically significant differences in refractive outcome, which are additive. Surgeon effects are very small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Hughes
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Petros Aristodemou
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - John M Sparrow
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Stephen Kaye
- Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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10
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Manoharan MK, Thakur S, Dellhi S, Verkicharla PK. Factors associated with reduced visual acuity in myopes with and without ocular pathologies after optical correction. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2023; 43:141-149. [PMID: 36239084 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Considering that a certain proportion of high myopes have reduced visual acuity even after full optical correction, this study aimed to investigate the association between various refractive error components (sphere, cylinder and axis orientation) and reduced visual acuity in individuals with low to high myopia with and without pathologic myopia lesions. METHODS We analysed data from randomly selected eyes of 11,258 individuals with myopia (mean ± SD spherical equivalent (SE) -3.2 ± 2.9D; range: -0.5D to -21.5D). In total, 10,528 individuals had no pathologic myopia lesions. Sphere, cylinder and SE refraction were classified into mild, moderate and high categories. Astigmatism was defined as with-the-rule, against-the-rule or oblique based on the axis orientation. Reduced best-corrected visual acuity was defined as ≥0.18 logMAR. Logistic regression was performed to test factors associated with reduced visual acuity with and without pathologic myopia lesions. RESULT Overall, 6.4% (N = 720/11,258) of myopes had reduced best-corrected visual acuity. High sphere (≤-6.0D; Odd ratios [OR]: 16.1; 95% CI: 2.1-126.5), high cylinder (<-2.0 DC; OR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.8-3.4), against-the-rule (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1-2.0) and oblique astigmatism (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.2-2.1) were significantly (p ≤ 0.008) associated with reduced visual acuity in the absence of pathologic myopia lesions. Both moderate SE and high myopic SE were also associated with reduced visual acuity. In the presence of pathologic myopia lesions, tessellated fundus (OR: 6.9; 95% CI: 3.5-14.1), chorioretinal atrophy (OR: 7.7; 95% CI: 2.6-19.9) and choroidal neovascularisation (OR: 37.4; 95% CI: 3.3-419.3) were significantly (p ≤ 0.003) associated with reduced visual acuity. CONCLUSION Even after full optical correction, both refractive components and pathologic myopia lesions can independently cause reduced visual acuity, regardless of the degree of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Manoharan
- Myopia Research Lab, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.,Infor Myopia Centre, Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Swapnil Thakur
- Myopia Research Lab, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Subalakshmi Dellhi
- Myopia Research Lab, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Pavan K Verkicharla
- Myopia Research Lab, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.,Infor Myopia Centre, Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Brunson P, Mann PM, Mann PM, Potvin R. Comparison of refractive and visual acuity results after Contoura® Vision topography-guided LASIK planned with the Phorcides Analytic Engine to results after wavefront-optimized LASIK in eyes with oblique astigmatism. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279357. [PMID: 36534673 PMCID: PMC9762561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare visual acuity and refractive results between topography-guided laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) planned with the Phorcides Analytic Engine (PAE) to results after wavefront-optimized (WFO) LASIK in subjects with preoperative oblique astigmatism in their manifest refraction. METHODS This was a retrospective chart review of clinical results from eyes treated with topography-guided LASIK planned with PAE compared to eyes treated with WFO LASIK using the same Wavelight® excimer laser system. All included subjects had preoperative oblique astigmatism. Residual refractive error and visual acuity (uncorrected and corrected) were the measures of interest, at the visit closest to 90 days postoperative. RESULTS A matched data set from 100 WFO and 97 PAE eyes was extracted from clinical records. At the postoperative visit the PAE group showed lower residual refractive cylinder (p = 0.04), uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) (-0.06 PAE vs. -0.02 WFO, p < 0.01) and distance corrected visual acuity (CDVA) (p < 0.01). The percentage of eyes with a mean refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE) magnitude within 0.25 D and 0.50 D of plano was statistically significantly higher in the PAE group (p = 0.04 and 0.01, respectively). A statistically significantly higher percentage of eyes in the PAE group had UDVA better than or equal to -0.10 logMAR (20/16 Snellen, 36% vs 22%, p = 0.04). More eyes gained CDVA after surgery in the PAE group (53% vs 32%, p < 0.01). There were five enhancements in the WFO group versus none in the PAE group, a statistically significant difference (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Visual acuity and refractive outcomes after LASIK using PAE in eyes with oblique astigmatism in their preoperative refraction were statistically significantly better than those obtained when WFO treatment was used. The number of refractive outliers and the number of retreatments were also significantly lower with PAE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Brunson
- Mann Eye Institute and Laser Centers, Houston, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul M. Mann
- Mann Eye Institute and Laser Centers, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Paul Michael Mann
- Mann Eye Institute and Laser Centers, Houston, TX, United States of America
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12
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Goggin M. Toric intraocular lenses: Evidence‐based use. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 50:481-489. [PMID: 35584257 PMCID: PMC9543206 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Uncorrected refractive astigmatism degrades visual acuity. Spherical intraocular lenses (IOLs) leave astigmatic errors resident in the cornea manifest in refractive astigmatism. Toric IOLs, correcting for this corneal astigmatism, contribute to spectacle‐free vision in the pseudophakic eye. This review provides information to assist surgeons in a rational choice of eyes suitable for toric IOL implantation, methods of IOL cylinder power calculation, surgical techniques for toric IOLs and management of complications. With appropriate application of this information, correction of visually detrimental astigmatism can be achieved routinely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Goggin
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital University of Adelaide Woodville South South Australia Australia
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13
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Automatic compensation enhances the orientation perception in chronic astigmatism. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3710. [PMID: 35260694 PMCID: PMC8904485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Astigmatism is a prevalent optical problem in which two or more focal points blur the retinal image at a particular meridian. Although many features of astigmatic vision, including orientation perception, are impaired at the retinal image level, the visual system appears to partly restore perceptual impairment after an extended period of astigmatism. However, the mechanism of orientation perception restoration in chronic astigmatism has not yet been clarified. We investigated the notable reduction of perceptual error in chronic astigmatism by comparing the orientation perception of a chronic astigmatism group with the perception of a normal-vision group, in which astigmatism was transiently induced. We found that orientation perception in the chronic group was more accurate than in the normal vision group. Interestingly, the reduction of perceptual errors was automatic; it remained even after the optical refractive errors were fully corrected, and the orientation perception was much more stable across different orientations, despite the uneven noise levels of the retinal images across meridians. We provide here a mechanistic explanation for how the compensation of astigmatic orientation perception occurred, using neural adaptation to the biased distribution of orientations.
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Hasegawa Y, Honbo M, Miyata K, Oshika T. Type of residual astigmatism and uncorrected visual acuity in pseudophakic eyes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1225. [PMID: 35075241 PMCID: PMC8786906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is difficult to assess the pure impact of the type of residual astigmatism (with-the-rule; WTR, against-the-rule; ATR, and oblique astigmatism) on uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) in pseudophakic eyes due to different age distribution of patients between those subgroups. We conducted the current study to investigate the association between astigmatism type and UDVA in eyes after cataract surgery with consideration for various confounding factors such as age. Data were retrospectively collected from 1535 pseudophakic eyes with corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) of 20/20 or better, and spherical equivalent between − 0.125 D and 0.0 D. They were classified based on the pattern of residual refractive astigmatism into four groups; minimum astigmatism (< 0.5 D), WTR, ATR, and oblique astigmatism groups. The stepwise multivariate regression analysis showed that the magnitude of residual refractive astigmatism (standardized partial regression coefficient β = 0.559, p < 0.001), CDVA (β = 0.381, p < 0.001), minimum astigmatism group (β = − 0.188, p < 0.001), and WTR astigmatism group (β = − 0.058, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with UDVA (r2 = 0.795). Variables excluded from the multivariate regression model include age, preoperative corneal astigmatism, axial length, anterior chamber depth, intraocular lens power, and postoperative spherical equivalent. These results indicate that UDVA is significantly better in eyes with minimum and WTR astigmatism than in those with ATR and oblique astigmatism, after adjustment for confounding parameters. In pseudophakic eyes, oblique and ATR astigmatism exerts a greater impact on UDVA than WTR astigmatism does, even after controlling for age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Hasegawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | | | | | - Tetsuro Oshika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
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Son S, Moon J, Kang H, Kim Y, Lee J. Induced astigmatism biases the orientation information represented in multivariate electroencephalogram activities. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:4336-4347. [PMID: 34060695 PMCID: PMC8357008 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A small physical change in the eye influences the entire neural information process along the visual pathway, causing perceptual errors and behavioral changes. Astigmatism, a refractive error in which visual images do not evenly focus on the retina, modulates visual perception, and the accompanying neural processes in the brain. However, studies on the neural representation of visual stimuli in astigmatism are scarce. We investigated the relationship between retinal input distortions and neural bias in astigmatism and how modulated neural information causes a perceptual error. We induced astigmatism by placing a cylindrical lens on the dominant eye of human participants, while they reported the orientations of the presented Gabor patches. The simultaneously recorded electroencephalogram activity revealed that stimulus orientation information estimated from the multivariate electroencephalogram activity was biased away from the neural representation of the astigmatic axis and predictive of behavioral bias. The representational neural dynamics underlying the perceptual error revealed the temporal state transition; it was transiently dynamic and unstable (approximately 350 ms from stimulus onset) that soon stabilized. The biased stimulus orientation information represented by the spatially distributed electroencephalogram activity mediated the distorted retinal images and biased orientation perception in induced astigmatism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangkyu Son
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging ResearchInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)SuwonRepublic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Joonsik Moon
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging ResearchInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)SuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyungoo Kang
- Department of OptometryCatholic Kwandong UniversityGangneungRepublic of Korea
| | - Yee‐Joon Kim
- Center for Cognition and SocialityInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)DaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Joonyeol Lee
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging ResearchInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)SuwonRepublic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonRepublic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare ConvergenceSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonRepublic of Korea
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16
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Comparison of corneal irregular astigmatism by the type of corneal regular astigmatism. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15769. [PMID: 34349218 PMCID: PMC8339125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95358-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relation between corneal regular and irregular astigmatism in normal human eyes. In 951 eyes of 951 patients, corneal irregular astigmatism, such as asymmetry and higher-order irregularity components, was calculated using the Fourier harmonic analysis of corneal topography data within the central 3-mm zone of the anterior corneal surface. The eyes were classified by the type of corneal regular astigmatism into four groups; minimum (< 0.75 diopters), with-the-rule (WTR), against-the-rule (ATR), and oblique astigmatism. The mean age was significantly different among the four groups (P < 0.001); patients with WTR astigmatism were the youngest, followed by those with minimum, oblique, and ATR astigmatism. Significant inter-group differences were found among the four groups in asymmetry (P = 0.005) and higher-order irregularity components (P < 0.001); the largest was in eyes with oblique astigmatism, followed by ATR, WTR, and minimum astigmatism. The stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that corneal regular astigmatism pattern significantly influenced the amount of corneal irregular astigmatism after controlling for confounding factors (P < 0.001). Corneal irregular astigmatism, such as asymmetry and higher order irregularity components, was the largest in eyes with oblique astigmatism, followed by those with ATR, WTR, and minimum astigmatism, even after adjustment for age of subjects.
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Effect of residual astigmatism on uncorrected visual acuity and patient satisfaction in pseudophakic patients. J Cataract Refract Surg 2021; 47:991-998. [PMID: 34290195 DOI: 10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000000560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of residual astigmatism on postoperative visual acuity and satisfaction after intraocular lens (IOL) surgery. SETTING Private practice, United Kingdom. DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS Postoperative data of patients who had previously undergone refractive lens exchange or cataract surgery were used in a multivariate regression model to assess the effect of residual astigmatism on 3 months postoperative monocular uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) and patient satisfaction. The analysis was based on residual refraction in the dominant eye of each patient. Odds ratios were calculated to demonstrate the effect of increasing residual astigmatism on UDVA and satisfaction with separate calculations for monofocal and multifocal IOLs. RESULTS Three months postoperative outcomes of 17 152 dominant eyes were used in multivariate regression analysis. Compared with eyes with 0.00 diopter (D) residual astigmatism, the odds of not achieving 20/20 vision in eyes with 0.25 to 0.50 D residual astigmatism increased by a factor of 1.7 and 1.9 (P < .0001) in monofocal and multifocal IOLs, respectively. For the residual astigmatism 0.75 to 1.00 D, the odds ratio for not achieving 20/20 vision compared with eyes with no astigmatism was 6.1 for monofocal and 6.5 for multifocal IOLs (P < .0001). The effect of residual astigmatism on satisfaction was more evident at the 0.75 to 1.00 D level, where the odds of not being satisfied with vision increased by a factor of 2.0 and 1.5 in patients with monofocal and multifocal IOLs, respectively (P < .0001). The orientation of astigmatism was not a significant predictor in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Multivariate analysis in a large population of patients demonstrated that low levels of residual astigmatism can degrade visual acuity. Corneal astigmatism of 0.50 D or greater should be included in surgical planning.
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Hopkins S, Narayanasamy S, Vincent SJ, Sampson GP, Wood JM. Do reduced visual acuity and refractive error affect classroom performance? Clin Exp Optom 2021; 103:278-289. [DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Hopkins
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia,
| | - Sumithira Narayanasamy
- Programme of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,
| | - Stephen J Vincent
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia,
| | - Geoff P Sampson
- School of Medicine (Optometry), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia,
| | - Joanne M Wood
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia,
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Cycloplegic Effects on the Cylindrical Components of the Refraction. J Ophthalmol 2021; 2021:8810782. [PMID: 33884203 PMCID: PMC8041553 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8810782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to predict which astigmatic patients require separate refraction for near vision. This study compared cylindrical components changes by cyclopentolate 1% for the low and high amount of astigmatism. The right eyes of 1014 healthy individuals (307 males and 707 females) with cylindrical refractive power more than -0.5 diopter on autorefractometer were selected. Both male and female patients in the age range of 17-45 years were refracted before and after cycloplegia, using 1% cyclopentolate. All volunteers were classified into 2 subgroups including the lower astigmatism group (-2.25 to -0.50) and the higher astigmatic group (-2.50 to over). Alpines' method was used to compare the effect of cycloplegic drop on cylindrical power. The mean age in the lower astigmatism group (29.58; 95% CI: 29.18 to 29.99 years) was not significantly different from the higher astigmatic group (29.85; 95% CI: 29.07 to 30.62) and there were no significant differences in gender between these two groups (P=0.54). Differences between wet and dry refraction in J0 (-0.03; 95% CI:-0.06 to -0.008) and J45 (-0.03; 95% CI:-0.06 to -0.01) were significant only in the higher astigmatic group. Axis changes by the cycloplegic drop in the lower astigmatism group were 3.51 (CI: 3.22 to 3.81) and axis changes by the cycloplegic drop in the higher astigmatism group were 2.21 (CI: 1.73 to 2.49). In patients with a lower amount of astigmatism (-2.25 to -0.50), additional near subjective refraction could be done for precise determination of axis and in patients with a higher amount of astigmatism (-2.50 to over), near subjective refraction might be done for precise determination of power.
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20
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Prediction of distance visual acuity in presbyopic astigmatic subjects. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6958. [PMID: 33772047 PMCID: PMC7997907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85313-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to determine the effect of the amount of astigmatism on distance visual acuity, and to provide a prediction formula of visual acuity according to astigmatism, in a presbyopic population. We comprised 318 eyes of 318 consecutive patients (158 phakic and 160 pseudophakic subjects) without any eye diseases, except for refractive errors with astigmatism of 3 diopter or less. We assessed the relationship of the spherical equivalent visual acuity (SEVA) with astigmatism, and also provided a regression formula of visual acuity according to astigmatism in such subjects. We found a significant correlation between the SEVA and the amount of astigmatism (r = 0.715, p < 0.001) in the entire study population. We obtained similar results, not only in phakic eyes (r = 0.718, p < 0.001), but also in pseudophakic eyes (r = 0.717, p < 0.001). The regression formula was expressed as follows: y = 0.017x2 + 0.125x − 0.116 (R2 = 0.544), where y = logMAR SEVA, and x = astigmatism. We also found no significant differences in the SEVA for matched comparison among the with-the-rule (WTR), against-the-rule (ATR), and oblique (OBL) astigmatism subgroups (p = 0.922). These regression formulas may be clinically beneficial not only for estimating the visual prognosis after astigmatic correction, but also for determining the surgical indication of astigmatic correction.
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21
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Eyelid squinting improves near vision in against-the-rule and distance vision in with-the-rule astigmatism in pseudophakic eyes: an eye model experimental study. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:4. [PMID: 31898509 PMCID: PMC6941361 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-019-1297-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To elucidate whether eyelid squinting improves near and distance vision in against-the-rule (ATR) and with-the-rule (WTR) simple myopic astigmatism in pseudophakic eyes. Methods A refraction-model eye was mounted on a wavefront analyzer. The eyelid fissure was simulated using a slit placed horizontally in front of the model eye. Four different refractive statuses [− 1.50 diopters (D) and − 3.00 D of both WTR and ATR simple myopic astigmatism] were set using cylindrical lenses. For each refractive status (emmetropia, − 1.50 D WTR, − 1.50 D ATR, − 3.00 D WTR, and − 3.00 D ATR astigmatism), wavefront aberrations were measured, both with and without the slit, 40 times each. Results The 2 mm horizontal slit caused a hyperopic focus shift (+ 6.69 μm) in − 1.50 D WTR astigmatism, whereas, in − 1.50 D ATR astigmatism, it caused a myopic focus shift (− 2.01 μm). The astigmatism was decreased in the ATR astigmatism groups and increased in the emmetropia and WTR astigmatism groups, respectively. Total aberrations were decreased in the emmetropia and WTR astigmatism groups and increased in the ATR astigmatism groups. When the reference plane was set to the near plane, total aberrations were decreased in the ATR astigmatism groups. Conclusion As the horizontal slit was placed in front of the model eye, the focus moves nearer in ATR astigmatism and farther in WTR astigmatism. These effects of eyelid cause improvement of near vision of pseudophakic eyes with ATR astigmatism.
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Optical quality in low astigmatic eyes with or without cylindrical correction. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 258:451-458. [PMID: 31641885 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether optical quality could be improved by cylindrical correction for low astigmatic eyes with different amounts and axis orientations in patients with myopia up to - 3.00 diopters (D). METHODS A cross-sectional study enrolling healthy young eyes with 0 to - 3.00 D myopia and - 0.50 to - 0.75 D myopic astigmatism was implemented. With a repeated-measures design, outcome measures were sequentially obtained for each subject under two correction modalities: spherocylindrical correction and spherical correction. Subjective refraction was used to determine the refractive prescriptions accordingly in the two correction modalities to obtain optimal subject-reported visual acuity. Primary outcomes were optical quality parameters including objective scatter index (OSI), modulation transfer function (MTF) cut-off, Strehl ratio (SR), and a simulated contrast visual acuity-optical quality analysis system (OQAS) values (OV) obtained by a double-pass system. Corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) was measured as a secondary outcome. Outcome comparisons between the two correction modalities were performed by grouping in different amounts (- 0.50 D, - 0.75 D) and axes (with the rule, WTR; against the rule, ATR; oblique, OBL) of astigmatism. RESULTS A total of 194 eyes of 194 subjects were evaluated. Significantly better CDVA were shown by spherocylindrical correction for all types of astigmatism except for - 0.50 D WTR astigmatism (P = 0.831). For eyes with - 0.50 D WTR astigmatism, better outcome was only shown in OSI with spherocylindrical correction (P = 0.019). For eyes with - 0.50 D ATR and OBL astigmatism, spherocylindrical correction demonstrated better outcomes in all parameters except for SR (P > 0.05). For eyes with - 0.75 D astigmatism, significantly better outcomes in all optical quality parameters were shown with spherocylindrical correction regardless of the axis (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Eyes with ATR or OBL myopic astigmatism may benefit in optical quality and visual acuity by combining a cylindrical correction even with a low amount down to - 0.50 D. However, optical quality and visual acuity improvement are limited for WTR astigmatic eyes when the amount of astigmatism is less than - 0.75 D.
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Al-Qahtani H, Al-Debasi H. The effects of experimentally induced graded monocular and binocular astigmatism on near stereoacuity. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2018; 32:275-279. [PMID: 30581296 PMCID: PMC6300757 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjopt.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the effects of experimentally induced graded monocular and binocular astigmatism on near Stereoacuity in healthy adults. Method This prospective cross-sectional study was performed on 60 healthy adults ranging between 19 and 33 years of age recruited from College of Applied Medical Sciences. All subjects were emmetropic with normal binocular single vision, and stereoacuity of 40 sec of arc. Enrolled subjects were divided into four groups, each with 15 participants. Myopic astigmatism was induced in two groups, either monocularly or binocularly using +1.00 DC and +2.00 DC at different axes 45, 90 and 180. The remaining two groups were subjected to induced hypermetropic astigmatism using −1.00 DC and −2.00 DC at different axes 45, 90 and 180. The Titmus Fly Stereo Test was used to measure near stereoacuity both before and after induction of astigmatism. Results There was a reduction in stereoacuity with an increase in dioptric power of astigmatism (p < 0.05). In all groups, oblique astigmatism had the most significant effect followed by against the rule astigmatism and then with the rule astigmatism. Binocular induced hypermetropic astigmatism caused more reduction in stereoacuity than binocular induced myopic astigmatism, but statistically not significant. A similar impact was noted between monocular myopic astigmatism and monocular hyperopic astigmatism (p = 0.037), (p = 0.049) and (p = 0.044) with 2.00 D cylinder at 180, 90 and 45 axes, respectively. Conclusion The results indicate that the small amount of monocular or binocular astigmatism will affect on Stereoacuity, and the amount of reduction varies according to the axis of orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Al-Qahtani
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind Al-Debasi
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Berdahl JP, Hardten DR, Kramer BA, Potvin R. Effect of astigmatism on visual acuity after multifocal versus monofocal intraocular lens implantation. J Cataract Refract Surg 2018; 44:1192-1197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2018.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Evaluating Refractive Outcomes after Cataract Surgery. Ophthalmology 2018; 126:13-18. [PMID: 30153943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare methods for evaluating refractive outcomes after cataract surgery to detect outliers. DESIGN Case series database study of the evaluation of diagnostic technology. PARTICIPANTS Consecutive patients who had uneventful cataract operations over a 5-year period. METHODS The intended and postoperative refractive outcome and differences between these were analyzed as a spherical equivalent, cylinder, and spherocylinder. The average keratometry and differences between steep and flat keratometric meridians were used to calculate the intended refractive error. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outliers were defined as patients for whom the difference between the intended and postoperative refractive errors was more than 3 standard deviations (SDs) away from the mean. RESULTS A total of 9000 patients were included. Twelve patients had missing data and were excluded. The mean intended refractive outcome was -0.12+0.12×2 (95% lower confidence limit [LCL], -1.94+1.06×44; 95% upper confidence limit [UCL], +0.77+1.05×140). The actual postoperative refractive error was -0.30+0.47×6 (95% LCL, -2.36+1.31×36; 95% UCL, +1.00+1.18×148) with a difference from the intended of -0.18+0.35×7 (95% LCL, -1.91+1.22×38; 95% UCL, +0.75+1.09×145). Treating the components of the refractive error independently, outliers were observed in 82 eyes (0.91%) based on the sphere, 46 eyes (0.51%) based on the spherical equivalent, 115 eyes (1.28%) based on treating the cylinder as a scalar, and 76 eyes (0.85%) based on treating the cylinder as a vector. When the differences between the intended and postoperative refractive errors were calculated as a compound spherocylinder, outliers were observed for 233 eyes (2.59%). CONCLUSIONS Treating the intended refractive outcome as a spherocylinder improves the precision for detecting clinically significant refractive outliers.
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Effects of astigmatic defocus on binocular contrast sensitivity. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202340. [PMID: 30106991 PMCID: PMC6091947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the effects of astigmatism on contrast sensitivity (CS). Methods Eighteen normal volunteers (30.5 ± 6.0 [mean ± SD] years) were recruited. After correcting each refractive error by spectacles, against-the-rule (ATR) or with-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism of +1.00, +2.00 and +3.00 D was intentionally produced in both eyes, and then binocular CS was measured. The cylindrical addition of different powers (+1.00–+3.00 D) was compensated with spherical lenses so that the spherical equivalent refraction became zero in each eye. Subsequently, the above cylindrical addition was monocularly induced, and binocular CS was measured again. The relation between CS and astigmatic power, axis, and monocular or binocular astigmatism was investigated. Results With binocular ATR and WTR astigmatism, increases in astigmatic power significantly correlated with decreases in the area under the log contrast sensitivity function (AULCSF). With monocular astigmatic defocus, astigmatic power addition did not affect AULCSF. With binocular astigmatic defocus of high-power (+2.00 and +3.00 D), ATR astigmatism deteriorated AULCSF more than WTR astigmatism. In a comparison between binocular and monocular astigmatic defocus, CS was significantly worse with binocular astigmatic defocus than with monocular astigmatic defocus at higher spatial frequencies regardless of astigmatic power. Conclusions Binocular astigmatic defocus deteriorates CS depending on the amount of astigmatic power. ATR astigmatism reduces CS more than WTR astigmatism dose. In addition, binocular astigmatic defocus affects CS more severely than monocular astigmatic defocus especially at high spatial frequencies.
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Refractive, corneal and ocular residual astigmatism: distribution in a German population and age-dependency - the Gutenberg health study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017; 255:2493-2501. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3775-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Remón L, Monsoriu JA, Furlan WD. Influence of different types of astigmatism on visual acuity. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2017; 10:141-148. [PMID: 27639497 PMCID: PMC5484781 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the change in visual acuity (VA) produced by different types of astigmatism (on the basis of the refractive power and position of the principal meridians) on normal accommodating eyes. METHODS The lens induced method was employed to simulate a set of 28 astigmatic blur conditions on different healthy emmetropic eyes. Additionally, 24 values of spherical defocus were also simulated on the same eyes for comparison. VA was measured in each case and the results, expressed in logMAR units, were represented against of the modulus of the dioptric power vector (blur strength). RESULTS LogMAR VA varies in a linear fashion with increasing astigmatic blur, being the slope of the line dependent on the accommodative demand in each type of astigmatism. However, in each case, we found no statistically significant differences between the three axes investigated (0°, 45°, 90°). Non-statistically significant differences were found either for the VA achieved with spherical myopic defocus (MD) and mixed astigmatism (MA). VA with simple hyperopic astigmatism (SHA) was higher than with simple myopic astigmatism (SMA), however, in this case non conclusive results were obtained in terms of statistical significance. The VA achieved with imposed compound hyperopic astigmatism (CHA) was highly influenced by the eye's accommodative response. CONCLUSIONS VA is correlated with the blur strength in a different way for each type of astigmatism, depending on the accommodative demand. VA is better when one of the focal lines lie on the retina irrespective of the axis orientation; accommodation favors this situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Remón
- Centro de Tecnologías Físicas, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan A Monsoriu
- Centro de Tecnologías Físicas, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Walter D Furlan
- Departamento de Óptica y Optometría y Ciencias de la Visión, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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Ram J, Singh R, Gupta R, Bhutani G, Gupta PC, Sukhija J. Toric intraocular lens implantation in children with developmental cataract and preexisting corneal astigmatism. Acta Ophthalmol 2017; 95:e95-e100. [PMID: 27573881 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation on the refractive outcomes in children with cataract and preexisting corneal astigmatism. METHODS We included children between the age group of 8-14 years who were randomized into group I (toric) and group II (non-toric), in which toric and spherical IOLs were implanted, respectively, after phacoaspiration. Primary outcome measure was comparison of preoperative keratometric and postoperative refractive cylinder. Secondary outcome measure was comparison of pre- and postoperative visual outcome. RESULTS This study included 21 eyes of 17 children with developmental cataract. The mean spherical power of the toric IOLs implanted in the group I was 22.42 ± 4.84 D (range 12.50-29.00 D) and the mean cylindrical power of toric IOL was 3.37 ± 1.43 D (range 1.50-6.00D). The mean spherical power implanted in non-toric (group II) was 20.70 ± 7.09 D (range 10-31D). Mean preoperative keratometric cylinder in group I was 2.99 ± 0.96 D (range 1.85-5.12 D) and in group II it was 3.35 ± 0.63 D (range 2.03D-4.33 D) (p = 0.31) while the mean refractive cylinder at one year postoperatively in group I was 0.50 ± 0.39 D (range 0.00-1.00 D) and in group II it was 2.05 ± 0.39 D (range 1.25D-2.50 D; p = 0.006). Twelve months postoperatively, group I had a mean spherical equivalent (SE) 0.41 ± 0.26 D (range 0.00-0.88 D) and group II had 1.8 ± 1.03 D (range 0.63-4.00 D) (p = 0.002). Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) improved from 0.94 log MAR ± 0.51 (range 0.60-2.00) to 0.43 log MAR ± 0.33 (range 0.00-1.00) in the group I at the end of 1 year and in group II, it improved from 1.52 log MAR ± 1.12 to 0.75 log MAR ± 0.70 (range 0.00-2.00) at the end of 1 year. Corrected distant visual acuity (CDVA) improved in group I from 0.72 log MAR ± 0.17 (range 0.48-1.00) to 0.19 log MAR ± 0.26 (range 0.00- 0.78) at the end of one year while in group II, it improved from 1.33 ± 1.08 (range 0.18-3.00) to 0.49 log MAR ± 0.80 (range 0.00-2.00) at the end of 1 year. CONCLUSIONS Toric IOL implantation in children significantly reduces postoperative astigmatism and thereby improves visual outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagat Ram
- Department of Ophthalmology; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
| | - Rishiraj Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
| | - Rohit Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
| | - Garvit Bhutani
- Department of Ophthalmology; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
| | - Parul Chawla Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
| | - Jaspreet Sukhija
- Department of Ophthalmology; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
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Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of astigmatism axis on uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) in emmetropic eyes that underwent laser refractive surgery. METHODS This retrospective study included patients who underwent laser in situ keratomileusis or photorefractive keratectomy between January 2000 and December 2015 at the Care-Vision Laser Centers, Tel Aviv, Israel. Eyes with a 3-month postoperative spherical equivalent between -0.5 D and 0.5 D were included in this study. Eyes with ocular comorbidities and planned ametropia were excluded. Study eyes were divided into 3 groups according to the steep astigmatic axis: with the rule (WTR) (60-120), oblique (31-59 or 121-149), and against the rule (ATR) (0-30 or 150-180). The UDVA of these 3 groups was compared. The oblique group was divided into oblique ATR and oblique WTR, which were compared with each other. RESULTS A total of 17,416 consecutive eyes of 8,708 patients were studied. The WTR eyes (n = 10,651) had significantly better UDVA (logMAR 0.01 ± 0.08) than the oblique (n = 3,141, logMAR 0.02 ± 0.09) and ATR eyes (n = 3,624, logMAR 0.02 ± 0.10) (p<0.001). The oblique WTR group had significantly better UDVA than the oblique ATR group (p<0.001). The UDVA of the oblique and ATR groups was similar. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the group accounted for 15% of the UDVA variance (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS The astigmatic axis has a small but significant effect on UDVA in emmetropic eyes; WTR was better than oblique and ATR astigmatism. Therefore, when correcting astigmatism, it may be preferable to err towards WTR astigmatism.
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Rushton RM, Armstrong RA, Dunne MC. The influence on unaided vision of age, pupil diameter and sphero-cylindrical refractive error. Clin Exp Optom 2016; 99:328-35. [PMID: 27061606 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to derive equations for the relationship between unaided vision and age, pupil diameter, iris colour and sphero-cylindrical refractive error. METHODS Data were collected from 663 healthy right eyes of white subjects aged 20 to 70 years. Subjective sphero-cylindrical refractive errors ranged from -6.8 to +9.4 D (mean spherical equivalent), -1.5 to +1.9 D (orthogonal component, J0 ) and -0.8 to 1.0 D (oblique component, J45 ). Cylinder axis orientation was orthogonal in 46 per cent of the eyes and oblique in 18 per cent. Unaided vision (-0.3 to +1.3 logMAR), pupil diameter (2.3 to 7.5 mm) and iris colour (67 per cent light/blue irides) was recorded. The sample included mostly females (60 per cent) and many contact lens wearers (42 per cent) and so the influences of these parameters were also investigated. RESULTS Decision tree analysis showed that sex, iris colour, contact lens wear and cylinder axis orientation did not influence the relationship between unaided vision and refractive error. New equations for the dependence of the minimum angle of resolution on age and pupil diameter arose from step backwards multiple linear regressions carried out separately on the myopes (2.91.scalar vector +0.51.pupil diameter -3.14 ) and hyperopes (1.55.scalar vector + 0.06.age - 3.45 ). CONCLUSION The new equations may be useful in simulators designed for teaching purposes as they accounted for 81 per cent (for myopes) and 53 per cent (for hyperopes) of the variance in measured data. In comparison, previously published equations accounted for not more than 76 per cent (for myopes) and 24 per cent (for hyperopes) of the variance depending on whether they included pupil size. The new equations are, as far as is known to the authors, the first to include age. The age-related decline in accommodation is reflected in the equation for hyperopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Rushton
- Ophthalmic Research Group, Vision Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Richard A Armstrong
- Ophthalmic Research Group, Vision Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark Cm Dunne
- Ophthalmic Research Group, Vision Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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Serra P, Chisholm C, Sanchez Trancon A, Cox M. Distance and near visual performance in pseudophakic eyes with simulated spherical and astigmatic blur. Clin Exp Optom 2016; 99:127-34. [PMID: 26840890 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Increased depth-of-focus after cataract surgery is dependent on various ocular characteristics, including refractive astigmatism. This work studied the influence of meridional blur produced by astigmatism, and spherical blur, on distance and near visual performance in pseudophakic eyes. METHODS Visual performance was assessed monocularly in 59 pseudophakes (mean ± standard deviation, 66.9 ± 7.53 years) at distance (3.0 m) and near (0.33 m) using high- (HC: 94%) and low-contrast (LC: 10%) visual acuity (VA) charts. Reading performance (maximum reading speed [MRS], threshold print size [TPS] and reading acuity [RA]) was evaluated at near using a reading chart. Four refractive conditions at distance and near were monocularly simulated using the following trial lenses: distance (in-focus: ± 0.00 DS, with-the-rule [WTR] astigmatism: +2.00 × 180; against-the-rule [ATR] astigmatism: +2.00 × 90; spherical defocus: +1.00 DS) and near (in-focus: +3.00 DS, WTR astigmatism: +2.00 × 180; ATR astigmatism: +2.00 × 90, spherical blur: ±0.00 DS). RESULTS Distance high- and low-contrast VA were degraded by spherical and astigmatic blur in comparison to the distance in-focus condition (p < 0.001 for all), with astigmatism in either of the forms being more harmful than spherical blur (p < 0.001 for all). At near, best HC- and LCVA were attained with full near correction (p < 0.001 for all) followed by the ATR and WTR astigmatism. For all conditions, the VA measured was independent of whether the astigmatism was WTR or ATR. However, MRS was higher with +3.00 DS and ATR astigmatism compared to the other conditions. RA and TPS significantly strengthened the weak pattern seen with HCVA at near, with ATR astigmatism allowing significantly better RA and TPS than WTR astigmatism (p < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSIONS Simple myopic astigmatism improved near visual performance in pseudophakic eyes at the expense of some deterioration in distance performance. ATR astigmatism degraded VA at distance marginally more than WTR astigmatism and provided a marginally better VA at near. However, the benefit at near was more explicit when measured by reading performance, confirming the role of blur orientation on visual performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Serra
- Bradford School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Bradford, United Kingdom. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Portugal.
| | - Catharine Chisholm
- Bradford School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Bradford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael Cox
- Bradford School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Bradford, United Kingdom
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Yamamoto T, Hiraoka T, Oshika T. Apparent accommodation in pseudophakic eyes with refractive against-the-rule, with-the-rule and minimum astigmatism. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 100:565-71. [PMID: 26319946 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-307032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the magnitude of apparent accommodation in pseudophakic eyes with refractive against-the-rule (ATR), with-the-rule (WTR) and minimum astigmatism. Factors associated with apparent accommodation were also examined in each group. METHODS In total, 87 pseudophakic eyes (87 patients) that underwent monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) implantation after uneventful cataract surgery were included. There were 33, 24 and 30 eyes with refractive ATR, WTR and minimum (<0.5 dioptres) astigmatism, respectively. Age, time after surgery, pupil size, corneal and refractive astigmatism, axial length, IOL power, best-corrected visual acuity, corneal multifocality, ocular wavefront aberrations and apparent accommodation without cylindrical correction were compared among the three groups. RESULTS No significant difference was found in the amount of apparent accommodation between groups. In the ATR group, the amount of apparent accommodation was significantly correlated with pupil size (r=-0.470, p=0.005) and refractive astigmatism (r=0.529, p=0.001). In the WTR group, the amount of apparent accommodation was significantly correlated with coma Zernike term (r=0.409, p=0.047). In the minimum astigmatism group, corneal multifocality was significantly associated with apparent accommodation (r=0.464, p=0.009). CONCLUSION There was no significant difference in the average amount of apparent accommodation in pseudophakic eyes with refractive ATR, WTR and minimum astigmatism. However, the factors relevant to apparent accommodation varied depending on the status of postoperative refractive astigmatism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Yamamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ushiku Aiwa General Hospital, Ushiku-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hiraoka
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Oshika
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Bissen-Miyajima H, Negishi K, Hieda O, Kinoshita S. Microincision Hydrophobic Acrylic Aspheric Toric Intraocular Lens for Astigmatism and Cataract Correction. J Refract Surg 2015; 31:358-64. [DOI: 10.3928/1081597x-20150521-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Harvey EM, Miller JM, Twelker JD, Sherrill DL. Longitudinal change and stability of refractive, keratometric, and internal astigmatism in childhood. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 56:190-8. [PMID: 25515577 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-13898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess longitudinal change in refractive, keratometric, and internal astigmatism in a sample of students from a population with a high prevalence of with-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism and to determine the optical origins of changes in refractive astigmatism. METHODS A retrospective analysis of longitudinal measurements of right eye refractive and keratometric astigmatism in Tohono O'odham Native American children was conducted. Changes in refractive and keratometric astigmatism per year were compared in a younger cohort (n = 1594, 3 to <11 years old) and an older cohort (n = 648, 11 to <19 years old). Data were analyzed in clinical notation (Cyl) and vector notation (J0, J45). RESULTS On average, refractive astigmatism (means: 1.19 diopters [D] Cyl, +0.54 J0, +0.03 J45) resulted primarily from WTR corneal astigmatism (means: +0.85 J0, -0.02 J45) and against-the-rule (ATR) internal astigmatism (means: -0.31 J0, +0.05 J45). Mean longitudinal changes in astigmatism were statistically significant (younger cohort -0.02 D/y Cyl; older cohort +0.06 D/y Cyl). In the younger cohort, astigmatism decreased with age in low and moderate astigmats (<3.00 D) and increased with age in high astigmats (≥3.00 D). In the older cohort, astigmatism increased with age across all levels of astigmatism. Longitudinal changes in keratometric and internal astigmatism were negatively correlated in both cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Cross-sectional data suggest the presence of a constant ATR contribution from internal astigmatism (0.60 D Cyl) that is close to the 0.50 D ATR constant reported by Javal and others. Highly astigmatic 3- to <11-year-old children and children older than age 11 years show a small (not clinically significant) increase in astigmatism with age. A negative correlation between changes in keratometric astigmatism and internal astigmatism suggests an active compensation that may contribute to the stability of astigmatism in Tohono O'odham children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Harvey
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Joseph M Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - J Daniel Twelker
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Duane L Sherrill
- College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
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Narayanasamy S, Vincent SJ, Sampson GP, Wood JM. Simulated astigmatism impairs academic-related performance in children. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2014; 35:8-18. [DOI: 10.1111/opo.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumithira Narayanasamy
- School of Optometry and Vision Science; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Australia
| | - Stephen J. Vincent
- School of Optometry and Vision Science; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Australia
| | - Geoff P. Sampson
- School of Medicine (Optometry); Faculty of Health; Deakin University; Geelong Australia
| | - Joanne M. Wood
- School of Optometry and Vision Science; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Australia
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Alpins N, Ong JKY, Stamatelatos G. Refractive surprise after toric intraocular lens implantation: graph analysis. J Cataract Refract Surg 2014; 40:283-94. [PMID: 24461500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2013.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the refractive cylinder effect of rotating a toric intraocular lens (IOL) and identify the sources of refractive astigmatic surprise after toric IOL implantation. SETTING Private practice, Melbourne, Australia. DESIGN Experimental study. METHODS Vergence formulas using a standard reduced eye model were used to bring all lens powers to the corneal plane. Double-angle vector diagrams were then used to (1) determine the refractive cylinder effect of rotating a toric IOL and (2) show how the prevailing astigmatism and the various planning and surgical steps involved in implanting a toric IOL contribute to the postoperative manifest refractive cylinder. RESULTS An example calculation is given to illustrate the method. CONCLUSIONS Refractive cylinder surprises can occur after toric IOL implantation. Understanding the causes enables surgeons to address contributory factors and choose an appropriate surgical method for managing individual cases of refractive cylinder surprise. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE Dr. Alpins and Mr. Stamatelatos have a financial interest in the Assort software program used to support the planning and analysis of astigmatic correction. Dr. Ong is an employee of Assort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Alpins
- From NewVision Clinics, Melbourne, Australia.
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Influence of simple myopic against-the-rule and with-the-rule astigmatism on visual acuity in eyes with monofocal intraocular lenses. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2014; 58:409-14. [PMID: 24998946 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-014-0337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the influence of simple myopic against-the-rule (ATR) and with-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism on uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) in eyes after monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. METHODS Patients with a postoperative spherical refractive error within ±0.5 diopter (D) and a negative cylindrical refractive error ≥0.5 D were enrolled and divided into two groups: ATR or WTR astigmatism. Age, pupil size, spherical equivalent refractive error, spherical refractive error, cylindrical refractive power, UDVA, corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) and ocular wavefront aberrations were compared between groups. Correlations between UDVA and other parameters were also examined within groups. RESULTS Twenty-five eyes (25 patients) with ATR astigmatism and 18 eyes (18 patients) with WTR astigmatism were evaluated. The logMAR UDVA was 0.30 ± 0.22 (mean ± SD) in the ATR group and 0.11 ± 0.15 in the WTR group, showing a significant difference between groups (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in other parameters between groups. The UDVA was significantly correlated with spherical equivalent refractive error (r = -0.51, P < 0.01) and cylindrical refractive power (r = -0.48, P = 0.01) in the ATR group, but not in the WTR group. No other parameters were significantly correlated with UDVA in either group. CONCLUSION After monofocal IOL implantation, UDVA in eyes with simple myopic ATR astigmatism was worse than in eyes with simple myopic WTR astigmatism. Additionally, UDVA was significantly influenced by cylindrical refractive power in eyes with ATR astigmatism, but not in eyes with WTR astigmatism.
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Read SA, Vincent SJ, Collins MJ. The visual and functional impacts of astigmatism and its clinical management. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2014; 34:267-94. [PMID: 24635572 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide a comprehensive overview of research examining the impact of astigmatism on clinical and functional measures of vision, the short and longer term adaptations to astigmatism that occur in the visual system, and the currently available clinical options for the management of patients with astigmatism. RECENT FINDINGS The presence of astigmatism can lead to substantial reductions in visual performance in a variety of clinical vision measures and functional visual tasks. Recent evidence demonstrates that astigmatic blur results in short-term adaptations in the visual system that appear to reduce the perceived impact of astigmatism on vision. In the longer term, uncorrected astigmatism in childhood can also significantly impact on visual development, resulting in amblyopia. Astigmatism is also associated with the development of spherical refractive errors. Although the clinical correction of small magnitudes of astigmatism is relatively straightforward, the precise, reliable correction of astigmatism (particularly high astigmatism) can be challenging. A wide variety of refractive corrections are now available for the patient with astigmatism, including spectacle, contact lens and surgical options. CONCLUSION Astigmatism is one of the most common refractive errors managed in clinical ophthalmic practice. The significant visual and functional impacts of astigmatism emphasise the importance of its reliable clinical management. With continued improvements in ocular measurement techniques and developments in a range of different refractive correction technologies, the future promises the potential for more precise and comprehensive correction options for astigmatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Read
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Abstract
PURPOSE Astigmatic subjects are adapted to their astigmatism and perceptually recalibrate upon its correction. However, the extent to which prior adaptation to astigmatism affects visual performance, whether this effect is axis dependent, and the time scale of potential changes in visual performance after astigmatism correction are not known. Moreover, the effect of possible positive interactions of aberrations (astigmatism and coma) might be altered after recalibration to correction of astigmatism. METHODS Visual acuity (VA) was measured in 25 subjects (astigmats and non-astigmats, corrected and uncorrected) under induction of astigmatism and combinations of astigmatism and coma while controlling subject aberrations. Astigmatism (1.00 diopter) was induced at three different orientations, the natural axis, the perpendicular orientation, and 45 degrees for astigmats and at 0, 90, and 45 degrees for non-astigmats. Experiments were also performed, adding coma (0.41 μm at a relative angle of 45 degrees) to the same mentioned astigmatism. Fourteen different conditions were measured using an 8-Alternative Forced Choice procedure with Tumbling E letters and a QUEST algorithm. Longitudinal measurements were performed up to 6 months. Uncorrected astigmats were provided with proper astigmatic correction after the first session. RESULTS In non-astigmats, inducing astigmatism at 90 degrees, produced a statistically lower reduction in VA than at 0 or 45 degrees, whereas in astigmats, the lower decrease in VA occurred for astigmatism induced at the natural axis. Six months of astigmatic correction did not reduce the insensitivity to astigmatic induction along the natural axis. Differences after orientation of astigmatism were also found when adding coma to astigmatism. CONCLUSIONS The impact of astigmatism on VA is greatly dependent on the orientation of the induced astigmatism, even in non-astigmats. Previous experience to astigmatism plays a significant role on VA, with a strong bias toward the natural axis. In contrast to perceived isotropy, the correction of astigmatism does not shift the bias in VA from the natural axis of astigmatism.
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Dhallu SK, Sheppard AL, Wolffsohn JS. Evaluating the effect of splitting cylindrical power on improving patient tolerance to toric lens misalignment. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2013; 37:191-5. [PMID: 24275625 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluating the impact of splitting toric power on patient tolerance to misorientation such as with intraocular lens rotation. SETTING University vision clinic. METHODS Healthy, non astigmats had +1.50D astigmatism induced with spectacle lenses at 90°, 135°, 180° and +3.00D at 90°. Two correcting cylindrical lenses of the opposite sign and half the power each were subsequently added to the trial frame misaligned by 0°, 5° or 10° in a random order and misorientated from the initial axis in a clockwise direction by up to 15° in 5° steps. A second group of adapted astigmats with between 1.00 and 3.00DC had their astigmatism corrected with two toric spectacle lenses of half the power separated by 0°, 5° or 10° and misorientated from the initial axis in both directions by up to 15° in 5° steps. Distance, high contrast visual acuity was measured using a computerised test chart at each lens misalignment and misorientation. RESULTS Misorientation of the split toric lenses caused a statistically significant drop in visual acuity (F=70.341; p<0.001). Comparatively better acuities were observed around 180°, as anticipated (F=3.775; p=0.035). Misaligning the split toric power produced no benefit in visual acuity retention with axis misorientation when subjects had astigmatism induced with a low (F=2.190, p=0.129) or high cylinder (F=0.491, p=0.617) or in the adapted astigmats (F=0.120, p=0.887). CONCLUSION Misalignment of toric lens power split across the front and back lens surfaces had no beneficial effect on distance visual acuity, but also no negative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Dhallu
- Aston University, School of Life and Health Sciences, Ophthalmic Research Group, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Amy L Sheppard
- Aston University, School of Life and Health Sciences, Ophthalmic Research Group, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - James S Wolffsohn
- Aston University, School of Life and Health Sciences, Ophthalmic Research Group, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
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